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Microfiche 

Series. 


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Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canndien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


i 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  peiliculie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
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Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
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lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  At  A  filmies. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atra  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquto  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurtos  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piquAes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualitd  in6gale  de  I'lmprcssion 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppKmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~7|  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

ryl  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  it6  fiimies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilhure  image  possible. 


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Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


Irregular  pagination:   [i]  - 16,  [i]  -  xx,  18  •  800, 1  -  V,  [i]  -  iii.  801-843  p. 


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Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

1ZX 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

PIsni  RnMfch  Library 
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L'exemplaire  film6  f ut  reproduit  grflce  A  la 
gtntrositA  de: 

Bibliothk|ue  de  recherchet  sur  les  vigttaux 
Agriculture  Canada 


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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fllmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
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Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
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empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^»  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  Image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  6tre 
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Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  6tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cllch6,  il  est  fiinnii  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  drolte, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenani  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

CLASS-BOOK  OF  BOTANY 


BEING  OUTLINES   OF   THE 


STRUCTURE,  PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  CLASSIFICATION 


OF 


PLANTS 


WITH 


i  FLORA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 


BT 


ALPHONSO    WOOD,    Ph.D 


6'^  0 


■'••^•rvcsiar-JWWlM'' 


;;^jww 


NEW  YORK    :•  CINCINNATI  .;.  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY 


I 


n 


woorrs  bota>^ical  series 

Wood's  Object  Lessons  in  Botany 
Wood's  Lessons  in  Botany 
Wood's    New    American    Botanist    and 
Florist 

(Lessons  and  Hora) 

Wood's  Descriptive  Botany 

(Flora  only) 

Wood's  Class  Book  of  Botany 


Wood's  How  to  Study  Plants 
Wood's  Illustrated  Plant  Record 
Wood's   Plant   Record,   with   Check 
Tablets 


Copynght^869^i88t,byA.SMUKNKsJ^ 

'  CLASS  BOt)K 


PREFACE. 


Thb  Class-Book  of  Botany  was  first  offered  to  the  student  in  1845. 
It  was  originally  prepared  with  immediate  reference  to  the  wants  of 
the  author's  own  pupils,  with  scarcely  a  hope  of  approval  from  the 
coinnmnity  beyond.  The  evt*iit,  however,  proved  that  the  wants  of  his 
own  pupils  were  precisely  the  same  as  those  of  myriads  of  others ;  and 
the  use  of  the  book,  notwithstanding  its  numerous  impeifections,  soon 
became  general. 

The  lapse  of  fifteen  years  has  done  much  to  develop  not  only  the 
knowledge  of  our  native  Flora,  but  of  the  science  of  Botany  in  general ; 
and  materials  for  the  revision  of  our  whole  work  have  indefinitely 
accumulated.  In  this  revision,  which  seems  to  be  demanded  not  less 
by  the  growing  appreciation  of  scientific  studies  as  a  means  of  intel- 
lectual and  moral  discipline,  than  by  the  progress  of  the  science  itself, 
we  have  still  confined  ourselves  to  the  limits  of  a  single  volume^  and 
sternly  resolved  against  any  essential  enlargement,  except  such  as  the 
increased  territory  of  our  Flora  requires.  This  we  have  done  with 
direct  reference  to  the  convenience  and  the  means  of  the  thousands  of 
youths  who  will  still  enter  upon  this  delightful  pursuit,  and  make  their 
text-book  their  vade  mecum.  The  labor  expended  in  this  condensation 
will  be  appreciated  by  few,  and  those  few,  while  they  justify  the  mo- 
tives, will  regret  the  necessity. 

The  limit  of  our  Flora  in  this  new  series  has  been  much  extended. 
It  now  embraces  the  territory  lying  East  of  the  Mississippi  River  with 
the  exception  of  the  Southern  Peninsula  of  Florida,  and  South  of  the 
(Jrcat  Lakes  and  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  The  States  bordering  upon 
the  western  shores  of  the  Mississippi,  although  not  strictly  included, 
are  essentiallij  so,  as  well  as  those  provinces  of  Canada  upon  the  north- 
ern shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  This  Class-Book  is,  therefore,  now 
professedly  adapted  to  the  student's  use  from  Quebec  to  New  Orleans 
and  from  St.  Paul   to  St.  Augustine. 

The  southern  peninsula  of  Florida  is  neglected  in  consequence  of 
the  author's  inability  to  visit  that  region  hitherto.  During  his  extended 
tour  southward  in  1857,  the  Seminole  war  rendered  the  route  to  th« 


VI 


PREFACE. 


/     : 


Everglades  unsafe,  or  at  least  undesirable.  The  species  omitted  are 
generally  unknown  northward  of  Key  West,  Students  at  Mi  anopy, 
Ocala,  to  St.  Augustine,  will  scarcely  miss  them ;  but  should  they  do 
so,  they  will  confer  a  grateful  favor  by  contributing  specimens  of  such 
to  the  author. 

That  every  sj>')cics  of  native  plant  in  this  extensive  region  is  accu- 
rately defined,  or  even  noticed,  we  cannot  presume  ;  yet  this  has  been 
(Mir  aim  ;  and  as  in  the  former  series,  so  here,  we  have  distrusted  every 
source  of  information  except  that  of  our  own  personal  inspection. 
Therefore,  into  nearly  every  section  of  this  territory,  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf,  and  from  the  Sea-Coast  to  the 
Great  River,  the  author  has  made  repeated  excursions  in  delighted  con- 
verse with  the  vegetable  world. 

Together  with  the  plants  of  spontaneous  growth  which  constitute 
our  proper  Flora,  we  have  inchiUed  in  our  sketches  also  our  exotic 
Flora ;  that  is,  all  those  plants  which  seem  to  us  to  have  attained  a 
geneial  cultivation  in  this  country,  either  as  useful,  curious,  or  orna- 
mental. By  this  accession,  learners  in  the  city,  as  well  as  in  the  coun- 
try, may  be  supplied  with  subjects  for  illustration  and  for  practice  in 
botanical  analysis;  and  all  with  the  means  of  acquainting  themselves 
with  the  beautiful  tenants  of  their  own  fields,  gardens,  and  conserva- 
tories. 

From  the  multiplication  of  species  and  genera  we  have  studiously 
refrained,  believing  that  our  books  already  contain  more  than  Nature 
will  warrant.  In  the  case  of  any  doubtful  specimen,  which  might  have 
served  as  the  basis  of  a  new  species,  or  possibly  genus,  (had  this  been 
our  aim),  we  have  always  inclined  rather  to  the  extension  of  the  limits 
of  some  kindred  groiip  for  its  reception,  having  less  apprehension  of 
error  in  this  direction  than  in  the  opposite,  with  all  due  regard  for  the 
permanence  of  true  species.  The  same  principle  has  compelled  us  to 
disallow  the  claims  of  many  reputed  species  of  the  best  authors. 

In  the  sequence  of  the  Natural  Orders,  we  have,  in  common  with  all 
recent  American  authoi*s,  mainly  adopted  the  arrangement  of  De  Can- 
dollc, — an  arrangement  seen,  in  part,  in  the  *  Flora  of  the  State  of  New 
York,'  by  Dr.  Torrey.  It  commences  with  those  Orders  supposed  to 
be  of  the  higher  rank  in  organization,  and  proceeds  gradually  to  the 
lower,  regarding  the  completeness  of  the  flower  and  the  distinctness  of 
its  parts  as  the  general  criterion  of  rank. 

Tables  of  analysis  by  the  dichotomal  method  were  first  in  the  Class- 
Book  applied  to  the  genera  of  plants,  and  introduced  into  :,^eneral  use. 
They  are  now  regarded  as  indispensable,  and  have  been  adopted  into 
tlieir  Floras  by  nearly  every  subsequent  author.     In  the  present  new 


P  K  K  F  A  CB. 


ith  all 

1 

',  Can- 

■New 

seel  to 

,o  the 

ess  ol 

■;■': 

Class. 

il  use. 

^-' 

1  into 
It  new 

1 

i 

1 

series,  we  have  jorreatly  modified,  extended,  and  improved  this  system, 
adapting  it  to  the  analysis  of  Species  as  well  as  of  Orders  and  Genera. 
By  means  of  this  addition,  our  Flora  is  now  adapted  to  class  exercises 
in  analysis  througho'xi,  from  the  Grand  division  to  the  Species — an  im- 
improvement  which  will  be  duly  appreciated  by  the  practical  teacher. 

An  analytical  Key  to  the  Orders,  mainly  artificial,  more  simple  than 
any  hitherto  constructed  by  us,  founded,  as  in  the  previous  edition, 
almost  solely  upon  characters  taken  from  the  flowers  and  leaves  (not 
fruit),  will  readily  conduct  the  student  to  that  Order  where  any  given 
flowering  specimen  may  beleng.  Next,  under  the  Order,  a  table  of  th« 
utmost  simplicity,  analyzes  the  Genera,  mostly  in  such  a  way  as  to  do 
but  little  violence  to  their  natural  aflUnities.  Lastly,  under  the  Genus 
(when  large  enough  to  require  it)  another  table  conducts  to  the  species 
in  groups  of  twos  or  threes,  which  groups  are  instantly  resolved  oy  a 
brief  diagnosis  in  italics  catching  the  eye  in  some  part  of  the  des<'rip- 
tion  which  follows. 

The  limited  space  allowed  us  in  the  Flora  compels  us  to  use  very 
sparingly  illustrative  engravings  in  tiiis  part  of  our  work,  which  occa- 
sions us  less  regret  considering  the  copiousness  of  illustration  in  the 
scientific  treatise  in  the  former  part.  Those  engravings  are  designed 
partly  with  reference  to  the  Flora,  where  frequent  references  will  be 
found.  The  few  which  we  have  adopted  in  the  Flora,  are  prepared 
with  reference  to  the  deficiencies  of  the  former  part.  In  other  words 
those  which  have  no  illustrative  figure  in  the  former  treatise  are  gen- 
erally  furnished  with  one  or  more  in  the  Flora.  Throughout  the  work, 
these  are  mostly  from  original  sketches  and  drawings  on  wood  by  the 
author's  own  hand.  Others  are  copied  from  Lindley,  Ilenfrey,  Payer,  (fee. 

In  addition  to  those  colaborers  in  Botany,  whose  invaluable  aid  is 
aciknowledged  in  former  editions,  namely  Dr.  Edward  E.  Phelps,  Dr. 
James  W.  Bobbins,  Dr.  Joseph  Barratt,  Dr.  Albert  G.  Skinner,  Mr.  I. 
A.  Lapham,  Dr.  Truman  Ricard,  Dr.  II.  P.  Sartwell,  Dr.  John  Plum- 
mer.  Dr.  S.  B.  Mead,  Mr.  S.  S.  Olney,  <fec.,  we  have  now  to  mention 
with  grateful  acknowledgments  other  names  of  equal  merit. 

Dr.  Josiah  Hale  of  Alexandria,  La.,  has  sent  us  a  suit  of  specimens, 
well  nigh  representing  the  entire  Flora  of  that  State. 

Dr.  A.  W.  Chapman  of  Apalachicola,  Fla.,  presented  us  with  many 
of  the  more  rare  plants  of  Florida,  on  the  occasion  of  our  recent  visit 
to  his  own  familiar  walks. 

Dr.  H.  A.  Mettauer  of  Macon,  Ga.,  has  made  contributions  of  great 
value  from  that  district,  &vd  from  the  vicinity  of  Tallahassee  and  St 
Marks,  Fla.,  with  many  critical  notices  and  observations  on  the  Flora  of 
tliose  States. 


Tl 


FR  BF  A  C  B. 


5 


: 


Prof.  William  T.  Feay,  M.D.,  and  Prof.  Thomas  G.  Pond,  both  of 
Savannah,  Ga.,  have  sent  almost  the  entire  Flora  of  that  State,  with 
copious  original  notes  and  observations,  such  as  result  only  from  the 
most  extensive  and  accurate  investigation. 

Miss  Sarah  Keen  of  Bainbridge,  Ga.  (now  of  Mariana,  Fla.),  has  also 
sent  an  herbarium  of  beautiful  specimens  prepared  by  her  own  and  her 
sister's  hands.  To  her,  as  well  as  to  the  gentlemen  last  mentioned,  the 
author  is  also  indebted  for  every  kind  hospitality  and  encouragement 
during  a  protracted  herborizing  tour  along  our  southern  coasts. 

Mr.  William  Wright  of  Bainbridge,  and  Prof.  N.  H.  Stuart  of  Quincy, 
Florida  (since  dece  ised),  also  contributed  to  the  consummation  of  our 
work  by  many  facilities  aflbrded  us  in  our  laborious  researches  in  their 
respective  precincts,  and  by  the  shelter  of  their  hospitable  mansions. 

To  Rev.  Dr.  Curtis  of  Hillsborough,  N.  C,  and  to  Rev.  Dr.  Bach- 
man  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  we  are  indebted  for  the  free  use  of  their  very 
complete  herbaria,  during  our  sojourn  in  their  respective  cities ;  and 
Mr.  S.  B.  Buckley,  recently  of  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  has  afforded  us 
similar  facilities  through  his  rich  collection. 

Dr.  Cousens  generously  supplied  us  with  the  plants  of  the  State  of 
Iowa.     His  name  often  appears  in  our  pages. 

Dr.  George  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  has  also  favored  us  with  the 
free  use  of  his  admirable  monograph  of  the  genus  Cuscuta,  and  with 
many  important  notes  in  MS.  on  other  difficult  genera  in  our  Flora, 
especially  on  the  Euphorbiaceae.  Our  entire  collection  of  specimens 
belonging  to  this  Order  was,  by  his  kind  penuission,  submitted  to  his 
inspection  and  determination. 

The  Uev.  Chester  r.>ewey,  D  D.,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  the  venerable 
pioneer  in  American  Caricography,  has  placed  us  and  our  readers  un- 
der renewed  obligations  by  additional  contributions  to  the  genus  Ca- 
rex,  rendering  it  complete  for  the  extended  territory  of  our  present 
Flora. 

Communications  containing  specimens,  critical  notices  or  ''orrectiona, 
or  soliciting  information,  will  always,  as  heretofore,  be  acceptable. 

West  Fakms,  N.  Y. 


,b  of 
with 
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prepent 

rections, 


CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

PRBTACE 3 

Introductigx 9 

Chapter  I. — Thb  Leading  Principles  of  Science; — Mental  and  Moral 

Discipline  its  Aim  and  End 9 

Chapter  II. — The  Departments  of  Botany 12 

Chapter  III. — Apparatus. — Methods  of  Study 16 

Part  First. — Structural  Botany,  or  Oroanogkapuy 17 

Chapter  I. — Primary  Divisions  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom it 

Chapter  II.— The  Term  of  Plant  Life 19 

Chapter  III.— Thb  Ph^nogamia  ; — How  Developed 22 

Chapter  IV.— The  Root,  or  Descending  Axis 24 

Chapter  V. — The  Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis 30 

Chapter  VL — ^The  Leaf-Bud. — Vernation 41 

Chapter  VII. — The  Leaf 46 

§  Phyllotaxy,  or  Leaf- Arrangement 48 

§  Morphology  op  the  Leaf 5t 

§  Or  the  Stipules 61 

§  Of  the  Veins 52 

§  Form  op  the  Leaf,  or  Fig i  re 54 

§  Margin 59 

§  Apex 59 

§  Compound  Leaves.  ...   60 

Chapter  VI IL — Transformations  of  the  Leaf 63 

Chapter  IX. — Inflorescence 67 

§  Flowering t.'i 

Chapter  X. — Morphology  of  the  Flower 77 

§  ^Estivation 79 

§  Thb  Florvl  Organs 81 

§  The  Plan  of  the  Flower 83 

Chapter  XL — The  Floral  Envelopes. — Perianth 91 

Chapter  XTL— The  Essential  Organs 99 

f  The  Stamens,  or  Ani)r(ecium.  ...   99 

§  Thb  PisTiiis,  or  Gyncboium 104 

6  Thb  Ovules 108 


i 


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; ; 

) 

' 

▼Ul 


0  OM TKMT8 . 


FAttl 

Chapter  XIII.— The  Fbuit; — Pericarp no 

Chapter XIV. — The  Fruit; — ISebd 117 

§  Germimation 121 

Chapter  XV. — The  Crtptooamia. — Organs 124 

Part  Second. — Physiolooical  Botany 130 

Chapter  I. — Thk  Vegetable  Cell 130 

Chapter  II. —  I'iie  Tissues 134 

Chapter  III. — The  Epidermal  System  137 

Chapter  IV. — The  Ligneous  System 139 

§  Structure  op  Leaves 146 

Chapter  V. — Op  Vegetation,  or  the  Physiology  op  Plant  Life 146 

§  Fertilization 148 

§  Ripening  of  Fruits 151 

Chapter  VI. — Of  Absorption  152 

§  Circulation 153 

§  Transpiration 166 

§  Respiration 156 

Chafper  VII. — Review  of  the  Piuncu'lks  op  XuritirioN 158 

Part  Third. — Systematic  Botany 164 

Chapter  I. — Of  the  Classification  of  Plants 164 

Chapter  II. — Op  the  Artificial  System 166 

Chapter  III. — Op  the  Natural  System 169 

Chapter  IV. — Nomenclature. — Ana^^ysis 174 

§  Index  and  Glossary 180 

§  Key  Analytical  to  the  Natural  Orders 191 

Part  Fourth. — Descriptive  Botany  ; — The  Flora 1 99 

Orders  of  the  Polypetal^ 200 

Orders  of  the  Gamopetal.s; 393 

Orders  op  the  Apetal^ 601 

Orders  of  the  Conoide^, 659 

Orders  of  the  Spadiciflok.e 6G6 

Orders  of  the  Floride^k 676 

Orders  op  the  Graminoide^ 731 

Orders  of  the  Cryptoqamia 810 


TkQm 

110 

in 

121 
124 
.  130 
.  130 
.  134 
.  137 
.  139 
.  146 
.  U6 
.  .  148 
. .  151 
..  152 
. .  153 
..  166 
..  156 
..  158 
...  164 
...  164 
...  166 
...  169 
114 
180 
191 
,  199 
.  200 
.  393 
.  601 
.  659 
.  666 
,.  676 
..  131 
..  81« 


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1 


-fs>^''     LI3RARV,     % 
JUL  2  a  1902 


I  N  T  R  0  D  F  C  TT^4f 


: -.-x^^ 


»•      ♦       •• 


CHAPTER    I. 

LEADING    PRINCIPLES    OF    SCIKNCE  : MENTAL    AND    MOKAL    DISCIPLINE 

ITS    AIM    AND    END. 

1.  Plants  as  related  to  Man.  The  vegetable  kingdom  maintains  tonrardE 
man  several  important  relations.  Besides  its  obvious  utility  as  the  source  of  hie 
ftK)d,  shelter,  clothing  and  medicine,  it  I'uraisbes  an  exhaustless  Held  tor  interesting 
and  disciplinary  study. 

2.  Proof  that  Nature  is  related  to  Mind.  This  remark  is  commonplace. 
But  the  fact  stated  is  neither  a  necessity  nor  accident.  Since  the  phenomena  of 
Nature  are  ordained  subject  to  the  cognizance  of  the  human  understanding  while 
yet  their  depths  are  unfathomable  by  it,  it  is  evident  that  God  made  them  for  each 
Other.     It  is  certainly  conceivable  that  He  miglit  have  ordained  otlierv/ise. 

3.  Illustration.  Tiie  phenomena  of  vegetation,  or  of  natuie  in  goneral,  might 
have  been  all  simple  and  uniform,  thus  awakening  no  curiosity,  presenting  no 
motive  for  study.  Or  on  the  other  hand,  they  might  have  involved  plaTis  so  intri- 
cate as  to  defy  all  efforts  of  the  mind  in  their  investigation.  In  Uiis  case,  as  in  tlie 
former,  the  mind  and  nature  would  have  remained  lor  ever  estranged. 

4.  The  study  of  Nature  successful.  But  an  intermediate  course  hath 
seemed  good  to  an  All- wise  and  Beneficent  Creator.  The  works  cf  His  Hand  are 
commensurate  with  the  powers  of  the  understanding.  We  study  tiiein  not  in  vain. 
Step  by  step  His  plans  are  unfolded ;  and  research,  althougii  never  reaching  tlie 
goal,  yet  never  wearies,  nor  fails  of  its  appropriate  reward. 

5. — Pj.easur'lBle.  Hence  the  study  of  nature,  through  this  Ijcautifnlly  adjusted 
relaliou,  becomes  a  source  of  the  purest  pleasure,  being  ever  accompanied  by  fresh 
discoveries  of  truth  in  the  plans  and  operations  of  a  sublime  Intelligence. 

6. — Disciplinary.  But  a  liiglier  purpose  than  present  pleasure  is  accomplished 
by  tliis  means,  namely,  discipline.  Enterinur  life  as  a  mere  germ,  the  soul  expands 
into  intelligence  and  virtue  through  the  teachings  of  surrounding  objects  anfl  influ- 
ences. In  this  good  work  the  beauty,  purity  and  wisdom  displayed  in  the  vegeta- 
ble world  bear  a  full  sharo.  These  invite  to  investigation  ;  and  their  tendency  is  to 
impress  upon  their  votaries  the  characteristics  of  their  own  sincerity  and  loveliness. 

7.  Creative  Wispom  never  works  in  vain,  nor  merely  in  sport.  Even  the 
flying  cloud  which  now  passes  over  the  sun  has  its  mission ;  the  forms  which  it 
assumes,  and  the  colors,  were  each  necessary  and  divinely  appointed  for  that  special 
purpose.  The  hills  and  valleys,  which  seem  scattered  in  accidental  confusion,  have 
received  each  their  contour  and  position  by  design,  according  to  the  ends  foreseen. 
Consequently,  each  stone  or  mineral  composing  these  hills  was  also  the  work  of 
special  deeigo,  as  to  its  magnitude,  form  and  place. 


Ml 


f  f 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


8.  No  ACCIDENT  OR  CAPRICE  IN  NATURE.  Much  more  in  the  living  kingdoms 
of  nature  may  we  look  for  an  adequate  purpose  and  end  accomplished  by  every 
movement  and  in  every  creature  of  the  Divine  hand.  Each  species  is  created  and 
sustained  to  answer  seme  worthy  end  hi  tlie  vast  plan  ;  and  hence  no  individual, 
animal  or  plant  is  to  be  regarded  in  science  as  insigniticant,  inasmuch  ns  the  indi- 
vidual constitutes  the  species.  Nor  is  accident  or  caprice  to  be  found  in  the  form  of 
the  leaf  or  the  color  of  t!ie  flower.  There  is  for  each  a  special  reason  or  adaptation 
worthy  of  unerring  wisdom. 

9.  Object  of  natural  Science.  In  the  study  of  nature  we  are  th.erefore 
concerned  in  reasons  and  ends  as  well  as  in  forms  and  appearances.'  That  iovesti- 
gatioti  which  ceases  contented  with  the  latter  only  is  puerile.  It  may  amuse,  but 
can  scarcely  instruct,  and  cm  never  conduct  to  that  purest  source  of  the  student's 
enjoyment,  namely,  the  recognition  of  Intelligence  by  intelligence. 

10.  DiiSiuN,  A  SETTLED  PRINCIPLE  IN  SCIENCE.  The  end  or  purpose,  it  is 
true,  is  not  always  as  easily  discerned  as  the  form  and  fashion  are.  In  a  thousand  in- 
stances the  end  is  yet  inscrutable.  Nevertheless  it  is  now  a  settled  principle  of 
science  that  there  is  an  end — a  purpose — a  reason,  for  every  form  which  we  contem- 
plate ;  and  the  adaptation  to  that  end  is  as  beautiful  as  the  form  itself.  That  tlie 
tendril  of  the  vine  and  tlio  runner  of  the  strawberry  were  happily  adapted  to  a 
special  purpose  is  readily  a<lmitted ;  for  that  purpose  is  immediate  and  obvious  to 
all.  Let  us  not  tiien  say  that  the  spine,  the  stipule,  or  the  varying  tints  of  the  rose, 
were  made  merely  in  caprice,  tlieir  uses  being  less  obvious  in  the  present  state  of 
our  knowledge. 

11.  Design,  as  distinguished  from  "Typical  Forms."  In  addition  to  this 
Btquence  of  cause  and  effect  in  nature,  disclosing  the  Infinite  Designer  in  all 
tilings,  as  early  taught  by  Paloy  in  his  "  Natural  Theology,"  another  class  of  prin- 
ciples more  recently  developed  are  shown  by  the  author  of  *'  Typical  Forms" 
(McCosh),  to  indicate  with  a  still  ciearer  light  the  thoughts  of  the  Omniscient  Mind 
in  the  operations  of  nature.  A  single  observation  often  suffices  for  the  discovery  of 
design,  as  in  the  down  of  the  thistle,  by  means  of  vviiidi  the  seed  is  wafted  on  the 
winds  to  flourish  in  distant  lands.  But  a  typical  form  or  plan  requires  a  long  series 
of  observations  for  it5  cllscernment 

12.  Typical  Forms  illustratfd.  Tlie  scientific  world  M'ere  slow  to  learn 
that  the  numerous  organs  of  plants  so  diversified  :ii  form  and  use  are  all  modeled 
from  a  single  type,  one  radical  form,  and  that  form,  the  kaf! 

13.  Results.  Tiiis  interesting  doctrine,  now  universally  admitted,  sheds  a  new 
light  upon  nature,  making  it  all  luminous  with  the  Divine  Presence.  It  brings  the 
operations  of  the  Great  Architect  almost  within  the  grasp  of  human  intelligence, 
revealing  tlu  conceptions  which  occupied  His  mind  before  they  were  embodied  in 
actual  existence  hy  His  word. 

14.  Uraduated  Forms.  Again,  by  continued  observation,  the  principle  of 
graduated  forma,  allied  to  the  last,  appeared  as  another  grand  characteristic  of  na- 
ture. This  principle  implies  that  while  natural  objects  vary  to  wide  and  seemingly 
irreconcilable  extremes,  tlieir  diflerences  are  never  abrupt,  but  they  pass  by  insen- 
aible  gradations  and  shades  from  species  to  species  in  a  continuous  series. 

15.  Illustration.  Thus  in  magnitude,  although  the  tiny  moss  is  far  removed 
from  tlie  gigantic  oak,  yet  a  series  connects  them  representing  every  imaginable  in- 
termediate grade  in  size.  So  in  nuuiber,  from  the  one-stamened  saltwort  to  the 
hundred-stamened  rose,  there  is  a  connecting  series,  representing  every  intervening 
■umber.  Moreover,  in  form  and  figure,  we  pass  from  the  ibread-leafed  pine  to  the 
broad-leafbd  poplar  Uirough  a  series  of  every  intermediate  degree  of  leaf-expauaion 


LEADING    PRINCIPLES   OF    SCIKNCB. 


11 


ftnd  fi'Oin  the  regular-flowered  crowfoot  to  the  distorted  monks-hood  bj  a  series 
graduated  in  like  manner. 

16.  Natura  non  saltus  facit,  said  Linnaus,  in  erident  allusion  to  this  beau- 
tiful principle,  which  will  constitute  one  of  the  most  interesting  themes  of  botanical 
study. 

17.  Accomodated  Forms  or  organs  is  a  phrase  applied  to  another  principle 
in  the  Divine  plan,  the  reverse  of  the  first.  This  principle  appears  in  the  adaptation 
of  dificrent  organs  in  diflerent  species  to  one  common  tise ;  of  which  there  ^re  many 
familiar 

18.  Examples.  Thus,  the  slender  vine  requires  support.  Now  it  throws  out  a 
tendril  for  this  very  purpose,  grasping  wliatever  object  it  may  reacli,  as  in  the  grape. 
Again,  the  prolonged  leaf-stalk  answers  the  same  end,  as  in  Clematis.  Again,  the 
supple  stem  itself,  by  its  own  coils  supports  itself,  as  in  the  hop ;  and,  lastly,  ad- 
ventitious rootlets  in  the  ivy. 

19.  A.N'OTHER  illustration.  Reproduction  is  the  general  office  of  the  seed; 
but  this  end  is  also  accomplished,  in  different  species,  by  nearly  every  other  organ, 
by  buds,  bulblets,  bulbs,  tubers,  cuttings,  scions,  and  even  leaves. 

20.  Another.  Tliis  principle  is  also  traced  in  the  nutritious  deposits  of  plants, 
which  are  generally  made  in  the  fruit ;  but  often  the  root  serves  as  the  reservoir  in- 
stead, or  even  the  stem.  And  in  case  of  the  fruit,  the  rich  deposit  is  now  found  in 
tiie  pericarp  of  the  peach,  the  calyx  of  the  apple,  the  receptacle  of  the  strawberry, 
the  cotyledons  of  the  almond,  the  bracts,  flower-stalks,  &c.,  of  the  pine-apple.  Thus 
Hod's  boundless  resources  of  skill  can  accomplish  either  one  purpose  in  a  thousand 
different  ways,  or  a  thousand  different  purposes  by  a  single  organ. 

21.  Arkestei)  Forms.  Tliis  principle,  demanding  a  wider  range  of  generaliza- 
tion than  eitliLT  of  the  foregoing,  we  staie  rather  as  a  hypothesis,  that  the  student 
may  hereafter  test  its  probability  by  his  own  ob.servations.  The  flowering  plants 
which  clotlie  the  earth  in  such  numbers,  constituting  the  apparent  vegetable  world, 
are  in  truth  but  a  minor  part  of  it  in  re^^pect  to  numbers.  Numerous  tribes,  of  lower 
rank,  embracing  thousands  of  species,  reach  far  down  the  scale,  beyond  the  utmost 
limits  of  tlie  microscope.  Now  a  principle  of  analogy  seems  to  pervade  these  ranks, 
called  the  principle  of  arrested  forms,  binding  all  together  in  one  consistent  whole, 
proving  tliat  for  the  vast  realm  of  vegetation  there  was  but  one  plan  and  one  origin. 

22.  Thk  Hypothesis  stated.  The  successive  tribes  of  vegetation,  beginning 
with  the  lowest,  have  each  their  type  or  analogue  in  the  successive  stages  of  em- 
bryouic  growth  in  tlie  highest  tribe. 

23.  M»)RE  EXPLICITLY :  the  flowering  plant,  in  the  course  of  its  growth  fVom 
the  pollen  grain  to  the  completed  embryo,  passes  necessarily  througli  a  series  of 
transient  forms.  Now,  suppose  the  development  of  the  plant  arrested  at  each  of 
these  stages  so  that  these  transient  forms  become  permanent,  we  should  have  a 
scries  of  organisms  analogous  to  the  various  tribes  of  Flowerless  Plants  ;  the  Pro- 
tococcus,  e.  (/.,  an  arrested  pollen  grain;  the  Oscillaria,  an  arrested  pollen  tube;  and 
fio  on  up  to  the  Marsillea,  whose  organization  answers  to  that  of  the  full-formed 
embryo  of  the  flowering  plant.  Thus  we  might  truly  say  of  the  lower  plants  that 
tliey  are  the  arre^'sted  forms  of  the  higher. 

24.  iNuivinUALiTY  OP  TIIE  PLANT.  The  plant  is  both  material  and  immaterial. 
Its  form  and  substance  is  the  material,  its  life  the  immaterial.  The  material  eom- 
nicncea  existence  as  a  single  cell,  and  is  ever  changing.  The  immaterial  gives  to 
that  cell  its  individuality,  and  fixes  inevitably  its  law  of  development,  so  tluit  it 
must  grow  up  to  become  such  a  pliuit  as  it  is,  aad  by  ao  {tossibility  any  other. 

26.  Illustration.    Tho  embryonic  oell  of  arose  may  not  difler  inat&riaUy,  in  the 


;  :i 


! 


•  V 


■  m 


* 


12 


INTRODUCTION. 


leasts  from  that  of  the  grape:  but  the  individuality  of  each  is  widely  different  This 
principle  in  the  one  will  make  it  a  rose ;  in  the  other,  a  grape.  Individuality  can 
not  be  predicated  of  a  stone. 

26.  Life  and  death  abb  equally  predicated  of  the  plant.  The  latter  fol- 
lows close  upon  the  former,  with  unequal,  inevitable  step,  and  soon  dispute?  posses- 
sion in  the  same  living  fabric.  The  plant  both  lives  and  dies  at  once.  Life  pa^es 
on  from  cell  to  cell,  and  in  the  parts  which  it  has  abandoned  dissolution  and  decay 
are  soon  manifest  Thus  the  whole  existenge  of  the  individual  is  a  contest.  Life 
advances,  death  pursues,  and  ultimately  triumphs.  But  not  so  in  tlie  species.  Se- 
curely transferred  to  the  seed,  the  living  immaterial  plant  mocks  the  destroyer,  and 
begins  its  career  anew,  multiplied  a  hundred  fold. 

27.  TiiB  SBRD  OF  THE  PLANT  IS  ITS  REDEMPTION.  Through  this  appointment, 
the  conqr>;si  of  death  is  apparent,  while  the  triumph  of  life  is  real.  In  tiie  "  grain 
of  mustard"  there  is  literally  a  faith — an  energy  which  will  raise  it  from  the  dust,  "  a 
tree."  Yet,  as  in  the  wheat  and  all  other  seed,  "it  shall  not  be  quickened  except  it 
die."     Hence, 

28.  Plants  may  teach  us  lessons  in  sacred  things.  While  wo  study  the 
fa  Jts  and  the  forms  of  the  vegettible  world,  we  should  also  aim  to  learn  the  purposes 
accomplished,  and  the  great  principles  adopted  in  its  creation.  "We  should  also  learn 
to  recognize  here  the  tokens  (too  long  overlooked)  wliich  declare  that  nature  sym- 
pathizes with  humanity  in  the  circumstances  of  the  Fall,  the  Redemption,  and  the 
Life.  Such  study  alone  is  adapted  to  acquaint  us  with  the  thoughts  of  the  intelli- 
gent Creator,  and  lo  discipline  aright  the  mind  which  was  created  in  His  image. 

29.  Botany  combines  pleasure  with  improvement.  It  conducts  the  student 
into  the  fields  and  forests  amidst  the  verdure  of  spring  and  the  bloom  of  summer ; 
to  tiie  charming  retreats  of  Nature  in  hor  wild  luxuriance,  or  where  she  patiently 
smiles  under  the  improving  hand  of  cultivation.  It  furnishes  him  with  vigorous 
exorcise,  both  of  body  and  mind,  which  is  no  less  salutary  than  agreeable,  and  its 
■ubjects  of  investigation  are  all  such  as  are  adapted  to  please  the  eye,  refine  tli© 
teste,  and  improve  tlie  heart. 


'S- 


«*  ♦  >» 


CHAPTER    II. 


THE   DEPARTMENTS   OF   THE    STUDY. 


;i 


30.  Three  great  departments  in  nature  are  universally  re- 
cosTiiJzed,  commonly  called  the  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  king- 
doms. The  first  ('(»nstitutes  tlie  Inorganic,  the  other  two  the  Organic 
World. 

31.  A  MINERAL  is  an  inorganic  mass  of  matter,  that  is,  without  dis- 
tinction of  ]  arts  or  organs.  A  stone^  for  example,  may  be  broken  into 
any  numbi  •  of  fragments,  each  of  which  will  retain  all  the  essential 
characterisucs  of  the  original  body,  so  that  each  fragment  will  still  bo  a 
stone. 

32.  A  plant  is  an  organized  body,  endowed  with  vitality  but  not 
with  sensation,  composed  of  distinct  parts,  ^ach  of  which  is  essential  to 


THK    DEPARTMENTS     OF    THE     STUDY. 


13 


the  completeness  of  its  being.  A  tulip  is  composed  of  organs  which 
may  be  separated  and  subdivided  indefinitely,  but  no  one  of  the  frag- 
ments alone  will  be  a  complete  plant. 

33.  Animals,  like  plants,  are  organized  bodies  endowed  with  vitality, 
and  composed  of  distinct  parts,  no  one  of  which  is  complete  in  itself,  but 
they  arc  elevated  above  either  plants  or  minerals  by  their  power  of  per- 
ception. 

34.  These  distinctions,  long  since  suggested  by  Linnaeus,  the  founder  of  botani- 
cal science,  are  perfectly  obvious  and  definite  in  the  higher  grades  of  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms.  But  in  descending  the  scale,  we  recognize  a  gradual  approach, 
in  both,  to  it'organic  riattei*,  and  consequently  to  each  other,  so  that  in  the  lowest 
fonns  of  life  all  traces  of  orgauization  are  lost  to  our  perception,  and  the  three 
kingdoms  of  nature,  like 
converging  radii,  apparent- 
ly meet  and  blend  in  a  com- 
mon centre. 

35.  The  position  of  thr 

PLANT-Wt)RLD  IN  RANK  and 

oflBce  is  intermediate.  While 
inferior  to  the  animal  in  re- 
epect  to  perception  and  in- 
stinct, it  is  superior  to  the 
mineral  in  its  vitality.  In 
office  it  constitutes  the  food 
and  nourishment  of  the  ani- 
mal, the  vesture  and  orna- 
ment of  the  mineral  world, 
whence  alone  itself  is  fed. 
In  other  words,  plants  feed 
on  minerals,   animals  feed 

on  plants. 

FiGtrRB  1.    A  diagram  ilhistratlng  these  views  of  the  thre* 

36.  Physics    is    the  kingdoms  of  nature— how  related  to  each  other. 

general  name  of  the  science  which  treats  of  the  mineral  or  inorganic 
world. 

37.  Zoology  relates  to  the  animal  kingdom. 

38.  Botany  is  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  It  includes 
the  knowledge  of  the  forms,  organs,  structure,  growth,  and  uses  of 
plants,  together  with  their  history  and  classification.  Its  several  de- 
partments correspond  to  the  various  subjects  to  which  they  relate.     Thus 

39.  Structural  botany,  or  Organography,  treats  of  the  special  or- 
gans of  plants  as  compared  with  each  other,  answering  to  Comparative 
Anatomy  in  the  science  of  Zoology.  Morphology  is  a  term  often  used 
in  a  similar  sense ;  but  it  especially  relates  to  the  mutual  or  typical 
transformations  which  the  organs  undergo  in  the  course  of  development 

40.  Elementary  botany  treats  of  the  elementary  tissues — the  o^ 
ganic  elements  out  of  which  the  vegetable  fabric  is  constructed. 


I 


f 


14 


INTEOUUCTION. 


41.  Physiological  botany  is  that  department  which  relates  to  the 
vital  action  of  the  several  organs  and  tissues,  including  both  the  vital 
and  chemical  phenomena  in  the  germination,  growth,  and  reproduction 
of  plants.  It  has,  therefore,  a  direct  and  practical  bearing  upon  the 
labors  of  husbandry  in  the  propagation  and  culture  of  plants,  both  in 
the  garden  and  in  the  field. 

42.  Systematic  botany  arises  from  the  consideration  of  plants  in 
relation  to  each  other.  It  aims  to  arrange  and  classify  plants  into  groups 
and  families,  according  to  their  mutual  affinities  and  relative  rank,  so  as 
to  constitute  of  them  all  one  unbroken  series  or  system. 

43.  Descriptive  botany,  or  phytology,  is  the  art  of  expressing 
the  distinctive  characters  of  species  and  groups  of  plants  with  accuracy 
and  precision,  in  order  to  their  complete  recognition.  A  flora  is  a 
descriptive  work  of  this  kind,  embracing  the  plants  of  some  particular 
country  or  district. 

44.  Botanical  Nomenclature,  which  is  the  art  of  properly  apply- 
ing names  to  the  species  and  groups,  is  intimately  associated  with  the 
above  department.  Terminology  relates  to  the  explanation  and  appli- 
cation of  botanical  terms  whereby  the  organs  of  plants,  with  their  nu- 
merous modifications,  are  accurately  designated.  This  is,  therefore, 
inseparable  from  Structural  Botany. 

45.  Ultimate  aim  op  botany.  Finally,  in  its  extended  sense,  Botany  com- 
prehends also  the  knowledge  of  the  relations  of  plants  to  the  other  departments  of 
nature,  particularly  to  mankind.  The  ultimate  aim  of  its  researches  is  the  develop- 
ment of  the  boundless  resources  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  for  our  sustenance  and 
protection  as  well  as  education ;  for  the  healing  of  our  diseases  and  the  alleviation 
of  our  wants  and  woes.    This  branch  of  botanical  science  is  called 

46.  Applied  botany.     It  includes  also  several  departments,  ^  Medical  Botany, 
or  Pharmacy,  Agricultural  Botany,  or  Chemistry,  Pomobyy,  &c. 

47.  Plan  of  the  work.  In  the  following  pages,  designed  as  a 
complete  although  compendious  treatise  for  the  special  convenience  of 
the  learner,  we  shall  commence  with  Structural  Botany,  whose  subjects 
(the  constituent  organs  of  plants)  are  conspicuous  and  most  readily  com- 
prehended. 

48.  Secondly,  the  cell  and  the  elementary  tissues  will  claim  our  at- 
tention. Thirdly,  we  shall  inquire  into  the  vital  activities  of  ail  these 
organs,  and  endeavor  to  explain  the  phenomena  of  vegetable  life. 
Fourthly,  the  principles  of  vegetable  nutrition  which  constitute  the 
foundation  of  agricultural  science. 

49.  In  the  PiPTH  place  we  shall  treat  of  Systematic  Botany,  the 
principles  of  arrangement  adopted  in  the  Natural  System,  and  the 
methods  of  Botanical  Analysis. 

60.  Lastly,  the  Natural  Orders  will  be  defined,  and  illustrated  by 
our  flora,  both  native  and  cultivated. 


nrraoDucnoic. 


15 


61.  NOTWlTHSTAifDiNO  the  extreme  brevity  of  thig  work,  the  author  believes 
that  DO  principle  of  the  science  eesential  to  a  liberal  course  in  Botany  is  omitted. 
The  brevity  is  attained  by  a  studied  conciseness  of  expression,  and  by  the  omissioa 
of  all  needless  illustrations,  theoretical  views  and  wordy  discussions.  In  the  flora 
those  multitudinous  repetitions  which  are  liable  to  encumber  the  descriptions  of 
allied  groups  are  avoided,  without  the  sacrifice  of  minuteness  by  means  of  copious 
tables  of  analysis. 


CHAPTER    III. 


APPARATU  S — M  ETHODS  OF  STUDY, 


62.  The  proper  season  for  the  commencement  or  the  study  of  Botany  ia 
schools  is  in  late  winter,  at  the  opening  of  the  first  session  or  term  after  New^Years. 
The  class  will  thus  be  prepared  before  hand  by  a  degree  of  acquaintance  with  first 
principles,  for  the  analysis  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers — the  sweet  Epigsea,  Anemone, 
Erigenia  or  spring  beauty,  of  the  North,  tlie  yellow  jessamine,  Chaptalia,  or  Cryso- 
gonura  of  the  South,  the  blood-root  and  violet  every  where. 

53.  Specimens  of  leaves,  stems,  roots,  fruit,  flowers,  Ac,  in  unlimited  supply  are  re- 
quisite during  the  whole  course.  In  the  absence  of  the  living,  let  the  dried  specimens 
of  the  herbarium  be  consulted.  Crayon  sketches  upon  the  black-board,  if  truthful, 
are  always  good  for  displaying  minute  or  obscure  forms.  In  the  city,  clas?-^  in 
Botany  may  employ,  at  small  expense,  a  collector  to  supply  them  daily  with  fresli 
specimens  from  the  country.  Moreover,  the  gardens  and  conservatories  will  furnish 
to  such  an  abundant  supply  of  cultivated  species  for  study  and  analysis,  with  almost 
equal  advantage ;  since  the  present  work  embraces,  together  with  the  native  flora, 
all  exotics  which  are  in  any  degree  common  in  cultivation. 

54.  An  herbariusi  (h.  s.,  horttis  siccus,  dry  garden),  is  a  collection  of  botanic 
specimens,  artificially  dried,  protected  in  papers  and  systematically  arranged.  Her- 
baria  are  useful  in  many  wayt> ;  (a.)  for  preserving  the  knowledge  of  rare,  or  inacces- 
sible, or  lost  species ;  (6.)  for  exchanges,  enabling  one  to  possess  the  flora  of  other 
countries ;  (c.)  for  refreshing  one's  memory  of  early  scenes  and  studies ;  (d.)  for  aid- 
ing in  more  exact  researches  at  leisure ;  (e.)  for  the  comparison  of  species  with 
species,  genus  with  genus,  &c. 

65.  For  collecting  botanic  specimens,  a  strong  knife  for  digging  and  catting  ia 
needed,  and  a  close  tin  box  eighteen  inches  in  Icnglli,  of  a  portable  form.  EuL-Iost'd 
iu  such  a  box,  with  a  little  moisture,  specimens  will  remr.in  frosli  for  a  week. 

56.  Specimens  for  the  herbarium  should  represent  the  leaves,  flowers  aiiri 
fruit,  and,  if  herbaceous,  the  root  also.  Much  care  is  requinito  in  so  drying  thorn  a.s 
to  preserve  the  natural  appearance,  form  and  color.  The  true  stxjret  of  this  art  con- 
jiats  in  extracting  the  moisture  from  them  by  pressure  in  an  abuudanoo  of  dry, 
bibulous  paper,  before  decomposition  can  take  place. 

67.  The  drying  press,  to  be  most  efficient  and  convenient,  should  consist  of  a 
dozen  quires  of  ordinary  blotting  paper,  at  least  11  x  14  inches,  two  sheets  of  wire 
gauKe,  (same  size)  as  covers,  stiffened  by  folded  edges,  and  three  or  four  leather 
•traps  a  yard  in  length,  with  buckles.  When  in  use  suspend  it  in  the  wind  and  suu- 
nhine.  In  such  a  press,  the  specimens  dry  well  in  feir  weather  without  onoe 
olianging.  If  boards  be  used  for  corers  instead  of  wire-g-iuze,  ^he  papers  mast  be 
dumged  and  dried,  daily. 


/  i 


I 


H 


'  ti 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


58.  Succulent  plants  raay  be  imraersod  in  boiling  water  before  pressing,  to 
hasten  their  desiccation. 

59.  The  lens,  eitiier  single,  double,  or  triple,  is  almast  indispensable  in  the  or- 
dinary pursuits  of  Morphology  or  Phytography.  In  viewing  minute  flowers  or  parts 
of  flowers  the  use  of  the  iens  can  not  be  too  highly  appreciated.  For  dissection 
with  the  Ic'iJS,  a  needle  inserted  iu  a  handle,  a  penknife  and  tweeters  ar«  required. 
Tiie  dried  flowers  of  the  herbarium  need  to  be  thrown  into  boiling  water  before 
dissection. 

60.  The  compound  microscope  is  undoubtedly  a  higher  aid  in  scientific  inves- 
tif^ation  tiiau  any  otlier  instrument  of  human  invention.  It  is  like  the  bcstowment 
of  a  new  sense,  or  the  opening  of  a  new  world.  Through  this,  almost  solely,  all 
our  knowledge  of  tlio  cells,  the  tissues,  growth,  fertilization,  &c.,  is  derived.  The 
skillful  use  of  tliis  noble  instrument  is  itself  an  art  which  it  is  no  part  of  our  plan 
to  explain.  For  such  information  tlie  student  is  referred  to  the  works  of  Carpenter 
and  Quekett.  .  . 

61.  On  the  preparation  op"  botanical  subjects  for  examination  we  remark 
briefly.  Tlie  held  of  view  is  necessarily  small,  and  only  minute  portions  of  objects 
can  be  seen  at  o  ice.  The  parts  of  it  are  to  be  brought  under  inspection  success- 
ively by  the  movements  of  the  stage. 

62.  The  tissues  of  leaves,  Ac,  are  best  seen  by  transmitted  light.  They  are 
to  be  divided  by  the  razor  or  scalpel  into  extremely  thin  parings  or  cuttings.  Such 
cuttings  may  be  made  by  holding  the  leaf  between  the  two  halves  of  a  split  cork. 
They  are  then  made  wet  and  viewed  upon  glass.  Tbe  stomata  are  best  seen  in  the 
epidermis  stripped  off;  but  in  the  sorrel  leaf  (Oxalia  Violacea)  they  appear  beauti- 
fully distinct  (§678,  Fig.  585,) upon  the  ootiro  leaf. 

63.  Woody  tissues,  &c.,  may  be  viewed  either  as  opaque  or  transparent.  Sec- 
tions and  cuttings  should  be  made  in  all  directions,  and  attached  to  tbe  glass  by 
water,  white  of  egg,  Canada  balsam.  To  obtain  the  elementary  cells  separately 
for  inspection,  the  fragment  of  wood  may  be  macerated  in  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid 
added  to  a  grain  of  chlorate  of  potassa.  Softer  structures  may  be  macerated  sim- 
ply in  boiling  water. 

64.  Certain  reagents  are  applied  to  the  softer  and  naore  recent  tissues  to  ef- 
fect such  changes  in  the  cell  contents,  of  either  color  or  form,  as  shall  render  them 
visible.  Thus  sulphuric  acid  coagulates  the  primordial  utricle  (§  645) ;  a  solutioa 
<^  iodine  turoa  it  blue  \  sugar  and  nitrie  acid  chaage  it  to  red. 


QUESTIONS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER    I. 


will  i!  lu®  f  "''J^'^*  *':®**«**  <*f  in  this  chapter  ? 
What  IS  the  "  end  and  aim  "  of  all  science  ? 


34, 
35. 

36 
3< 


CHAPTER   II. 

30.  Name  the  three  kingdoms  of  Nature. 
61.  What  IS  a  mineral ?    A  stone? 

32.  What  is  a  plant  ?    A  tulip  ? 

33.  What  is  an  animal  ? 

vllu^r.  t^'t'^ee  kingdoms  perfectly  distinct  ? 
lixpliun  the  diagram. 

n'Z  i!  -1'^  Vegetable  kingdom  related  to  the  Animal  f 
How  IS  It  related  to  the  Mineral  kingdom  9      '^°"°'"' 
Define  the  science  of  Physics. 
Define  the  science  of  Zoology 

38.  R..peat  the  full  definition  of  the  science  of  Botany. 

39.  O    what  does  Structural  Botany  treat  ?  ^ 
40   Of  what  does  Elementary  Botany  treat? 

Ao   ^J"^'^^  ?^^^  Physiological  Botany  treat? 
Ao    v^L  *  '^  *^^  ^"^  <^f  Systematic  Botany  ? 
43.  What  of  the  art  Phytology  ?    What  is  a  Flora  ? 
».  Some  of  the  uses  of  Botany. 

CHAPTER    III. 

62    wSvVif**!^'?^-'^^**^'' this  chapter? 

56.  wE  JiTtof  in  '"•  ''''^"''■''*  ^""^  collecting  specimens  ? 
Whnf  i?X.    .  ^P'^cimens  are  wanted  for  the  herbarium  » 

W.   Desc  ibe'thVSir:^'  °^  '^'  "^^^  5*"  P'-^F*'-'"^  the  specimens  ? 
^  me  remainder  of  thi.  chapter  m.y  b.  read  aloud  or  recited  by  th.  p«p„.  ^  the  teacher  • 


<4UUKXloMS   ON 


PAKT    FIRST. 
CHAPTER    I. 

State  the  title  of  this  cliapter. 

65.  Name  the  two  Natural  Giand  Divisions  of  the  Vegetable  kingdom. 

66.  What  of  the  Organs,  or  Organic  System  of  the  Phaenogamia? 
How  do  the  Crjptogamia  diflFer  from  this? 

67.  How  does  the  Fern  differ  from  the  Rose  ? 
How  does  the  Lichen  differ  from  a  Violet  ? 

68.  Name  the  two  subdivisions  of  the  Phaenogamia. 

69.  What  plants  are  comprehended  among  the  Exogens  ? 
ExpUiin  the  meaning  of  the  word. 

7C.  Wiiat  plants  are  comprehended  among  the  Endogens  t 
Explain  the  import  of  the  word. 

71.  Why  are  the  Exogens  called  also  Dicotyledons? 
Why  are  the  Endogens  called  also  Monocotyledons? 

72.  How  may  these  two  subdivisions  be  known  by  their  leaves? 
How  may  they  be  distinguished  by  their  flowers  ? 

73.  What  is  said  about  the  two-fcM  name  of  a  plant  ? 
Which  name  is  provincial,  and  which  universal  ? 

75.  Show  Ly  example  how  the  Latin  name  is  double. 

76.  Recite  verbatim  the  definition  of  a  species. 

77.  Notice  an  example  of  a  species. 

78.  How  may  we  define  a  variety  ?     Give  an  example. 

80.  R(!cite  verbatim  the  definition  of  a  genus. 

81.  Please  illustrate  by  two  good  examples  : — Clover ;  Pine. 


CHAPTER   II. 

Repeat  the  title  of  this  chapter. 

83.  Wherein  does  animal  life  differ  from  plant  life  ? 

84.  Name  the  several  stages  of  plant  life. 

85.  Notice  the  five  picture  sketches  of  its  biography. 

86.  How  much  does  the  "  term  of  plant  life  "  vary  ? 
Strange  exception  of  the  castor-oil  bean. 

87.  What  of  flowering  and  fruiting  ?    When  do  they  prove  fatal  ? 
How  does  the  florist's  "  tree  mignonette  "  bear  on  this  question  ? 

89.  State  the  definition  of  "  Annual  herb,"  "  Biennial  herb." 
91.  Also  define  "Monocarpic  herb  ,"  "  Perennial  plant." 

93.  What  is  the  herbaceous  perennial  ?     The  woody  perennial  ? 
What  three  distinctions  among  woody  perennials? 

94.  What  the  stature  of  a,  bush?    Of  an  undershrubf 

96.  What  is  the  form  and  stature  of  a  tree  ?    Of  a  shrub  ? 

97.  What  is  remarked  of  the  age  of  trees  ? 

98.  How  may  the  age  of  a  tree  be  estimated  ? 

99.  Can  you  Instance  some  trees  remarkable  for  age? 

101.  Please  instance  some  trees  remarkable  for  grandeur. 

102.  Now  give  the  distinction  of  trees  relative  to  their  verdure. 


I 


■J| 


5'r 


WOOD  8   CLA»S-UOOK   OF   BOTANY 


Ul 


i 


CHAPTER    III. 

103.  What  is  the  earliest  stage  of  the  plant? 

104.  In  growing,  whither  does  the  radicle  direct  itself? 
What  is  the  tendency  of  the  plumule  ? 

105.  Explain  the  structure  of  the  bud.     How  does  it  grow ' 
Why  is  the  original  bud  called  also  terminal  ? 

106.  What  sort  of  axis  does  the  terminal  bud  alone  develop  ? 

107.  What  other  buds  are  also  found  ?     Whence  arise  the  branches? 

1 10.  Whence  does  the  flower  originate  ? 

111.  What  then  is  the  r  jure  of  the  flower? 

112.  From  what  organ  does  the  fruit  originate? 

113.  Explain  these  views  by  the  figure  of  the  paeony  and  its  parts. 


CHAPTER    IV. 


114. 
116. 
117. 


118. 

119, 
120. 
121. 
122. 

124. 
125. 
127. 

130. 
131. 
132. 
133. 
134. 
135. 
136. 

137. 
138. 
139. 
140. 

141. 

143. 
144. 
>46. 


Of  what  does  this  chapter  treat  ? 
Define  the  root.     How  distinguish  root  from  stem? 
Please  state  the  two-fold  office  of  the  root. 
What  is  the  leading  propensity  of  the  root  ? 
What  are  the  only  proper  appendages  of  the  root? 
What  end  or  purpose  is  answered  by  the  multiplication  of  these  ex- 
tremities ? 
What  is  the  part  designated  by  the  term  collum  f 
What  are  the  spongioles,  or  spongehtt  f 
What  are  the  fibrillae  ?    Their  office  and  use  ? 
Why  should  a  tree  or  shrub  be  transplanted  in  Spring  ? 
Name  the  two  definite  modes  of  root-development. 
Define  accurately  the  axial  mode.     The  inaxicd. 
Grive  instances  of  them  both. 
Name  the  four  varieties  of  the  axial,  or  tap-root. 
Define  the  ramous  tap-root.     The  tuberous. 
Define  vhe  fusiform  tap-root     The  conical.    Napiform. 
How  are  all  these  thickened  roots  reservoirs  ? 
Name  the  six  forms  of  inaxud  roots. 
Describe,  with  examples,  the  fibrous  root. 
.Describe  the  fibro-tuberous  root.     Moniliform.     Tubercular. 
What  is  the  thickening  matter  in  all  these  cases? 
What  roots  are  said  to  be  adventitious? 
What  roots  are  said  to  be  cirrhous? 
What  carious  style  of  root  has  the  screw-pine  ? 

Describe  the  adventitious  roots  of  the  banyan. 
Describe  the  curious  habit  of  the  manj^jrove  tree. 
How  may  the  growth  of  adventitious  roots  be  favored  t 
Mention  a  method  of  raising  dwarf  trees. 

Axial  and  inaxial — which  requires  deep  tillasre  ? 
If  two  crops  are  sown  togf>ther — what  shonH  they  be  ? 
What  is  the  nature  of  those  plants  called  Eniphvtes  ? 
What  are  Para.sites?     Give  examples  of  these  classes. 
Read  the  paragraph  on  subterranean  stems. 


TT 


iilil 


<4UKST1U^S    ON 


CHAPTER    V. 

What  is  the  title  of  this  chapter  ?     Define  this  phrase. 

147.  What  is  the  geueral  idea  of  the  term  "axis?" 

148.  Does  the  ascendiDg  axis  always  continue  to  grow  erect  ? 

What  is  the  idea  of  the  procumbent  stem  ?     Of  the  decumbent  ? 
What  the  idea  of  the  ascending  stem?    Of  the  subterranean? 

149.  How  may  this  last  be  distinguished  from  roots? 

150.  £.rplain  the  development  of  the  simple  stem. 

Wlier*^  may  the  original  plumuls  bud  be  always  found  ? 

151.  Explain  the  development  of  a  branching  stem. 

If  the  axillary  buds  grow,  what  do  they  then  become  ? 

153.  Is  there  an}'  apparent  plan  in  the  arrangement  of  the  branches  f 
Please  define  the  alternate  arrangement.     The  opposite. 
Define  the  verticillate.     Give  examples  of  each  mode. 

154.  What  varieties  in  the  "  angle  of  divergence  "  in  branches  ? 
What  is  Doticeablu  in  the  beech  ?    The  oak  ?    elm  ? 

155.  What  are  some  of  the  distinctions  made  by  nurserymen  ? 

156.  What  is  a  Sucker  ?     A  Stolon,  or  Layer?    A  Cion? 

158.  How  are  the  grape-vine  and  hop  propagated  ? 

159.  Define  an  Ofi^et.     Define  the  Runner. 

161.  What  is  a  Node  ?    An  Internode  ? 

162.  Why  does  the  stem  diminish  upwards? 

163.  Can  you  describe  the  process  of  the  growth  of  the  stem? 

164.  State  briefly,  one  great  exception  to  this  rule. 

166.  Give  the  precise  definition  to  the  "leaf-stem." 

167.  Give  the  precise  definition  of  the  "scale-stem." 

166.  Name  tLe  five  principal  forms  of  the  leaf-stems. 

167.  Name  tlie  six  principal  forms  of  the  scale-stems. 

168.  Distinguish  between  the  herbaceous  and  woody  leaf-stema. 
1G9.  What  is  tlie  caulis?     Define  caulescent.     Acaulescent. 
170.  What  is  the  culm  ?     What  stems  are  called  trunks  ? 

172.  What  forms  of  trunk  have  you  noticed? 

173.  Distinguish  the  "  excurrent "  from  the  "  solvent "  axis. 
Instance  some  examples  of  each. 

176.  What  term  is  applicable  to  the  stem  of  the  palm  tree  ? 

177.  Describe  the  singular  .stock  of  the  Cactus  tribe. 

178.  Describe  tht^  vine  and  its  two  varieties. 

Which  Is  furnished  with  tendrib,  the  climbers  or  twiners? 

179.  AVhat  is  the  law  in  regard  to  the  course  of  the  twiners? 
181.  How  is  the  creeper  defined?     Its  two  classes  please  mention. 

How  is  tlie  witch  grass  best  cultivated  ? 

183.    What  can  be  said  of  the  lUility  of  such  repent  stems  ? 
What  prevents  our  sandy  or  clayey  hills  from  washing  ? 

183.  What  is  the  proper  description  of  the  root-stock  ? 

184.  Show,  by  figure  52,  the  manner  of  its  growth. 

185.  Describe  the  premorse  root-stock. 

186.  The  stem  of  clover,  asparagus,  etc.,  in  winter,  is  what? 

187.  What  is  a  tuber?     Show  by  fig.  54,  etc.,  how  it  grows. 
189.  What  is  a  corm?    Show  how  it  grows. 

191.  Describe  the  bulb.     Show,  by  fig.  60,  how  it  multiplies. 
193.  Varieties  in  bulbs — describe  some. 

Finally,  notice  the  gradation  la  tuber,  corm,  and  bulb. 


WOODS    CLASS-BOOK    OK    BoTANT. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

What  is  the  topic  of  this  chapter  ? 
\9').  What  two  kinds  of  buds  are  mentioned  ? 

196.  Repeat  the  definition  of  the  leat-bud. 

197.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  scales  ?    Show  this  by  figs.  67,  61 

198.  Where  are  bud-scales  needed  and  found  V 
1J>9.    How  are  the  buds  protected  in  rain  or  cold  ? 

200.    Which  is  the  parent  bud  *     What  the  axillary  bud  ? 

202.  Distinguish  the  two  Ivinds  uf  axillary  buds. 

203.  When  may  the  axillary  become  terminal  ? 

204.  What  if  a  part  of  them  be  suppres-sed  ?     What  if  all  ? 

20.5.    When  is  the  axis  said  to  be  brachiate?    How  in  the  pink?    (Fig.  70.\ 
207.  What  are  a<lvent,itious  bnds  ?     How  are  they  caused  ? 
209.  Vernation  is  what?     Bt>st  method  of  displaying  it? 

213.  Considering  eacli  leaf  alone,  when  is  it  said  to  be  reclined? 
When  conduplicate  f     Plaited  ?     Circinate  ? 

When  is  it  convolute  ?     Involute?     Revolute  ? 

Which  variety  is  seen  in  oak  (fig.  71,)?     In  the  tulip-tree?     Fe»»? 
Birch?     Cherry?     Dock?     Balm-of-Gilead  ?     Sycamore? 

214.  Considering  the  leaves  in  respect  to  each  other,  when  are  they  obvoluie? 
When  triquetrous  ?     Eqiiitant  ? 

215.  Stat^  the  principle  of  "  budding."     What  are  bulblets  ? 

CHAPTER    VII. 


217. 
218. 

219. 
2-JO. 

221. 
222. 

223. 
224. 
226. 
227. 
228. 
229. 
230. 

231. 

232. 

233. 

234. 

235. 
236. 
237. 


What  is  the  subject  of  this  chapter  ? 

How  does  the  leaf  figure  in  landscape  scenery  ? 

What  is  the  general  characteristic  of  the  leaf? 

What  variations  in  the  color  of  the  leaf? 

What  is  the  etymology  of  the  word  Phyllotaxy? 

Explain  "  leaves  radical."     Leaves  cauline.     Leaves  ramial. 

What  is  the  alternate  arrangement  of  leaves  ?     Scattered  ?     Ros»- 

late  ?     Fasciculate  ?     Oi)posito  ?     Verticillate  ? 
If  you  reduce  all  these  to  two  types,  what  are  the  two  ? 
W^hat  experiment  reveals  the  true  nature  of  the  alternate  type  ? 
Can  you  show  that  the  opposite  leaved  type  may  be  spiral  ? 
Decussate  leaves — what  are  they  ? 
State  an  established  law  in  pl-mt-development 
Will  you  carefully  define  the  elm  cycle  ? 
Calling  this  the  J  cycle,  what  does  the  numerator  denote  ?     Wliatth© 

denominator? 
How  is  the  alder  cycle  ? 

C.illing  this  the  ^  cycle,  what  does  the  1  denote  ?     The  3  ? 
Desciibe  the  cherry  cycle. 
Why  call  this  the  f  cycle  ? 
Describe  the  Osage  orange  cycle. 
Why  denominate  this  tlie  g  cycle  ? 
Show  how  these  cycles  are  related  to  each  other. 
If  the  third  is  ^  and  the  fourth  g,  what  will  the  fifth  be  ? 
In  what  plants  is  this  (the  ,A|)  cycle  realized  ? 
What  cycle  is  next  in  order  ?     What  its  numerical  sign  ? 
You  may  read  the  remarks  on  the  higher  cycles. 


» 


Tl  .     .      '  tJLK.STIO.NS    ON 


239. 

240. 

241. 
242. 


243. 


MOKPilOLOGY      OF     TUB     LEAF. 

What  is  the  blade?     What  is  the  petiole / 
Explain  the  meaning  of  the  word  sesn^e.     PetiolaU. 
What  are  stipules?     How  many  to  each  leaf,  if  any? 
Explain  the  meaning  of  the  word  erstipuJate.     Stipulak, 
Name  the  three  distinct  parts  of  a  complete  leaf. 
To  what  transformations  are  they  liable  ? 

OF     THE     PETIOLE. 


What  is  the  more  common  form  of  the  petiole  ? 
What  is  peculiar  "n  the  petiole  of  the  aspen  ? 

244.  What  is  there  peculiar  in  the  petioles  of  the  Asters,  etc.f 
What  peculiarity  in  the  leaves  of  the  mullein  ? 

245.  How  is  the  amplexicaul  petiole,  or  leaf,  described  ? 
What  constitutes  a  sheath  ?     (See  figs.  102,  104.) 

246.  In  what  sort  of  leaves  do  we  find  compound  petioles? 

OF     THE     STIPULES. 

247.  What  is  the  location  of  the  stipules?    Appearance  ? 
What  is  remarked  of  their  presence  or  absence  ? 

248.  What  of  the  stipules  of  rose  (fij?.  100)  ?     Of  pansy  (fig.  102)? 

249.  What  plants  exhibit  ochrece  ?     Wliat  their  nature  ? 

250.  When  the  leaves  are  opposite,  what  are  their  stipules  called  ? 

251.  The  ligule  of  grasses,  what  is  it?    What  are  stipels? 
Explain  fig.  102.     103.     104.     105. 


OF     THE     VEINS. 

253.  How  do  you  distinguish  a  simple  leaf?     A  compound f 

254.  Of  what  is  the  frame- work  of  the  leaf  composed  ? 

255.  Why  are  they  called  veins  rather  than  ribs  ? 
What  is  denoted  by  the  term  venation  f 
Name  the  four  organs  of  venation. 

256.  Please  describe  the  mid-vein.     What  leaf  has  such? 

If  there  be  several  such,  as  in  maple,  what  are  they  called? 

257.  What  branches  shall  we  call  the  veinlets?    The  veinulets? 

258.  The  venation  of  the  Exogcns — name  and  describe  it 
The  venation  of  the  Endogens — name  and  describe. 
The  venation  of  the  Cryptogamia — name  and  describe. 
Name  the  three  forms  of  the  reticulate  venation. 
Now  please  describe  them — the  feather-veined. 

260.  The  palmi-veined.     The  tripli-veined. 

262.  What  varieties  in  the  parallel  venation  ? 

What  venation  in  fig.  106?     10<  ?    108?    109?    110? 

FORM,    OR   FIGURE. 

263.  Can  you  show  the  connection  between  the  figure  of  the  leaf  and  its  renattonf 

264.  On  what  principle  shall  we  arrange  or  classity  leaf-forms  ? 

265.  The  first  cliss,  or  feather- veined  leaf-forms,  define  it. 
Name  and  describe  the  three  forms  belonging  to  it. 

a.  Define  the  second  class  of  feather-veined  leaf-forms. 
Name  and  describe  the  fow  forma  belonging  to  thi«  claas. 


if! 


WOODS    CLAaiS-BOOK   OF   BOTANY. 


vn 


266.  Iq  the  thnrd  class,  where  are  the  longest  veinleLs  ? 
Name  and  describe  the  four  forms  of  this  class. 

267.  In  the  fourth  class,  how  are  the  lowest  veinlets? 

Note   the  form  of  the  cordate  leaf.    The  auriculate.     The  sagittate. 

The  hastate. 
Observe   fig.    110— what  is  its  form?    Also  of  111?     112?     113? 

114?     115?     116?     117? 
Observe  fig.  130— what  is  its  form  ?    What  of  131?    136?     137? 

268.  On  wiiat  do  the  pinnatifid  forms  depend  ? 

The  term  j»mn«<erf  contrasts  with  what  other  term? 

269.  Describe  the  pinnatifid  leaf.     The  runcinate.     Lyrate. 

270.  What  is  pinately  parted?     Sinuate? 

271.  What  figures  on  page  56  have  ^'a/wjafe  venation  ? 

Which  two  are  renifbrm  ?    Which  is  peltate?    Which  trilobate? 

272.  Observe  the  figuies  on  page  58, — which  is  palmately  clefl ? 
Wliich  palmaiely  parted?    Which  merely  lobed ? 

273.  What  form  is  pedate  f    Find  an  example. 

274.  Wiiat  is  remarked  of  the  parallel-veined  leaves? 

275.  What  is  the  linear  leaf?    Give  examples. 

Define  the  ensiform  leaf.     What  good  example  is  here  ? 

276.  By  what  term  is  the  palm  leaf  denoted  ? 

277.  What  two  forms  of  leaf  are  peculiar  to  the  fir  tribe  ? 


MARGIN. 

278.  Speaking  of  merely  the  margin,  when  is  it  entire  f 

279.  When  is  the  margin  den to<e .*    When  serrate.*    Crenate? 
What  if  the  teeth  are  very  fine  ?     What  is  doubly  dentate  7 

280    Define  an  undulate  margin. 

281.  What  terms  apply  to  irregularly  divided  margins? 

282.  What  does  the  term  crisped  denote  ? 


APEX. 

283.  Name    and    define    an    acuminate    apex.     An  acute.     An  obtuse^ 

Other  terms. 

284.  The  truncate  leaf.     The  emarginate,  etc. 


OF     THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 

285.  Were  a  simple  leaf  to  become  compound,  how  might  it  become  ao? 
Please  illustrate  this  by  cutting  a  simple  leaf. 

286.  What  are  the  fcq^^s  .'     The  petioluies?    Therachisf 

287.  Can  you  describe  a  pinnate  leaf? 

What  modification  of  pinnate  is  fig.  161?     160?     159? 

288.  As  to  the  number  of  leaflets  in  the  pinnate  leaf — how  many  ? 
How  many  in  the  trifoliate  f    Binate  ? 

What  reason  to  say  that  the  lemon  leaf  (167)  is  compound? 

289.  How  may  a  pinnate  leaf  become  bipinnatef     Tripinnate? 
What  is  a  decompound  leaf? 

290.  What  are  transition  leaves?    Describe  fig.  165. 

291.  Define  a  bitemate  leaf.     A  triternaie. 

292    Please  distinguish  the  palmately  and  pinnateh/  temate. 


|il:; 


Vlll 


QUESTIONS    ON 


Fig.  162  represents  what  kind  of  leaf?     163  ?     164  ? 
Describe  fig.  168.     166.     169. 

293.  How  are  amplexicaul  Itaves  inserted  ?     Describe  1 70. 

294.  Define  perfoliate  leaves.     Connate.     Point  out  the  figures. 


TEXTURE    AND    SURFACE. 

295.  Name  five  varieties  in  the  texture  of  leaves. 

296.  As  to  the  snrhce,  yfhaXj  is  glabrous ?     Scabrous? 

297.  Define  carefully  a  pubescent  surface.     A  villous. 

frinous.     Tomentous.     Floccose. 

298.  Define,  also,  hirsute.     Pilous.     Hispid. 

299.  Also  setous.     Spinous.     Stinging. 

300.  What  covers  the  pruinous  surface,  as  of  grapes  ? 

801.    Explain,  flnnlly.  such  terms  as  ovate-lanceolate. 
3(W.    Can  you  show  the  use  of  the  preposition  sub? 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

What  is  the  title  of  this  chapter  ? 

303.  What  is  one  of  the  first  aims  of  the  botanist? 

304.  How  does  it  appear  that  scales  are  transformed  leaves  ? 

305.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  broWn  scales  of  buds  ? 

306.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  cotyledons  ?     Proof? 
What  is  the  cause  of  their  deformity  ? 

307.  Can  you  tell  what  plujllodia  are  ?    Examples  ? 

308.  Explain  liow  ascidia  may  be  transformed  leaves. 
809.    Mention  three  curious  examples. 

311.  What  are  air-bladders?     What  their  uses? 

312.  How  is  the  leaf  of  "Venus'  fly-trap"  constructed? 

313.  What  is  the  use  of  the  tendril  ? 
Is  it  a  new  organ  ? 

How  does  the  tendril  of  the  pea  originate  ? 

What  its  origin  in  Gloriosa  superba  ?    In  Lathyrus  ? 

314.  In  Clematis,  what  organs  serve  as  tendrils? 
In  green-briar,  what  organs  become  tendrils  ? 

315.  Whence  come  the  tendrils  of  the  grape-vine? 

316.  How  are  some  plants  armed  ? 

From  what  organs  do  the  spines  of  Berheris  originate? 
Whence  the  spines  of  goat's- tliorn?     Of  locust? 

317.  How  do  thorns  differ  from  spines  ? 

What  the  origin  of  the  thorns  in  Osage  orange  ? 
Whence  the  thorns  of  honey-locust  y 

318.  Wliat  are  prickles  ?    Examples  y 

319.  What  are  bracts?     What  is  their  nature? 


Sericeous.     Lamni 


CIIAPTHR    IX. 

321.  What  is  the  title  of  this  chapter  ?    Define  the  term. 
333.  Whence  do  the  flower-buds  originate  ? 
823.    What  proof  of  this  theory  is  given  V 

324.  As  to  arrangement — what  two  varieties  of  flower-budit 

325.  What  may  a  single  bud  develop  ? 

326.  What  is  said  of  the  axis  of  the  flower-bud  ? 

327.  What  is  a  peduncle  ?    May  it  bear  leaves  ? 


WOODS   CLASS-BOOK    OF    liOTANY. 


IX 


328. 
329. 
330. 
331. 
332. 

333. 
334. 
?.35. 
336. 
337. 
338. 

339. 
340. 
342. 


343. 
344. 
345. 
346. 

347. 

348. 
349. 
350. 
351. 

352. 
353. 
355. 


356. 
357. 
359. 
3(50. 
301. 

363. 


What  are  pedicels  ?    When  is  a  flower  aeawfe  /         ) 
How  does  a  scape  diflFer  from  a  peduncle  ? 
What  is  the  raohis  of  an  inflorescence  ? 
What  is  the  torus? 

Mention  some  odd  varieties  of  tiie  peduncle. 
Describe  fig.  115.     116.    117.    118. 

What  are  bracteoles  ? 

How  are  the  bracts  in  Aster  ?    How  in  the  Crucifers  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  color  of  bracts  ? 

What  is  a  spathe  ?     Examples  in  figures  189,  190,  191 

How  may  an  involucre  be  formed  ? 

Describe  a  compound  flower  of  the  Compositae. 

What  is  the  chaff  on  the  torus  ?     Describe  fig.  193. 

In  the  grasses,  what  are  the  glumes?     The  pules?     (Fig.  195.) 

In  the  oak,  etc.,  what  is  the  nature  of  the  cup  ?     (Fig,  194.) 

Why  is  axillary  inflorescence  culled  indefinite  f 

Why  is  it  called  centripetal  ? 

Where  is  the  centre  of  a  lengthened  inflorescence  ? 

Why  is  terminal  inflorescence  definite  t     Centrifugal  ? 

Are  both  terminal  and  axillary  inflorescence  ever  combined  ? 

Name  the  nine  varieties  of  axillary  inflorescence. 

How  is  the  inflorescence  of  the  mullein,  and  how  named  ? 

In  Timothy  grass,  what  are  the  spikes  and  spikelets  t 

What  is  a  spadix  ?    Give  examples. 

Wliat  inflorescence  in  figs.  200  ?    201?    202? 

What  is  a  catkin  ?     Examples  ? 

How  does  the  raceme  difffer  from  the  spike  ? 

How  does  the  corymb  differ  from  the  raceme  ? 

How  does  the  umbel  ditfer  from  the  corymb  ? 

What  the  compound  umbel  ?     The  rays  ?    The  umbellets  ? 

What  is  a  panicle  ?     Give  common  examples. 

What  is  a  thyrse  ?     What  is  a  head  ? 

In  a  head,  or  compound  flower  of  Compositae,  what  answers  to  calyx? 

What  to  corolla?     What  are  the  florets  of  the  ray?     What   the 

florets  of  the  disk  ? 

Describe  each  of  the  following  figures,  viz.  :  203,  204,  205,  20(5,  207,  808, 
209,  210,  211,  212,  213,  214,  21.5. 

Name  three  varieties  of  terminal  inflorescence. 

What  is  a  cyme  ?     What  is  a  scorpoid  cyme  ? 

Show  the  evolution  of  a  cyme  in  duckweed  (fig.  219). 

Show  the  evolution  of  a  scorpoid  cyme  by  figs.  220,  221. 

VViiat  is  a  fascicle?     A  glomerule  ? 

Wliat  does  fig.  216  represent  ?    Fig.  217  ?    Fig.  218  ?    Fig.  221  ? 

How  may  a  spike  become  a  raceme  (fig.  222)  ? 

How  a  raceme  a  corymb  (223)  ?    An  uml)ei  (224)  ?    A  head  (227)  ?    What 
is  fig.  225?    226?    228? 

Into  what  is  the  entire  inflorescence  transformed  in  grapes  ? 


PLOWRRING. 


304.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  ? 

365.  What  is  said  of  the  date  of  flowering  for  each  species  ? 

366.  How  would  you  make  a  ftioral  calendar  f 
How  is  this  related  to  the  climate  ? 


I 


I  i 

!   I 


'll!! 


QUKSTIONS    ON 

367.  Example  as  to  the  red  maple  in  different  climes. 
Example  as  to  different  plants  in  New  England. 

368.  How  would  you  construct  a  fli/ral  clock? 
What  plant  opens  its  flowers  at  2  o'clock,  a.  m.  ? 
What  plant  at  13,  M.  ?    At  4,  p.  m.,  etc.  V 

369.  As  to  the  colors  of  flowers — are  they  subject  to  art  at  all  ? 
Why  not  depend  on  the  color  of  the  flower  in  descriptions  ? 

370.  Describe  the  Xanthic  series  of  colors.     The  Cyanic  series. 


CHAPTER    X. 

"What  is  the  title  of  this  chapter  ?     Meaning  of  morpholofjy  f 

Flowers  have  wliat  relation  to  man  ? 

How  do  flowers  improve  in  the  light  of  science? 

How  is  the  flower  related  to  a  leafy  branch  ? 

Is  the  flower  a  new  organ  ?    Whence  is  it  ? 

What  evidence  of  the  transformation  of  leaves  in^.o  flowers  is  seen  ta  the 

Calycanthusy    In  the  water  lily?    (Fig.  240,  etc.) 
What  is  remarked  of  the  early  bud  of  irregular  flowers  ? 
Wiirti  evidence  of  this  doctrine  in  teratolofjy  ?    Illustrate  this  by  the  doubla 
rose.    Flowering  almond,  etc..    Illustrate  by  flgs.  241,  242,  243. 

What  fact  renders  {estivation  important  ?     Define  the  term. 

Name  the  four  general  modes  of  aestivation  ? 

Desciibe  the  valvate.     Describe  its  two  varieties. 

Describe  the  contorted.     Describe  the  imbricate. 

What  two  varieties  of  the  imbricate  are  mentioned? 

Define  carefully  the  quincuntial.     The  triquetrous.     The  convolatet 

The  vexillary.    Tlie  plicate.    The  supervolute. 
What  is  the  torus  ? 
What  are  the  floral  envelopes  ? 
Which  of  them  is  the  calyx?     Which  the  corolla? 
Do  both  calyx  and  corolla  always  exist  ? 
If  but  one  be  present,  which  is  it? 
Define  carefully  the  calyx.     What  are  the  sepals  ? 
Carefully  <lefine  the  corolla.     What  do  we  call  its  leaves? 
What  is  the  use  of  the  word  pei'ianth  f 
The  essential  organs — what  two  kinds  ? 
Define  the  stamens.     What  of  their  number  ? 
Collectively,  what  are  they  called  ? 
Define  the  pistils.     By  what  other  names  called. 
Now  recapitulate  these  four  sets  of  organs  in  order. 
What  is  said  of  appendages  ? 

The  pupil  may  read  or  rehearse  Sec.  408. 

In  respect  to  symmetry — what  of  the  number  in  each  setf 

In  relative  position — how  are  the  petals  with  sepals,  etc.  ? 

Define,  then,  the  typical  flower. 

Why  is  it  perfect ?     Complete?    Regular?     Symmetrical? 

Is  this  type  often  realized? 

Whence  the  endless  variety  in  the  floral  world? 

Wliut  flower  in  our  flora  approaches  nearest  the  type? 

Mention  a  perfect  example. 

How  do  the  flowers  of  sedum  deviate  from  it  ? 

Can  you  mention  some  of  the  modes  of  deviation? 

What  do  you  ur  derstand  by  the  radical  number? 

What  is  the  most  common  radical  of  the  Exogens? 

What  most  common  in  the  Endogens  ? 

What  is  the  radical  number  of  the  flower  in  your  hand? 

What  do  irwompkte  flowers  lack  ? 

What  is  an  apetalous  flower?    What  example? 

What  is  an  achlamydeous  flower  ?    Examples.    (Figs.  364,  905.) 


372. 
87;;. 

374. 

375. 
378. 

373. 
380. 

383. 
386. 
387. 
389. 
391. 


397. 
399. 


400. 
401. 
402. 
403. 
404. 

405. 
406. 
407. 

408. 
410. 
411. 

412. 

413. 

414. 
415. 
416. 

417. 

418. 
419. 

420. 


wood's  class-book  op  botany. 


XI 


421.    What  do  imperfect  flowers  lack  ?    Describe  a  sterile  flower. 

Describe  a  fertile  flower.    Give  the  emblem  of  each.    ( 3 ,  8 .) 
Use  of  the  word  diclinous?    Explain  figures  266,  267,  268,  269,  270. 

433.     VVhut  is  a  ^jfMfra?  flower  ?    (Fig.  271.) 

423.  What  constitutes  an  M«sym»jcMraZ  flower?    Examples. 

424.  De-icribe  the  flower  of  mustard. 

425.  Describe  the  flowers  of  the  Mint  family,  as  Monarda,  etc. 

426.  In  wiiat  respect  are  the  flowers  of  poppy  unsymmctrical ?    Of  lark-spur? 

Of  Monk's  hood  V    Describe  figs.  280,  281,  282,  383,  284,  285. 

427.  What  is  meant  by  "  organs  opposite  V" 

428.  ^  How  is  this  anomaly  explained  V    Explain  figs.  272,  273,  374,  275. 
43<.t.    By  what  law  do  "  organs  increase  in  numberV" 

430.    Iliustrate  this  in  the  lilies.    The  roseworts.    Blood-root. 

432.  Ulustratv-^  the  law  of  chorisis  by  figs.  276,  277,  378. 

433.  Mention  sonne  appendicular  organs. 

434.  What  are  spurs  in  various  examples? 

435.  What  are  scales  in  the  various  examples  cited  ? 
What  is  the  corona  in  Narcissus  V     In  catchfly  ? 

43C).  Describe  the  "  glandular  bodies  "  in  graSvS-Parnassus. 

437.  What  is  said  of  the  frequency  of  "  union  of  organs  ?" 
How  may  this  union  be  detected  ? 

438.  Explain  the  difference  between  cohesion  and  adhesion. 

440.  Explain  the  proper  use  of  the  words  free  and  distinct. 

441.  What  is  said  of  regularity  in  the  early  buds  of  flowers  ? 
Mention  certain  modes  of  irregularity  in  flowers. 

443.  Describe  a  lengthened  receptacle.     How  is  this  in  figs.  288,  287,  286? 

444.  Describe  the  excavated  receptacle,  as  in  rose,  (fig.  289.) 

446.  Wliat  is  the  disk  ? 

447.  What  IS  said  of  "combined  deviations?" 
418.    Give  an  example,  in  any  flower  at  hand. 


Describe  it  in  figs.  291,  292,  293. 


CHAPTER    XI. 


449.  Can  you  define,  once  more,  the  true  idea  of  the  typical  flower? 

450.  What  is  the  only  true  distinction  between  calyx  and  corolla  ? 

451.  How  are  sepals  and  petals  as  to  number? 

451.  How  do  sepals  resemble  leaves ?     How  do  petals? 

453.  What  corresponds  to  blaile  ?     What  to  petiole  ? 

454.  In  the  sepals,  what  ajtpears  to  be  the  analogy?     (See  fig.  11,  a.  h.  c.) 

455.  In  outline,  what  are  the  forms  of  petals?     Are  they  always  entire? 
State  the  peculiarity  in  the  petal  form  of  the  Uinbilifers  (297).     In 

the  petal  of  duckweed  (299).     Of  campion  (290).     Of  Monk's- 
hood.     Mitrewort  (298). 

456.  What  of  the  nectary  ? 

457.  Are  the  floral  organs  more  likely  to  be  distinct,  or  united? 

458.  What  do  we  call  a  calyx  with  united  sepals? 
What  do  we  call  a  coiolla  with  united  petals? 
What  terms  are  opposed  to  these  two  ? 

459.  What  do  we  understand  by  the  limb?     The  tube? 

460.  What  varieties  in  the  degree  of  cohesion  (figs.  300,  301,  302,  303)? 

461.  What  sort  of  cohesion  in  calyx  of  Eschscholtzia,  or  grape? 

463.  Why  are  the  outer  organs  oi'  butter-cup  hypogynous? 

464.  In  the  flower  of  cherry,  why  are  the  stamens  perigynous  ? 
Explain  the  term  epigy  nous  ?  What  two  phrases  are  of  the  same  import? 

166.    Please  mention  two  other  phrases  of  the  same  meaning. 

Describe  figs.  304, 305,  306,  307,  308,  especially  as  to  the  ovary, 
Also  describe  fi^fs.  309,  310,  311,  aa  to  ovary,  etc. 


ill 


1^ 


QUKSTION8    ON 


467. 


4G8. 


469. 


In  the  rose,  (289)  are  the  ovaries  in  a  hollow  receptacle,  or  in  a  tubular 
calyx?     How  is  this  in  cherry  and  pear  (308,  307)  ? 

What  two  phrases  are  synonymous  with  ''oalyx  hypogynous?" 

How  is  the  calyx  in  saxifiage  (fig.  310)  and  in  mock-orange  ? 

Of  regular  polypetalous  flowers,  what  four  forms  are  named  ? 

Of  irregular  polypetalous,  what  two  forms  ? 

Of  regular  mouopetalous  flowers,  what  seven  forms? 

Of  irregular  mouopetalous,  what  two  forms  V 

470-484.  Describe  each  and  ail  these  forms  in  order. 

To  which  of  these  classes  belongs  the  tulip?  The  rose?  The  mu!^♦ 
tard?  Pea?  Elder?  Kalmia?  Haiebell  ?  Whortleberry?  Morn- 
ing-g!oiy  ?  Petunia  ?  Honey-suckle  ?  The  florets  of  dandelion  ? 
The  sage?    Cypripedium? 

What  is  pappus?     Its  etymology?     Give  examples. 

Describe  figs.  338,  329,  330,  331,  332,  333 

In  the  flower  of  bog-rush,  what  represents  the  calyx  (fig.  334)  ? 

In  Carex,  what  represents  the  perianth  (fig.  335)  ? 

In  the  grasses,  what  organs  replace  the  perianth  ? 

In  fig.  195,  show  the  spikeiet?     The  glumes?     The  pales? 

Define  the  term  caducous.     Deciduous.     Marescent.     Persistent, 


485. 

487. 
488. 
489. 


490. 


CHAPTER    XII 


ill 


i; 


II. 


491.  In  what  position  are  the  essential  organs  found  ? 
How  may  they  be  known  from  the  envelopes  ? 

492.  Mention  and  describe  each  of  the  three  parts  of  the  stamen. 
Which  of  these  parts  is  not  essential  ? 

What  is  the  collective  name  of  the  stamens  ?     (Fig.  336.) 

In  fig.  336,  which  is  the  androeciura  ?     Which  the  gynoeciuni  ? 

In  fig.  338,  which  is  filament ?    Anther?     Pollen?    Conneotile? 

493.  Describe  the  filament. 

494.  Please  describe  the  anther.     Connectile.     Dehiscence. 

495.  When  is  the  anther  versatile  ?    Adnate  ?    lunate  ? 

496.  When  is  the  dehiscence  valvular?     Porous?    Opercular? 

497.  Wlien  is  the  anther  iutrorse  ?     Extrorsc  ? 
Describe  flgs.  339,  UO,  341,  342,  343,  344. 

498.  At  what  points  may  the  autlicr  be  appendagcd  ?    Describe  ligs.  349,  350. 

499.  When  is  the  anther  dimidiate  ?     Describe  tigs.  354,  351. 
Point  out  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  flgs.  355,  356,  ;i57,  358,  359 
Describe  flgs.  360,  361. 

502.  What  are  staininodia?    Where  do  we  flnd  them? 
Describe  flti   :572,  and  show  the  staminodia. 

503.  As  to  number — what  is  definite?     Indefinite?     Monandrous?    Dian- 

drous  ?    Triaudrous  ?    Pentandrous,  etc,  ? 
504   As  to  position — what  is  hypogynous  ?     Perigynous»,  etc. 
505.  As  to  comparative  length,  what  is  didynamous?     Tetradynamous? 

606.  As  to  the  union  of  stamens,  what  is  monadelphous ?     Diadeiplious? 

Polyadelphous?    Syngene.sious  ? 

607.  As  to  absence,  how  is  a  plant  rendered  monoecious?     Dioecious? 
How  are  the  flowers  in  a  polygamous  species?     (§  421.) 

508.  What  is  the  pollen  ?     \\»  microscopic  appear'ince  ? 
Describe  figs.  362,  363,  364,  365,  366. 

509.  Describe  particularly  a  grain  of  pollen. 

510.  How  does  pollinia  dififer  from  pollen? 

511.  Position  of  the  gynoecium  ? 

How  is  the  gynoecium  regularly  constituted  ? 


WOOD  S   CLASS-BOOK    OF   BOTANY. 


xifi 


612.  Are  its  pistils  always  distinct  as  in  columbine  ? 

Is  the  gyncecium  always  free  and  superior  as  in  columbine/ 

513.  What  is  said  of  the  number  of  the  pistils  ? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  terms  monogynous?    Trigynous? 

514.  How  may  a  simple  pistil  be  known? 

515.  Name  the  three  parts  of  the  pistil?    Which  is  non-essential? 

516.  How  is  this  carpcllary  leaf  folded  in  becoming  a  pistil? 

What  forms  the  two  sutures  ? 

.•il?.    Explain  figs.  378  bis,  379  bis  and  illustrate  this  view. 
Also  eoniparc  these  with  tigs.  380,  381. 

519.  What  is  therefore  the  lull  expression  of  the  doctrine  ? 

520.  What  are  the  placentae  ?     When  is  it  double  ? 
.521.    Illustrate  a  simple  carpel  by  a  pea-pod. 

i)Tz.  Wiiut  is  the  stigma  ? 

523.  or  what  does  a  compound  pistil  consist? 

Describe  the  various  degrees  of  cohesion,  as  in  different  plants. 

Describe  figs.  387,  388.  389.  390,  391,  392. 

Also  here  describe  figs.  384,  385,  386  and  371  to  379. 

524.  Mention  carefully  the  five  methods  of  determining  the  number  of 

carpels. 

525.  In  the  first  mode  of  cohesion,  how  are  the  carpels  conditioned  ? 

1.  In  this  case,  how  many  cells  will  there  be  ? 

2.  How  will  the  dissepiments  be  conditioned  ? 

3.  Why  is  the  partition  in  the  flax  cell  called  spurious  f 

4.  Wliere  will  the  placenta)  be  located? 

526.  In  th<;  second  mode  of  cohesion,  how  are  the  carpels? 

1.  In  this  case,  how  many  cells  will  there  be? 

2.  How  will  the  pHcentto  be  located  ? 

527.  Can  you  mention  any  intermediate  conditions  ? 

528.  Can  you  describe  the  free  axile  placentae  ? 

How  many  methods  of  explaining  this  singularity  ? 
In  which  figures  is  such  a  placenta  seen  ?     (394,  398.) 

Dci^cribe  tigs.  399,  400,  401,  402,  403,  404,  405. 
.')2t^.    Here  notice  forms  of  style  and  stigma  in  tig.  385,  and  in  371  to  379. 

532.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  ovule  ? 

What  evidence  of  this  th«iory  can  you  mention  ? 
53:}.  As  to  number,  what  is  definite  ?     Indefinite  ? 
534.  A.s  to  position,  what  is  erect?     Ascending,  etc.? 

Illustrate  by  figs.  414,  41.5,  416,  417. 
5.35.  As  to  its  parts,  what  is  the  funiculus  ?    Chalaza  ?    Tegmen  ?    Testa  f 

Micropyle  ? 
536.  As  to  turns,  what  does  orthotropous  mean?     Anatropcus? 

Describe  tig  40«.     Describe  tigs.  413,  407,  408,  409. 

In  fig.  409,  jtoiiit  out  the  funiculus,  ehalaza,  tegmen,  testa,  micropyle,  and 

nucleus. 
Di'serlbe  tigs.  410,  411,  the  same  six  parts,  and  the  raphe  and  hilunt. 

539.   TViirtt  of  the  embryo  sac? 


CHAPTER    XITI. 

541.  What  shoit  definition  of  fruit  is  g'v  'n  ? 

542.  What  becomes  of  the  corolla  and  staniens  ufttT  flowering f 
What  of  the  calyx  ?    What  of  the  style  y 

543.  What  is  remarked  of  consolidated  fruit  ? 

544.  Why  's  an  early  examination  of  the  ovary  safer  thati  a  lutef 


T 


I 


'    'HI 

1' 


145.    Illustrate  this  by  the  acorn.    By  the  fruit  of  birch. 

546.  What  other  change  occurs  ?    Illustrate  by  thorn-apple. 
What  is  shown  in  tigs.  418,  419,  420? 

547.  Name  the  two  parts  of  the  fruit,  and  describe. 
Name  the  various  textures  of  the  pericarp. 

548.  Ci-n  you  name  instances  of  open  pericarps  ?   Describe  figs.  491,  493, 
How  art-  the  seeds  of  fleshy  fruits  liberated  ? 

How  are  those  of  the  dry  fruits  usually  liberated  ? 

550.  Can  you  name  the  modes  of  dehiscence  ? 

1.  What  is  sutural  dehiscence?     In  what  fruits  seen  ? 

2.  What  kind  of  dehiscence  is  seen  in  diagram  429?     430?    431  ? 

551.  What  kind  ot  dehiscence  in  poppy  ?    In  henbane,  etc.  ?    (Fig.  444.) 
553.  What  singular  organ  is  seen  in  caraway  ?     (Fig.  433.) 

556.    Explain  the  synopsis  of  the  fruits,  how  fruits  may  bo  defined  by  it. 

556.  WhaJ;  is  an  achenium  ?     A  cremocarp  ?     A  cypsela  ? 

558.  How  diatinguishe:!  from  seeds?     Show  figures  of  each  kind. 

559.  What  is  a  utricle  ?     Show  us  one,  or  the  figure. 

560.  A  caryopsis  ?     The  figure.     A  samara  ?     The  figure. 

561-581.  (The  same  questions  on  each  kind,  showing  the  figure,  or  if  po» 
sible.  1.1 'vJ  very  fruit.) 

CEAPTER    XIV. 

682.  Define  the  seed.     What  does  it  consist  of? 

583.  What  is  the  name  of  the  outer  covering  ?     Of  the  inner  ? 

584.  What  are  the  various  textures  of  the  testa  ?     Of  its  surface  ? 

58.5.    How  distinguisli  the  coma  from  the  pappus  ? 

Which  of  these,  properly,  is  cotton  ?     Explain  fig.  465. 
586.  What  ocaisional  covering  is  named?     Examples. 

Show  it  in  nutmeg  (fig.  401).     In  staff-tree  (fig.  460). 
What  is  the  aril  called  in  the  seed  of  Polygala?     (Fig.  641.) 

588.  What  is  the  eye  of  the  seed  properly  calhni  ? 

589.  When  is  the  seed  said  to  bo  albuminous?     When  exalbuuiinous? 

590.  Describe  the  albumen.     Its  quantity  compared  with  the  embryo. 
What  its  varieties  of  texture  ?     Show  examples. 

591.  What  three  parts  of  the  embryo  are  mentioned  ? 

592.  Define  the  radicle.     The  plumule.     The  cotyledons. 
594.  How  do  these  alternate  with  the  albumen  ? 

596.  How  aru  the  monocotyledons  character  ^ed  ?     The  dicotyledons? 

How  are  those  great  classes  distinguished  by  their  leaves  ? 
598.  Have  any  plants  more  than  two  cotyledons  ? 

What  of  fig.  460  ?    Of  fig.  467  ?    408  ?     469  ? 
509.  What  varieties  in  position  are  mentioned  ? 

601.  When  does  tlie  seed  sleep? 

What  is  then  its  condition,  or  state? 

602.  Give  examples  of  the  great  longevity  of  the  seed. 

603.  How  may  seeds  longest  retain  their  vitality  ? 

604.  How  arc  tliistle  seeds  dispersed? 

605.  How  are  ticlv-secds,  etc.,  dihperscd  ?    Tlie  toucli-me-not  ? 
(MXJ.    How  tlie  seeds  of  the  sciuirting-cucumbery 

607.  Wlmt  the  agency  of  rivers?    S<iuirrels  ?    Birds 

608.  What  is  germination  ?     Where  may  we  observe  the  procesgf 

610.  JIow  and  why  is  the  seed  to  be  planted? 

611.  What  changes  take  nlace  in  the  material  of  the  seed? 


WOOD  8   CLASS-BOOK    OF   BOTANY. 


'^m 


Show  the  coiled  embryo  in  fig.  475. 

Show  the  bursting  embryo  in  fig.  476. 

Show  the  liberated  embryo  in  tigs.  477,  478,  479,  480. 

612.  What  becomes  of  the  radicle?    Of  the  cotyledoiM? 
How  does  the  plumule  develop  ?     Show  by  the  figures. 

613.  In  what  plants  do  the  cotyledons  remain  below  ? 

614.  Show  by  figs.  481,  482,  how  the  monocotyledon  germinates. 

615.  What  the  three  conditions  requisite  for  germination? 

616.  Why  is  moisture  requisite  ? 

61 7.  Why  air  ?    Whence  comes  the  sugar  ? 

618.  What  degrees  of  warmth  ?    Give  some  strange  exceptions. 

620.  What  good  explanation  of  the  downward  tendency  of  the  root  can  you  girs  f 

CHAPTER    XV. 

621.  In  the  lowest  Cryptogams,  are  the  parts  distinct  ? 
In  the  higher,  how  is  it? 

622.  How  are  they  distinguished  from  the  Phaenogams  7 

623.  What  is  said  of  the  root,  stem,  and  leaves  in  Fungi,  etc.  ? 

(NoTK. — This  chapter  may  be  as  well  reviewed  by  the  topics  as  by  questions.) 


PART     SECOND. 


CHAPTER    I. 


638. 
639. 
641. 
042. 

t)43. 
644. 

645. 
646. 
647. 
648. 
G49. 
650. 

(!51. 

652. 
053. 
054. 


655. 
056. 
657. 
058. 

660. 
661. 


Of  what  is  all  vegetable  structure  composed  ? 

How  is  the  cell  defined?     What  is  the  primary  form  of  the  cellf 

Mention  three  general  types. 

Whence  do  the  casual  forms  result?     Name  some  of  them. 

What  is  the  nize  of  vegettible  cells  ? 

Of  what  length  are  sonic  wood-cells  and  bark-cells  ? 

Describe  the  two  layers  of  the  cell-wall. 

How  may  we  bring  the  primordial  utricle  to  view  as  in  fig.  508  ? 

How  does  it  appear  that  the  cell-wall  is  porous? 

What  appearance  does  a  third  layer  make  ? 

What  fills  up  the  wood-cells  ?     Show  them  by  fig.  560. 

What  the  appearance  of  pitted  cells  ? 

HhKstrate  these  cells  in  figs.  569  and  570. 

What  is  the  wonderful  structure  of  spiral  cells  ?    Show  them  in  figs, 

571,  572,  573,  577,  and  in  petioles. 
Show  an  annular  cell  in  fig.  574,  and  where  else  ? 
Show  a  scalariform  cell  ia  fig.  575,  and  where  else  ? 
What  is  the  material  of  the  outer  cell-wall  ? 
What  are  its  chemical  elements?    What  are  the  chemical  element*  of 

the  inner  cell- wall  ? 
What  do  the  cells  contain ?     What  is  cytoblast?    Protoplasm? 
What  is  the  condition  of  the  coloring  matter  ? 
What  is  the  structure  and  color  of  chlorophylle  ? 
What  is  the  composition  of  the  starch  granules  ? 
What  are  raphldes  ?    Show  figs.  .583,  583. 
Show  how  the  cells  are  nmltiplied. 


Describe  fig.  56?. 
(Figs.  579.  580.) 


rm 


I) 


I, 


ii    u 


Xri  QUESTIONS    OS 


CHAPTER    II. 

662.  What  is  the  simplest  possible  form  of  vegetation  ? 

663.  What  constitutes  a  tissue  ?     Name  the  four  tissues. 

664.  What  the  foim  of  the  cells  of  Parenchyma  ?    Classify  them. 
6u6.  What  the  form  of  the  cells  of  Pleurenchyma  ?    Two  varieties. 

667.  In  what  trees  do  we  find  the  pitted  cells?     Wha^  is  fig.  579? 
Explain  tills  beautiful  appearance  by  fig.  579  O'". 

668.  What  is  trachenchynia  ?     How  are  these  tubes  maut ' 
Show  the  structure  of  dotted-ducts  in  figs.  566,  576. 

671.  Office  of  cienohyma  ?     What  their  nature? 

673.  What  is  said  of  the  intercellular  passages  ? 

674.  Give,  finally,  the  import  of  the  cell. 

67£k.    IIow  is  elevation  of  rank  in  plants  indicated  ? 

CHAPTER    III. 


,ii  - 


What  does  the  "  epidermal  system  "  include  ? 
676.  What  is  the  office  of  the  epidermis  ?     What  its  cells? 

678.  What  are  tlie  stomata  ?     When  are  tney  open,  and  when  closed  ? 

679.  How  many  are  found  in  the  space  of  one  square  inch  ? 
Point  out  the  stomata  in  the  figs.  582-586. 

681.  What  is  said  of  the  structure  of  hairs  ? 

682.  Wliat  is  the  office  of  glands?     What  varieties  are  there? 

683.  Describe  the  mechanism  of  the  sting,  in  fig.  591. 

684.  How  do  prick^e?^  differ  from  spines?     Describe  the  figures. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

685.  What  does  the  "  ligneous  system"  mclude  ? 

686.  Of  what  kind  of  tissue  does  the  young  rootlet  consist  ? 

687.  WMat  is  the  early  tissue  of  all  new  growths  y 

688.  What  changes  occur  In  the  rootlet? 

689.  How  is  the  increasing  demand  for  moisture  met  ? 

690.  Name  the  four  grand  divisions  of  plants. 

691.  Describe  a  cross-section  of  the  stem  of  an  Exogen. 

692.  Describe  the  pith ;  its  composition,  contents,  etc. 

693.  Where  do  we  find  the  medullary  sheath  ?    What  are  its  vessels  ?    Its 

connections  ?    Its  office  ? 

694.  Of  what  does  the  wood  consist?    How  much  grew  the  first  year? 

How  much  each  successive  year  ? 

695.  Wlience  is  the  distinction  between  the  annual  wood-circles  ? 

697.  The  alburnum  and  duramen — how  distinguished  ? 

698.  Which  is  the  living  wood?    How  does  it  become  duramen? 
Which  is  valuable  as  timber  ? 

699.  What  has  perished  in  a  hollow  tree  ? 

700.  Name  the  tiiree  layers  of  the  bark. 

701.  The  liber — of  what  tissues?    Whence  is  its  toughness? 

702.  What  is  the  green  bark?     What  its  structure? 

703.  The  brown  bark — what  are  its  varying  colors?     What  is  its  tissue? 

How  is  it  in  the  cork  oak  ? 
705.  Define  the  medullary  rays.     What  is  their  structure  ? 

707.  Why  are  they  called  the  silver  grain  ?     Show  it  in  figs.  597,  598. 

708.  What  good  purpose  do  they  serve  ? 


V\\' 


WO»>D'8    CLASS-BOOK    OF    BOTANY. 


XVII 


709.  Where  is  the  cambium  layer  found  ?     What  is  it  ? 

710.  Why  is  it  called  the  generative  layer  ? 

711.  Why  \a  the  growth  of  Exogens  unlimited? 

712.  Why  is  the  bark  most  sought  in  medicine,  etc,  ? 

713.  What  of  a  cross-section  of  an  endogenous  stem  ? 

714.  Explain  particularly  its  structure. 

715.  As  to  these  bundles — of  what  does  each  consist? 

717.  Has  the  Endogen  a  true  bark  ?    Why  does  it  split  with  difficulty  7 

718.  Why  are  these  plants  called  inside-growers,  or  Endogens '( 

719.  Why  is  the  caudex  of  the  palmetto,  etc.,  often  smaller  at  base? 

720.  In  what  plants  is  the  acrogenous  structure  found  ?     Why  are  they  sc 

called,  i.  e.,  point  growers  ? 

721.  How  does  a  cross-section  of  one  of  them  appear  ?    (Fig.  600.) 
Here  describe  the  figures  595  and  596. 

722.  What  is  the  rank  ofthe  mass-growers  ?    What  is  the' r  only  tissue?    What 

semblance  of  stems  have  they  V 

724.  What  can  you  say  of  the  flbrilhe  of  the  root  ?    (See  the  fig.) 

725.  What  may  be  said  of  the  pileorhiza  ?    Show  it  in  the  figures. 

726.  How  does  the  root  grow,  and  penetrate  the  soil  ? 

729.  What  is  the  substance  of  the  veins  ? 

730.  How  many  layers  of  the  parenchyma  are  there  ?     When  are  the  two 

alike,  and  when  unlike  ? 

732.  What  is  the  normal  place  of  the  stomata  ?    How  in  floating  leaves  ? 

733.  What  is  the  condition  of  the  chlorophylle  ? 

734.  The  vessels  of  cienchyma — where,  and  of  what  use  ? 

Explain  fig.  604,  and  show  the  parts,  as  the  epidermis,  the  two  layers, 
chlorophylle,  spiral  vessels,  stomata,  etc. 


CHAPTER    V. 

736.  What  inquiries  are  we  now  to  start  ? 

738.  What  problem  remains  unsolved?  What  phenomena  do  we  refer  to 

the  vitality  of  the  plant? 

739.  What  is  the  lowest  form  of  life?    Whence  does  it  spring? 

740.  How  prove  that  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  subordinate  ? 
742.  In  what  steps  does  the  process  of  vegetation  consist  ? 

What  are  the  vital  phenomena  included  in  vegetation  ? 

744.  What  two  kinds  of  organic  matter  make  up  the  cell  ? 

Write  out  the  symbols  of  these  two.    Which  resembles  animal  matter  ? 

745.  What  does  the  cell  imbibe  ?    From  what  fluid  ? 

746.  What  chemical  decomposition  ensue<*  ?     What  becomes  of  the  water 

formed  ?    What  of  the  cellulose  ? 

747.  How  is  chlorophylle  formed  ?     What  becomes  of  the  excess  of  tlie 

cellulose  ?     What  globule  within  a  globule  ? 
74).  What  becomes  of  the  excess  of  protoplasm  ? 

750.  What  per  cent,  of  gluten  and  starch  in  wheat  ?     Why  is  extra  flour 

deficient  in  gluten  ? 

751.  Can  a  plant  consist  of  a  single  cell  ?    Give  an  example. 

752.  Describe  the  two  modes  of  cell  growth. 

753.  How  is  growth  distinguished  from  reproduction  ? 

754.  What  is  the  embryonic  vesicle ?     Its  origin?    Its  destination? 

755.  How  does  it  receive  its  impulse  in  this  direction  ? 

756.  Trace  the  growth  of  the  pollen  grain  after  it  falls  on  the  stigma. 

757.  Trace  the  course  of  the  pollen  tube,  and  in  fig.  607. 

758.  Show  the  process  of  growth  in  the  fertilized  cell,  and  in  fig.  608. 

769.  How  does  Schlfciden's  view  differ  from  the  above  ?     Explain  fig.  609. 


T 


.'K 


XVllI 


QUESTIONS    ON 


What  Btore  m 


760.  In  the  Coniferae,  where  does  tiic  pollen  fall  ? 

761.  What  is  the  state  of  the  embryo  in  the  miiture  seed  ? 

laid  up  for  it? 

762.  What  chemical  changes  ensue  ?     What  if.  diastase  ?    Dextrine  ? 
Whence  is  the  yeast?    The  heat?     The  sugar? 

766.  In  the  process  of  ripening  fruits,  what  material  is  formed? 

767.  Whence  is  the  honey  in  the  flower  ?     What  the  use  of  the  sugar  ? 

768.  Of  what  use  is  the  honey  to  the  plant  ? 

CHAPTER    VI. 

770.  What  the  subject  ?    What  is  the  most  important  office  of  the  root  7 

771.  Illustration,  by  a  plant  of  spearmint,  hydrangea,  etc. 

772.  What  organs  absorb  the  water  in  these  cases? 

773.  Illustrate  this  by  a  radish  plant. 

774.  In  transplanting  trees,  what  special  care  must  be  used  ? 

775.  What  of  the  force  of  this  absorption  ?     How  may  it  be  shown  ? 

777.  Name  the  two  causes  of  the  ascent  of  the  sap. 

778.  Illustrate  capillary  attraction  by  glass  tubes.    By  a  napkin. 

780.  Illustrate  cudosraose  by  dried  prunes. 

781.  Illustrate  by  a  bladder  and  long  glabs  tube. 

784.  Of  what  use  to  the  vegetable  is  absorption  ?    Have  the  roots  the 

power  of  choice  ?     Give  examples. 

785.  What  otlier  organs  absorb?    What  illustrations  are  given? 

787.  In  what  direction  is  the  flowing  of  the  sap? 

788.  How  does  it  advance  in  the  tissue  of  a  Cryptogam  ? 

789.  In  higher  plants,  what  is  noticed  in  the  different  tissues? 

790.  What  vessels  and  passages  convey  air  only  ? 

791.  Wliat  seems  to  be  the  moving  force  which  raises  the  sap  ? 

792.  Through  what  tissue  does  the  sap  chiefly  ascend  ? 

793.  Through  which  layers,  and  why  ? 

794.  What  is  the  composition  of  the  crude  sap? 

795.  HoAV  do  you  account  for  the  issue  of  sap  from  the  sugar  maple  In  early 

Spring  ?    What  causes  the  flow  to  cease  ? 

796.  How  does  the  crude  sap  become  the  true  sap  ? 

797.  Trace  the  distribution  of  this  fluid  as  it  returns  from  the  leaves. 

798.  Specify  the  places  where  this  sap  makes  deposits. 

799.  In  what  direction  is  the  growth,  from  above  or  from  below  ? 

800.  Illustrate  this  by  the  girdling  process.     Why  does  the  tree  die? 

801.  Illustrate  by  a  ligature.     Illustrate  by  a  wound  in  the  trunk. 
803.    What  the  etfect  of  cutting  a  branch  just  below  a  node? 

801    What  of  girdling  a  potato  plant  ?    Fruit  tree?    Why? 

800.  Where  does  the  flow  called  rotation  occur  ?     Describe  it. 

808.  What  is  the  process  called  transpiration  ?    It  occurs  where  and  when  I 

809.  What  other  process  depends  upon  it  ?     Does  it  convey  away  pure 

water  only  ? 

810.  How  much  water  did  a  sunflower  transpire  per  tlay  ?    A  cabbage  ? 

811.  Describe  an  arrangement  for  showing  the  quantity  of  transpiration. 

812.  What  do  we  understand  by  respiration  in  plants  ? 

813.  What  experiment  with  an  air-pump  shows  its  importance? 

814.  Why  does  the  tree  suffer  when  its  roots  have  been  buried  too  deep? 

815.  Define  respiration  in  plants.     Where  does  it  occur? 

816.  What  does  the  vast  extent  of  the  respiratory  apparatus  show? 

817.  State  in  order  the  six  facts  given  in  relation  to  respiration, 
818    State  carefully  the  two  opposite  phases  of  respiration. 


-4 


WOOD  8    CLASS-BOOK    OF    BOTANY. 


xTx 


819.  When  does  the  former  phase  become  visible  ?    When  the  latter  f 

820.  Explain  the  phenomena  of  blanched  plants. 

821.  Describe  the  interesting  experiment  of  Saussure. 

822.  Why  is  no  oxygen  obtained  when  boiled  or  distilled  water  ia  used  ? 

8_'4.  What  are  the  results  of  transpiration  and  respiration  on  the  sap  ? 

825.  Wliat  proportion  of  carbonic  acid  in  the  air?     Whence  is  it  derived? 

How  much  is  added  to  the  atmosphere  annually  ? 

826.  Wliy  does  the  carbonic  acid  not  accumulate  in  the  air  ? 

827.  How  might  the  air  become  poisonous  for  animals? 

828.  Now  show  how  the  animal  and  vegetable   kingdoms  mutually  aid 

each  other. 

CHAPTER    VII. 

S29.  Name  the  four  organogens,  i.  e.,  organic  elements. 

830.  In  what  proportion  does  euch  exist  y    In  what  proportion  all  ? 
What  the  i)er  cent,  of  carbon  ?     What  gives  solidity  and  strength? 

831.  What  do  the  oxygen  and  hydrogen  form  in  plants  y 
Give  some  examples  of  its  quantity  from  the  table. 

832.  Name  some  earthy  elements  found  in  plants. 

833.  Give  from  the  table  some  examples  of  the  proportion  of  ashes  and  other 

elements  in  vegetables. 

834.  What  is  the  object  of  inquiry  in  Agricultural  Chemistry  ? 

834.  What  is  the  food  of  plants?     Whence  comes  their  nourishment? 

Whence  their  carbon  ?    Their  oxygen?    Hydrogen?    Nitrogen? 

835.  What  the  whole  quantity  of  carbon  in  the  air  ? 

837.  Of  what  does  soil  consist  ?    Its  organic  materials. 

838.  Of  what  is  water  composed ?    Whence  the  ammonia  in  rain? 

839.  What  is  the  composition  of  ammonia  V 

840.  What  source  of  nitric  acid  in  the  air? 

841.  What  are  air-plants  ?    Give  some  examples. 

842.  Name  three  requisite  conditions  of  healthy  vegetation.     ~ 

843.  What  of  the  supply  of  the  first  ?     Of  the  second  ? 

844.  What  is  the  object  of  tillage  ?    What  of  sub-soiling  ? 

845.  What  the  object  of  manuring  ?    What  the  use  of  amendmenUf 

846.  What  is  the  good  of  bone-manure  ?    What  of  guano  V 

848.  What  is  fallow  ground?     What  its  benefit ? 

849.  What  gives  efficiency  to  all  these  materials  ? 

850.  Can  you  here  state  the  outlines  of  digestion  ? 

851.  What  are  the  constituents  of  the  proper  juice? 

853.  From  this  vital  fluid  what  is  first  formed?    Next?    Thirdly? 

853.  Where  are  gum,  starch,  and  sugar  deposited  ? 

854.  How  does  sugar  differ  in  composition  from  starch  ? 

855.  How  may  starch  become  cellulose  ?    How  become  sugar  ? 

8;")().  Can  you  distinguish  the  vegetable  products  into  two  classes  I 
857.  On  what  principle  is  the  table  constructed  ?    Illustrate. 


PART     THIRD. 
CHAPTER   I. 

858.  What  is  the  object  and  aim  of  Systematic  Botany  ? 
860.   What  is  the  higher  purpose  accomplished  by  it? 


«)  ■; 


Kx  wood's  cjlass-uook  of  botany. 

861.  How  does  it  appear  that  the  subject  is  vaatt 

862.  Mention  a  wrong  way  to  study. 

8G3.  What  causes  the  Umits  of  species  ?    How  may  the  student  beoom* 
acquainted  with  all  the  individuals  of  a  species  ? 

864.  Give  an  example  of  this  mode  of  study. 

865.  Define  a  genus.     Give  an  example  of  a  genus. 

868.  How  are  the  Genera  associated  into  Orders  ? 

869.  For  example,  how  is  the  Order  Ckuciper^  made  up  ?    The  CocifarsB  f 

870.  Into  wliat  groups  are  the  Orders  themselves  associated  f 

CHAPTER    II. 

873.  Subject  of  this  chapter  ?    Illustrate  an  artificial  classification. 

874.  Who  was  Carl  von  Linnd  ?    What  system  did  he  invent  ? 

875.  What  are  its  defects  as  a  system  ? 

876.  Are  these  defects  objections  to  it  as  a  key?    Is  it  now  in  use? 

877.  How  many  classes  in  the  Linnaean  system  ? 

(Further  examination  at  the  teacher's  option.) 

CHAPTER    III. 

886.  The  subject?    What  is  the  aim  of  this  system? 

887.  Uow  does  it  difier  from  the  Artificial  System  ? 
888    What  the  principle  of  the  species  and  genera? 

889.  What  rule  is  given  as  to  the  relative  value  of  characters? 

891.  As  to  history,  who  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  ?    What  did  he  f    Whal 

did  Linnaeus  ?    JussieuV    Robert  Brown  ?    DeCandoUef 

892.  What  uncertainty  in  the  system  yet  remains  ? 

893.  Whence  is  the  difficulty  iu  settling  these  divisions  ? 

894.  Is  there  more  than  one  true  Natural  System? 

895.  What  is  the  first  and  highest  division  of  the  Natural  System  ? 

Define  the  Phaenogaraia.    The  Cryptoganiia. 

896.  Wliat  of  the  indeuniteness  of  natural  groups  ? 

897.  Into  what  two  provinces  are  the  Phaenogamia  next  resolved  ? 
State  the  diagnosis  of  the  Exogens.    Of  the  Endogens. 

898.  What  divisions  next  follow  ?     Define  the  Angiospermae. 

Define  the  Gymnospermae.    Name  the  two  classes  formed  by  the  Endogens 
Describe  each. 

899.  Into  what  two  pro  >  mces  is  the  sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia  divided  ? 
Define  the  Acrogens.    Define  the  Thallogens. 

900.  What  two  classes  correspond  with  these  two  provinces  ?     Define  the 

Angiosporae.     Define  the  Gymnosporse. 

901.  Wliat  name  is  given  to  the  fourth  set  of  groups  ?    Are  the  cohorts  quit* 

natural  groups  ?    Why  not  '< 

903.  Whose  plan  is  generally  adopted  in  this  country  ? 

Into  what  three  cohorts  are  the  Angiospermae  divided  ? 
Define  the  Dialypetahe.     The  Gamopetalae.     Tlie  Apetalae. 

904.  How  is  the  class  Petaliferie  divided  ?     Define  the  Spcidiciflorae.     De- 

fine the  Florideae. 

905.  The  class  Grlumiferae  is  equivalent  to  what  cohort? 

906.  Name  the  three  cohorts  of  the  class  Angiosporae. 

907.  Name  the  three  cohorts  of  the  class  Gymnosporae. 

908.  Write  on  the  black-board  the  synopsis  of  the  Natural  System. 


« 


'^UL  2U  1902 

PART    F  I  R  ^^^Oatt^iO^^ 

STRUCTURAL    BOTANY;  OR,   ORGANOGRAPHY. 


-»>  ♦■•»- 


CHAPTER     I. 

PRIMARY    DIVISIONS   OF   THE   VEGETABLE   KINGDOM. 

65.  Two  NATU.iAL  Grand  Divisions  of  thc  Vegetablb  Kingdom 
have  long  been  recognised  by  botanists,  viz.,  tl>e  Plisenoganiia  or 
Flowering  Plants;  the  Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants.  Besides  the 
obvious  distinction  made  by  the  presence  and  absence  of  the  flower, 


2,  Soea  (flowers  double)— an  Exogen.    3,  Lily — an  Endugen.    4.  Fern — an  acrogenous 
Cryptogam.    5,  Licbeu— a  Uiallogenous  Grypto^aui. 


-y 


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f:,! 

!i'i;l 


18 


PBIMART    DIVISIONS    OF    THE    VEGETABLE    KINGDOM. 


66.  These  Grand  Divisions  are  further  distinguished  by  their 
organic  structure  and  general  aspects.  In  the  Phaenogaiuia  we  find  a 
system  of  f^ompound  organs,  such  as  root,  stem,  leaf,  bud,  flower,  suc- 
cessively developed  on  a  determinate  plan  ;  while  in  the  Cryptogauiia, 
a  gradual  departure  from  this  plan  commences,  and  they  become,  at 
length,  in  their  lowest  forms,  simple  expansions  of  a  uniform  tissue, 
Vf  ithout  symmetry  or  proportion.  This  distinction  is  randered  perfectly 
clear  by  a  reference  to 

67.  Examples.  Compare  a  rose  with  a  fern.  In  the  former  a  regular  axis 
bears  buds  which  are  unfolded,  some  into  leaves,  others  into  flowers  succeeded  by 
fVtiit.  In  the  fern  no  buds  nor  flowers  appear,  and  the  fruit  dots  sprinkle  over  the 
back  of  the  leaf.  Again,  contrast  the  violet  with  a  lichen,  where  neither  stem,  root, 
nor  leaf  appears,  much  less  flowers,  but  disc-like  expansions  with  fruit-dust  (spores) 
produced  indifferently  in  any  part  of  them. 

68.  Subdivisions  of  the  Ph^enogamia.  This  grand  division  is 
itself  very  naturally  resolved  into  two  subdivisions,  named  by  De  Candolle 
Exogens  and  Endogens. 

69.  Exogenous  plants  or  Exogens  (outside-growers),  including  all 
the  trees  (except  palms)  and  most  herbaceous  plants  of  temperate  regions, 
are  so  named,  because  the  additions  to  the  diameter  of  the  stem  are 
made  externally  to  the  wood  already  formed. 

70.  Endogenous  plants  or  Endgg^ens  (inside-growers),  including  the 
grasses  and  most  bulbous  plants  of  temperate  climates,  and  the  palms, 
canes,  etc.,  south,  are  so  named  from  the  accretions  of  .he  stem  taking 
place  within  the  parts  already  formed. 

71.  These  subdivisions  .\rb  more  accurately  distinguished  by  the 
structure  of  the  seed.  The  seeds  of  the  Exogens  consists  of  two  equal 
seed-lobes,  called  cotyledons,  as  seen  in  the  pea.  The  seed  of  the  Endo- 
gens consists  of  but  one  seed-lobe  or  cotyledon,  as  in  the  Indian  Corn. 
On  this  account  Exogens  were  first  called  Dicotyledonous  (two-cotylc- 
doned)  plants,  and  Endogens,  Monocotyledonous  (one-cotyledoned) 
plants  ; — names  quite  appropriate,  but  too  hard  and  long  for  general  use. 

72.  They  are  also  very  readily  distinguished  by  their  leaves, 
which  are  net-veined  in  the  Exogens,  and  parallel-veined  in  the  Endogens. 
Moreover,  their  flowers  are  remarkably  different,  being  almost  always 
three-parted  in  the  latter  and  about  five-parted  in  the  former.  But  all 
these  distinctions,  with  some  others, 'vill  be  more  definitely  stated  hereafter. 

73.  The  Xamb  of  a  plant  or  other  natural  object  is  twofold, — the  trivial  or 
popular  name,  by  which  it  is  generally  known  in  the  country ;  and  the  Latin  name, 
by  which  it  is  accurately  designated  in  science  throughout  the  world.  For  example, 
strawberry  is  the  popular  name,  and  Pragaria  vesca  the  Latin  or  scientiflo  name  of 
tlie  same  plant. 

74.  In  elementary  treatises,  like  the  present,  for  the  sake  of  being  readily  under- 
8t(H)(l,  plants  are  usually  called  by  their  popular  names.  Yet  wo  eiimestly  recoin- 
ni(>n(l  to  the  learner  to  accustom  himself  early  to  the  usoof  the  more  iK!Curato  uumos 
•mploycd  in  science. 


TERM    OF    PLANT    LIFK. 


19 


76.  The  Latin  name  is  always  double; — generic  and  specific.  Thus 
Frwjaria  is  generic,  or  the  name  of  the  genus  of  the  plant,  veaca  is 
specific,  or  the  name  of  the  species. 

76.  A  Species  embraces  ail  such  individuals  as  may  have  originated 
from  a  common  stock.  Such  individuals  bear  an  essential  resemblance 
to  each  other  as  well  as  to  their  common  parent,  in  all  their  parts. 

77.  For  example,  the  white  clover  (Trifolium  repens)  is  a  species 
embracing  thousands  of  cotemporary  individuals  scattered  over  our  hills 
and  plains,  all  of  common  descent,  and  producing  other  individuals  of 
their  own  kind  from  their  seed. 

78.  Varieties.  To  this  law  of  resemblance  in  plants  of  one  common 
origin  there  are  some  apparent  exceptions.  Individua's  descended  from 
the  same  parent  often  bear  flowers  differing  in  color,  or  fruit  differing  in 
flavor,  or  leaves  diff'ering  in  form,  etc.  Such  plants  are  called  varieties. 
They  are  never  permanent,  but  exhibit  a  constant  tendency  to  revert  to 
their  original  type. 

79.  Examples.  Varietiea  occur  chiefly  in  species  maintained  by  cultivation, 
as  the  apple,  potato,  rose,  Dahlia.  They  also  occur  more  or  less  in  native  plants  (as 
Hepatica  triloba),  often  rendering  the  limits  of  the  species  extremely  doubtful.  They 
are  due  to  the  different  circumstances  of  climate,  sr;\  and  culture  to  which  they 
are  subjected,  and  continue  distinct  only  until  left  again  to  multiply  spontaneously 
from  seed  in  their  own  proper  soil,  or  some  other  change  of  circumstances. 

80.  A  Genus  is  an  assemblage  of  species  closely  related  to  each  oilier 
in  the  structure  of  their  flowers  and  fruit,  and  having  more  points  of 
resemblance  than  of  difference  throughout. 

81.  Illustration.  The  genus  chver  (Trifolium)  includes  many  species,  as  the 
white  clover  (T.  repens),  the  red  clover  (T,  pratense),  the  buffalo  clover  (T.  reflexum), 
etc.,  agreeing  in  floral  structure  and  general  aspect  so  obviously  that  the  most  h.nsty 
observer  would  notice  their  relationship.  So  in  the  genus  Pinus.  no  one  would  hes- 
itate to  include  the  white  pine,  the  pitch  pine,  the  lon^-leafed  pine  (P.  strobus, 
rigida,  and  palustris),  any  more  than  we  would  fail  to  observe  their  differences. 

82.  Thus  individuals  are  grouped  into  species,  and  species  are  asso- 
ciated into  genera.  These  groups  constitute  the  bases  of  all  the  systems 
of  classification  in  use,  whether  by  artificial  or  natural  methods. 


»•-♦-•* 


CHAPTER     II. 


TERM     OF     PLANT     LIFE. 

8.3.  Plant  Life  defined.  The  vital  principle  in  the  plant  or  its  life 
is  k  .'vn  only  by  its  effects.  In  the  animal  these  eft'ects  are,  in  kind, 
twofol  1,  indicating  two  kinds  of  life,  the  organic  and  the  nervous  life. 
In  the  plant  the  latter  kind  is  wanting,  and  the  sum  of  its  vital  phe- 
nomena is  popularrly  expressed  iii  the  one  word,  vegetation. 


f     : 


li 


80  1*BHM    OF    PLANT    LIFE. 

84.  Stages  of  plant  life.  The  successive  phenomena  of  vegetation 
are  germination,  growth,  flowering,  fruit-bearing,  sleeping,  dying ;  and 
we  may  add  plong  with  these,  absorption,  digestion,  secretion.  The 
development  of  every  plant,  herb  or  tree,  commences  with  the  minute 
embryo,  advances  through  a  continual  series  of  transformations,  with  a 
gradual  increase  of  stature,  to  its  appointed  limit. 

85.  The  life  of  the  plant  is  a  biography.  Its  form  is  never  permanent, 
but  changiog  like  a  series  of  dissolving  views.  The  picture  which  it  presents  to  the 
tyo  to-day  diflers,  perhaps  imperceptibly,  from  that  of  yesterday.  But  let  the  views 
be  sticceasively  sketched  when  it  sprouts  from  the  seed  in  spring,  when  clothed  in 
its  leafy  robes,  when  crowned  with  flowers,  when  laden  with  ripe  fruit,  and  when 
dead  or  dormant  in  winter — and  the  pictures  difter  as  widely  as  those  of  species  the 
most  opposite. 

86.  The  term  or  period  op  plant  life  varies  between  wide  extremes, 
from  the  ephemeral  mushroom  to  the  church-yard  yew,  whose  years  are 
reckoned  by  thousands.  The  term  of  life  for  each  species  is,  of  course, 
mainly  dependent  on  its  own  laws  of  growth,  yet  is  often  modified  by 
the  climate  and  seasons.  Thus  the  castor  oil  bean  (Riein^i^  is  an 
annual  herb  in  the  Northern  States,  a  shrub  in  the  Southern,  and  a 
tree  forty  feet  in  height  in  its  native  India. 

87.  Flowering  and  fruit-bearing  is  an  exhausting  process. 
If  it  occur  within  the  first  or  second  year  of  the  life  of  the  plant  it 
generally  proves  the  fatal  event.  In  all  other  cases  it  is  either  pre- 
ceded or  followed  by  a  state  of  needful  repose.  Now  if  flowering  be 
prevented  by  nipping  the  buds,  the  tender  annual  may  become  peren- 
nial, as  in  the  florist's  tree-mignonette. 

88.  We  distinguish  plants,  as  to  their  term  of  life,  into  the  an- 
nual ((X),  the  biennial  ((D),  and  the  perennial  {%). 

89.  An  annual  herb  is  a  plant  whose  entire  life  is  limited  to  a  single 
season.  It  germinates  from  the  seed  in  spring,  attains  its  growth,  bio; - 
soms,  bears  fruit,  and  dies  in  autumn,  as  the  flax,  corn,  morning-glorj . 

90.  A  BIENNIAL  HSRB  is  a  plant  which  germinates  and  vegetates,  bbar- 
ing  leaves  only  the  first  season,  blossoms,  bears  fruit,  and  dies  the  second, 
as  the  beet  and  turnip.  Wheat,  rye,  &c.,  are  annual  plants,  bnt  when 
sown  in  autumn  they  have  the  habit  of  biennials,  in  consequence  of  the 
prevention  of  flowering  by  the  sudden  cold. 

91.  MoNOCARPic  HERBS.  Tho  century  plant  (Agave),  the  talipot  palm,  Ac,  are 
so  called.  They  vegetate,  bearing  leavi'S  only,  for  many  years,  accumulating  ma- 
terials and  strength  for  one  mighty  effort  in  fructilicotion,  which  being  accomplished, 
they  die.  But  although  tho  vital  principle  is  extinguished  in  the  parent,  it  survives 
multiplied  a  thousand  fold  in  the  seed. 

92.  Perennial  plants  are  such  as  have  an  indefinite  duration  of 
life,  usually  of  many  years.     They  may  be  cither  herbaceous  or  woody. 

93.  Hekbacbous  perennials,  or  perennial  herbs,  are  plants  whose 


% 

:-'4 


TBRM  OF  PLANT  LIFE. 


21 


parts  are  annual  above  ground  and  perennial  below.  In  other  words, 
their  roots  or  subterranean  stems  live  from  year  to  year,  sending  up  an- 
nually in  spring  flowering  shoots,  which  parish  after  they  have  ripened 
their  fruit  in  autumn  ;  as  the  lily,  dandelion,  hop. 

94.  Woony  perennials  usually  vegetate  several  years,  and  attain 
well  nigh  their  ordinary  stature  before  flowering ;  thenceforward  they 
fructify  annually,  resting  or  sleeping  in  winter.  They  are  known  as 
trees,  shrubs,  bu&hes  and  undershrubs — distinctions  founded  on  size  alone. 

95.  A  SHRUB  is  a  diminutive  tree,  limited  to  eighteen  or  twenty  feet 
in  stature,  and  generally  dividing  into  branches  at  or  near  the  surface  of 
the  ground  (alder,  quince).  If  the  woody  plant  be  limited  to  a  still 
lower  growth,  say  about  the  human  stature,  it  is  called  a  hush,  (snow-ball, 
Andromeda.)     If  still  smaller,  it  is  ati  undershrub  (whortleberry). 

96.  A  TREE  is  understood  to  attain  to  a  height  many  times  greater 
than  the  human  stature,  with  a  peimanent  woody  stem,  whose  lower 
part,  the  trunk,  is  unbranched. 

97.  Longevity  of  trees.  Some  trees  live  only  a  few  years,  rapidly 
attaining  their  growth  and  rapidly  decaying,  as  the  peach  ;  others  have 
a  longevity  exceeding  the  age  of  man,  and  some  species  outlive  many 
generations. 

98.  The  age  of  a  tree  mat  be  estimated  by  the  number  of  wood- 
circles  or  rings  seen  in  a  cross  section  of  the  trunk  (§  667),  each  ring 
being  (very  generally)  an  annual  growth. 

99.  Examples.  The  known  a^e  of  an  elm,  as  stated  by  De  Caudolle,  was  "36 
years;  of  a  larch,  676;  a  chestnut,  600;  an  orange,  630;  oaks,  from  810  to  1600; 
yews,  1214  to  2820. 

100.  Adansox  estimated  the  age  of  the  baobabs  of  Africa  at  5000  years.  Liv- 
ingston reduces  it  to  1800.  The  yew  trees  of  Britain,  as  described  by  Baltour,  are 
of  wonderful  longevity.  One  in  Bradburn  church-yard,  Kent,  is  3000  years  old, 
and  the  great  yew  at  Hodsor,  Bucks,  twenty-seven  feet  in  diameter,  has  vegetated 
3200  years. 

IDl.  Magnitude.  At  the  first  establishment  of  Dartmouth  College,  a  pine  tree 
was  felled  upon  the  college  plain  which  inejisured  210  feet  in  height.  In  the  Ohio 
Valley  the  red  maple  attains  a  girth  of  20  feet,  the  tulip-tree  of  30,  and  tiio  syca- 
more of  more  than  60.  But  the  monarch  tree  of  the  world  is  the  Sequoya  gigantea 
— the  California  pine.  One  which  had  fallen  measured  31  feet  in  diameter,  and  363 
feet  in  length.  Among  those  yet  standing  are  some  of  still  greater  dimensions,  aa 
beautiful  in  form  as  they  are  sublime  in  height,  the  growth  (as  estimated  by  the 
wood-circles)  of  more  than  3000  years. 

102.  Trees  are  again  distinguished  as  decidous  and  evergreen — the 
former  losing  their  foliage  in  autumn  and  remaining  naked  until  the 
following  spring;  the  latter  retaining  their  leaves  and  verdure  through- 
out all  seasons.  The  fir  tribe  (Conifcrae)  includes  nearly  all  the  ever- 
greens of  the  North ;  those  of  the  South  are  far  more  numerous  in  kind, 
e.  g.,  the  magnolias,  the  live-oaks,  holly,  cherry,  palmetto,  Ac. 


22 


THE    PHifiNOGAMIA — HOW    DEVELOPED. 


CHAPTER     III. 

THE   PH^NOGAMIA — HOW    DEVELOPED. 

103.  The  embryo.     The  plant  in  its  earliest  stage  of  life  is  an  em- 
hryo,  contained  in  a  seed.     It  then  consists  essentially  of 
two  parts,  the  radicle  and  the  plumule.     We  may  discern 
both  in  many  seeds,  as  the  pea,  bean,  acorn. 

104.  Growth  of  the  embryo.     After  the  seed  begins 
to  grow  or  germinate,  the  embryo  extends  itself  in  two 
directions,  to  form  the  axis  of  the  plant.     The  radicle  or 
root-end  grows  downward,  penetrating  the  dark  danip  earth 
as  if  to  avoid  the  light,  and  forms  the  root  or  descending 
axis.    The  plumule,  taking  the  opposite  direction,  ascends, 
seeking  the  light,  and  expanding  itself  as  much 
as  possible  to  the  influence  of  the  atmosphere. 
This  constitutes  the  stem  or  ascending  axis, 
bearing  the  leaves. 

106.  Growth  of  the  terminal  bud. 
first  the  ascending  axis  is  merely  a  hud, 
that  is,  a  growing  point,  clothed  and 
protected  by  little  scales,  the  rudiment- 
ary loaves.     As  the  growing  point  ad- 
vance}, and  its  lower  scales  gradually 
expand  into  leaves,  new  scales  suc- 
cessively appear  above.     Thus  the 
axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 

106.  Axillary  buds.     By  the 
growth  of  the  terminal   bud   the 
axis  is  simply  lengthened  in  one 
direction,  an  undivided  stem. 
But  besides  this,  buds  also 
exist,  ready  formed,  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  one  in 
each. 

107.  How  branches 
are  formed.  These  axil- 
lary buds,  a  part  or  all  of  them,  may  grow  and  develop  like  the  ter- 
minal bud,  or  they  may  always  sleep,  as  in  the  simple-stemmed  mullein 
or  palm.     But  in  growing  they  become  branches,  and  these  bran'iheu 


Acorn  (se«d  of  Qutrcxu  paiu$ 
^'<M)u;orminntiiiK;  6,  soetion  sliow. 
Injr  tlio  radiclii  (r)  which  Is  to  be- 
coino  th«  root,  mid  tlio  two  cotylodons  (c)  wliioh  are  to 
nourish  It;  7,  the  riiiilule  r,  dosconding;  8  and  9,  tht 
radicle,  /',  dusconding,  and  tho  pliiinulo  (p)  ascending. 


THIS    PUiBNOOAMIA — HOW    DEVELOPED. 


23 


may,  in  turn,  generate  buds  and  hranchlets   in  the  axils  of  their  own 
leaves  in  like  manner. 

108.  Bt  the  continual  repetition  of  this  simple  process  the  vegetable 
fkbric  arises,  ever  advancing  in  the  direction  of  all  its  growing  points,  clothing  itself 
with  leaves  as  it  advances,  and  enlarging  the  diameter  of  its  axis,  until  it  reaches 
the  limit  of  existence  assigned  by  its  Creator. 

109.  The  organs  of  nutrition.  Reared  by  this  process  alone  the  plant  con- 
•ists  of  such  organs  only  as  were  designed  for  its  own  individual  nourishment — roote 
to  absorb  its  food,  stem  and  branches  to  transmit  it,  and  leaves  to  digest  it.  These 
are  called  organs  of  nutrition.  But  the  divine  command  which  caused  the  tribes 
of  vegetation  in  their  diversified  beauty  to  spring  from  the  earth,  required  that 
each  plant  should  have  its  "seed  within  itself"  for  the  perpetuation  of  its  kind. 

110.  How  THE  FLOWER  ORIGINATES.  In  the  third  stage  of  vegeta- 
tion, therefore,  a  change  occurs  in  the  development  of  some  of  the  buds. 
The  growing  point  ceases  to  advance  as  hitherto,  expands  its  leaves  iji 
crowded  whorls,  each  successive  whorl  undergoing  a  gradual  transfor- 
mation departing  from  the  original  type, — the  leaf.  Thus,  instead  of  a 
leafy  branch,  the  ordinary  progeny  of  the  bud,  di.  flower  is  the  result. 

111.  Nature  of  the  flower.  A  flower  may  be  considered  as  a 
transformed  branch,  having  the  leaves  crowded  together  by  the  non- 
development  of  the  axis,  moulded  into  more  delicate  structures,  and 
tinged  with  more  brilliant  hues,  not  only  to  adorn  the  face  of  nature, 
but  to  fulfill  the  important  office  of  reproduction, 


lOk  Paony,  with  sotnci  of  its  petals  removed  to  show  the  stamens  and  pistils.    11  to  32,  th« 
orn84i8,  ftrnduated  from  tho  loaf  tn  tlin  pistil. 


24 


THK    ROOT,    OR    DESCENDING    AXIS. 


■  ;  ■>! 


li 


■:! 


112.  The  fruit.  After  the  flower  has  fulfilled  its  oflSce,  the  de- 
ciduous parts  fail  away,  and  the  remaining  energies  of  the  plant  are 
directed  to  the  development  of  the  pistils  into  the  perfect  fruit.  Let  us 
illustrate  this  doctrine  by  tracing  out 

113.  A  VIEW  OP  THE  organs  OP  THE  p^j^i,  for  example,  (r)  The  roet  with 
its  numerous  ^ers  and  flbriUat  (some  fibers  tuberous)  coutinues  the  axis  downward, 
and  {s)  the  stem  upward.  The  kaves  (a)  approaching  the  summit,  gradually  lose 
their  characteristic  divisions,  and  at  length  become  simple  bracts,  (6)  still  undoubted 
leaves.  Next  by  an  easy  gradation  they  appear  as  sepals  (c,  d,  e,)  in  the  calyx,  the 
outer  envelope  of  the  flower,  with  stalk  expanded  and  blade  contracted.  Then  by 
a  somewhat  abrupt  transition  tliey  pass  into  the  delicate  and  highly  colored  petals 
of  the  corolla  {/,  g,),  still  retaining  the  essential  marks  of  the  leaf.  To  the  corolla 
next  succeed  those  slender  organs  called  stamens  (to,  n),  known  to  be  altered 
leaves  from  the  fact  of  their  being  often  converted  into  petals  {i,  h).  Lastly  the 
pistils  (o,)  destined  to  bear  tha  seeds,  two  or  more  central  organs  green  in  color,  are 
each  the  result  of  the  infolding  of  a  lea^  the  mid-vein  and  united  edges  being  yet 
discernible. 


■ »  ♦  ■  ■ 


CHAPTEK     IV. 


THE    ROOT   OR   DESCENDING   AXIS. 


I    '1^ 


lU:  • 


I  '■■; 


114.  Definition.  The  root  is  the  basis  of  the  plant  and  the  princi- 
pal organ  of  nutrition.  It  originates  with  the  radicle  of  the  seed ;  the 
tendency  of  its  growth  is  downward,  and  it  is  generally  immersed  in 
the  soil. 

U5.  Diagnosis.  Rot.  are  distinguished  from  stems  by  their  downward  di- 
rection, by  the  presence  of  absorbing  fibers,  (fibrillae),  and  by  the  absence  of 
color,  pith,  buds,  leaves,  and  all  other  stem-appendages. 

116.  Office.  The  two  important  offices 
in  vegetable  life  which  the  root  is  designed 
to  fulfill,  are  obvious  to  every  one,  viz.,  to 
support  the  plant  in  its  position,  and  to 
imbibe  from  the  soil  the  food  and  moist- 
ure requisite  for  its  growth.  How  well 
God  has  adapted  its  structure  and  in- 
stincts to  this  twofold  purpose  observa- 
tion is  continually  showing. 

117.  The  leading  propensity  of  the 

ROOT  is,  to  divide  itself  into  branches,  and 

its  only  normal  appendages  are  branches, 

branchlets,  fibers  and   fibrillae,  which  are 

multiplied   to  an  indefinite  extent  corres- 

32,  a.  Extremity  of  R  rootlet  of  mapio  ponding  with  the   multiplication    of   the 
with  lt«  flbrm«  and  spongtole  (inuKnl-  ^^  ^-         ^        ^^^^^      rpj^j^   ^^    ^^^^ 

fW<1  M  diameters.)  '  *^  ' 


THE    ROOT,    OR    DESCBNDINO    AXIS. 


26 


insures  a  firm  hold  upon  the  earth,  and  brings  a  large  absorbing  sur- 
face in  contact  with  the  moist  soil. 


28.  White  clover— an  <aial  root  (with  minute  tubers).    24,  Buttercups— fibrous  root*, 
inaxial.    25,  Erigenia- root  tuberous. 


di- 
of 


118.  The  summit  of  the  root,  or  that  place  where  the  root  meets 
the  stem,  is  called  the  collum  ;  the  remote,  opposite  extremities,  the 
ends  of  the  fibers,  being  chiefly  active  in  absorption,  are  the  spongiolea. 
Neither  of  these  terms  denotes  distinct  organs,  but  places  only,  and  are 
often  convenient. 

119.  FiBRiLLvE,  a  Latin  term,  refers  to  those  minute  hairs,  (seen  only 
with  a  lens),  which  clothe  the  younger  fibers.  They  arise  from  the 
tender  epidermis  or  skin,  and  perish  when  that  thickens  into  bark. 
These  cooperate  with  the  fibers  in  the  absorption  of  fluids.  These  two 
organs  arc  the  only  eflScient  absorbers  of  liquid  nourishment, 

120.  Transpl ANTING  TREES.  Tho  fibriUflB  are  developed  and  perish  annually 
with  the  leaves,  whose  servants  they  are.  Few  of  them  remain  after  the  fall  of  the 
leaf.  This  fact  plainly  indicates  that  the  proper  time  for  transplanting  trees  or  shrubs 
is  the  late  autumn,  winter,  or  early  spring,  when  there  are  but  few  tender  fibrillee  to 
be  injured. 

121.  Two  MODES  OF  ROOT-DEVELOPMENT  arc  definitely  distinguished, 
— the  axial  and  the  inaxial. 

122.  The  axial  mode  is  that  where  the  primary,  simple  radicle,  in 
growing  extends  itself  downwards  in  a  main  body  more  or  less  branched, 
continuous  with  the  stem,  and  forms  the  permanent  root  of  the  plant. 


llff 


i  ' 


,* 


,ii    :.:   1.1 


!.:!l 


"I 


il 


26 


THE    RUOT,    UR    DKSC'BNDINti    AXIB. 


Such  is  the  case  with  the  mustard,  beet,  maple,  and  most  of  the  Dico- 
tyledonous plants.     In 

123.  The  inaxial  mode,  the  primary  radicle,  proves  abortive,  never 
developing  into  an  axial  root ;  but,  growing  laterally  only,  it  sends  out 
little  shoots  from  its  sides,  which  grow  into  long,  slender  roots  nearly 
equal  in  value,  none  of  them  continuous  with  the  stem.  Of  this  nature 
are  the  roots  of  all  the  grasses,  the  lilies  and  the  Monocotyledons  gen- 
erally, and  of  the  Cryptogamia.  Plants  raised  from  layers,  cuttings, 
tubers,  and  slips,  are  necessarily  destitute  of  the  axial  root. 


FiGB.  26,  Maple— an  axial,  ramose  root.    27,  Parsnip— a  fusiform  root.    28,  Turnip— • 
napiform  root.    29,  Corallorhiza — a  coralline  root. 

124.  The  various  forms  of  the  root  are  naturally  and  conve- 
niently referred  to  these  two  modes  of  development.  The  principal 
axial  forms  are  the  ramose,  fusiform,  napiform,  conical.  To  all  these 
forms  the  general  name,  tap-rooty  is  applied. 

125.  The  ramose  is  the  woody  tap-root  of  most  trees  and  shrubs, 
where  the  main  root  blanches  extensively,  and  is  finally  dissolved  and 
lost  in  multiplied  ramifications. 

126.  Tuberous  tap-roots.  In  herbaceous  plants  the  tap-root  often 
becomes  thick  and  fleshy,  with  comparatively  few  branches.  This  ten- 
dency is  peculiarly  marked  in  biennials  (§  90),  where  the  root  serves  aa 
a  reservoir  of  the  superabundant  food  which  the  plant  accumulates 
dui-ing  its  first  year's  growth,  and  keeps  in  store  against  the  exhausting 
process  of  fruit-bearing  in  its  second  year.     Such  is 

127.  The  fusiform  (spindle-shaped)  root,  thick,  succulent,  tapering 
downwards,  ar.d  also  for  a  short  space  upwards.  The  beet,  radish,  gin- 
seng are  examples. 


THE    ROOT,    OR    DESCENDING    AXI8. 


at 


128.  The  conical  boot  tapers  its  whole  length,  from  the  coUum 
downwards  (cwrot). 

129.  The  napiform  boot,  (turnip,)  swells  out  in  its  upper  part  so 
that  its  diameter  equals  or  exceeds  its  length,  as  in  Erigenia  bulbosa 
(25),  Turnips  (28). 

34  80  SI  82 


Figs.  80,  Pieony— flbro-tuberous  roots.  81,  Ginseng— fusiform  root.  82,  Pelargonium  trlste-. 
moniliform  root.  88,  Spirea  fllipendula— nodulose  root  84,  A  creeping  stem,  with  adventi- 
tious roots. 

130.  The  fobms  of  inaxial  roots  are  fibrous,  fibro-tuberous,  tu- 
bercular, coraline,  nodulous,  moniliform. 

131.  The  fibrous  root  consists  of  numerous  thread-like  divisions 
sent  off  directly  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  with  no  main  or  tap-root. 
Such  are  the  roots  of  most  gi-asses,  which  multiply  their  fibres  exces- 
sively in  light  sandy  soils. 

132.  FiBRO-TUBERous  ROOTS  (or  fasciculatc).  Inaxial  roots  are  so 
called  when  some  of  the  fibres  are  thick  and  fleshy,  as  in  the  asphodel, 
crow-foot,  pseony.  Orchis,  Dahlia.  When  the  fibre  is  enlarged  in  cer- 
tain parts  only,  it  is  nodulous,  and  when  the  enlargements  occur  at 
regular  intervals,  it  is  moniuform  (necklace-like).  When  it  bears  little 
tubers  here  and  there,  as  in  squirrel-corn  (Dicentra  Canadensis),  it  is 

TUBERCULAR. 

133.  Deposits  of  starch,  or  farinaceous  matter,  in  all  these  cases, 
constitute  the  thickening  substance  of  the  root,  stored  up  for  the  future 
use  of  the  plant. 

134.  Adventitious  roots  are  such  as  originate  in  some  part  of  the 
ascending  axis, — stem  or  brandies,  whether  above  or  below  the  ground. 
They  are  so  called  because  their  origin  is  indeterminate,  both  in  place 
and  time.  Examples  are  seen  in  the  ground-ivy,  twin-flower,  and  other 
creeping  plants.     Several  special  forms  should  be  noticed ;  as, 


••  J 


\A 


38 


THE  ROOT,  OR    DESCENDING  AXIS. 


135.  The  oirrhoub  roots 
of  certain  climbing  vines  (Euro- 
pean ivy,  poison  ivy,  trumpet- 
creeper)  put  forth  in  great 
numbers  from  the  stem,  serv- 
ing for  its  mechanical  support 
and  no  other  known  use. 
Again, 

136.  The  fulcra  of  certain 
entlogerous     plants    originate 
high  up  the  stem,  and  descend- 
ing obliquely,  enter  the  soil.     Of  this  kind 
are  the  roots  of  the  screw-pine  (Panda- 
nus)  of  the  conservatories,  which  are  often 
several  feet  in  length  before  reaching  the 
ground.     The  figure  represents  a  screw- 
pine  which  was   wholly   propped  up  by 
roots  of  this  kind  as   if  on   stilts.     Sim- 
ilar roots  occur,  in  a  smaller  way,  at  the 
lower  joints  of  the  Indian  corn. 

137.  The  Banyan  Tree  (Ficus  Indica)  develops 
adventitious  roots  on  a  grand  scale.     When  the 
brandies  have  stretched  out  ao  far  as  to  need  ad- 
ditional support,  they  send  forth  adventitious  roots,  descending  to  the  earth.     Hav- 
ing penetrated  the  soil,  these  roots  become  supporting  columns.     The  branches 


Jo.■^>^^.>^»..>v^^. 

85.  Screw-pine  (Pandanus). 


3G.  Banyan  (Ficuu  ludivu). 


i  M 


THE    ROOT,  OK    DESCRIPTIVE    AXIS. 


29 


Km 


couttuulng  to  advance,  send  down  other  roots,  which  in  turn  become  columns  similar 
to  trunks,  until  a  single  tree  becomes  a  grove  capable  of  sheltering  an  army  of  men. 

138.  The  Manorove  (Rbizopora),  of  the  West  Indies,  sends  down  axial  roots 
from  its  brsuiches.  The  seed  germinates  before  detached,  sending  down  its  long 
radical  until  it  reaches  the  mud  in  which  these  trees  grow.  Thus  the  you.^g  plants 
gain  a  firm  standing  before  quitting  their  hold  of  the  parent  tree. 

139.  To  FAVOR  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  ADVENTITIOUS  K00T8  On  any  particular 
part,  Aieep  that  part  in  contact  with  moist  soil.  We  often  observe  such  roots  to  ariso 
naturally,  in  prostrate  branches  or  stems,  at  those  points  which  touch  the  ground. 
In  slips,  cuttings,  &c.,  the  same  thing  occurs  artificially.  Hence  to  increase  tlio 
roots  of  the  potato  vino,  or  corn,  heap  the  earth  against  the  stems.  The  madder 
plant,  which  is  cultivated  solely  for  the  ricli  coloring  matter  in  its  roots,  is  success- 
fully treated  in  no  other  way.  Its  adventitious  roots  are  excessively  multiplied  liy 
deep  spading  and  high  "  hilling." 

140.  To  PRODUCE  DWARF  TREES  it  Is  only  necessary,  by  any  contrivance,  to  re- 
tain a  quantity  of  moist  earth  against  the  base  of  the  selected  branch  until  it 
strikes  root.  Afterwards  it  may  be  severed  from  the  tree  and  transferred  to  ll.e 
soil.     (Fig.  40,  d). 

141.  Axial  and  inaxial  roots  in  agriculture.  This  distinction 
must  never  be  lost  sight  of.  The  former  strike  deep,  anchor  firmly,  and 
draw  their  nourishment  from  the  lower  strata  of  the  soil.  The  latter 
abide  near  the  surface,  and  feed  upon  the  upper  soil.  Hence  let  us  Icaru 

a.  Which  class  of  crops  requires  deep  and  which  shallow  tillage  ; 

b.  Which  should  succeed  each  other  in  the  rotation  of  crops  ; 

c.  Which  may  bo  sown  together  in  the  mixture  of  crops. 

142.  To  TRANSFORM  A  TAP-ROOT  TO  A  FIBROUS.  At  a  certain  distance  below  the 
oolluni  sever  the  tap-root  without  otherwise  disturbing  the  plant.  The  consequence 
will  be  an  increased  growth  of  the  lateral  or  fibrous  roots  nearer  the  surface  of  the 


ground. 


,\  87.  Old  oak  trunk  with  horizontal  branch  bearing  epiphytes  and 
parasites,  a,  A  fern  (Polypodlum  Incanum).  b,  Epidendruui  con- 
op«eiimV  cc,  Long  moss  (Tillandsia).  d,  Mistletoe  (Vlscum). 
#,  Lichen. 

143.  Epiphytes  (eTTf,  upon,  0t;TOv,  a  plant),  a 
class  of  plants,  called  also  air-plants,  have  roots 
which  are  morcly  mechanical,  serving  to  fix  such 


! 


I       I 


30 


TUB  ROOT,  OR    DESCRIPTIVE  AXIS. 


H 


plants  firmly  upon  other  plants  or  trees,  while  they  derive  their  nour- 
ifihmont  wholly  from  the  air.  The  long-moss  (Tillandsia)  and  Conop- 
seuiu  are  examples. 

1 44.  Parasites — three  classes.  Very  different  in  nature  are  the 
loots  of  those  plants  called  parasites,  which  feed  upon  the  juices  of 
other  plants  or  trees.  Such  roots  penetrate  the  bark  of  the  nurse-plant 
to  the  cambium  layer  beneath,  and  appropriate  the  stolen  juices  to  their 
own  growth,  as  the  dodder  and  mistletoe.  Other  parasites,  although 
standing  in  the  soil,  are  fixed  upon  foreign  roots,  and  thence  derive 
t-'ither  their  entire  sustenance,  as  the  beech-drops  and  other  leafless,  col- 
rless  plants;  or  Apart  of  their  sustenance,  as  the  cow-wheat  (Melam- 
pyrum),  Gerardia. 

145.  ScBTERRANEAy  STEMS.  As  tbefo  are  serial  roots,  so  there  are  subterranean 
stems.  These  are  frequently  mistaken  tor  roots,  but  may  be  known  by  their  habit- 
ually and  regularly  producing  buds.  Of  this  nature  are  the  tubers  of  the  Irish  po- 
tato, the  root-stock  of  tlie  sweet  flag,  the  bulb  of  the  tuHp.  But  even  the  true 
root  may  sometimes  develop  buds — accidentally  as  it  were,  in  consequence  of  some 
injury  to  the  upper  axis,  or  some  other  unnatural  condition. 


() 


■  »  ♦ 


CHAPTER    V. 


THE     STEM,     OR     ASCENDING     AXIS. 


MM 


;!  ■'■ 


!  ii 


146.  Definition.  That  part  of  the  plant  which  originates  with  the 
plumule,  tends  upward  in  its  growth  and  expands  itself  to  the  influence 
of  the  air  and  the  light,  is  called  the  stem  or  ascending  axis. 

147,  The  general  idea  op  the  axis  is  the  central  substantial  portion  of  the 
plant,  bearing  the  appendages,  viz.,  the  root  below  and  the  leaf-organs  above. 
Although  not  marked  by  gay  coloring  or  fantastic  forms,  yet  we  regard  the  stem 
with  a  lively  interest  for  its  substantial  value,  its  gracefulness  and  lofty  propor- 
tions, its  infinite  gradation  of  form  and  texture  from  the  tender  speedwell  crushed 
beneath  the  foot  to  the  strong  forest  oak. 


Hi 


8S.  Procnmbent  stem — Ghiugenes  bispidtila. 

148.  Direction  of  its  growth.  Although  the  first  direction  of 
the  stem's  growth  is  vertical  in  all  plants,  there  are  many  in  which  this 
direction  does  not  continue,  but  changes  into  the  oblique  or  horizontal, 
eitlier  just  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  just  beneath  it.     If  the 


THE    STUM,    OR    ASCBNUINO    AXIS. 


31 


stem  continues  to  arise  in  the  original  direction,  as  it  most  commonly 
does,  it  is  said  to  be  erect.  If  it  grow  along  the  ground  without  rooting 
it  is  said  to  be  procumbent,  prostrate,  trailing.  If  it  recline  upon  tha 
ground  after  having  at  the  base  arisen  somewhat  above  it,  it  is  decuvu 
bent.  If  it  arise  obliquely  from  a  prostrate  base,  it  is  said  to  be  ascend^ 
ing,  and  if  it  continue  buried  beneath  the  soil,  it  is  subterranean. 


in  of 

this 
)ntal, 
If  the 


89.  Decumbent  hIciii — Anngallis  arvcnsis. 

149.  Subterranean  stems  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  the 
roots  by  the  natural  and  habitual  presence  of  buds  in  the  former,  regu- 
larly arranged,  while  no  buds  (unless  rarely  adventitious)  exist  in  the 
latter. 

150.  Stems  are  either  simple  or  branched.  The  simple  stem  is 
produced  by  the  unfolding  of  the  primary  bud  (the  plumule)  in  the  di- 
rection of  its  point  alone.  As  this  bud  is  developed  below  into  the 
lengthening  stem,  it  is  continually  reproduced  at  its  summit,  and  so  is 
always  borne  at  the  termination  of  the  stem.  Hence  the  axis  is  always 
terminated  by  a  bud. 

151.  The  Branched  Stem,  which  is  by  far  the  most  common,  is  pro- 
duced by  the  development  of  both  terminal  and  axillary  buds.  The 
axis  produces  a  bud  in  the  axil  of  its  every  leaf,  that  is  at  a  point  just 
above  the  origin  of  the  leaf-stalk.  These  buds  remain  inactive  in  the 
case  of  the  simple  stem,  as  the  mullein,  but  more  generally  are  devel- 
oped into  leafy  subdivisions  of  the  axis,  and  the  stem  thus  becomes 
branched. 

162.  A  Branch  is,  therefore,  a  division  of  the  axis  produced  by  the 
development  of  an  axillary  bud.  This  bud,  also,  ever  renewed,  is  borne 
at  the  termination  of  the  branch,  so  that  axillary  buds  each  in  turn  be- 
come terminal. 

153.  The  Arrangement  of  the  Branches  upon  the  stem  depends 
therefore  upon  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves,  which  will  be  more  par- 
ticularly noticed  hereafter.  This  arrangement  is  beautifully  regular, 
according  to  established  laws.  In  this  place  we  briefly  notice  three 
general  modes :  . 

The  alternate,  where  but  one  branch  arises  from  the  node  on  differ- 
ent sides  of  the  stem,  as  in  the  elm. 


i 


i 


't'l 


»2 


THE    STEM,    OR    ASOBNDINO    AXIS. 


If 


iiii 

!!|B 


The  opposite,  where  two  branches  stand  on  opposite  sides  of  the  same 
jaode,  as  in  the  maple. 

Verticillate,  where  three  or  more  branches,  equidistant,  encircle  the 
stern  at  each  node,  as  in  the  pine. 

154.  Tif-j  ANGLB  OP  DIVERGENCE  in  branches  is  also  subject  to  definite  rules 
more  ob^  ious  in  tlie  earlier  stages  of  growth.  While  the  divergence  is  uuiforiu  in 
tlio  same  species,  it  varies  to  every  degree  of  the  circle  in  difl'erent  species,  greatly 
affootiug  the  form  of  the  tree.  In  general,  without  marking  the  exact  degree, 
branches  are  said  to  be  erect  (Lombardy  poplar),  spreading  or  obliquely  ascending 
(common),  divaricate  or  at  nearly  a  right  angle  (oak),  dcflexed  (beech),  and  pendu- 
ious  (weeping  willow). 

155.  Certain  kinds  op  branches  are  noted  for  their  tendency  to 
proihice  adventitious  roots,  and  tluis  to  become  independent  plants. 
Nurserymen  avail  themselves  of  this  property  in  propagation,  and  name 
such  branches  cions,  stolons,  offsets,  slips,  layers,  cuttings,  and  runners. 

156.  The  Sucker  is  a  branch  issuing  from  some  underground  por- 
tion of  the  plant,  leaf-bearing  above  and  sending  out  roots  from  its  own 
base,  becoming  finally  a  separate,  independent  plant.  The  rose  and 
raspberry  are  thus  multiplied. 


I'i 


»  b  e  <l  /  e 

40.  flf,  Slip  (gooseberry)  taking  root,  ft,  Cutting  ((tniiMi)  taiiinir  root,  c,  Stolons  or  liiyers  nrti. 
flcially  arranged  for  propogation.  d,  A  mode  of  dwarfing  (§  140).  e,  Cions— process  of  graft- 
ing.  /  A  Bitoker. 

157.  The  Stolon  or  Layer  is  a  branch  issuing  from  some  above- 
ground  portion  of  the  stem,  and  afterward  declining  to  the  ground 
takoB  root  at  or  near  its  extremity,  sends  up  new  shoots,  and  becomes  a 
new  plant.  The  hobble-bush  and  black  raspberry  do  this  naturally, 
ani  gardeners  imitate  the  process  in  many  plants. 

168.  Te  J  CiCS  is  any  healthy  twig  or  branchlet  bearing  one  or 
more  buds,  used  by  the  gardeners  in  the  common  process  of  grafting. 
Slips  and  cuttings  arc  fragments  of  ordinary  branches  or  stems  con* 


THE    STfiM,    OR    ASCENDINQ    AXIS. 


38 


sisting  of  young  wood  bearing  one  or  more  buds.     These  "  strike"  root 
when  planted  in  the  earth.     So  the  grape-vine  and  hop. 

159.  The  Offset  is  a  term  applied  to  short  side-branches  ending  in 
a  tuft  (rosette)  of  leaves,  and  capable  of  taking  root  when  separated 
from  the  parent  plant,  as  in  houseleek. 


41,  A  strawberry  plant  (Fragavla  vesca)  sendln,;  out  a  runner. 


M 


160.  The  Runner  is  a  prostrate,  filiform  branch  issuing  from  certain 
short-stemmed  herbs,  extending  itself  along  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
striking  root  at  its  end  without  being  buried.  Thence  leaves  arise  and 
a  new  plant,  which  in  turn  sends  out  new  runners ;  as  in  the  strawberry. 

161.  The  node  or  joint  of  the  stem  marks  a  definite  point  of  a  pecu- 
liar organization  where  the  leaf  with  its  axillary  bud  arises.  The  nodcL* 
occur  at  regular  interv  ils,  and  the  spaces  between  them  are  termed  in- 
ternodes.  This  provides  for  the  symmetrical  arrangement  of  the  leaves 
and  branches  of  the  stem.  In  tlu  root  no  such  provision  is  made,  arid 
the  branches  have  no  manner  of  arrangement. 

162.  Why  the  stem  gradually  diminishes  upwards.  In  the  in- 
ternodes  the  fibres  composing  the  stem  are  parallel,  but  at  the  nodes 
this  order  is  interrupted  in  consequence  of  some  of  the  inner  fibres 
from  below  turning  outwards  into  the  leafstalk,  causing  more  or  less  a 
jointed  appearance.  Hence  each  internode  contains  fewer  fibres  than 
tliosc  below  it. 

163.  llow  THE  STEM  GROWS.  The  growth  of  the  stem  consists  in 
the  development  of  the  inoernotles.  In  the  bud  the  nodes  are  closely 
crowded  together,  with  no  perceptible  internodes,  thus  bringing  the  ru- 
dimentary leaves  in  close  contact  with  each  other.  But  in  the  stem, 
which  is  afterwards  ei^olved  from  that  bud,  wo  see  full  grown  leaves 
separated  by  considerable  spaces.  That  is,  while  leaves  are  developed 
from  the  rudiments,  internodes  are  evolved  from  the  growing  point. 

164.  But  there  are  exceptions  hore  as  to  all  other  rules  in  science,  adding 
another  element  of  diversity  to  the  eodleas  gradation  of  form  in  Nature's  worka   In 


f 


34 


THE    STEM,    OR    ASCENDING    AXIS. 


many  plants  the  axis  of  the  primary  bud  does  not  develop  into  interaodes  at  all,  or 
but  partially  in  various  degrees,  as  in  the  Trillium,  Crocus,  blood-root.  Such  stemH 
jteldom  appear  above  groun  1,  and  are  said  to  be  subterranean. 

165.  This  fact  makes  a  wide  difference  in  the  forms  of  stems,  and  naturally  con- 
stitutes them  into  two  great  divisions,  viz.,  the  leaf-stem  and  the  scale-stem. 

166.  The  leaf-stems  are  those  forms  which,  with  internodes  fnlly 
developed,  arise  into  the  air  crowned  with  leaves.  The  principal  tonus 
are  the  caulis,  culm,  trunk,  caudex,  vine. 

167.  The  scale-stems  are  those  forms  which,  with  internodes  mar- 
tially or  not  at  all  developed,  and  generally  bearing  scales,  which  are 
undeveloped  leaves,  scarcely  emerge  from  beneath  the  soil.  They  are 
the  creeper  and  rhizoma  (developed),  the  crown,  tuber,  corni  and  bulb 
(undeveloped). 

43.  46. 


46.  Boale'Stem,  (Dtcentra  ouonllarln).    48.  A  flower  of  the  sntno.    44,  A  flower  of  D.  Canadensis. 

46,  Leaf-stem  (Chiinaphila  inaculata). 

168.  The  leaf-stems  are  either  herhaceous  or  woody.  The 
herbaceous,  whether  arising  from  annual,  biennial  or  perennial  roots, 
bear  fruit  but  one  season  and  then  perish  at  least  down  to  the  root, 
scarcely  becoming  woody  ;  as  the  OD  mustard,  (2)  radish,  and  the  % 
grnsses.  The  woody  liMif-stems  survive  the  winter,  and  become  firm 
and  solid  in  texture  in  after  years. 

169.  Caulis  is  a  term  generally  applied  to  the  annual  leaf  stems  of 


fj 


THE    STKM,   OR    ASCENOIMO    AXIS. 


35 


herbaceous  plants.  "  Halm"  is  a  term  used  in  England  with  the  same 
signification.  Caulescent  and  acaulescent  are  convenient  terms  denot- 
ing, the  former  the  presence,  and  the  latter  the  absence  of  the  caulis  or 
aerial  stem. 

170.  The  Culm  is  the  stem  of  the  grasses  and  the  sedges,  generally 
jointed,  often  hollow,  rarely  becoming  woody,  as  in  cane  and  bamboo. 

171.  The  trunk  is  the  name  of  the  peculiar  stems  of  arborescent  plants. 
It  is  the  central  column  or  axis  which  supports  their  branching  tops 
and  withstands  the  assaults  of  the  wind  by  means  of  the  great  firmness 
and  strength  of  the  woody  or  ligneous  tissue  with  which  it  abounds. 

172.  Various  FORMS.  The  trunk  is  usually  seen  simple  and  columnar 
below,  for  a  certain  space,  then  variously  dividing  itself  into  branches. 
Here  it  is  cylindrical,  straight  and  erect,  as  in  the  forest  pine  ;  prismatic 
often,  as  in  the  gum-tree  ;  gnarled  and  curved,  as  in  the  oak  ;  or  inclined 
far  over  its  base,  as  in  the  sycamore. 


-11 

^■|l 

"..up 


The 

■oots, 

root, 

he  11 

firm 

ns  of 


B  E 

46.    B,  Spruoo.    B,  Beeoh.    £,  Elm ;  to  illustrate  exourront  and  solvent  axis, 

113.  In  DivmiNO  itsilp  into  branches  we  observe  two  general  modes,  witli 
their  numerous  variations,  strikingly  characterizing  the  true  forms.  In  tlio  one, 
named  by  Lindley  the  excurrrnt,  the  trunk,  from  the  superior  vigor  of  its  torniinal 
bud,  takes  precedence  of  the  brauciios,  and  runs  through  to  the  summit,  as  in  the 


8d 


THE    STEM,    OK    ASCENDING    AXIS. 


beecli,  birch,   oak,  and  especially  iu  the  spruce — trees  with  oval  or  pyTamidal 
orowns. 

174.  But  in  the  othek,  the  solvent  axis,  as  seen  in  the  elm,  the  apple-tre^ 
the  trunk  suddenly  divides  into  several  subequal  branches,  which  thence  depart  with 
diflFerent  degrees  of  divergency,  giving  the  urn  form  to  the  elm,  the  rounded  form 
to  the  apple-tree,  the  depressed  form  to  the  sloe-tree  (Viburnum)  and  dogwood. 

175.  The  form  of  the  trunk  sometimes  changes  with  age,  especially  iu  tropical 
regions,  some  distorted  by  huge  local  exoreacences,  others  swelling  out  in  the  midst 
to  "  aldermanic"  proportions. 


«  b  6  d  < 

4".  <i,  An  «1(1  willow  (Snlix  Babylnniea)  with  gimiled  and  misshapen  trunk,  b,  Caudem  of  a 
CHctiis  (Echlnocactus  Ottonis).  e,  Bomhax,  of  Brazilian  forests,  with  distended  trunk,  d,  Pal- 
liietto  (babal,  Adns),  the  caudex  rough  with  the  persistent  bases  of  the  petioles. 


176.  Caudex  is  a  term  now  applied  to  the  peculiar  trunk  of  the  palms  and  tree- 
forns,  simple,  branchless  columns,  or  rarely  dividing  in  advanced  age.  It  is  pro- 
duced by  the  growth  of  the  terminal  bud  alone,  and  its  sides  are  marked  by  the 
Bears  of  the  fallen  leaf-stalks  of  former  years,  or  are  yet  covered  by  their  persistent 

bases 

177.  The  stock  or  caudex  of  the  cactus  tribe  is  extraordinary  in  form  and  sub- 
stance. It  is  often  jointed,  prismatic,  branched,  always  greenish,  fleshy,  and  full 
of  a  watery  juice.  Instead  of  leaves,  its  lateral  buds  develop  spines  only,  the  stem 
itself  iiorlbrming  the  functions  of  leaves.  These  plants  abound  in  the  warm  regions 
of  tropical  America,  and  afford  a  cooling,  acid  beverage  to  the  thirsty  traveler  when 
springs  dry  up  under  the  torrid  sun. 

178.  Thr  vine  is  either  herbaceous  or  woody.  It  is  a  stem  too  slen- 
der and  weak  to  stand  erect,  but  trails  along  the  ground  or  any  eonve- 
nient  support.     Sometimes,  by  means  of  special  organs  for  this  purpose, 


THE    STEM,    OR    ASCENDING    AXIS. 


37 


ub- 
full 
;era 
ona 
Ilea 

cn- 
ve- 

)S0, 


ealied  tendrils,  it  ascends  trees  and  other  objects  to  a  great  height,  as 
the  grape,  gourd,  and  other  climbing  vines. 


W 


Vines.    48,  Passion-flower  (Passlflora  lutea)  climbing  by  tendrils.    49,  Morning-glory,  twining 
f^om  right  to  left    60,  Hop,  twining  from  left  to  right. 

179.  The  twining  vine,  having  also  a  leneth  greatly  disproportioned  to  its  dia- 
meter, supports  itself  on  o\^  -  plants  or  objects  by  entwining  itself  around  theiu, 
being  destitute  of  tendrils.  Thus  the  hop  ascends  into  the  air  by  foreign  aid,  and 
it  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  direction  of  its  winding  is  always  the  same,  viz.,  with 
the  sun,  from  left  to  ri^Lt ;  nor  can  any  artificial  training  induce  it  to  reverse  its 
course.  This  is  a  general  law  among  twining  stems.  Every  individual  plant  of 
the  same  species  revolves  in  the  same  direction,  although  opposite  directions  may 
characterize  different  species.  Thus  the  morning  glory  revolves  always  against  the  sun 

180.  The  forms  of  scale-stems  are  singular,  often  distorted  in 
consequence  of  their  underground  growth  and  the  unequal  development 
of  tlui  internodes.  They  commonly  belong  to  perennial  herbs,  and  the 
principal  forms  are  described  as  follows ;  but  intermediate  connecting 
forms  are  very  numeraus  and  often  perplexing. 

181.  The  creeper  is  either  subaerial  or  subterranean.  In  the  former 
case  it  is  prostrate,  running  and  rooting  at  every  joint,  and  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable otherwise  from  leaf-stems,  as  the  twin  flower  (Linneea),  tlie 
partridge-berry  (Mitchella).  In  the  latter  case  it  is  more  commonly 
clothed  with  scales,  often  branching  extensively,  rooting  at  the  nodes, 
exceedingly  tenacious  of  life,  extending  horizontally  in  all  directions  be- 
neath the  soil,  annually  sending  up  from  its  terminal  buds  erect  stoma 


'% 


38 


THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


'      H. 


i  ! 

1  A 


i- 


;.>. 


iti' 


111. 


into  the  air.  The  witch-grass  (Triticum  repens)  is  an  example.  Such 
plants  are  a  sore  evil  to  the  garden.  They  can  have  no  better  cultiva- 
tion than  to  be  torn  and  cut  to  pieces  by  the  spade  of  the  angry  gar- 
dener, since  they  are  thus  multiplied  as  many  times  as  there  are 
fragments.  t  b 


Fig.  61.  Creeper  of  "  Nimble  Will,"  or  witch-gTMS ;  a,  Bud;  ?>&,  Bases  of  culms. 

182.  Utility.  Repent  stems  of  this  kind  are  not,  however,  without  their  use. 
They  frequently  abound  in  loose,  sandy  soil,  which  they  serve  to  bind  and  secure 
against  the  inroads  of  the  water  and  even  the  sea  itself.  Holland  is  said  to  owe  its 
very  existence  to  the  repent  stems  of  such  plants  as  the  mat-grass  ( Arundo  arenaria), 
Carex  arenarius  and  Elymus  arenarius,  which  overran  the  artificial  dykes  upon  its 
shores,  and  by  their  innumerable  roots  and  creepers  apparently  bind  the  loose  sand 
into  a  firm  barrier  against  the  washing  of  the  waves.  So  the  turf,  chiefly  conrposed 
of  repent  grass-stems,  forms  the  only  security  of  our  own  sandy  or  clayey  hills 
against  the  washing  rains. 

183.  The  rhizome  or  root-stock  differs  from  the  creeper  only  in 
being  shorter  and  thicker,  having  its  internodes  but  partially  developed. 
It  is  a  prostrate,  fleshy,  rooting  stem,  either  wholly  or  partially  subter- 
ranean, often  scaly  with  the  bases  of  undeveloped  leaves,  or  marked 
with  the  scars  of  former  leaves,  and  yearly  producing  new  shoots  ancF 
roots.  Such  is  the  fleshy,  horizontal  portion  of  the  blood-root,  sweet- 
flag,  water-lily,  bramble  (the  latter  hardly  different  from  the  creepei"). 

184.  The  growth  of  the  rhizome  is  instructive,  marking  its  peculiar  character. 
Kach  joint  marks  the  growth  of  a  year.    In  spring  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  into 

M  62  a 


Fig.  63.  Rhizoma  of  Solomon's-seal  (Polyi^onatum  multlflora)  a,  Fragment  of  the  first  year's 
irrowth  ;  6,  the  second  year's  growth  ;  c,  growth  of  the  third  year  ;  d,  growth  of  the  present 
(fMirth)  year,  bearlne  the  stem  which,  oo  decaying,  will  leave  a  scar  (seal)  like  the  rest.  6S,  Pr«' 
morse  stem  uf  Trillium. 


THE    STEM,  OR    ASCENDING    AXIS. 


39 


iT. 

kto 


leaves  and  flowers  to  perish  in  autumn — a  new  bud  to  open  the  following  spring — 
and  a  new  internode  with  its  roots  to  abide  several  years.  The  number  of  joints  in- 
dicates, not  the  age  of  the  plant,  but  the  destined  age  of  each  internode.  Thus  if 
there  are  three  joints,  we  infer  that  they  are  triennial,  perishing  after  the  third  sea- 
son, wbile  the  plant  still  grows  on. 

185.  The  premorse  root-stock,  formerly  described  as  a  root,  is  a 
short,  erect  rhizome,  ending  abruptly  below  as  if  bitten  square  off 
(pruiinorsus).  This  is  owing  to  the  death  of  the  earlier  and  lower  in- 
ternodes  in  succession,  as  in  the  horizontal  rhizome.  Scabious,  Viola 
podata,  benjamin-root  (Trillium)  are  examples. 

186.  Crown  of  the  root  designates  a  short  stem  with  condensed 
internodes,  remaining  upon  some  perennial  roots,  at  or  beneath  the  sur- 
face gcli  after  the  leaves  and  annual  stems  have  perished. 

187.  The  tuber  is  an  annual  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean 
stem  or  branch,  provided  with  latent  buds  called  eyes,  from  which  new 
plants  ensue  the  succeeding  year.  It  is  the  fact  of  its  origin  with  the 
ascending  axis,  and  the  production  of  buds  that  places  the  tuber  among 
stems  instead  of  roots'.     The  potato  and  artichoke  are  examples. 

66  63  54 


krs 
bnt 
|r»> 


Tubi'is  as  tlioy  grow.    54,  The  common  potato  (Skilanum).    65,   Artichoke    (Iklianthtis) 
66,  Sweet  potato  (Convolvulus). 

188.  How  THE  POTATO  GROWS.  The  Stem  of  the  potato  plant  sends  out  roots 
from  its  base,  and  branches  above  like  other  plants ;  but  we  observe  that  its  branches 
have  two  distinct  modes  of  development.  Those  branches  which  arise  into  the  air, 
whether  issuing  from  the  above-ground  or  the  under-ground  portion  of  the  stem, 
expand  regularly  into  leaves,  &c ,  while  those  lower  branches  which  continue  to 
grope  in  the  dark,  damp  ground,  cease  at  length  to  elongate,  swell  up  at  tho  ends 
into  tubers  with  developed  buds  nnd  abundance  of  nutritious  matter  in  reserve  for 
renewed  growth  the  following  your 


40 


THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


a : 


■i.? 


II : 


1.1 


w 


(  :  U' 

!  \M 


189.  The  corm  is  an  under-ground,  solid,  fleshy  stem,  with  con- 
deijsed  iuteruodes,  never  extending,  but  remaining  of  a  rounded  form 
covered  -^  ith  thin  scales.  It  is  distinguished  from  roots  by  its  leaf-bud, 
which  is  either  borne  at  the  summit,  as  in  the  crocus,  or  at  the  side,  as 
in  the  colchicum  and  putty-root  (Aplectrum). 

190.  How  THE  cORM  GROWS.  The  corm  usually  accomplishes  its  part  in  vegeta- 
ikin  in  ono  or  two  seasons,  and  then  gradually  yields  up  its  substance  and  life  for 
the  nourishment  of  the  new  progeny  formed  from  the  axils  of  its  uppw  scales  in 
(Vise  of  the  Crocus  and  Gladiolus,  or  the  single  new  corm  from  the  axil  of  a  lateral 
scale,  as  in  Colchicum. 

»  68  87 


67,  Corins  of  putty-root  (Aplectrum) ;  a,  of  last  year,  6,  of  the  present  year.    58,  Scale  bulb  ct 
white  lily.    59,  Scale  bulb  of  Oxalis  violacea. 

191.  The  Bulb  partakes  largely  of  the  nature  of  the  bud.  It  con- 
sists of  a  short,  dilated  axis,  bearing  an  oval  mass  of  thick,  fleshy  scales 
closely  packed  above,  a  circle  of  adventitious  roots  around  its  base,  and 
a  flowering  stem  from  the  terminal,  or  a  lateral  bud. 

1 92.  How  MULTIPLIED.  Bulbs  are  renewed  or  multiplied  annually  at  the  ap- 
proach of  winter  by  the  development  of  bulbs  from  the  axils  of  the  scales,  which 
increase  at  the  expense  of  the  old,  and  ulti- 
mately become  detached.  Bulbs  which  flow- 
er from  the  terminal  bud  are  necessarily  either 
annual  or  biennial :  those  flowering  from  an 
axillary  bud  may  be  perennial,  as  the  termi- 
nal bud  may  in  this  case  continue  to  develop 
now  scales  indefinitely. 

193.  BuLDS  arc  said  to  be  tunicated 
when  they  consist  of  concentric  layers, 
each  entire  and  enclosing  all  within  it,     oo.  BuibofLiHumsuperbum,  with  habit 
as  in  the  onion.     But  the  more  com-  "^  '^  rhizome;  a,  full-grown  bulb  sending 

up  a  terminal  stem  c,  and  two  olftets  6fc,  for 
mon  variety  is  the  scaly  bulb — consist-  the  bulbs  of  next  year. 

ing  of  fleshy,  concave  scales  arranged  spirally  upon  the  axis,  as  in  the 
liiv. 


THE    LEAF-BCD. 
61  » 


41 


64 


61,   Corm  of  Crocus,  with  new  ones  forminf!  above:  62,  Vertical  section  of  the  same  ;  68,  Sec 
Men  of  bulb  of  Hyacinth  with  terminal  stape  and  axillary  bulblet ;  64,  Section  of  bulb  of  Oxalis 
Tiolacea,  with  axillary  scapes. 

194.  The  tuber,  cobm  and  bulb  are  analogous  forms  approaching  by  degrees 
to  the  character  of  the  bud,  which  consists  of  a  Uttle  axis  bearing  a  covering  of 
scales  In  the  tuber  the  axis  is  excessively  developed  while  the  scales  are  reduced 
to  mere  linear  points.     In  tlie  corm  the  analogy  is  far  more  65 

evident,  for  the  axis  ia  less  excessive  and  the  scales  more 
manifest,  and  lastly  in  the  bulb  the  analogy  is  complete,  or      //^  t 
overdone,  the  scales  often  becoming  excessive. 

♦«  ♦  •• 


ws|| 


CHAPTER     VI. 

THE    LEAF-BUD. 

195.  It  is  but  a  step  from  the  study  of  the  bulb 
to  that  of  the  leaf-bud.  Buds  are  of  two  kinds  in 
respect  to  their  contents;  the  leaf-bud  containing 
the  rudiments  of  a  leafy  stem  or  branch,  the  Jlower- 
hud  containing  the  same  elements  transformed  into 
the  nascent  organs  of  a  flower  for  the  purpose  of 
reproduction. 

196.  The  leaf-bud  consists  of  a  brief,  cone- 
shaped  axis  with  a  tender  growing  point,  bearing  a 
protecting  covering  of  imbricated  scales  and  incip- 
ient leaves. 

66.  Branch  of  pear  tree.  The  terminal  bud  «f,  havinir  been  de- 
stroyed, an  axillary  bud  supplied  its  place,  and  formed  the  axis  h. 
c.  Thickened  branch  with  flower-buds,  <f,  branch  with  leaf-buds. 
66.   t,  section  of  terminal  bud ;  {,  of  axillary  bud. 


42 


THB    LEAF-BUD. 


I 


m 


197.  Nature  of  the  scales.  The  scaly  envelops  of  the  bud  appear  to  be  eithef 
the  radimentary  leaves  or  stipules  of  the  preceding  year,  formed  late  in  the  season, 
arrested  in  their  development  by  the  frosts  and  scanty  nourishment,  and  reduced 
to  a  sear  and  hardened  state.  If  the  bud  of  the  rose,  tulip-tree,  or  horse-chestnut 
be  examined  when  swollen  in  the  spring, 'ihe  student  will  notice  a  gradual  transi- 
tion from  the  outer  scales  to  the  evident  kaves  or  stipvies  within. 


67,  Bud  of  currant  unfolding,— the  scales  gradually  becoming  leavea. 

scales  unfolding  into  stipules. 


3,  Bud  of  tulip-tree,— th» 


198.  It  is  an  interesting  illustration  of  designing  Wisdom  that  buds  are  fur- 
nished with  scales  only  in  wintry  climates.  In  the  Torrid  Zone,  or  in  conservatories, 
where  the  temperature  is  equalized  through  the  year,  plants  develop  their  foliage 
into  buds  immediately  after  formation,  without  clothing  them  in  scales.  In  annual 
plants  also,  the  buds  are  destitute  of  scales,  not  being  destined  to  survive  the  win- 
ter. Hence  it  is  evident  that  the  transformation  of  autumnal  leaves  into  scales, 
is  a  means  ordained  by  the  great  Author  of  Nature  to  protect  the  young  shoots  in 
their  incipient  stages  from  sudden  cold  and  moisture, — an  ofiBce  which  they  effect- 
ually fulfil  by  their  numerous  downy  folds  and  their  insoluble  coat  of  resin. 

199.  How  buds  are  protected.  In  many  trees  the  bud-scales  are  clothed  with 
dense,  downy  hairs.  In  others,  as  in  the  horse-chestnut,  balm  of  Gilead,  and  other 
species  of  poplar,  the  buds  are  covered  with  a  viscid,  aromatic  resin,  reaemb'nag  a 
coat  of  varnish.  A  considerable  quantity  may  be  separated  from  a  handful  of  such 
bods  in  boiling  water. 

200.  The  parent  bud,  In  regard  to  position,  buds  are  either  terminal  or  axil- 
lary— a  distinction  already  noticed.  The  plumule  of  the  embryo  is  the  original 
parent  bud,  containing  within  its  minute  organization  the  manifold  parts  of  the  fu- 
ture plant — stem,  leaves,  flower,  fruit — all  to  be  successively  unfolded  in  future 
months  or  years.  The  unfolding  of  this  first  terminal  bud  in  the  one  direction  of  its 
point  produces  the  simple  stem. 

201.  Origin  of  branches.  But  in  every  plant  a  special  provision  is  made  for 
the  development  of  branches.  It  is  a  general  law  that  every  expanding  leaf  shall 
subtend  an  infant  bud  in  its  axil,  that  is,  in  the  upper  angle  of  the  insertion  of  the 
leaf-stalk ;  hence  the  plant  may  always  have  as  many  axillary  buds  as  it  has  leaves. 

202.  Axillary  buds  are  especially  noted  as  being  either  active  or 


THE    LEAK- BUD. 


43 


LATENT.  In  the  former  case  they  are  unfolded  into  branches  at  once,  or 
in  the  spring  following  their  formation.  But  latent  buds  suspend  their 
activities  from  year  to  year,  or  perhaps  are  never  quickened  into 
growth. 

203.  Axillary  buds  become  terminal  so  soon  as  their  development 
fairly  commences,  therefore  each  branch  also  has  a  terminal  bud,  and, 
like  the  main  axis,  is  capable  of  extending  its  growth  as  long  as  that 
bud  remains  unharmed.  If  it  be  destroyed  by  violence  or  frost,  or 
should  it  be  transformed  into  a  flower-bud,  the  growth  in  that  direction 
forever  ceases. 

204.  Thr  suppression  of  axillary  buds  tends,  of  course,  to  sim- 
plify the  form  of  the  plant.  Their  total  suppression  during  the  first 
year's  growth  of  the  terminal  bud  is  common,  as  in  the  annual  stem  of 
mullein  and  in  most  perennial  stems.  When  axillary  buds  remain  per- 
manently latent,  and  only  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  year  after  year,  a 
simple,  branchless  trunk,  crowned  with  a  solitary  tuft  of  leaves,  is  the 
result,  as  in  the  palmetto  of  our 
southern  borders. 

205.  A     PARTIAL      SUPPRESSION     OP 

BUDS  occurs  in  almost  all  species,  and 
generally  in  some  definite  order.  In 
plants  with  opposite  leaves,  sometimes 
one  bud  of  the  pair  at  each  node  is  de- 
veloped and  the  other  is  suppressed,  as 
in  the  pink  tribe  (Caryophyllaceie). 
When  both  buds  are  developed,  the 
branches,  appearing  in  pairs  like  arms, 
are  said  to  be  brachiate,  as  in  the  Labiatae. 
In  many  trees  the  terminal  buds  are  ar- 
rested by  inflorescence  each  season,  and 
the  growth  is  continued  by  axillary  buds 
alone,  as  in  the  Catalpa  and  horse-chest- 
nut. In  all  trees,  indeed,  buds  are  sup- 
pressed more  or  less,  from  various  causes, 
disguising  at  lengtli  llie  intended  sym- 
metry of  the  branches,  to  the  utter  con- 
fusion of  twigs  and  spray. 

206.  Accessory  buds,  one  or  more, 
are  pometimes  found  just  above  the  true 
axillary  bud,  or  clustered  with  it,  and 
only  distinguished  from  it  by  their 
smaller  size :  as  in  the  cherry  and  honey- 
suckle. 


69,  Hypericnm  Sarothra,  with  brachiate 
branches.  70,  Pink  (Dianthus)— axillary  buds 
alternate!}  suppretaed. 


""»■ 


mi 
1 


H 


207.  Adventitious  or  accidental  buds  are  such  as  are  neither  ter- 
minal nor  axillary.     They  occasionally  appear  on  any   part  of  the 


44 


THE    LEAF   BUD. 


t\i<hi 


;,!■'. 


plant  in  the  internodes  of  the  stem  or  branches,  on  the  root,  or  even 
leaves. 

208.  Causes  and  examples.  Such  buds  generally  result  from  some 
abnormal  condition  of  the  plant,  from  pruning  or  other  destruction  of 
branches  or  stem  above,  while  the  roots  remain  in  full  vigor;  thus  du 
stroviug  the  equilibrium  Df  vital  force  between  the  upper  and  lower 
axis.  The  leaf  of  the  walking-fern  emits  rootlets  and  buds  at  its  apex; 
the  leaf  of  Bryophyllum  from  its  margin,  each  bud  here  also  preceded  by 
a  rootlet.  Some  plants  are  thus  artificially  propagated  in  conservato- 
ries from  the  influence  of  heat  and  moisture  on  a  leaf  or  the  fragment 
of  a  leaf. 

209.  Vernation  or  pr^foliation  are  terms  denoting  the  mode  ol 
arrangement  and  folding  of  the  leaf  organs  composing  the  bud.  This 
arrangement  is  definitely  varied  in  diflPerent  orders  of  plants,  furnishing 
useful  distinctions  in  systematic  botany. 

210.  The  vernation  of  the  uud  is  exhibited  in  an  interesting  man- 
ner by  making  with  a  keen  instrument  a  cross-section  of  it  in  its  swollen 
state,  just  before  expansion ;  or  it  may  be  well  observed  by  removing 
one  by  one  the  scales. 

211.  The  forms  of  vernation  are  entirely  analogous  to  those  of 
aestivation,  and  denoted  by  similar  terms.  We  shall  here  notice  only 
such  as  are  more  peculiar  to  the  leaf-buds. 

212.  Vernation  is  considered  in  two  different  aspects,  first,  the 
manner  in  which  the  leaf  itself  is  folded  ;  second,  the  arrangement  o. 
the  leaves  in  respect  to  each  other.  This  depends  much  upon  the 
phyllotaxy.    (§  220.) 

n  T8  T8  T4  76  76 


Vernation,  71,  of  aak  leaf  ;  72,  of  Liriodjndron  (tulip  tree) ;  73,  of  fern;  74, of  carex; 

75,  sago  ;  76,  iris. 

213.  Each  leaf  alone  considered  is  either /a/  and  open,  as  in  the 
mistletoe,  or  it  is  folded  or  rolled,  as  follows : 

Reclined,  when  folded  crosswise  with  apex  bent  over  forward  towards 
the  base  as  in  the  tulip-tree. 

Conduplicate,  when  folded  pcrpendicuhirly,  with  the  lateral  halvea 
brought  together,  face  to  face,  as  in  the  oak. 


THE    LEAF    BUD. 


#6 


Plnitnl  or  plicate,  each  leaf  folded  like  a  fan ;  vine,  bireh. 

Vitchiate,  when  each  leaf  is  rolled  or  coiled  downwards  from  the 
apex,  as  in  the  sun-dew  and  terns. 

Convolute,  the  leaf  wholly  rolled  up  from  one  of  its  sides,  as  in  the 
clierry.  Involute,  having  both  edges  rolleil  inwards  as  in  apple,  violet 
Jiet'«tlttte,\\\t\i  both  margins  rolled  ^o  ft 

outwards  and  backwards,  as  in  tlie 
<lo«'k,  willow,  rosemary. 

77  7^         '  7J> 


Vorniitinii.  77,  nt'bircli  li-iif;    7n  of  lilac,  (inilulfiiu-);  7!>.  cherry  leuves,  (coiiviilute)  ;  SO,  duck 
bud,  (rcvoliiti);   81,  balm  «if  Gileud,  (involute). 

214.  The  gkneral  vernation  is  loosely  distinguished  in  descriptive 
botany  as  valvate  (edges  meeting),  and  imbricate  (edges 
overlapping),  terms  to  be  noticed   hereafter.     The  val- 
vate more  often  occurs  in  plants  with  opposite   leaves 
Imbricated  vernation  is 

F^QUiTANT  (riding  astraddle),  when  conduplicate  leaves 
alternately  embrace^the  outer  oncj  the  next  iimer,  by  92.  Vernation  of  Sy- 
its  unfolded  margins,  as  in  the  privet  and  iris. 

Obvolute,  or  half-equitant,  when  the  outer  leaf^ 
embraces  only  one  of  the  margins  of   the  inner, 
as  in  the  sage. 

Triquetrous,  where  the  bud  is  triangular  in  sec- 
tion, and  the  leaves  equitant  at  each  angle,  as  in 
the  Carices. 

215.  The  principle  of  budding.  Each  leaf-bud 
may  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  individual,  capable  of 
vegetating  either  in  its  native  position,  or  when 
removed  to  another,  as  is  extensively  practiced  in 
the  important  operation  of  budding. 

216.  BuLBLETS.  In  the  tiger-lilv,  Cicuta  bulbifera,  ooTi  Qv    ■     *i.  '^ 

»  'I  '  83, 84,  Showing  tho  process 

and  Aspidium  bulbiferum,  the  axillary  buds  spon-         of" budding." 
taneously  detach  themselves,  fall  to  the  ground,  and  become  new  plants. 
These  remarkable  little  bodies  are  called  hulblets. 


::'<' 


1902 


9 


_..0- 


THE    LEAF. 


AFTER     VII 


THE     L  EAF. 


217.  Its  importance.  The  leaf  constitutes  the  verdure  of  plants, 
and  is  by  far  the  most  conspicuous  and  beautiful  object  in  the  scenery 
of  nature.  It  is  also  of  the  highest  impoitance  in  the  vegetable  econ- 
omy, being  the  organ  of  digestion  and  respiration. 

218.  The  leaf  is  characterized  by  a  thin  and  expanded  form, 
presenting  the  largest  possible  surface  to  the  action  of  the  air  and  light, 
which  agents  are  indispensable  to  the  life  and  increase  of  the  plant. 

'J  19.  The  color  op  the  leaf  is  almost  universally  green,  which  of  all  colors  la 
the  most  agreeable  to  the  eye ;  but  its  intensity  vaiies  by  infinite  shades,  and  is 
often  finely  contrasted  with  the  more  delicate  tints  of  the  flower.  Towards  maturity 
its  verdure  is  changed,  often  to  the  most  brilliant  hues,  as  red,  crimson,  oran-re,  yel- 
low, giving  our  autumnal  forest  scenery  a  gaiety,  variety,  an  3  splendor  o^  coloring 
which  the  wildest  fancy  could  scarcely  surpass. 


m 


in    ^ 


PHYLLOTAXY,    OR    LEAF- ARRANGEMENT 

220.  As  the  position  of  the  leaf  upon  the  stem  marks  the  position  o»  t»ic  cixillar 
bud,  it  follows  that  ttie  order  of  the  leaf-arrangement  will  be  the  order  ol  the 
branches  also.  The  careful  investigation  of  this  subject  has  developed  a  science  of 
unexpected  exactness  and  beauty,  called  phyllotaxy  {<l)v?,Xov,  a  leaf,  rd^ig,  order. 


8ft 


8f 


86,  Ladlfls'-sllpper  (leaves  nlternnte) ;  86.  Synnndra  ptrnndlflora  (leavos  opp.isltp);  88,  Mede«la 
VirRlnina  (loaves  vertloiUate) ;   87,  Larix  Amoricana  (leaves  fasciculate). 


PHYLLOTAXY,    OR    LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 


47 


221.  Position  upon  the  stem.  Leaves  are  radical  when  they  grow 
out  of  the  stem  at  or  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  so  as  to  appear 
to  grow  from  the  roots ;  cauline  when  they  grow  from  the  stem,  and 
ramial  (ramus,  a  branch),  when  from  the  branches. 

222.  Insertion  upon  the  axis.  The  arrangement  of  the  scales 
and  young  leaves  in  the  bud  appears  to  be  in  close,  contiguous  circles. 
By  the  development  of  the  axis  the  leaves  are  separated,  and  their  order 
variously  modified,  according  to  the  fi^'owing  general  modes : — 

Alternate^  one  above  another  on  opp.  ute  sides,  as  in  the  elm. 

Scattered^  irregularly  spiral,  as  in  the  potato  vine. 

Bosulate,  clustered  regularly,  like  the  petals  of  a  rose,  as  in  Kiz 
plantain  and  shepherd's-purse. 

Fasciculate,  tufted,  clustered  many  together  in  the  axil,  as  seen  i  -  the 
pine,  larch,  berberry. 

Opposite,  two,  against  each  other,  at  the  same  node.     Ex.  maple. 

Verticillate,  or  whorled,  more  than  two  in  a  circle  at  each  node  as 
in  the  meadow-lily,  trumpet-weed.     We  may  reduce  all  these  modes  to 

223.  Two  general  types, — the  alternate,  including  all  cases  with 
one  leaf  at  each  node, — the  opposite,  including  cases  with  two  or  more 
leaves  at  each  node. 

224.  The  true  cjiaracter  of  the  alternate  type  may  be  learned 
■  by  an  experiment.     Take  a  straight  leafy  shoot  or  stem  of  the  elm  or 

flax,  or  any  other  plant  with  seemingly  scattered  leaves,  and  beginning 
with  the  lowest  leaf,  pass  a  thread  to  the  next  above,  thence  to  the  next 
in  the  larae  direction,  and  so  on  by  all  the  leaves  to  the  top  ;  the  thread 
will  form  a  regular  spiral. 

226.  Fasciculate  Li=;avi:s  are  the  members  of  an  undevelopetl  branch,  and  iu 


Phjrllotaxy.    89,  leaf,  branch  of  elm,— pyclc  J,    9«.  Iciify  branch  of  aider,— c  'cle  i  ;  01,  leal> 

bruDch  of  cherry,— cycle  f- 


I 


48 


PHYLLOTAXV,    OR    LEAF    ARRANGEMENT. 


case  of  the  subsequent  development  of  the  branch,  as  often  occurs  in  the  Berb- 
oris  and  lurch,  their  spiral  arrangement  becomes  manifest.  In  the  pines  the  fas- 
cicles have  fewer  leaves,  their  number  being  definite  and  cliaracteristic  of  the  species. 
Thus  P.  strobus,  the  white  pine,  has  5  leaves  in  each  fascicle,  P.  palustris,  the  long- 
leaved  pine,  has  3,  P.  inops,  2. 

2"26.  The  opposite  leaved  type  is  also  spiral.  The  leaves  in  each  circle, 
wlicther  two  or  more,  are  equidistant,  dividing  the  circumference  of  the  stem  into 
equal  arcs.  The  members  of  the  second  circle  are  not  placed  directly  above  those 
of  the  first,  but  are  turned,  as  it  were,  to  the  right  or  left,  so  as  to  stand  over  the 
intervening  spaces.  Hence  there  may  be  traced  as  many  spirals  as  there  are  leaves 
in  each  whorl. 

227.  Decussate  leaves  result  from  this  law,  as  in  the  motherwort 
and  all  the  mint  tribe,  where  each  pair  of  opposite  leaves  crosses  in  di- 
rection the  next  pair,  forming  four  vertical  rows  of  leaves.  Therefore, 
it  is 

228.  Ax  established  law  that  the  course  of  development  in  the 
growing  plant  is  universally  spiral.  But  this,  the  formative  cycle  as  it 
is  called,  hf,s  several  variatious. 

95  !>4 


93 


-^i 


92,  93.  04,  sliowinp  tlio  cnurne  of  the  spiral  threafl  and  the  order  of  the  leaf-succession  in  tiie 
ixos  of  elm,  nldur,  and  cherry.  U.*),  axis  of  Osugu-oruuge  with  a  suction  of  the  bark  peeled,  dis- 
playing the  order  of  the  leaf-scars  (cycle  |). 

229.  The  elm  cycle.  In  tae strictly  alternate  arrangement  (elm,  linden,  grasses) 
the  spiral  thread  makes  one  complete  circuit  and  commences  a  new  one  at  the  third 
loaf  The  third  leaf  stands  over  tlie  first,  the  fourth  over  ilie  second,  and  so  on, 
forming  two  vertical  rows  of  leaves.  Here  (calling  each  complete  circuit  a  cycle) 
we  observe 

230.  First,  Tliat  this  cycle  is  composed  of  two  loaves ;  seeond,  that  the  angu- 
lar distance  between  its  leaves  is  h  a  <'yclp  (180°);  third,  if  we  express  tills  cycle 
mathematically  by  j.  the  numerator  ( 1 )  will  donote  the  turns  or  revolutions,  the  de- 
nominator (2)  its  leaves,  and  the  ft-action  itself  the  angular  distance  betwcv  the 
leaves  (J  of  3(300). 


PHYLLOTAXV,    OR    LUAF    ARRANGEMENT. 


49 


lie 


231.  The  alder  cycle.  In  the  alder,  birch,  sedges,  &c.,  the  cycle  is  not  com- 
plete until  the  fovrth  leaf  is  reached.  The  fourth  leaf  stands  over  the  tirst,  the  tifth 
over  the  second,  &c.,  forming  tliree  vertical  rows.  Here  call  the  cycle  4- ;  1  denotes 
the  turns,  3  the  leaves,  and  this  fraction  itself  the  angular  distance  (J-  of  3(50*'). 

232.  The  cherry  cycle.  In  the  cherry,  app)  ,  peach,  oak,  willow,  etc.,  neither 
the  third  nor  tlie  fourth  leafj  but  the  sixth,  stands  over  the  first ;  and  in  order  to 
reach  it  the  thread  makes  two  turns  around  the  stem.  The  sixth  leaf  is  over  the 
lirst,  the  seventh  over  the  second,  &c.,  forming  five  vertical  rows.  Cnll  this  the  f 
cycle;  2  denotes  the  turns,  5  the  leaves  in  the  cycle,  and  the  fraction  itself  the  n- 
gular  distance  (f  of  360°).  * 

233.  The  Osaqe-orange  cycle.  In  the  common  hedge  plant,  Osape-orange, 
the  holly,  evening  primrose,  flax,  etc.,  we  find  no  leaf  exactly  over  the  first  until  we 
come  to  the  9th,  aud  in  reaching  it  the  spiral  makes  three  turns.  Here  the  leaves 
form  eight  vertical  rows.  It  is  a  f  cycle  ;  3  the  number  of  turns,  8  the  number  of 
leaves,  and  the  fraction  the  angular  distance  between  the  leaves  (f  of  360°). 

234.  The  cycles  compared.  These  several  fractions  which  represent  the  above 
cyclf'H  fi>— Ti  a  series  as  follows :  ^,  ^,  ^,  f,  in  which  each  term  is  the  sum  of  the  two 
preceUiu-:.  The  fiflli  terms  in  order  will,  therefore,  be  J>^;  aud  this  arrangement  is 
actually  realized  iu 


9fi.  Phyllotnxy  of  the  i-ono  (cycle  ;j*, )  <>f  Pinns  serotiiia.      it",  cherry  nycle  (j),  as  Been  from 
nbuve,  forming  iit'cessurily  thut  kind  uf  utbtivutiou  called  quinoiintiul. 

235.  The  white  pine  cycle.  In  the  young  shoots  of  the  white  pine,  in  cone.-* 
of  inoHt  pines,  in  flea-buue  (Erig^^rou  Oanadensc),  <tc.,  tlie  fourteentli  leaf  stands  over 
the  first,  the  fitleetitii  over  the  -econd,  "to.  The  spiral  tlireud  makes  fiv»  rovolu- 
tiouH  toeoinpleto  the  cych',  whioh  i.s,  tberetore,  truly  expressed  by  -5-. 

236.  The  HOUHEt.EEK  'YCM  is  next  ill  order,  expresHed  by  th*'  fraction  ('jxj:,) 
JL  having  eight  turns  aud  tweuty-4>in.  loaves.  Examples  are  found  in  the  kScoteh 
pine,  honseleek.  Jkr. 

237.  How  Ti  nETRRMrvt;  tttr  nmnER  cycles.  To  tnioe  the  course  of  the  for- 
mative spird  m  these  higlntr  cyelos  becomes  difficult  on  accfint  of  the  close  prox- 
imity of  tiie  leavew.  In  the  pine  cone  (Pig.  96,  Pinus  serotina)  several  sets  of  see- 
ondi*.-^'  ftpinils  are  seen  ;  one  stt  of  live  parallel  spirals  turniiii!;  right  (1 — 6 — 1 1 — 16, 


!■ 


60 


THE    RUOT,    OR    DESCENDING    AXIS. 


etc.,  the  common  difference  being  also  five) ;  two  sets  (one  of  three,  the  other  of 
eight)  turning  left ;  and  still  another  set,  of  thirteen,  sttepest  of  all,  turning  right 
(1 — 14 — 27,  etc.).  Now  the  sum  of  the  spirals  contained  in  the  two  steepest  sets  gives 
the  denominator  of  the  fraction  expressing  the  true  formative  spiral  sought.  Thus, 
8-|-13=-21.     The  numerator  corresponding  is  already  known,  and  the  fraction  is 

.     See  also  the  white  pine  cone,  whose  cycle  is  _»^. 

238.  Diagram  97  represents  the  leaves  of  a  cherry  cycle  as  seen  from  above,  and 
reritled  in  the  sastivatiou  of  tiie  flowers  in  the  rose-family. 


J) 

2T 


*t 


% 


MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE   LEAF. 

239.  General  character.  The  leaf  may  be  regarded  as  an  expan- 
sion of  the  substance  of  the  bark,  extended  into  a  broad  thin  plate  by 
means  of  a  woody  frame  work  or  skeleton,  issuing  from  the  inner  part 
of  the  stem.  The  expanded  portion  is  called  the  lamina  or  blade  of 
the  leaf,  and  it  is  either  sessile,  that  is,  attached  to  the  stem  by  its  base, 
or  it  is  petiolate,  attached  to  the  stem  by  a  footstalk  called  the  petiole. 

240.  Stipules.     But  the  regular  petiole  very  often  bears  at  its  base 

a  pair  of  loaf-like  appendages,  more  or  less  ap- 
parent, c?.lled  stipules.  Leaves  so  appendaged 
are  said  to  be  stipulate,  otherwise  they  are  ex- 
stipulate. 

241.  Therefore  a  complete  leaf  consists  of 
three  distinct  parts ;  the  lamina  or  blade,  the 
petioie,  and  the  stipules. 

242..  Transformations.  Both  the  petiole, 
blade  iind  stipules  are  subject  to  numerous  mod- 
iiicatitms  of  form.  Either  of  them  may  exist 
without  the  others,  or  they  may  all  be  transformed 
into  other  orpans,  as  pitchers,  spines,  tendrils, 
and  even  into  the  organs  of  the  flower,  as  will 
/; ,  hereafter  appear. 

OF  THE  PETIOLE. 

243.  The  form  of  the  distinct  petiole  ia 
rarely  cylindrical,  but  more  generally  flattened 
or  channeled  on  the  upper  side.  When  it  is 
fiattened  in  a  vertical  direction,  it  is  said  to  be 
compreHsed,  as  in  i\w  aspen  or  poplar.  In  this 
case  the  blade  is  very  unstable,  and  agitated  by 
{w.  L«ttf  of  willow  (Saiix  tj^g  \^^^l  breath  of  wind. 

Inciting ;    n,  the  stipules.    The  •     n   ix         i 

ini.lvein   is    a-lined :  veinlets         244.    ThE  WINGED   PETIOLE    IS  tlattcnctl  Or    CX- 

2-iin.-.i;  veinuU'tsNinKk'-iined.  pj^tifj,,^  i,ito  a  margin,  but   laterally  instead  of 

»9.  clover  lenvps ;    »,  stipules,  ,      ,,  •         .i  x  o  a*  aI 

p,  petiole,  /,  leaflets.  Vertically,  as   in    the   asters.      bometnnes  tliQ 


OF    THE    STIPULES. 


51 


margins  outrun  the  petioles,  and  extend  down  the  stem,  making  that 
winged  or  alate  also.  Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  decurrent  {decurroj 
run  down).     Ex.  Mullein. 

245.  The  amplexicaul  or  stem-clasping  petiole  is  dilated  at  the 
base  into  a  margin  which  surrounds  or  clasps  the  stem,  as  in  the 
umbilifers.  Frequently  we  find  the  stem-clasping  margins  largely 
developed,  constituting  a  sheath — with  free  edges  in  the  grasses,  or 
closed  into  a  tube  in  the  sedges. 

246.  The  petiole  is  simple  in  the  simple  leaf,  but  compound  or 
branched  in  the  compound  leaf,  with  as  many  branches  (petiolules) 
as  there  are  divisions  of  the  lamina. 


OF   THE  STIPULES. 

247.  Stipules  are  certain  leaf-like  expansions,  always  in  pairs,  situated 
one  on  each  side  of  the  petiole  near  the  base.  They  do  not  occur  in 
every  plant,  but  are  pretty  uniformly  present  in  each  species  of  the  same 
natural  order.  In  substance  and  color  they  usually  resemble  the  leaf, 
sometimes  they  are  colored  like  the  stem,  often  they  are  membranous 
and  colorless.  In  the  palmetto  its  substance  is  a  coarse  net-work  re- 
sembling canvass. 

100  101 


100,  Rose  liiii;  odd-pinnate,  witli  mlnato  stiimles.     1«1,  Violet,  (V.  tricolor),  with  simple  leaf 

(  Oi  (^nil  tree  compound  stipules. 

248.  Stipules  are  often  adnate  or  adherent  to  the  petiole,  as  in 
the  rose ;  more  generally  they  are  free,  as  in  the  pea  and  pansy.  In  thesi' 
cases  and  others  they  act  thie  part  of  leaves  ;  again  they  are  very  small 
and  inconspicuous. 

249.  An  ochrba  is  a  membranous  sheath  inclosing  the  stem  from 
the  node  upwards,  as  in  the  knot-grass  family  (Polygonacese).  It  is 
formed  of  the  two  stipules  cohering  by  their  two  margins.  In  case  the 
two  stipules  cohere  by  their  outer  margin  only,  a  double  stipule  is 
formed  opposite  to  the  leaf,  as  in  the  button-wood.  If  they  cohere  by 
their  inner  margin,  the  double  stipule  appears  in  the  leaf  axil,  as  in  the 
pond-wocd  (Potamogeton). 


i 


1 


!;       i 


52 


OF   THE    VEINS. 


250.  Inter-pbtiolab  stipules  occur  in  a  few  opposite  leaved  tribes,  a^  tiie  Ga- 
lium tribe.  Here  we  find  them  as  mere  bristles  in  Diodia  while  in  Galium  tliey 
look  like  the  leaves,  forming  whorls.  Such  whorls,  if  complete,  will  be  appar- 
ently 6-leaved,  consisting  of  two  true  leaves  and  four  stipules.  But  the  adjacent 
stipules  are  often  united,  and  the  whorl  becomes  4-leaved. 


102     103       104       105 
102,  Leaf  of  Conloselinuin,  tripinnate,  with  sheathing  petiole.    103,  Leaf  of  Polysoniiin  Penn- 
sylvanicum,  with  its  (o)  ochiea.    104,  Culm  of  grass,  with  joint  (,;),  leaf  (')  ligiile  (.v).    105,  Leaf 
of  pear-tree,  with  slender  stipules. 

251.  The  Ligul.:  of  grasses  is  generally  regarded  as  a  double  axil- 
lary stipule.  The  leaflets  of  compound  leaves  are  sometimes  furnished 
with  little  stipules,  called  stipels, 

252.  Stipules  are  often  fugacious,  existing  as  scales  in  the  bud, 
and  falling  when  the  leaves  expand,  or  soon  after,  as  in  the  Magnolia 
and  tulip-troe. 

OF     THE    VEINS. 

253.  Leaves,  simple  and  compound.  A  leaf  is  simple  when  its 
blade  consists  of  a  single  piece,  however  cut,  cleft  or  divided  ;  and  com- 
pound when  it  consists  of  several  distinct  blades,  supported  by  as  many 
branches  of  a  compound  petiole. 

254.  Nature  of  veins.  The  blade  of  the  leaf  consists  of,  (1)  the 
frame-work,  and  (2)  the  tissue  commonly  called  tha  pare nc hi/ ma.  The 
frame-work  is  made  up  of  the  branching  vessels  of  the  foot-stalk,  which 
are  woody  tubes  pervading  the  parenchyma,  and  conveying  nourishment 
to  every  part.  Collectively,  these  vessels  are  called  veins,  from  the 
analogy  of  their  functions. 

255.  Venation  is  a  term  denoting  the  manner  in  which  tlie  veins 
arc  divitled  and  distributed.  The  several  organs  of  venation,  differing 
from  each  other  only  in  size  and  position,  may  be  termed  the  midvein, 
veins,  veinlets  and  veintilets.  (The  old  terms,  niiih'lh  and  nerves,  being 
anatomi(!ally  absurd,  are  here  discarded). 

256.  The  midvein  is  the  principal  axis  of  the  venation,  or  prolong- 
ation of  the  petiole,  running  directly  through  the  lamina,  from  base  to 


OF    THE    VEINS. 


53 


1^ 


|o 


apex,  as  seen  in  the  leaf  of  the  oak  or  birch.  If  there  be  several  simi- 
lar divisions  of  the  petiole,  radiating  from  the  base  of  the  leaf,  they  are 
appropriately  termed  veins  ;  and  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  three-veined, 
five-veined,  etc.     Ex.  maple. 

257.  The  primary  branches  sent  off  from  the  midvein,  or  the  veins 
we  may  term  the  veinlets,  and  the  secondary  branches,  or  those  sent 
off  from  the  veinlets,  are  the  veinulets.  These  also  branch  and  subdi- 
vide until  they  become  too  small  for  vision. 


I(i6  109 

Varieties  of  venation.  106,  foather-veiiicd,— leaf  of  Betula  populifolia  (wliite  bircli).  ly  ins  upon 
a  leaf  of  plum-tree;  same  venation  witli  different  outlines.  107,  I'almate-vcined.— liiif  of  wliito 
maple,  contrasted  with  leafofCercis  Canadensis. .  108, 1'arnilel  venation.--plant  of  "tliroo-leaved 
Solomon's-seai,"  (Asterantliemum  trifoliatura  Kunth)  109,  Forked  venation,— cliiiibius;  fern 
(Lygodium). 

258.  Modes  of  venation.  Botanists  distiiiifuish  three  priticipa. 
modes  of  venation,  which  are  in  crencral  chai-actcristic  of  tlie  three 
grand  divisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  already  noticed. 

Reticul.Xte,  or  net-veined,  as  in  the  Exogens  :  thi.s  kind  of  veiuv- 
tion  is  characterized  by  the  frequent  reunion  or  inosculation  of  its  nu- 
merously branching  veins,  so  as  to  form  a  kiid  of  irregular  net  work. 

Parallel-veined,  as  in  the  Endogens.  The  veins,  whether  straight 
or  curved,  run  parallel,  or  side  by  side,  to  the  apex  of  the  leiif,  or  to  the 
margin,  and  are  always  connected  by  simple  transverse  veinlets. 

Fork-veinbd,  as  in  the  ferns  (and  other  Ci-yptoganiia,  where  veins 
are  present  at  all).  Here  the  veins  divide  and  subdivide  in  a  furcate 
manner,  and  do  not  re-unite. 


I 


11 


li- 


54 


FORM    OR    FIGURE. 


259.  Of  the  reticulate  venation,  the  student  should  carefully  note 
three  leading  forms,  the  feather-veined,  the  palmate-veined,  and  the 
tripli -veined. 

The  feather  veined  (pinni-veined)  leaf  is  that  in  which  the  venation 
consists  of  a  midvein  giving  off  at  intervals  lateral  veinlets  and  branch- 
ing veinulets.     Ex.  beech,  chestnut. 

260.  In  the  radiate-veined  (palmi-veined)  leaf  the  venation  con- 
sists of  several  veins  of  nearly  equal  size,  ladiat'ng  from  the  base 
towards  the  circumference,  each  with  it*  own  system  of  veinlets.  Ex. 
maple,  crow-foot. 

201.  The  tripli-veinrd  seems  to  be  a  form  intermediate  between 
the  two  others  when  the  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  are  conspicuously 
stronger  than  the  others  above  them  towards  the  apex,  extending  with 
the  midvein  towards  the  sammit. 

262.  In  parallel-veined  venation  the  veins  are  either  straight,  as 
in  the  linear  leaf  of  the  grasses,  curved,  as  in  the  oval  leaf  of  the 
orchis,  or  transverse  as  in  t'.io  Canna,  Calla,  &c. 

FORM   OR    FIGURE. 
114 


"0  118 

Forms  of  leaves.  110,  Rhododendron  maximum.  Ill,  Alnus  glutlnosa  (cult).  112,  Poly- 
gonum saglttatuni.  113,  Pawpaw.  114,  Impatiens  fUlva.  1 15,  Celtis  Americana.  116,  Clrcaea 
Lutetiana.    117,  Catmint.    118,  SolidagoCanadensis-atripll-velned  leaf. 

2G3.  That  infinite  variety  of  beautiful  and  graceful  forms  for  which  the  leai  is 
disfinpuished  becomes  intelligible  to  the  student  only  when  viewed  in  connection 
with  its  venation.  Since  it  is  through  the  veins  alone  that  nutriment  is  conveyed 
for  the  development  and  extension  of  the  parenchyma,  it  follows  that  there  will  be 
the  greatest  extension  of  outline  when  the  veins  are  largest  and  most  numerous. 
Consequently  the  form  of  the  leaf  will  depend  upon  the  direction  of  the  veins  and 
tlie  vigor  of  their  action  in  developing  the  intervening  tissue.     In  our  dascription 


! -f:. ; 


FORM    OR   FIGURE. 


•ft 


of  individual  forms  of  outline  we  shall  select  only  the  most  remarkable,  leaving 
others  for  explanation  in  the  glossary. 

2G4.  The  most  obvious  arrangement  is  that  which  is  founded  upon  the  modes 
of  veining ;  but  it  should  be  premised  that  different  forms  of  venation  often  give  rise 
to  the  same  outline.  Were  we  required  to  characterize  our  idea  of  the  abstract, 
typical  leaf-form,  we  should  sketch  an  oval  outline  of  surface,  with  equal  sides  and 
unequal  ends.    The  nearest  approach  to  this  we  find  among  the 


119 


120 


121 


122 


128 


124 


125        126 


Diagrams  of  pinnate-veined  leaf-forms. 


119,  orbicular, 

120,  oval. 

121,  elliptical, 

122,  oblong, 
128,  cuneiform. 


124,  spathulate, 

125,  oblanceolate, 

126,  obovate, 

127,  deltoid, 

128,  lanceolate, 

129,  ovate. 


205.  Feather-veined  leaves.  Of  these,  the  following 
forms  depend  upon  the  length  of  the  veinlets  in  relation 
to  each  other  and  to  the  midvein.  When  the  lower  veinlets  are  longer 
than  the  others,  the  form  of  the  blade  will  be  (1)  ovate,  with  the  out- 
line of  an  egg,  the  broad  end  at  the  base ;  (2)  lanceolate,  or  lance- 
shaped,  narrower  than  ovate,  tapering  gradually  upwards;  (S) deltoid  or 
triangular  shaped,  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

a.  If  the  middle  veinlets  exceed  the  others  in  length,  the  leaf  will 
be  (4)  orbicular,  roundish  or  quite  circular;  (5)  elliptical,  with  the 
outline  of  an  ellipse,  nearly  twice  longer  than  broad;  (6)  oval,  broadly 
elliptical ;  (7)  oblong,  narrowly  elliptical. 

266.  When  the  veinlets  are  more  largely  developed  in  the 
upper  region  of  the  leaf  its  form  becomes  (8)  obovate,  inversely 
ovate,  the  narrow  end  at  base ;  (9)  oblavxeolate,  that  is,  lanceolate  with 
the  narrow  end  at  base;  (10)  spatulate,  like  a  spatula,  with  a  narrow 
base  and  a  broader,  rounded  apex;  (11)  cuneate  or  cuneiform,  shaped 
like  a  wedge  with  the  Doint  backwards. 

267.  Again,  if  tub  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  are  lengthened  and 
MORE  OR  LESS  RECURVED,  the  Icaf  wiU  be  variously  modified  in  respect 
to  its  base,  becoming  (12)  cordate,  or  heart-shaped,  an  ovate  outline 
with  a  sinus  or  reentering  angle  at  base;  (If.)  auriculate,  with  ear- 
shaped  lobes  at  base;  (14)  sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes 
pointed,  and  directed  backwards;  (15)  Aas^a^e, halbert-shaped,  the  lobes 
directed  outwards. 


''^, 


lit 


rl'ti 


56 


FORM    OR   FIOUKE. 


268.  PiNNATiFiD  FORMS.     The   following  pinnate- veined   forms,  ap- 
proaching the  compound  leaf,  depend  less  upon  the  proportion  of  the 

M  196  185 


180  181  182  133 

Forms  of  leaves.  130,  Sllene  Vlrginica.  131,  Magnolia  Fraseri.  1S6.  Arabis  dentata. 
137,  Polygonum  arifolluin.  182,  Hepatica  acutlloba.  133,  Asaruiu  Virginicuin.  VU.  Hydro- 
cotyle  Americana.    135,  II.  umbeData. 

vcinlets  than  upon  the  relative  dcvcloj  iuent  of  the  intervening  tissue. 
The  prefix  pinnated  is  obviously  used  in  contrast  with  palttutted  anioiifr 
palmate-veined  forms. 

142  189  188  140  141 


Feather-veined  leaves,  approaching  the  compound.  138,  Querciis  iinbrioaria— undulate 
139,  Q.  alba  (white  oak)— iobatc-sinuate.  140,  Q.  11  a'-rocarpa— lyrate.  141.  AUilsridium  (milk- 
weed).   143,  Blplnnatifld  leaf  of  Ambrosia  artetnisifolia  (hog-weed). 

269.  PiNNATiFiD  (pinna,  feather,  fndo,  to  cloavc)  feather-cleft, 
the  tissue  somewhat  sharply  cleft  between  the  voinlcts  about  half  way 
to  the  midvein,  forming  oblong  segments.  When  the  segments  of  a 
pinnatifid  leaf  are  pointed  and  curved  backward  it  beconu's  runrinale, 
i.  I'.,  re-uncinate.     When  the  terminal   segvient  of  a  pinnatifid  leaf  is 


FOKM    OR    FIGl  HK. 


m 


orbicular  in  figure-  and  larger  than  any  other,  presenting  the  form  of  the 
ancient  lyre,  the  form  is  termed  It/rate. 


Featbcr-vetiied  leaves  almost  compound.    14S,  Nlfcelk  (pinnaHsf^ct).     144,  Clelidonium  ma- 
jus.    145,  Thistle  (Cirsium  lanceolatuni).    146,  Dandelion  (runcinate-lyrate). 

270.  PiNNATELY  PARTE  )  iiupHes  that  the  incisions  are  deeper  than 
piutmtifid,  nearly  reaching  the  midvein.  In  either  case  the  leaf  is  said 
to  be  sinuate  when  the  incisions  (sinuses)  as  well  as  the  segments  are 
rounded  and  flowing  in  outline.  Such  segments  are  lobes,  and  the  leaves 
lobate  or  lobed,  a  very  generic  term. 

^'  .  The  palmate  venation  presents  us  with  a  set  of  forms  which 
-  "f,  a  general,  broader  in  proportion  than  the  pinnate,  having  the 
breadth  about  equaling  the  length.  Such  a  leaf  may  be  rarely  broadly 
ovate  or  broadly  cordate^  terms  which  require  no  further  explanation. 
Or  it  may  be 

Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  having  a  flowing  outline  broader  than  long, 
concave  at  base  ;  or 

Peltate,  shield-form,  the  petiole  not  inserted  at  the  margin  but  ■  the 
midst  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  blade.  This  singular  form  evi  jtly 
results  from  the  blending  of  the  base  lobes  of  a  deeply  cordate  leaf,  as 
seen  in  hydrocotyle.     It  may  be  orbicular,  oval,  etc. 

27'2.  Palmate  forms.  The  following  result  from  deficiency  of  tis- 
sue, causing  deep  divisions  between  the  veins.  Leaves  thus  dissected 
arc  said  to  be  pabnately-lobed  when  either  the  segments  or  the  sinuses 
are  somewhat  rounded  and  continuous.  The  nuinber  of  lobes  is  de- 
noted by  such  terms  as  bilobate,  triloba  le,  five-lobed,  etc. 


'  ;  i 


68 


4 


FORM    OR    FIUURK. 


h  ■.<■■ 


iff  ' 

m 


Palnmte-vflined  leaves.    147,  Menlspermum  Cnnadense.    148,  Passiflora  cerulea.    149,  Broua. 

Bonetia  papyrifera.    150,  Oak  geranium. 

Leaves  are  jmlmateli/  cleft  and  palmately  parted,  according  to  the 
depth  of  the  incisions  as  above  described.     But  the  most  peculiar  modi- 
fication is 

273.  The  pedate,  like  a  bird's  foot, 
having  the  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  enlarged, 
recurved,  and  bearing  each  several  of  the 
segments  (148). 

274.  The  forms  of  the  parallel- 
veined  LEAVES  are  remarkable  for  their 
even,  flowing  outlines,  diversified  solely 
by  the  direction  and  curvature  of  the  veins. 
When  the  veins  are  straight  the  most  com- 
mon form  is 

276.  The  linear,  long  and  narrow,  with 
parallel  margins,  like  the  leaves  of  the 
grasses — a  form  which  may  also  occur  in 
the  pinnate-veined  leaf,  when  the  veinlets 
are  all  equally  shortened.  The  ensiform, 
or  sword-shaped,  is  also  linear,  but  has  its 
edges  vertical,  that  is,  directed  upward  and 
downward. 

276.  If  the  veins  curve,  we  may  have 
the  lanceolate^  elliptical^  or  even  orbicular 
forms  ;  and  if  the  lower  curve  downward* 
the  cordate,  sagittate,  etc.,  all  of  whicl-  are 
shown  in  the  cuts. 

The  palmate  or  radiate  form  is  finely  illustrated 
in  the  palmetto  and  other  paloM,  whose  large, 
fan-shaped  leaves  are  appropriately  termed  flabel- 
liform  (fan-shaped). 

277.  The  leaves  of  the  pine  and  thb  fir  tribe  (Coniferae)  gen- 
erally are  parallel-veined  also,  and  remarkable  for  their  contracted 


151,  Ensiform  leaves  of  iris. 
152.  Aceroseleavesof  Pinns.  163, 
Subnldte  leaves  of  Juniperus  com- 
munis. 


FORM    OR    FIGURE. 


50 


forms,  in  which  there  is  no  distinction  of  petiole  or  blade.  Such  arc  the 
acerose  (needle-shaped)  leaves  of  the  pine,  the  subulate  (awl-shapcd) 
and  scale-form  leaves  of  the  cedars,  etc. 

MARGIN. 

The  following  terms  apply  to  the  various  modifications  of  the  margin,  as  such, 
not  affecting  the  general  outline  of  the  leaf. 

a  b  c  d  t  f  g  h        k       I 


164.  Diagram  of  leaf-margins,    a,  entire ;  6,  undulate;  c,  repiiud  ;    </,  sjiinuus;  «,  crra.ac  ; 
/  dentate ;  g,  serrate ;  A,  laciniate  ;  k,  incised ;  I,  erose. 

2*78.  Entire,  even  edged,  having  the  tissue  completely  filled  out. 
Sometimes  a  vein  runs  along  the  margin,  which  might  otherwise  be 
easily  torn,  as  in  the  Caladium.  But  when  the  marginal  tissue  is  de- 
ficient, the  leaf  becomes 

279.  Dentate,  having  sharp  teeth  pointing  outward  from  the  centre ; 
serrate^  with  sharp  teeth  pointing  forwards,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw  ; 
crenatej  with  rounded  or  blunt  teeth.  The  terms  denticulate,  serrulate^ 
cr6nM/a/e,  denote  finer  indentations  of  the  several  kinds;  doubly  den- 
tate, &c.,  denote  that  the  teeth  are  themselves  toothed. 

280.  The  undulate,  or  wavy  edge  is  somewhat  different  from  the 
repand,  which  bends  like  the  margin  of  an  umbrella.  If  the  veins  pro- 
ject, and  are  tipped  with  spines,  the  leaf  becomes  spinous, 

281.  Irregularly  divided  margins  are  said  to  be  erose  or  jagged, 
laciniate  or  torn,  incised  or  cut. 

282.  Crisped.  Often,  instead  of  a  deficiency  there  is  a  superabun- 
dance of  marginal  tissue,  denoted  by  the  term  crispate  or  crisped. 

APEX. 
a  h  c  d         t  /  0  h         k 


I     U  ^^    'I      li        I  o     V  p     r  q 

186,  Apex  of  leaves,    a,  obcordate ;  6,  emarginate ;  c,  retuse ;  d,  trnncnte ;  e,  obtuse ;/  acute; 
g,  mucronate ;  A,  cuspidate ;  k.  acuminate. 

156.  Bases  of  leaves.    ^,  hastate;   »»,  ■»,   sapittnte;   o,  auriculnte  ;  jp,  cordate;  y,  rcnifurm. 


ti  'i  -z 


CO 


OP    THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 


28.'].  Pointed  leaves.  In  regard  to  the  termination  of  a  leaf  at  its 
apex,  it  may  be  acuminate,  ending  with  a  long,  tapering  point ;  cuspi- 
date, abruptly  contracted  to  a  sharp,  slender  point ;  mucronate,  tipped 
"with  a  fspiny  point ;  arute,  simply  ending  with  an  angle  ;  obtuse,  rounded 
at  the  point. 

28  4.  J'oiNTLEHS  LEAVES.  Or  the  leaf  may  end  without  a  point, 
being  truncate,  as  if  cut  square  oft';  retuse,  with  a  rounded  end  slightly 
depressed  where  the  point  should  be  ;  emaryinate,  having  a  small  notch 
at  the  end ;  ohconlute,  inversely  heart-shaped,  having  a  deep  indentation 
at  the  end. 

OF     THE    COiVlPOUXD    LEAF. 

285.  Theory.  If  we  conceive  of  a  simple  leaf  becoming  a  eom- 
pouta/  one,  on  the  principle  of  "  deficiency  of  tissue  between  the  veins," 
it  will  be  evident  that  the  same  forms  of  venation  are  represented  by 
tlie  branching  petioles  of  the  latter  as  by  the  veins  of  the  former. 
The  number  and  arrangement  of  the  parts  will  therefore  in  like  man- 
ner correspond  with  the  mode  of  venation. 

286.  Leaflets.  The  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf  are  called  Zea^c/s, 
and  the  same  distinction  of  outline,  margin,  &c.,  occur  in  them  as  in 
simple  leaves.  The  petiolules  of  the  leaflets  may  or  may  not  be  articu- 
lated to  the  main  petiole,  or  rachis,  as  it  is  called. 


157         Ifil         159         160  158 

Coir.jwund  leaves.    157,  Tri folium  rppenf*.    158,  Desmodium  rotundlfoliuin.    160,  Qlotiilium. 

161,  Cassia.    150,  Agrimonlu. 

28 T.  PiNNATELv  coMPoiNi).  From  the  pinnate-veined  arrangement 
we  may  iiave  the  pinnate  leaf,  where  the  petiole  (midvein)  bears  a  row 
of  leaflets  on  each  side,  either  sessile  or  petiohdate,  generally  equal  in 


OF    fHK    COMPOIND    LEAF. 


01 


(lumbtT  and  oppositt'.     It   \i^  aneqnalh/ pimtate  whew  the   rachis  bears 

ati  (xltl  terminal  leatiet,  and  eijaalhj  pinnate  when  there  is  no  terminal 

Icatljt.  and  interruptedly  pinnate  when  the  leaflets  are  alternately  large 

and  small  (159,  etc). 

•J88.  The  numbek  of  leaflets  in  the  pinnate   leaf  varies  from 

thirty  pairs  and  npwards  (:ts  in  some  acacias),  down  to  tfiree,  when  the 

hat'  is  said  to  be   ternate  or  frifoliafe  ;  or  two,   becoming   hinatr,   or 

tinally  even  to  one  leaflet  in  the  lemon.     Such   a  leaf  is  theoi'etically 

compound,  on   account  of  the   leaflet  (blade)  being   articulated  to  the 

petiole. 

168 


162  ]«5  164 

ConiiMPuml  loiivcs.    162,  Clematis.    163,  Erigcnia  bulbisa.    164,  Acaciu.     165,  Iloncy-ldcust. 

281).  A  dipinnate  leaf  (twice  pinnate)  is  formed  when  the  rachis 
hviirn  pinna'  or  secondary  pinnate  leaves,  instead  of  leaflets,  and  tripin- 
nafi'  (thrice  pinnate),  when  pinnje  take  the  places  of  the  leaflets  of  a 
bipinnate  leaf.  When  the  division  is  still  more  complicated  the  le.if  is 
(irro)npoi(H(f, 

21)0.  Transition  Li:\vp,s.  Different  dogroos  of  division  often  exist  in  different 
parts  of  tiie  .-(auio  leaf,  illiis.ratingtlio  gradual  transition  of  leaves  from  simple  to 


100 


166 


168 


167 


K.7,  Lt'iiv)n.     lOr  Jefforsonla.    169,  Potontllln  ansorina     166,  P.  trlclontnla. 


\'-^ 


mm 


1 
I 

Ml 
tii 


a.. 


!•' 


ni 


t)2 


OF   TEXTURE    AND    SURFACE. 


compound  in  all  stages.    Tlie  leaves  of  the  honey-locust  and  coflee  tree  (Gymno- 
eladus)  often  aSbrd  curious  and  instructive  examples. 

291.  A  BiTERNATE  LEAF  is  loFincd  wlieii  the  leaflets  of  a  teniate  leaf 
give  place  themselves  to  ternate  leaves,  and  triternate  when  the  leaflets 
of  a  biternatc  leaf  again  give  place  to  ternate  leaves. 

292.  Palmately  compound.  A  distinction.  The  palmate  vena- 
tion  has  also  its  peculiar  forms  of  compound  leaves,  as  ternate,  quinate, 
septinate,  etc.,  according  to  the  number  of  leaflets  which  arise  together 
from  the  summit  of  the  petiole.  Ternate  leaves  of  this  venation  are  to 
be  carefully  distinguished  from  those  of  the  pinnate  plan.  The  pal. 
matehj  ternate  leaf  consists  of  three  leaflets,  which  are  either  all  sessile 
or  stalked  alike ;  the  pinnately  ternate  has  the  terminal  leaflet  raised 
above  the  other  two  on  the  prolonged  rachis  (157,  168). 

ITI  171  170 


Insertion  of  leavee.    170,  Aster  oblonglfoHus  ?  (amplexicoul).    171,  Uvularla  perfoUata. 
172,  Lonict'ra  si'nipervirciiB,  (connate). 

With  regard  to  the  insertion  the  leaf  iti  said  to  be 

293.  Amplexicaul,  when  its  base  lobes  adhere  to  and  clasp  the  stem. 
Should  these  lobes  extend  quite  around  the  stem  and  become  blended 
together,  on  the  other  side  a  perfoliate  leaf  will  be  formed  {per,  through, 
folium,  leaf),  the  stem  seeming  to  pass  through  the  leaves. 

294.  Connate  denotes  that  the  bases  of  two  opposite  leaves  are 
united  so  as  to  form  one  piece  of  the  two. 

OF   TEXTURE   AND   SURFACE. 

In  descriptive  botany  it  is  also  noodftU  to  regard  the  variations  of  loaves  in  tho 
above  respects.  Tho  terras  which  we  briefly  notice  below  are  equally  applicable  to 
any  other  organs. 


THAN'SFORMATIONS    OF    THE    LEAF. 


68 


295.  In  texture  leaves  may  be  membranous,  or  coriaceous  (leatlitiy), 
or  succulent  (fleshy),  or  searious  (dry),  rugous  (wrinkled),  tkc,  which 
terms  need  only  to  be  mentioned. 

296.  In  the  quality  of  surface,  the  leaf  may  be  glabrotis  (smooth), 
destitute  of  all  hairs,  bristles,  <fec.,  or  scabrous  (rough),  with  minute, 
hard  points,  hardly  visible. 

297.  A  DENSE  COAT  OF  HAIRS  wiU  render  the  leaf  pubescent  when 
the  hairs  are  soft  and  short ;  villous  when  they  are  rather  long  and 
weak  ;  sericeous,  or  silky,  when  close  and  satin-like  ;  such  a  coat  may 
also  be  lanuginous,  woolly  ;  tomentous,  matted  like  felt ;  or  Jloccose,  in 
soft,  fleecy  tufts. 

298.  Thinly  scattered  hairs  render  the  surface  hirsute  when  they 
are  long ;  pilous  when  short  and  soft ;  hispid  when  short  and  stitt'.  The 
surface  will  be 

299.  Setous,  when  beset  with  bristly  hairs  called  setae  ;  and  spinous 
when  beset  with  spines,  as  in  the  thistle  and  horse-nettle.  Leaves  may 
also  be  armed  with  stinging  hairs  which  are  sharp  and  tubular,  con- 
taining a  poisonous  fluid,  as  in  nettles  and  Jatropha  stimulans. 

300.  A  PRUIN0U8  surface  is  covered  with  a  bluish-white  waxy  pow- 
der, called  bloom,  as  in  the  cabbage,  and  a  punctate  leaf  is  dotted  with 
colored  points  or  pellucid  glands. 

301.  Double  terms.  The  modilications  of  leaves  are  almost  ondloss.  Many 
other  terms  are  defined  in  the  glossary,  yet  it  will  be  found  often  noces.«ary  in  the 
exact  description  of  a  plant  to  combine  two  or  more  of  tl.e  terms  defined  in  order 
to  express  some  intermediate  figure  or  quality;  tlius  ovate-lanceolate,  signifying  a 
form  between  ovate  and  lanceolate,  etc. 

302.  Sub.  The  Latin  preposition  sub  (under)  prefixed  to  a  descriptive  term  de- 
notes the  quality  which  the  term  expresses,  in  a  lower  degree,  as  subsessik,  nearly 
sessile,  sv^errate,  somewhat  serrate. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 


TRANSFORMATIONS     OF     THE     LEAF. 


ITithorto  we  have  considered  the  leaf  as  foliage  merely — constituted  the  fit  organ 
of  aeration  by  its  large  expansion  of  surface.  This  is  indeed  the  chief,  but  not  the 
only  aspect  in  whicli  it  is  to  bo  viewed. 

803.  The  leaf  is  a  typical  form,  that  is,  the  type  or  idea  from  which 
the  Divine  Architect  derived  the  form  of  every  other  appendage  of  the 
plant.  To  trace  out  this  idea  in  all  the  disguises  under  which  it  lurks 
is  one  of  the  first  aims  of  the  botanist.  Several  of  these  foims  of  dis- 
guise have  already  been  noticed,  c  //. 


k 


mm 


04 


TKANSFORMATIONS    OF    THE    LEAF. 


304.  The  scales  which  clothe  tlie  various  forms  of  scale-stems  are 
leaves,  oi-  more  usually  petioles,  reduced  and  distorted,  perhaps  by  the 
straitened  circumstances  of  their  underground  growth.  The  scales  of 
corms  and  rhizomas  are  mostly  mere  membranes,  while  those  of  the  bulb 
are  fleshy,  soi'ving  as  depositories  of  food  for  the  future  use  of  the  plant. 
That  these  s<'alos  are  leaves  is  evident,  1st,  from  their  position  at  the 
nodes  of  the  stem,  2d,  from  their  occasional  development  into  true 
leaves. 

805.  Iko  scales.  The  brown  scales  which  cover  winter  buds  are  of 
the  same  nature  and  origin. 

300.  The  cotyledons  of  seeds  or  seed-lobes  are  readily  recognized 
as  leaves,  especially  when  they  arise  above  ground  in  germination,  and 
form  the  first  pair  upon  the  young  plant,  as  in  the  beech-nut  and  squash 
seed.  Their  deformity  is  due  to  the  starchy  deposits  with  which  they 
are  crammed  for  the  nourishment  of  the  embryo  when  germinating, 
and  also  to  the  way  in  which  they  are  packed  in  the  seed. 

307.  Phvllodia  are  certain  leaf-forms,  consisting  of  petioles  exces- 
sively compressed,  or  expanded  vertically  into  margins,  while  the  true 
loniina  is  partly  or  entirely  suppressed.  Fine  examples  are  seen  in  our 
greenhouse  acacias  from  Australia.  Their  vertical  or  edgewise  position 
readily  distinguishes  them  from  true  leaves. 


|i'  , 


!:■!  1T4       175        nc  177 

Asciilin.     17.1,  \i'|>untln  .-^.      174.  SavmciMiia  psitliicina,    175,  S.  purpurea.     Ufi,  S.  Oronovii,  />. 
Diuininoixlii.     177,  Acacia  lictcnipliylla,  its  pliyllodla, 

i'.OS.  AsciDiA  or  pitcluTS,  are  surprisinfj;  I()riii8  of  loaves,  expressly  contrived,  n3 
il'  liy  art.  for  lioldinjj  water.  The  pitchers  of  Sarraceiiia,  wlioso  several  species  nro 
eoiDiiKin  ill  hotijs  Nortii  and  Sniitii,  iiro  evidently  formed  by  the  blending  of  the  in- 
\niuto  iiiari^iiis  of  the  broadly  winged  pt!tioles,  so  as  to  form  a  complete  vase.  The 
broad  (■xpaiision  wliioh  appears  at  the  top  may  be  regarded  ns  the  'u:  )in>»  These 
piti'liers  eoiitaiii  water,  in  wliieh  insects  are  drowned,  being  p'.ovortod  froiu  eecajn 
ing  liy  tiie  doliexed  hairs  at  the  mouth. 


r,. 


TRANSFORMATIONS    OF    THE    UKAF. 


t)5 


^:x^-'^^l,t 


309.  Nepentuks.  The  yreenhoUHe  pitclier-pliiut  1*4  i»  Imtivt'  of  <lie  East  Indios<. 
Its  proper  leaves  are  sessile  and  lanceolate,  The  mldveiu  extends  beyond  the  apex 
like  a  tendril,  to  the  length  of  six  or  eight  inciies.  The  extremity  oi'  tliis  tendril  is 
iurtated  into  a  hollow  vessel,  similar  to  a  pitcher,  and  usually  contains  aVtout  half  ti 
pint  of  pure  water.  It  is  tViruished  with  a  leafy  lid  connected  to  it  by  a  ligament 
•vhich  expands  or  contracts  according  to  the  slate  of  the  atmosphere,  so  that  tiie 
cap  is  open  in  damp  weather  and  closed  in  dry. 

310.  DlscaiDi.v.  Another  wonderful  provision  of  this  khid  is  observed  in  a  plant 
growing  in  tho  forests  of  India,  calli.'d  Dischidia.  It  is  a  twining  j)lant,  ascending 
the  tall  trees  to  the  distance  of  a  hvmdred  feet  from  its  roots,  and  destitute  of  leaves 
except  near  its  top.  The  pitchers  seem  formed  of  a  leaf  with  itsedgis  rolled  in- 
ward and  adherent,  and  its  upper  end  or  mouth  is  open  to  receive  w  iiatever  moist- 
ure may  descend  into  it.  But  the  greatest  marvel  in  its  structure  is  that  several 
bindles  of  absorbent  tibre.s,  resemMiiig  roots,  are  sent  out  from  the  nearest  parts  of 
the  stem,  enter  the  pitchers,  and  sjiread  themselves  through  the  cavit}'. 

311.  Air  bladders.  Mjuiv  weak-steiiuned  water  plants  are  furnislicMl 
with  little  sacks  filled  with  air  to  buoy  them  up  near  to  the  siirface. 
Such  arc  the  bladders  of  the  coninioii  bladderwort,  formed  from  the 
leaf  lobes.  In  the  horned-bladdcrwort  the  floats  are  made  of  the  six 
upper  inflated  petioles  lying  upon  the  surface  of  the  water  like  awheel- 
shaped  raft,  and  sustaininflf  the  flower  upon  its  own  elevated  stalk. 

312.  The  leap  op  Venus'  fly-trap  (Dionira),  native  of  Carolina,  is  also  of  curious 
design.  At  the  end  of  the  leaf  are  two 
lobes  bordered  with  spines.  In  the 
cavity  between  the  lobes  are  several 
sharp  points  projecting  upwards,  and  a 
gland  which  secretes  a  liquor  iittractive 
to  in,sects.  But  when  an  uiducky  Hy, 
in  search  of  food,  alights  upon  it,  the 
irritable  lobes  instantly  close  and  im- 
pale him  in  their  fatal  embrace, 

313.  The  Tendril  is  a  thread- 
like coiling  appendage  furnished 
to  certain  weak-stemmed  plants  as 
their  means  of  support  in  place.  ns,  Lenvos  of  Vonns' fly-trnp  (DIomuh), 
Its  first  growth  is  straight,  and  it  reinains  so  until  it  reaches  some  ob- 
ject, when  it  immediately  coils  itself  about  it,  and  thus  acquires  a  firm, 
though  elastic  hold.  This  beautiful  ajypendage  is  fim^ly  exemplified  in 
the  Cucurbitaceje  and  grai)e,  above  cited;  al.xo  in  manv  species  of  the 
pea  tribe  (Legumiuosu',),  when  it  is  appended  to  the  leaves.  It  is  not 
a  new  organ,  but  some  old  one  tran.sformed  and  adaptetl  to  a  new  pur- 
]»ose.  In  Gloriosa  superba  the  midvrin  of  the  leaf  is  ])rolonged  bcyoml 
the  blade  into  a  coiling  tendril.  In  the  pea,  vetch,  etc,  tlu^  tendrils 
represent  the  attenuated  leaf  blades  themselves.  Again,  the  entire  leaf 
sometimes  becomes  a  tendril  Lathy rus,  while  the  stipules  act  as 
leaves. 

5 


B,««WV.M»a 


f 


w 


66 


TRANSFORMATIONS    OF    THE    LEAF. 


11' 


314.  The  petiole  of  the  leaf  of  Clematis,  otherwise  unchanged, 
coils  like  a  tendril  for  the  support  of  the  vine.  In  the  o^reenbriar,  the 
stipules  are  clianged  to  tendrils,  which  thus  arise  in  pai  from  the  base 
of  the  petioles.     So  probably  in  the  gourd  tribe. 

315.  But  the  tendrils  of  the  grape-vine  are  of  a  different  nature.  From 
their  position  opposite  the  leaves,  and  the  tubercles  occasionally  seen  upon  them, 
representing  flower  buds,  they  are  inferred  to  be  abortive,  or  transformed  flower- 
ettilks. 


179  180  ISl  182 

Thorns.     179,  Cratuijius  i)arvifolia  (thorns  axillary.)     ISC,  Iloney-lociist.    181,  Common  locust. 

182.  Berberis,  f,  a,  its  thorns. 

316.  Spines.  Many  plants  are  armed,  as  if  for  self-defense,  with 
hard,  sharp-pointed,  woody  processes,  called  spines  or  thorns.  Those 
which  are  properly  called  spines  ori^^inate  from  leaves.  In  Berberis 
tlie  spines  are  evidently  transformed  leaves,  is  the  same  plant  exhibits 
leaves  in  every  stage  of  the  metamorphosis.  In  goat's-thorn  (Astraga- 
lus tragacanthus)  of  S.  Europe,  the  petioles  change  to  spines  after  tlie 
leaflets  fall  otf.  In  the  locust  (Robinia),  there  is  a  pair  of  spines  at  the 
base  of  the  petiole,  in  place  of  stipules. 

317.  Thorns  originate  from  axillary  buds,  and  are  abortive  branches.  This  is 
evident  from  tlieir  position  in  the  hawthorn  and  Osage  orange.  Thea])ple  and  pear 
tree  in  their  wild  state  produce  thorns,  but  by  cultivation  become  thornless, 
that  is,  the  axillary  buds,  through  better  tillage,  develop  branches  instead  of  thorns. 
Tiie  terrible  branching  thorns  of  the  honey-locust  originate  just  above  the  axil,  from 
accessory  buds. 

318.  Prickles  differ  from  either  spires  or  thorns  growing  from  the  epidcrmi;! 
upon  stems  or  loaves,  at  no  determinate  point,  and  consisting  of  hardened  cellular 
tissue,  as  in  the  rose,  bramble.  f 

319.  Bracts.  By  a  more  gentle  transformation,  leaves  pass  into 
bracts,  which  are  those  smaller,  reduced  leaf-forms  situated  near  aiul 
among  the  flowers.     So  gradual  is  the  transition  from  leaves  to  bracts 


INFLORESCENCE. 


m 


in  the  peony,  c.  ff.,  that  no  absolute  limits  can  be  assigned.     Equally 
gradual  is  the  transition  from  bracts  to  sepals  of  the  flower — affording 
a  beautiful  illustration  of  the  doctrine  of  metamorphosis.      (374.) 
Bracts  will  be  further  considered  under  the  head  of  Inflorescence. 


18*  188  ■ 

Bracts     188,  Plnckneya  pubens ;  b,  colored  bracts  (radiate  sepals).    184,  Zornia  tetraphylla ;  &, 

bracts  (enlarged  stipules). 


■' 


CHAPTER      IX. 

INFLORESCENCE. 

320.  The  functions  of  plant-life  are  two-foli*,  namely,  vegetation  and  re- 
production :  tlie  former  looking  to  the  preservation  of  the  individual  plant  itself^ 
the  latter  to  tiie  species.  Corresponding  with  this  view,  there  are  also  two  classes 
of  organs.  Having  considered  the  former  class,  that  is,  the  organs  of  vegetation,  we 
come  now  to  the  organs  of  reproduction,  including  the  flower,  the  fruit,  and  the 
seed. 

.3'21.  Inflorescence  is  a  term  denoting  the  arrangement  of  the 
flowers,  and  their  position  upon  the  plant. 

322.  Origin  of  flower  buds.  All  the  buds  of  a  plant  are  supposed 
to  be  oriffinally  of  one  and  the  same  nature,  looking  to  the  production 
of  v<\getative  organs  only.  But  at  a  certain  period,  a  portion  of  the 
buds  of  the  living  plant,  by  an  unerring  instinct  little  understood,  are 
converted  from  their  ordinary  intention  into  flower  buds. 

323.  Proof  of  this  theory.  That  this  is  the  origin  of  tiio  flower  bud  is  evident 
from  the  known  effects  of  cultivation,  causing  it  to  revert  partly  or  wholly  to  its 
former  intention,  as  in  the  green  rose,  when  the  petals,  &c.,  all  return  to  leaves;   iu 


I 


08 


INFLOKKSCEN'CE. 


the  proliferous  rose  wlien  the  axis  grows  on  through  the Hov.er  bearing  loaves  above 
it.  In  some  histauces  the  skillful  gardener  learns  how  to  eflect  tiiis  intertliuuge  uf 
nature  in  the  buds  at  pleasure. 

324.  Hence  in  position  and  arkangement  flower  buds  can  not 
differ  from  leaf  buds,  and  bolli  are  settled  bv  the  same  unerritK'-  Jaw 
which  determines  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves.  Acoordintrlv  the 
flower  bud  is  always  found  either  terminal  or  axillary. 

325.  A  single  bud,  whether  terminal  or  axillary,  may  develop  either 
a  compound  inflorescence,  consisting  of  several  flowers  with  their  stalks 
and  bracts,  or  a  solitari/  inflorescence,  consisting  of  a  single  flower. 

326.  The  flower-bud  is  incapable  of  extension.  While  the  leaf- 
bud  may  unfold  leaf  after  leaf  and  node  after  node  to  an  indefinite  ex- 
tent, the  flower-bud  blooms,  dies,  and  arrests  for  ever  the  extension  of 
the  axil  which  bore  it. 

327.  The  peduncle  is  the  flower-stalk.  It  bears  no  leaves,  t^r  at 
least  only  sucn  as  are  reduced  in  size  and  changed  in  form,  called  (tracts. 
If  the  peduncle  is  wanting  the  flower  is  said  to  be  sessile. 

328.  The  simple  peduncle  bears  a  single  flower  ;  but  if  the  pedun- 
cle be  divided  into  branches,  it  bears  several  flowers,  and  the  final  divis- 
ions bearing  each  a  single  flower,  are  called  pedicels. 

329.  The  scape  is  a  flower-stalk  which  springs  from  a  subterranean 
stem,  in  such  })lants  as  are  called  stemless  or  acaulescent,  as  the  prim- 
rose, tulip,  blood-root.  Like  the  peduncle  it  is  leafless  or  with  biacts 
only,  and  may  be  either  simple  or  branched. 

330.  The  raciiis  [paxtg,  spine)  is  the  axis  of  the  inflorescene(\  or 
the  main  stem  of  the  compound  peduncle  along  which  the  pedicels  are 
arranged. 

331.  Thk  torus  or  Receptaole  is  the  end  or  summit  of  the  tlowor- 
stalk. 

187  ill  1S6 


Anoii)al()ii8  peduncles.   18B,  Llnden-trec.  1S6,  Butchor's-broom.  187,  Xylophj-lla.  18e,Cc)olcsi'(i[nl). 


INFLOKKSCENCE. 


01) 


332.  The  pcdnncle  is  subject  to  endless  modificUions,  Wo  find  it  sonietimea 
excessively  letjgthened,  again  very  short  or  whollv  wanting ;  very  slender  or  very 
tliick.  In cockpcomb  its  branches  are  blended  ii»to  a  thick,  fun-shaped  mass;  in 
butchcr's-broom  it  expands  into  the  form  of  a  green  leaf,  and  in  the  linden-tret'  into 
a  seal-like  bract.     In  Xylopliylla  it  is  foiiaceous,  bearing  flowers  along  its  margins. 

833.  Uracts.  The  branches  of  the  inflorescence  arise  from  the 
axils  of  reduced  leaves,  called  bracts.  These  leaves,  still  smaller,  throw- 
ing upon  the  pedicels,  are  called  hracteol's. 

334.  The  bracts  are  usually  simphi  :'n  outline  and  snudier  than  the 
leaf,  often  gradually  diminishing  to  mere  points,  as  in  Aster*  <>r  even 
totally  suppressed,  as  in  the  Cruciferse. 

936.  In  color  they  are  usually  green,  often  colored,  sometimes  bril- 
liantly, as  in  painted-cup.  Sometimes  they  are  scale-like,  and  again 
tliev  arc  evanescent  membranes. 

336.  The  spathe  is  a  larije  bract  formed  in  some  of  the  monoeotvle- 
dons,  enveloping  the  inflorescence,  and  often  colored  as  in  the  Arum, 
C'alla,  or  membranous  as  in  the  onion  and  daflfodil.  Bracts  also  con- 
stitute an 


m 


191  190  1S9 

Bracts  (Ji,  h,  h,).  1S9,  Cornus  Canadensis,  with  an  involucre  of  4  coloreil  bracts.  190,  Ui'patica 
triloba,  with  an  involucre  of  3  green  bracts.  191,  Culla  palustrls,  ullli  a  colored  spatlic  of  one 
bract. 

337.  Involucre  when  tliey  are  collected  into  a  whorl  or  spiral 
group.  In  the  Phlox,  Dodecatheon,  and  generally,  the  involucre  is 
green,  but  sometimes  colored  and  petaloi<l,  as  in  dogwood  and  Euphor- 
bia. Situated  at  the  base  of  a  compound  umbel,  it  is  called  a  general 
involucre,  at  the  base  of  a  partial  umbel  it  is  a  pnrtinl  involucre  or  in- 
volucel,  both  of  which  are  seer   in  the  umhi'lHtel'/tl. 

338.  In  the  composit.k,  where  the  flowers  are  crowded  upon  a  i-oin- 
iiion  torus,  forming  what  is  called  a  rompoand  Jfoiner,i\n  invohn.'re  com- 
posed of  many  imbricate<l  scales  (bracts)  surrounds  them  as  a  calyx 
surrounds  a  simple  flower.  The  chaflf  also  upon  the  toiiis  aie  bi.iets 
)o  \vl|jo)4  each  tiorot  is  axillary. 


1 


^ 


!   ■ 


jH 


t  . 


V 


&■ 


A. 


70 


INFLORESCENCE. 


193 


■,    ■! 

;■!;■ 


195  194  192 

192,  irili;iiit)iii.s  trriissp-soiratiis.  /,  Involucre  ;  r.  rirs,  or  Ululate  flowers;  193,  one  of  the 
di^k  rto\vcr>  with  its  cliaff-sc.ile  (bract).  194,  Acorn  of  uioss-cup  oak  (Q.  macrophylla).  195, 
Poa  jiraten.-is  ;  /;  spikelet  entire,  g,  gluuies,  separated  ;  c,  a  flower  separated,  displaying  the  twu 
pak'se,  o  stamens,  and  'i  styles. 

330.  In  the  grasses  the  bracts  subsist  under  the  general  name  of 
chaff.  The  bracts  situated  at  the  base  of  a  spikelet  of  flowers,  are 
called  tlio  glumes,  corresponding  to  the  involucre.  Those  situated  at 
the  base  of  each  separate  flower  are  palece^  answering  to  the  calyx  or 
corolla.  The  pieces  of  which  each  calj/x  is  composed  (generally  two) 
are  called  valves  or  pales. 

340.  Other  examples  of  the  involucre  are  seen  in  the  cup  of  the 
acorn,  the  burr  of  the  chestnut,  beech,  etc. 

341.  The  forms  of  inflorescence  are  exceedingly  various,  but  may 
all  be  referred  to  two  classes,  as  already  indicated ;  the  axillary^  in 
which  all  the  flowers  arise  from  axillary  buds,  the  terminal,  in  which  all 
the  flower-buds  are  terminal. 

342.  Axillary  inflorescence  is  called  indefinite,  because  the  axis, 
being  terminated  by  a  leaf-bud,  continues  to  grow  on  indefinitely,  de- 
veloping bracts  with  their  axillary  flowers  as  it  grows.  It  is  also  called 
centripetal,  because  in  the  order  of  time  the  blossoming  commences 
with  the  circumference,  and  proceeds  towards  the  centre  in  case  of  a 
level  topped  cluster,  as  the  hawthorn,  or  with  the  base,  and  proceeds 
towards  the  summit  in  case  of  the  lengthened  cluster,  as  the  mustard. 

The  student  will  readily  perceive  that  the  circumference  of  a  depressed 
(flattened)  inflorescence  corresponds  to  the  base  of  a  lengthened  one ; 
and  also  that  the  centre  of  the  former  answers  to  the  summit  of  the 
latter.  For  when  the  axis  or  rachis  is  lengthened,  it  is  the  centre  which 
bears  it  along  with  it  at  its  apex,  leaving  the  circumference  at  the  base. 

343.  Terminal  inflorescence,  on  the  other  hand,  is  definite,  im- 
plying that  the  growth  of  the  axis  as  well  as  of  each  branch  is  definitely 
arrested  and  cut  short  by  a  flower.     It  is  also  centrifugal,  because  the 


INFLORESCENCE. 


71 


blossoming  commences  with  the  central  flower  and  proceeds  in  order 
to  the  circumference,  as  in  the  sweet-william,  elder,  hydrangea. 

In  this  kind  of  inflorescence  all  the  flowers  arc  considered  tonnirial  because  they 
do  in  fact  (except  the  first  which  terminates  the  axis)  terminate  latf.ral  branches 
8U  cessively  produced  on  a  definite  plan  at  the  node  ne^t  below  the  primary  flower. 

344.  Both  kinus  of  inflokescexce  are  occasionally  combined  in  the  samo 
plant,  wliere  the  general  system  may  be  distinguished  from  the  partial  clu-iers 
which  compose  it.  Thus  in  the  Compositse,  wliilo  the  florets  of  each  head  u[)en 
ceutripetiiUy,  the  general  inflorescence  is  centrifugal,  that  is,  the  terminal  head  i^ 
developed  before  the  lateral  ones.  But  in  the  Labiata)  the  partial  clusters  (verticil- 
asters)  op'>n  centrifugally  while  the  general  inflorescence  is  indefinite,  proceeding 
from  the  base  upwards. 

345.  Of  centripetal  or  axili  .ry  inflorescence  the  principal 
VARIETIES  ARE  the  spikc,  spadix,  catkin,  rareme,  corymb,  umbel,  pani- 
cle, thyrse,  head. 

346.  The  spike  is  a  long  rachis  with  sessile  flowers  either  scattered, 
clustered,  or  crowded  upon  it,  as  plai  tain,  muUeiii,  vervain.  The  so- 
called  spikes  of  the  grasses,  as  wheat,  timothy,  are  in  fact  compound 
spikes,  bearing  little  spikes  or  spikelets  in  place  of  single  flowers. 

347.  The  spadix  is  a  thick,  fleshy  rachis  with  flowers  closely  sessile 
cr  imbedded  on  it,  and  usually  with  a  spathe,  as  in  the  Arum,  or  with- 
out it,  as  in  the  Typha. 


200,  Spiranthes  cernua;  flowers  in  a  twisted  spike.    201,  Orontium  aquaticum ;  flow«,raoB  * 
naked  spadix.    202,  Betula  lenta;  flowers  in  aments. 

348.  The  catkin  or  amentum  is  a  slender,  pendant  rachis  witVi  scaly 
bracts  subtending  the  naked,  sessile  flowers,  and  usually  caducous,  as  in 
birch,  beech,  oak,  willow. 

349.  The  raceme  is  a  rachis  bearing  its  flowers  on  distinct,  simple 
pedicels.  It  may  be  erect,  as  in  hyacinth,  Pyrola,  or  pendulous,  as  in 
currant,  blackberry. 


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Sciences 

(Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  USIO 

( 71* )  •73-4903 


\ 


72 


INFLHRKSCK.VCK. 


350.  The  corymb  differs  from  the  raceme  iri  luivinjx  tl»e  lower  jicdi' 
eels  lengthened  so  as  to  elevate  all  the  flowers  to  about  tiie  same  level, 
as  in  the  wild  thorn. 


ft 


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Hi 


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4.  ■, 


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20T    !i05  204  2oe  203 

203,  Andromeda  racemosa;  flowers  in  asecund  raceme.  204.  Verbascum  Bhttaria;  raoeme. 
2(15  Lollum  perenne  ;  a  compound  spike  or  a  spike  of  spikelets.  206,  Dipsacus  syjvestris  •  licad 
with  an  Involucre  of  leaver     207,  Osinorliiza  longistylis ;  a  compound  umbel.    208,  Its  fruit. 

351.  An  umbel  consists  of  several  pedicels  of  about  equal  length 
radiating  from  the  same  point,  the  top  of  the  common  poduncUras 
milk  weed,  ginseng,  onion.     When  the  pedicels  of  an  umbel  become 


20*,  Btapbylea  trifolia;  a  pendulous,  paniculate  cyme.    210,  Catslpa;  apanicli 


l'^' 


INFLORESCENCE. 


7.'} 


'■I 


themselves  umbels,  as  in  caraway  and  most  of  the  Umbeliferae,  a  mm- 
■pottnd  umbel  is  produced.  Such  secondary  umbels  are  called  umbtllets 
and  the  primary  pedicels,  rays. 

352.  The  panicle  is  a  compound  inflorescence  formed  by  the  irregu- 
lar branching  of  the  pedicels  of  the  raceme,  as  in  oats,  spear-grass, 
(-'atalpa. 

353.  A  TiiYRs*:  is  a  sort  of  compacit,  oblong,  or  pyramidal  panicle,  as 
in  lilac,  grape. 

354.  A  ii.iAD  OR  CAPiTiLUM  is  a  sort  of  reduced  umbel,  having  the 
flowers  all  sessile  upon  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  as  in  the  button  snake- 
root,  button-bush,  clover. 

B'lt  the  more  common  examples  of 
the  oapiiuluiu  are  seen  in  the  Compos- 
itif,  wlure  the  summit  of  the  peduncle, 
tliat  is,  the  receptacle,  is  dilated,  bear- 
ing the  sessile  flowers  above,  and  scale- 
lil\e  bracts  around,  as  an  involucre. 

355.  The  capitulum  of  the 
CoMi'OsiT.ii  is  often  called  a  com- 
ponnd  flotecr  from  its  resem- 
blance, the  involucre  answering 
to  a  calyx,  the  rayn  to  the  corolla. 
The  flowers  are  called  Jforets, 
those  of-  the  outer  circle,  Jlorets 
of  the  rni/,  generally  difterinjv 
in  form  from  those  of  the  cen- 
tral portions,  the  Jlorets  of  the 
disk. 

356.  Of   terminal    inflores- 
cence THE  FOLLOWING    VARIETIES 

are     described :     cyme,    fascicle 

(verticilaster),  glomerulo. 

2is 


Venonia  fiisciculata;  flowers  In  a  dlacoiil 
head  with  nn  irnbricatud  invuhicre.  211,  A 
s'ngle  tt  -ver  romoining  on  the  receptacle.  212. 
A  fru'  .  .ned  with  the  pappus.  213,  Muli:e- 
dir  ,  a  bead.  214,  A  single  tlower  rninainiii!^ 
un  the  receptacle.    21S,  A  fruit  with  pN'Pii»- 


Diaprains;  21(1  of  a  cyme ;  flowers  numbered  In  the  order  of  their  development.  217,  Cyme  Am- 
Ugiate.    218,  Cyme  half  developed -b  soorpoid  racame. 

857.  Cyme  is  a  general  term  denoting  any  inflorescence  with  centri- 


iL.; 


■ttik 


Stit 


^y 


It 


I 


74 


INfLOBSSCENCE. 


fugal  evolutions,  but  is  properly  applied  to  that  level-topped  or  fastigiate 
form  which  resembles  the  corymb,  as  in  the  elder.  If  it  is  loosely 
spreading,  not  fastigiate,  it  is  cal'ed  a  cyniose  panicle^  as  in  the  chick- 
weed,  spergula,  etc.  If  it  be  rounded,  as  in  the  snowball,  it  is  a  fflohous 
cyme. 

MO  219 


220,  Myosotis  palustris;  scorpoid  racemes.    219,  Stellaria  media ;  a  regular  cyme. 

358.  A  SCORPOID  CYME,  as  seen  in  the  sundew,  Seduni,  and  borrage 
family,  is  a  kind  of  coiled  raceme,  unrolling  as  it  blossoms.  It  is  un- 
derstood to  be  a  half-developed  cyme,  as  illustrated  in  the  cut. 

359,  The  peculiar  evolution  of  the 
CYME  is  well  illustrated  in  the  chick-weed 
(Alsine  media).  The  first  opening  flower 
terminates  the  axis  and  stops  its  growth. 
Then  from  the  pair  of  axils  next  below  issue 
two  opposite  branches,  each  bearing  a  pair 
of  leaves  and  a  terminal  flower.  Nexr,,  the 
same  process  is  repeated  with  each  of  these 
two  branches,  and  so  on  indefinitely.  Thus 
the  stem  becomes  repeatedly  forked,  each 
fork  having  an  older  flower  in  its  angle. 

3G0.  Evolution  of  the  scoRPOin  ra- 
CEME.  But  let  only  one  branch  be  developed 
at  tlte  node  next  below  the  flower,  and  tliat 
always  on  the  same  side,  and  wo  have  a 
scorpoid  raceme  or  cyme.  Other  irregulari- 
ties occasioned  by  partial  development  may 
also  variously  disguise  the  cyme, 

361.  Fascicle.     This  is  a  modifi- 
cation of  the  cyme,  with  crowded  and 
nearly  sessile  flowers,  as  in  sweet-william  (Dianthus). 

362.  Glomerulb,  an  axillary  tufted  cluster,  with  a  centrifugal  evolu' 
tion,  frequent  in  the  Labiatse.  etc.     When  they  occur  i  i  the  axils  of 


331,  Bptgelia  Martlandloa ;  a  scorpoid 
raceme. 


i 


FLOWERING. 


75 


opposite  leaves  and  meet  around  the  btem,  each  pair  constitutes  a  ver- 
ticilaster  or  verticil,  as  in  catmint,  hoarhound. 

363,  How  THESE  MODES  ARE  MUTUALLY  RELATED.  All  the  forma  of  inflorescence 
above  described  may,  after  all,  be  shown  to  be  but  modifications  of  a  single  ty'»o, 
as  follows : 

Let  us  commence  with  the  spike,  a  slender  rachis  with  sessile  flowers.  Conceive 
that  pedicels  be  developed  for  the  flowers,  =  a  raceme  ;  let  tlio  pedicels  branch,  — 


228       227       226 


225 


224 


223 


222 


221 


Diagrams  illustrating  the  forms  of  inflorescence ;  graduated  from  tlie  spike  tu  the  uuiiipound 
umbel,  showing  how  related  to  each  other. 

a  panicle ;  or  let  them  all  bo  lengthened  to  the  height  of  the  rachis,  =-  a  corymb. 
Now  suppress  tlie  rachis  to  a  p  jint,  making  all  the  pedicels  equal,  =—  au  umbel. 
Once  more,  suppress  all  the  pedicels,  =  a  head.  Now,  if  in  each  case  we  suppose 
the  evolutions  of  the  flowers  to  be  reversed,  we  have  a  cymose  inflorescence.  Fi- 
nally, l.y  a  metamorphosis  still  more  remarkable, 

The  entire  inflorescence  is  sometimes  transformed  into  attenuated 
tendrils,  as  in  the  grape. 

FLOWERING. 

364.  Definition.  In  the  bud  the  floral  leaves  (sepals  and  petals) 
infold  the  floral  organs  (stamens  and  pistils)  and  conceal  them  from 
view.  Flowering  consists  of  the  opening  or  expansion  of  those  envel- 
ops, displaying  every  organ  now  perfected  in  growth  and  beauty,  and 
ready  for  the  exercise  of  its  function. 

305.  Period  of  flowering.  Each  species  of  plant  has  its  own 
special  season  for  flowering,  uniform  in  the  same  climate,  but  varying 
in  diflferent  climates  according  to  the  general  temperature.  Hence  each 
month  and  each  day  of  the  month  mark  the  date  of  flowering  for  some 
one  or  more  species,  and  these  facts,  when  duly  observed  and  recorded 
in  their  proper  order,  constitute  the  floral  calender  for  that  locality. 

366.  The  floral  calendar  is  an  index  of  climate,  and  may  vary 
to  a  considerable  degree  in  diflferent  years  for  the  same  locality  or  for 
different  localities  in  the  same  year.  Such  a  calendar  is  prepared  by 
the  botanical  student  when  he  carefully  journalizes  his  discoveries  from 
day  to  day  throughout  the  season, 


...( 


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I 


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w 


m 


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r 

iiL 


76 


FLOWERING. 


II 

II 

3 

11 

II 

11 

II 

4 

II 

II 

11 

II 

5 

u 

11 

II 

6 

II 

II 

11 

7 

II 

11 

II 

8 

II 

11 

11 

9 

(1 

u 

11 

u 

10 
11 

II 
u 

11 

11 

12 

M. 

11 

11 

2 

P.  M. 

It 

1. 

4 

II 

II 

ii 

5 

11 

1 ; 

11 

6 

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11 

7 

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11 

8 

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12 


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.167.  Kx.vMPLES.  At  Savannah  the  red  maple,  shad-bush,  blood-root,  flower  in 
Ffcljruary ;  in  tho  District  of  Columbia  in  March;  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  in  April.  In 
New  Knglaud  tiie  witch-liazel  flowers  in  February;  Hepatica  in  April;  dogwood  in 
May;  cidfr  in  June;  lilies  in  July;  boneset  in  August;  asters  and  Solidagos  in 
^kptenilier  and  October;  and  chrysanthemum  in  November. 

.■!68.  The  floral  clock.     Eadi  plant  has  also  its  definite  hours  in  the  day  for 
openinj;  its  flowers  and  for  closing  them — for  waking  and  sleeping;    and  a  careful 
record  of  these  facts  (aa  once  made  by  Liniueus)  may  seem  to  indicate  the  hour  of 
tlio  day.     Thus, 

Tho  mortiino:  glory  opens  at  (about)  2  A.  M.,  and  closes  about  10  A.  M. 

Kutland  beauty 

Vegetable  oyster 

Poppy 

Bitter-sweet 

"Water-lily 

Scarlet  pimpernel 

Caleiihila  arvensis 

Areiiiiria  rubra 

Oriiithogalum  umbellatuui 

Pass!  flora  coeruloa 

Pyrethrum 

Marvel  of  Peru 

Silene  noctiflora 

Evening  primrose 

Lyclinis  vespertina 

Corcus  grandiflora 

3(39.  The  coloks  of  flowers  constitute  one  of  their  chief  attrac- 
tions, and  are  of  special  interest  to  the  florist.  By  various  modes  of 
culture  lie  may  often  change  at  will  those  colors,  thus  producing  nu- 
merous varieties,  as  in  the  tulip  and  dahlia.  But  in  scientific  descrip- 
tions the  colors  are  seldom  employed  as  characteristics  on  account  of 
their  variableness. 

.370.  Classification  of  colors.  De  Candolle  divides  the  colors 
of  flowers  into  two  scries ;  1,  those  having  yellow  for  their  type  and 
(•aj)able  of  varying  to  red  and  white,  but  tiever  to  blue  ;  2,  those  having 
blue  for  tluMr  type,  and  capable  of  varying  to  red  and  white,  but  not  to 
yellow.  The  first  scries  is  called  Xnnthlc,  the  second,  the  Cyanic. 
Both  scrit's  commence  with  green  (which  is  composed  of  blue  and  yel- 
low) and  end  in  red,  thus  : 

Green. 


Bluc-grcen. 

Blue. 

Blue-violet. 

Violet. 

Violet-red. 


IwED. 


Yellow-green. 

Yellow. 

Yellow-orange. 

Orange. 

Orange-red. 


HORPHOLOOT    OF   THB    FLOWER. 


11 


371.  ExAMPLBS.  The  tulip  wa3  origmally  yellow.  All  its  numerous  varieties 
are  of  the  xanthic  series.  So  alao  the  rose  and  Dahlia.  Florists  have  never  yet  ob- 
tained a  blue  tulip,  rose,  or  dahlia.  The  geranium  varies  throughout  the  cyanic 
series,  and  a  yellow  geranium  is  unknown.  Ditlbrent  species  of  the  same  genua 
may  belong  to  different  series,  so  also  different  parts  of  the  same  flower. 


■ »  ♦  » ■ 


CHAPTER    X 


MORPHOLOGY   OF   THE   FLOWER. 


372.  The  flower  as  the  standard  op  beauty.  So  it  has  ever  been  regarded. 
Through  this  attribute,  so  evidently  divine  in  its  origin,  it  breathes  on  the  heart  an 
influence  wliicii  is  essentially  spiritual,  always  pleasing,  elevating,  and  pure.  The 
benevolent  Thought  which  first  conceived  of  this  crowning  glory  of  the  vegetable 
world  had  evidently  in  view  the  education  of  man's  moral  nature  as  well  as  the 
reproduction  and  permanence  of  vegetable  nature. 

373.  The  flower  in  the  light  op  science.  The  pleasure  of  the  florist  in 
contemplating  the  flower  as  merely  an  object  of  taste  is  not  diminished  when  ho 
comes  to  view  it  in  the  light  of  science.  Parts  which  he  before  regarded  as  embel- 
lishments only,  now  assume  new  value  as  indispensable  agents  in  fulfilling  a  great 
design ;  every  organ  takes  form  according  to  the  sphere  of  its  office,  and  the  beau- 
ftil  flower  no  longer  appears  as  the  possible  accident  of  a  chance- world. 

374.  Its  nature  and  origin.  Wo  have  before  observed  that  the 
flower-bud  is,  in  nature  and  origin,  one  and  the  same  with  the  leaf-bud. 
Now  a  letjf-l»ud  is  regularly  unfolded  into  a  leafy  branch.  A  flower- 
bud  is  unfolded  into  a  flower.  Hence  the  flower,  in  its  nature  and 
origin,  is  one  and  the  same  with  a  leafy  branch. 

375.  Theoretical  view.  When,  therefore,  this  now  necessity  arises  in  the  life 
of  a  plant,  viz.,  the  perpetuation  of  its  species,  no  now  principle  or  organ  is  evoked, 
but  the  leaf,  that  same  protean  form  which  wo  have  already  detected  in  shapes  so 
numerous  and  diverse,  the  leaf,  is  yet  once  more  in  nature's  hand  molded  into  a 
series  of  forms  of  superior  elegance,  touched  with  colors  more  brilliant,  and  adapted 
to  a  higher  apiiero  as  the  or-gans  of  reproduction. 

376.  The  evidbncb  on  which  this  theory  rests  may  be  referred  to  two 
sources;  namely,  natural  and  artificial  development.  Wo  mention  a  few  instances 
of  each  kind,  earnestly  recommending  the  student  to  study  for  himself  the  many 
facts  which  will  fall  under  hia  own  observation  bearing  upon  this  deeply  intorostiug 
tlioory. 

377.  Case  op  the  poppy.     The  ordinary  complete  flower,  «.  g.,  the  poppy,  con- 
sists of  four  kinds  or  sets  of  organs,  viz.,  the  s^als  (outside),  petals  next,  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  each  kind  is  quite  different  and  distinct  from  the  others.     The  meta- 
morphosis of  the  leaf,  first  into  the  sepal  then  the  petal,  etc.,  is  so  abrupt  that  it 
oeoms  to  lose  its  identity  at  once.     But  there  are  some 

378.  Cases  m  the  natural  development  of  plants  where  the  transition  of 
the  leaf  is  gradual,  changing  insensibly,  first  to  bracts  then  to  sepals,  thus  appa- 
rently making  the  metamorphosis  in  queatioa  viaibU  before  our  eyes.    Such  oases 


1 


hi' 


18 


MORPHOLOGY   OF   THE    FLOWER. 


MO  289  288  287   286   235  281   238    282 


2S1 


280  229 

229,  Papavfar  (poppy) ;  «,  stamens ;  jo,  stigmas.    230,  Sepal.    281,  Petal — all  very  different.    282 
Petals  of  the  water-lily  (Nyinpluea)  gradually  passing  into  (240)  stamens. 

are  exactly  in  point.  The  leaves  of  the  paeony,  large  and  much  divided  below, 
become  smaller  and  more  simple  above,  gradually  passing  into  bracts  and  thence 
into  sepals.  In  Calycanthus  the  sepal  passes  into  the  petal  by  gradations  so  gentle 
that  we  can  not  mark  the  limit  between  them.  In  the  lilies  these  two  organs  are 
almost  identical.  In  the  water-lily,  where  the  sepal,  petal,  and  stamen  are  all  thus 
graduated,  the  transition  from  petal  to  stamen  is  particularly  instructive.  These 
two  forms  meet  half  way  by  a  perfect  series  of  gradationw.  when  a  narrowed  petal 
is  capped  slightly  with  the  semblance  of  an  anther.  And  finally,  cases  of  a  close 
resemblance  between  stamen  and  pistil,  so  unlike  in  the  poppy,  are  not  wanting,  as 
in  the  tulip-tree. 

379.  Flowers  always  regular  in  the  early  bud.     An  early  examination  of 
flower-buds  often  exhibits  the  several  kinds  of  organs  much  less  diverse  than  they 
subsequently  become.    See  the  early  bud  of  columbine.     Those  flowers  which  are 
248  Wl  241 


t41,  Ranunculas  acrls ;  a  single  flower.    242,  R.  aoris,  fi.  plena,  a  double  flower.    248,  Epacrlt 
impressa;  the  flowers  obanging  to  leafy  branches  (Lindley). 


iESTIVATION. 


n 


called  irregular,  as  the  pea,  catmint,  violet,  are  regular,  like  other  flowers,  in  the 
early  bud ;  that  is,  the  several  petals  are  at  first  seen  to  be  precisely  similar,  becom- 
ing dissimilar  and  distorted  in  their  alter  growth ;  so  in  the  stamens  and  other  or* 
gana. 

380.  Cases  is  artificial  development  or  teratology  {npa,  a  monstrosity, 
Uyoc),  where  organs  of  one  kind  are  converted  into  those  of  another  kind  by  cul- 
tivation, aftbrd  undeniable  evidence  of  the  doctrine  in  question — the  homology  of 
all  thafioral  organs  with  the  leaf.  Such  cases  are  frequent  in  the  garden,  and  how- 
ever much  admired,  they  are  monstrous,  because  unnatural  In  all  double  tiowers, 
as  rose,  pajony,  Camillia,  the  stamens  have  been  reconverted  into  petals,  eitiier 
wlioUy  or  partially,  some  yet  remaining  in  every  conceivable  stage  of  the  transition. 
In  the  double  butter-cup  (242)  the  pistils  as  well  as  stamens  revert  to  petals,  and  in 
tlie  garden  cherry,  flowering  almond,  a  pair  of  green  leaves  occupy  the  place  of  the 
pistils.  By  still  further  changes  all  parts  of  the  flower  manifest  their  foliage  affini- 
ties, and  the  entire  flower-bud,  after  having  given  clear  indications  of  its  floral  char- 
acter, is  at  last  developed  into  a  leafy  branch.     (Fi/.  24:5.) 

381.  In  Clarkia,  Cklastrds,  damask  rose,  and  oilier  garden  plants,  cases  have 
be<m  noted  wherein  the  petal  asserts  its  foliar  nature  by  producing  a  secondary 
flower-bud  in  its  axil  I  Thus  in  a  thousand  instances  of  abnormal  growth,  we  find 
evidence  proving  the  leaf  to  be  the  type  whence  all  other  forms  of  appendages  are 
derived,  and  whitiv.?r  all  tend  to  return. 

382.  PrRTUEii  EVIDENCE  of  this  view,  equally  conclusive,  is  found  in  the  essen- 
tial agreement  of  the  aestivation  of  the  flower- bud  with  the  phyllotaxy  of  the  branch. 


.ESTIVATION. 

383.  Definition — importance.  This  term  (from  cestivus,  of  sum- 
mer) refers  to  the  arrangement  of  the  floral  envelops  while  yet  in  the 
bud.  It  is  an  important  subject,  since  in  general  the  same  mode  of 
aestivation  regularly  characterizes  whole  tribes  or  orders.  It  is  to  the 
flower-bud  what  vernation  {vermis^  spring)  is  to  the  leaf-bud. 

384.  The  various  modes  op  estivation  are  best  observed  in  sections  of  the 
bud  made  by  cutting  it  through  horizontally  when  just  ready  to  open.  From  such 
sections  our  diagranis  are  copied. 

385.  Separately  considered,  we  find  each  organ  here  folded  in 
ways  similar  to  those  of  the  leaf-bud ;  that  is,  the  sepal  or  the  petal 
may  be  convolute,  involute,  revolute.,  etc,  terms  already  defined. 

386.  Collectively  considered,  the  {estivation  of  the  flower  occurs 
in  four  general  modes  with  their  variations  ;  the  valvate,  the  contorted, 
imbricate,  and  plicate. 

3 8 7.  In  valvate  estivation  the  pieces  meet  by  their  margins  with- 
out any  overlapping ;  as  in  the  sepals  of  the  mallow,  petals  of  Hydran- 
gea, valves  of  a  capsule.     The  following  varieties  of  the  valvate  occur  : 

388.  Induplicate,  where  each  piece  is  involute  ;  i..  e.,  has  its  two 
margins  bent  or  rolled  inwards,  as  in  Clematis ;  or  reduplicate,  when 
each  piece  is  revolute — having  its  margins  bent  or  rolled  outwards,  as 
in  the  sepals  of  Althea  rosea.     (Figs.  245,  246.) 


■H,  i     ' 


IN' 


11^ 


111 


1=: 


i! 


80 


i»STIVATIOH. 


281  2S0  249 

244-261,  Modes  of  eestivation.    2S0,  Petals  of  the  wall-flower. 

389.  Contorted  estivation,  where  each  piece  overlaps  its  neigh- 
bor, all  in  the  same  direction,  appearing  as  if  twisted  together,  as  in 
Phlox,  flax,  oleander.     (247,  252.) 

390.  Imbricated  iBSTiVATioN  [imbrex,  a  tile)  is  a  term  restricted  to 
those  modes  in  which  one  or  more  of  the  petals  or  sepals  is  wholly 
outside,  overlapping  two  others  by  both  its  margins.  This  kind  of 
aBstivation  naturally  results  from  the  spiral  arrangements  so  common  in 
phyllotaxy,  while  the  valvate  and  contorted  seem  identified  with  the 

262  opposite  or  whorled  arrange- 

ment.   The  principal  varieties 
are 

391.  The  quincuncial, 
consisting  of  five  leaves,  two 
of  which  are  wholly  without, 
two  wholly  within,  and  one 
partly  both,  or  one  margin  out, 
the  other  in,  as  in  the  rose 
family  (248).  This  accompa- 
nies the  two-fifths  plan  in 
phyllotaxy,  and  corresponds 
precisely  with  it,  each  quin- 
cunx being  in  fact  a  cycle 
with  its  internodes  suppress- 
ed.    (§  232.) 

392.  The  triquetrous, 
consisting  of  three  leaves  in 
each  set,  one  of  which  is  out- 
side, one  inside,  and  the  third 

partly  both,  as  in  tulip,  Erythronium,  according  to  the  one-third  plan 
in  phyllotaxy. 


SOS,  Oossypiam  herbaceum,  the  cotton  plant.    Petals 
contorted. 


THB    FLORAL    OKOANS. 


81 


893.  Convolute,  when  each  leaf  wholly  involves  all  that  are  within 
it,  as  do  the  petals  of  Magnolia ;  and  vexillary,  when  one  piece  larger 
than  the  rest  is  folded  over  them,  as  in  the  pea  (251). 

394.  Plicate  or  folded  aestivation  occurs  in  tubular  or  monopetalous 
flowers,  and  has  many  varieties,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  is  the 
gupervolute^  where  the  projecting  folds  all  turn  obliquely  in  the  same 
direction,  as  in  morning-glory,  thorn-apple  (Datura). 


Diagrams  of  flowers  (as  seen  by  cross-sections).  253,  Jeffersonia  diphylla :  o,  ovary  ;  •,  sta- 
mens ;  i/,  inner  row  of  petals,  aistlvation  triquetrous;  b,  outer  row  of  petals,  (estivation  contorteil ; 
c,  sepals,  (estivation  quincunoial.  254,  Lily.  255,  Strawberry.  256,  Mustard.  The  pupil  will 
designate  the  modes  uf  ffistivatioii. 

The  aBstivation  of  the  sepals  often  differs  from  that  of  the  petals  in  the  same 
flower.     Thus,  in  the  pink  the  sepals  are  imbricated  and  the  petals  contorted. 

395.  The  position  on  the  parts  op  the  flov/er,  with  respect  to  the  main 
axis  and  the  bract  whence  it  arises,  is  often  important  in  description.  That  part 
which  is  adjacent  to  the  axis  is  the  posterior  or  upper,  while  that  which  looks  to- 
ward the  bract  is  the  anterior  or  lower  part. 


THE   FLORAL   ORGANS. 

396.  Technical  definition  of  the  flower.  The  flower  ia  an  as- 
semblage of  leaves  more  delicately  and  variously  formed,  borne  at  the 
upper  nodes  of  the  axis  where  the  internodes  are  undeveloped.  This 
portion  of  the  axis  is  called 

397.  The  receptacle  or  torus.  It  is  the  axis  of  the  flower  situ- 
ated at  the  summit  of  the  flower-stalk.  Its  form  above  is  commonly 
that  of  a  flattened  or  somewhat  conical  disk,  the  center  of  which  cor- 
responds with  the  apex  of  the  axis. 

398.  The  flower  may  consist  of  the  following  members  :  1,  the 
jioral  envelops  ;  2,  the  essential  floral  organs. 

399.  The  floral  envelops  consist  of  one  or  more  circles  or  whorls 
of  leaves  surrounding  the  essential  organs.  The  outer  of  these  whorls 
is  called  the  calt/x  and  the  other,  if  there  be  any,  the  corolla.  The 
calyx  may,  therefore,  exist  without  the  corolla,  but  the  corolla  can  not 
exist  without 

400.  The  calyx.  This  is  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  cup.  It  is  ap- 
plied to  the  external  envelop  of  the  flower,  consisting  of  a  whorl  of 

6 


'  't 


m 
m 

m 
m 


Pi 

"Hi  * 


82 


THE    FLORAL    ORGANS. 


257,  Flower  of  the  strawberry.    25S,  Flower  of  the  pink.    259,  Flower  of  the  Hly  (Liliutn  su- 
perbuin).    The  pupil  will  point  out  the  parts. 

leaves  with  their  edges  distinct  or  united,  usually  green,  but  sometimes 
highly  colored.     The  calyx  leaves  are  called  sepals. 

401.  Corolla  is  a  Latin  word  signifying  a  little  crown,  applied  to 
the  interior  envelop  of  the  flower.  It  consists  of  one  or  more  circles 
of  leaves,  either  distinct  or  united  by  their  edges,  usually  of  some  other 
color  than  green,  and  of  a  more  delicate  texture  than  the  calyx.  Its 
leaves  are  called  petals. 

402.  Perianth  {^iFQi,  around,  dvOog^  flower)  is  a  word  in  common 
use  to  designate  the  floral  envelops,  as  a  whole,  without  distinction  of 
calyx  and  corolla.  It  is  used  in  description,  especially  when  these  two 
envelops  are  so  similar  as  not  to  be  readily  distinguished,  as  in  the  tulip, 
lily,  and  the  endogens  generally  ;  also  where  only  one  envelop  exists,  as 
in  Phytolacca,  elm,  etc.     (259,  per.) 

403.  The  essential  floral  organs  stand  within  the  circles  of  the 
perianth,  and  are  so  called  becaase  they  are  the  immediate  instruments 
in  perfecting  the  seed  and  thus  accomplishing  the  final  purposes  of  the 
flower.  These  organs  are  of  two  kinds,  perfectly  distinct  in  position 
and  oflSce  ;  viz.,  the  stamens  and  the  pistils. 

404.  The  stamens  are  those  thread-like  organs  situated  just  within 
the  perianth  and  around  the  pistils.  Their  number  varies  from  one  to 
a  hundred  or  more ;  but  the  most  common  number  is  Jive.  Collec- 
tively they  are  called  tha  andrcecium  (dvSpeg,*  stamens,  oiKog,  a  house). 

406.  The  pistils  (called  also  carpels)  occupy  the  center  of  the 
flower  at  the  absolute  terminus  of  the  flowering  axis.  They  are  some- 
times numerous,  often  apparently  but  one,  always  destined  to  bear  the 
seed.     Collectively  they  are  called  the  gynoecium  {yvvr),  pistil,  oXkoc;). 


*  The  plural  of  avr)p,  a  man,  a  term  applied  to  the  stamen  by  Linnseus  in  accordance  with  his 
favorite  theory  of  the  sexes  of  plants.  The  term  yvvif,  woman,  is,  on  the  same  ground,  applied 
to  the  pistil. 


i- 


THB    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


83 


406.  Recapitulation.  Thus  we  have  noticed  the  members  of  the 
flower  in  the  order  of  their  succession  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  cir- 
cle. Now,  in  regard  to  the  receptacle  on  which  they  stand  in  concen- 
tric whorls,  we  find  (reversing  the  order)  the  gynoecium  in  the  midst, 
the  center  of  the  flower,  the  androecium  encircling  it,  the  corolla  next 
without,  and  the  calyx  embracing  the  whole. 

407.  Appendages.  These  are  the  four  proper  members  or  sets  of 
organs  composing  the  flower.  Occasionally  we  meet  with  a  fifth  be- 
tween the  corolla  and  stamens,  not  easily  referrible  to  either,  like  the 
scales  in  the  throat  of  the  Borrage worts,  or  the  crown  of  the  Narcissus 
and  jonquils.  Such  are  regarded  as  appendages,  not  necessary  to  tlie 
completeness  of  the  flower. 


THE   PLAN   OF   THE   FLOWER. 

408.  Essential  unity  combined  with  endless  diverstty  is  every  where  o 
characteristic  of  nature.  Herein  consiuts  the  perpetual  charm  of  her  presence  and 
the  perpetual  reward  of  her  diligent  study.  There  is  no  better  example  of  this 
happy  combination  than  is  found  in  the  structure  of  the  flower.  Unity  or  uniform- 
ity, when  often  repeated,  bfcomes  monotony.  Diversity  without  unity  is  confusion. 
Hence,  in  our  study  of  tlie  tliousand  forma  in  which  God  has  attired  the  flower  wo 
shall  arrive  at  no  satisfictory  result  until  we  come  to  discern  that  unity  of  plan,  that 
simple  idea  of  the  flower  in  which  all  its  diversities  harmonize.  l%ere  is  such  an 
idea.     It  originated  in  the  Infinite  Mind.     Let  us  search  for  it. 

409.  The  floral  organs.  Wo  have  already  seen  that  the  flower  may  consist 
of  four  sets  of  organs — caly.x,  corolla,  androecium,  gynoecium ;  or  of  four  kinds  of  or- 
gans—sepals, petals,  stamens,  pistils,  each  arranged  circularly  around  a  comiuou 
center. 

410.  Symmetry  of  the  flower.  Now  as  the  leaves  of  a  branch  are  definitely 
apportioned  into  equal  cycles,  we  naturally  look  for  a  corresponding  symmetry  in 
the  flower.  Each  set  of  organs  should  consist  of  at  least  one  cycle.  And  as  the 
cycle  itself  may  vary  numerically,  being  2-leaved,  3-leaved,  5-leaved,  etc.,  in  differ- 
ent species,  so  in  the  flower  each  cycle  or  set  may  be  2-parted,  3-parted,  5-parted, 
etc.  That  is,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  pistils,  may  each  bo  two  in  number,  or 
three,  or  four,  or  five  in  number,  etc. 

411.  Again,  in  relative  position  the  organs  of  each  set,  as  a  rule,  alternate 
with  tho organs  of  each  adjacent  set;  the  petals  alternate  with  the  sepals  and  sta- 
mens, the  stamens  with  the  petals  and  pistils.  This  alternation  accords  with  the  op- 
posite aud  verticillate  arrangement  of  leaves,  where  (§  226)  the  leaves  of  any  given 
circle  do  not  stand  exactly  over  the  leaves  of  the  next  circle  below,  but  over  the 
intervals  between  them.     In  a  word, 

412.  The  typical  flower,  one  that  exemplifies  the  full  idea  of  the 
floral  structure,  consists  of  four  different  circles  of  organs,  each  circle 
having  the  same  number  of  separate,  alternating  parts.  Such  a  flower 
is  not  only 

Perfect.,  having  both  the  essential  organs,  but  also 

Complete^  having  the  four  kinds  of  organs. 


^i* 


n 


3" 


Ml 


iii 


14 


THB    PLAN    OF    TUK    FLOWBR. 


Regular,  the  organs  of  the  same  kind  similar,  and 
Symmetrical,  the  same  number  of  organs  in  each  whorl. 

413.  Seldom  realized.  Happily,  this  our  conception  of  the  typical  flower  is 
not  often  realized  in  nature,  although  the  tendency  toward  it  is  universal  Devia- 
tions occur  in  every  imaginable  mode  and  degree,  causing  that  endless  variety  iu 
the  floral  world  wiiich  we  never  cease  to  admire. 

414.  p]XAMPLEa  In  our  cut  (Pink,  258)  illustrating  the  organization  of  the  flower 
the  tendency  in  this  direction  is  evident,  but  the  stamens  are  too  many  and  the  pis- 
tils seem  too  few.  Among  the  Flaxworts  and  the  Houseleek  tribe,  however,  are 
some  good  examples.  The  flower  of  the  flax  combines  very  nearly  all  the  condi- 
tions above  specified.  It  is  complete,  regular,  symmetrical.  Its  organs  are  alter- 
nate and  all  separate,  and  (disregarding  the  slight  cohesion  of  the  pistils  at  their 
base)  this  flower  well  realizes  our  type.     But  • 


263  261  262 

•00,  Ms,  Flower  of  Crassula  lacten,  regular,  symmetrical,  organs  distinct.    261,  Diagram  showing 
Itaplan.    262,  Flower  of  th«  Scarlet  Flax.    263,  Diagram  of  its  plan. 

415.  The  plowfrs  of  Crassula,  an  African  genus  sometimes  cultivated,  afford 
unexceptionable  examples,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistUs  each  being  five 
in  number,  regularly  alternating  and  perfectly  separate. 

416.  Flowers  of  sedum.  Admitting  two  whorls  of  stamens  instead  of  one,  we 
have  a  good  example  of  our  type  in  stone-crop  (Sedum  tematum),  a  little  fleshy 
herb  of  our  woods.  Its  flowers  are  both  4-parted  and  5-parted  in  the  same  plant. 
See  also  the  12-parted  flowers  of  tiie  common  houseleek. 

417.  How  TO  STUDY  THE  FLOWER.  If,  with  this  type  as  our  adopted  standard  of 
the  floral  structure,  we  compare  any  of  the  myriads  of  different  forms  which  occur, 
wo  shall  be  able  to  trace  out  the  features  of  the  general  plan  even  among  the 
widest  deviations.  The  more  important  of  them  are  included  in  the  following  sy- 
nopsis : — 

1.  Variations  in  the  radical  number  of  the  flower. 

2.  Deficiencies  rendering  the  flower 

a,  Incomplete, 
6,  Imperfect, 
c,  Unsymmetrical, 
rf,  Organs  opposite. 


TUK    FLAM    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


80 


8.  Redundancies, 

a,  In  the  multiplication  of  organs, 
6,.  In  appendicular  organs. 

4.  Union  of  parts. 

a,  By  cohesions, 

b,  By  adhesions. 

5.  Irregularities  of  development, 

a.  In  honiogeneoiiB  parts, 

b,  In  the  receptacle. 

6.  Combined  deviations. 

We  shall  consider  these  several  topics  ia  their  order, 

418.  The  radical  number  of  the  flower  is  that  which  enumerates  the  parte 
composing  each  whorl.  It  varies  from  one  to  twenty,  and  is  expressed  thus : 
r  ,  v/»  y/t  Vf  etc.,  which  mathematical  expressions  are  to  be  read  by  the  words, 
dimerous  [ihg,  two,  /uspof,  part),  or  2-parted ;  trimerous,  or  3-parted ;  4-raerous,  or 
4-parted ;  pentamorous,  or  5-parted ;  6-merous,  or  6-parted,  etc. 

419.  ExOGENS  AND  END0GEN8  DISTINGUISHED.  Pentamefous  (V)  flowers,  like 
the  rose,  flax,  when  each  wliorl  is  (naturally)  6-parted,  are  more  generally  charac- 
teristic of  the  exogenous  plants,  V  flowers  of  the  endogens,  as  the  lily,  Trillium. 
The  flowers  of  Fuchsia  are  V,  of  Circica  S^^  and  of  Hippuria  1  V. 

420.  Deficiencies.  Incomplete  flowers  often  occur.  They  lack  some  one  or 
more  entire  sets  of  organs.  When  only  one  of  the  floral  envelops,  the  calyx,  ex- 
ists, the  flower  is  said  to  be  apetalous  or  vwnocMamydeous  (;i^/^«/ui)f,  a  cloak),  as  in 
elm,  Phytolacca.  These  terms  are  also  loosely  applied  to  such  plants  as  rhubarb. 
Anemone,  liverwort,  where  the  pieces  of  the  perianth  are  all  similar,  although  in  two 
or  three  whorls.  When  the  perianth  is  wholly  wanting,  the  flower  is  said  to  ba 
achlamydeous  or  naked,  as  in  lizard-tail.     (264.) 

S«7  366  205  264 


!'"S 


284,  Flower  of  Saururus  (Hzard-tall) ;  achlamydeous.    265,  Flower  of  Fraxlnus  (ash).    266, 
Flower  of  Salix  (willow),  stamlnate.    267,  pistillate. 

421.  Imperfect  flowers  arc  i*Iso  of  frequent  occurrence.  They  are  deficient  is 
respect  to  the  essential  organs.  A  sterile  or  staminate  flower  (denoted  thus  J )  has 
stamens  without  pistils.  A  fertile  or  pistillate  flower  (  ?  )  has  pistils  without  sta- 
mens. Such  flowers  being  counterparts  of  each  other,  and  both  necessary  to  the 
perfection  of  the  seed,  must  exist  either  together  upon  the  same  plant  or  upon  sep- 
arate plants  of  the  same  species.  In  the  former  case  the  species  is  monoecious  {§  ) 
as  in  oak  ;  in  the  latter  case  dioecious  (J  $  )  as  in  willow.  The  term  diclinoua,  da* 
noting  either  ^  or  ^  $  without  distinction,  is  in  common  use. 


\ 


u,. 


^'A 


p\ 


'•J 

1 1. 1 


86 


THE    PLAN    OF   THE    FLOWER. 


271 


268,  Pistillate  flower  of  Balm-of-Gilead.    269,  Staminate.    270,  Diploclinium  Evansianuni. 

«,  .'^taininate ;  b,  pistillate. 

422.  A  NEUTRAL  FLOWER  18  a  perianth  or  calyx  only,  having  neitlier  stamens  nor 
pistils.  Such  are  the  ray-flowers  of  many  of  the  Compositae,  and  of  the  cymes  of 
Hydrangea,  high  cranberry,  etc.,  which  in  cultivation  may  all  become  neutral,  as  in 
the  snow-balL 

423.  Unsymmetrical  flow- 
ers. The  term  symmetry,  as  used 
in  botany,  refers  to  number  only. 
A  flower  becomes  unsymmetrical 
by  the  partial  development  of  any 
set  or  circle  in  respect  to  the  num- 
ber of  its  organs.  The  mustard 
family  aflbrds  a  good  example. 

424.  Flowers  of  the  cruci- 
FERS.  The  flowers  of  mustard, 
cress,  etc ,  are  understood  to  bo 
4-merous  (V).  The  sepals  are 
four,  petals  four,  but  the  stamins 
are  six  and  the  styles  but  two. 
The  stamens  are  arranged  in  two 
circles,  having  two  of  those  in  the 
outer  circle  suppressed  or  reduced 
to  mere  glands.  Two  of  the  cur- 
pels  are  also  suppressed.     (256.) 

425.  In  the  mint  family  and 
the  figworts  one  or  three  of  the 
stamens  is  generally  abortive, 
Here,  while  the  flowers  are  V, 
the  stamens  are  four  in  some  spe- 
cies and  only  two  in  others.  The 
missing  stamens,  however,  often 
appear  in  the  guise  of  slender 
processes— the  rudiments  of  sta- 
mens—proving in  an  interesting 
manner  tne  natural  tendency  to 
symmetry. 


5  «?'  I 


a71,  '*  Radiant"  panicle  of  Hydrangea  querclfoHiiin  ; 
tlio  liiifter  flowers  ni'iitnil. 

426.  Other  examples.     In  the  V  flowers  of  poppy,  the  sepais  are  but  two ;  ,n 
V  spring-beauty  they  are  but  .wo ;  in  both  cases  too  few  for  syraiuetrj.     la  lark- 


m 


THB    PLAN    OF   THS    FLOWER. 


81 


spur  the  V  flowers  have  but  four  petals,  and  in  monk's-hood,  also  >/,  the  petals  are 
apparently  but  two  strangely  deformed  bodies.  A  careful  inspection,  however, 
generally  reveals  the  other  three,  very  minute,  in  their  proper  places,  as  displayed 
in  the  cut.     (283.) 

427,  "Organs  opposite"  is  a  condition  much  less  frequent  than  "organs  alter- 
nate," but  is  highly  interesting,  as  being  sometimes  characteristic  of  whole  families. 
Thus  in  the  primrose,  thrift,  and  buckthorn  families,  the  stamens  always  stand  op- 
posite to  the  petals  I 

428.  How  HAPPENS  THIS  ?  Amon['  the  primworts  this  question  is  solved  in  the 
flowers  of  Lysimacbia  and  Samolus,  where  we  find  a  circle  of  five  teetli  (abortive 
filaments)  between  the  petals  and  stamens,  alternating  with  both  sets,  thus  restoring 
the  lost  symmetry.  Hence  we  infer  tliat  in  such  cases  generally  a  circle  of  alter- 
nating organs  has  been  either  partially  or  wholly  suppressed.  In  the  buckthorn, 
however,  a  diflerent  explanation  has  been  given. 


ii 


III 


ii'ji ) 


Diafjrams.  272,  Flower  of  Samohis,  showing  the  rudimentary  stamens  alternating  with  the 
perfect.  273,  Flower  of  a  Labiate  plant,  showing  the  place  of  the  deflcient  stamen.  274,  Flower 
of  Asariim ;  three  sepals,  twelve  stamens,  etc.  275,  Flower  of  Saxifrage ;  two  pistils,  ten  sta- 
mens, etc. 

429.  The  MUiiTiPLiCATiON  OF  ORGANS  is  exceedingly  common,  and  usually  ac- 
cording to  a  definite  plan.  The  increase  takes  place,  as  a  rule,  by  circles,  and  con- 
sequently by  multiples.  That  is,  c.  g.,  the  stamens  of  a  V  flower,  if  increased,  will 
be  so  by  3s ;  of  a  V  flower  by  5s,  etc.,  sometimes  to  the  extent  of  twenty  such 
circles. 

430.  Crowfoots  and  roseworts.  In  the  crowfoot  family  the  stamens  are  al- 
most always  multiplied.  Tiie  carpels  are  also  generally  multiplied,  yet  often,  on  tlie 
contrary,  diminished,  as  in  the  pseony.  In  Rosacese,  also,  tlie  stamens  are  generally 
multiplied,  while  the  carpels  exist  in  all  conditions  as  to  number.  Thus  in  straw- 
berry they  are  multiplied,  in  the  apple  they  are  regularly  five,  in  agrimony  roducod 
to  two,  and  in  the  cherry  to  one. 

431.  Other  cases.  In  Magnolia  the  V  flowers  have  three  sepals  in  one  circle, 
six  or  nine  petals  in  two  or  throe  circles,  numerous  stamens  and  carpels  in  matiy 
circles  of  each.  In  the  V  flowers  or  blood-root  there  are  two  sepals,  eight  petals, 
twenty-four  stamens,  and  two  carpels. 

432.  Increment  by  clusters  (chorisis).  In  other  cases  the  organs  seem  to  be 
increased  in  number  by  clusters  rather  than  by  circles,  as  when  in  the  same  circle 
several  stamens  stand  in  the  place  of  one,  e.  g.,  in  squirrel-corn,  st.  johnswort,  lin- 
den. Such  cases  afford  wide  scope  for  conjecture.  Perhaps  each  cluster  originates 
by  division,  as  the  compound  from  the  simple  leaf;  or  as  a  tuft  of  axillary  leaves  ; 
or  thirdly,  by  a  partial  union  of  organs. 

438.  Apprndioular  organs  (§  40*7)  consist  of  spurs,  scales,  crown, 
glands,  etc.,  and  often  afford  excellent  distinctive  marks.     The  old  term 


til, 


IK*  - 

m 


I 


Mi  I 


m 


(■    ■ 


88 


THK    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


279 


87« 


277 


978 


276,   Flower  of  Aurantitim  Limeta  (Lime-treo) ;  8ta- 
uiiiis  in  five  sets.    277,  One  of  the  sets.    278,  Flower  of 
Hypericum  iEgypticum ;  stamens  in  three  sets.     279, 
Flower  of  Tecoma  radicans ;  petals  cohering  into  a  tube,  free  only  at  top.    Sepals  also  coherent. 

nectary  was  indiscriminately  applied  to  all  such  organs,  because  some 
of  them  produced  honey. 

434.  Spurs  are  singular  processes  of  the  flower,  tubular  and  pro- 
jecting from  behind  it.  In  columbine  each  petal  is  thus  spurred ;  in 
violet,  one  petal  only.  In  larkspur,  a  petal  and  a  sepal,  the  spur  of  the 
latter  inclosing  that  of  the  former.  The  curved  spur  of  the  jewel-weed 
belongs  to  a  sepal.     (280,  281.) 

435.  Scales  are  attached  to  the  inner  side  of  the  corolla,  usually 
upon  the  claw  of  the  petals,  as  in  butter-cups,  or  within  the  throat  of 
the  corolla  tube,  as  in  the  Borrageworts.  Similar  appendages,  when 
enlarged  and  conspicuous,  constitute  a  crown  in  catchfly,  corn-cockle 
The  flowers  of  Narcissus  are  distinguished  by  an  excessively  large  crown 
or  corona,  with  its  parts  all  blended  into  i  tube  or  rim. 


Flower  of  Delphinium  ronsnlida  (common  larkspur),  displaying,  9,  a,  h,  a,  s,  the  Are  sepals, 
fis  thn  upper  one  spurred ;  0,  tiie  corolla  of  four  petals  here  united  into  one  and  produced  into  ft 
opur.  2S1,  Flower  of  Impatiens  fiilva  (touch-me-not).  282,  Displaying,  8,  «,  «,  y,  the  four  se- 
pals, iS',  the  anterior  one,  being  probably  double,  and ;/,  saccate  and  spurred ;  p,  p,  the  two  petals 
both  double. 


m 


THE    PLAN    OP    THE    FLOWER. 


89 


436.  Glandular  bodies  are  often  found  upon  the  receptacle  in  the 
places  of  missing  stamens  or  carpels,  or  as  abortive  organs  of  some  kind. 
Examples  are  seen  in  the  Crucifers  and  grape.  In  grass-Parnassus  they 
are  stalked  and  resemble  stamens. 

437.  Union  of  orqans.  This  condition  in  some  way  occurs  in  almost  every 
flower,  and  more  perhaps  than  any  other  cause  tends  to  disguise  its  plan  and  origin. 
The  separate  pieces  which  stood  each  as  the  representative  of  a  leaf,  now,  by  a  gra- 
dual fusion,  lose  themselves  in  the  common  mass.  Nevertheless,  marks  of  this  pro- 
cess are  always  discernible  either  in  parts  yet  remaining /ree,  or  in  the  seams  where 
the  edges  were  conjoined.     The  floral  organs  may  unite  by  cohesion  or  adhesion. 

438.  Cohesion,  when  the  parts  of  the  same  whorl  are  joined  to- 
gether, as  the  sepals  of  the  pink,  the  petals  of  morning-glory,  the  sta- 
mens of  mallows,  the  carpels  of  poppy. 

439.  Adhesion,  when  the  parts  of  different  whorls  are  conjoined,  as 
the  stamens  with  the  corolla  in  phlox,  with  the  pistils  in  milkweed, 
ladies'  slipper  ;  or  calyx  with  ovary  in  apple  or  wintergi'cen  (Gaulthcria). 

440.  The  adjective  free  is  used  in  a  sense  opposite  to  adhesion, 

implying  that  the  organ  is  inserted  on  (or  grows  out  of)  the  receptacle, 

and  otherwise  separated  from  any  other  kind  of  organ.     The  adjective 

distinct  is  opposed  to  cohesion,  implying  that  like  organs  are  separate 

from  each  other. 

This  subject  and  also  the  next  will  be  more  particularly  noticed  in  another  chap- 
ter. 

268  884  285 


283,  Flower  of  Aconituin  Nnpellus  displayed  ;  s,  s,  a,  «,  s,  the  five  sepals,  the  upper  oive  hooded ; 
p,p,  p,  the  five  petals,  of  which  the  two  upper  are  nectaries  covered  by  the  hood,  and  the  three 
lower  very  minute.  284,  Flower  of  Catalpa,  2-lipped,  6-lobed.  285,  Corolla  laid  open,  showing 
the  two  perfect  stamens  and  the  three  rudimentary. 

441.  Irregular  development.  Our  typical  flower,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, is  regular ;  and  observation  proves  that  all  flowers  are  ac- 
tually alike  regular  in  the  early  bud.  These  inequalities  or  "one- 
sided" forms,  therefore,  which  characterize  certain  flowers  are  occasioned 
by  subsequent  irregular  growth  from  a  regular  type.  The  irregularity 
of  flowers  may  consist 


I 

i 
I 


i! 


90 


THE    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


1.  In  the  unequal  size  of  like  organs  (petals  of  mullein). 

2.  In  their  dissimilar /orm«  or  positions  (petals  of  the  pea). 

3.  In  the  unequal  cohesion  of  like  parts  (petals  of  Lobelia). 

4.  In  unequal  suj}pressions  (stamens  of  the  Labiate  flowers,  where, 
indeed,  as  in  many  other  flowers,  all  these  phases  of  irregularity  are 
combined). 

886  287  288  289 


2S6,  Flower  (mngnlfled)  of  Myosurus;  a  vertical  section  showing  Its  elongated  receptacle,  etc. 
2S7,  The  same,  natural  size.  288,  Flower  of  Isopyrum  biternatum ;  vertical  section,  showing 
the  convex  or  globular  receptacle,  etc.    289,  Flower  of  rose,  showing  its  excavated  torus. 

442.  The  regular  receptacle  has  no  internodes.  It  bears  the 
several  whorls  of  the  flower  in  close  contact  with  each  other,  and  is 
usually  short  and  depressed. 

443.  Lengthened  receptacle.  When  these  whorls  are  numerous, 
as  in  buttercups,  tulip-tree,  the  receptacle  is  necessarily  elongated.  So 
in  Myosurus,  blackberry,  strawberry.     In  the  two  latter  it  imbibes  the 

nutritious  juices   of  the   plant 
and  becomes  a  part  of  the  fruit. 

444.  Excavated  recepta- 
cle. On  the  contrary,  the  to- 
rus instead  of  lengthening  may 
be  hollowed  out  in  the  center. 
The  carpels  of  the  rose  are  sit- 
uated in  such  a  cavity,  while  the 
other  organs  are  borne  upon  its 
elevated  rim.  In  Nelumbium 
the  carpels  are  immersed  in  as 
many  separate  excavations  in  a 
large,  fleshy  receptacle. 

445.  But  the  internodes  op  the 
torus  are  sometimes  developed, 
e.  g.,  in  noble  liverwort  a  short  inter- 
node  between  the  corolla  and  calyz 


880,  Flower  of  Cleome  pungens,  showing  iti  ovary, 
o,  mounted  on  a  long  stype. 


THE    FLORAL    ENVELOPS. 


91 


has  changed  the  latter  (technically)  to  an  invulucre.  In  the  pink  a  similar  inter- 
node  renders  the  ovary  s/ipito^.  In  the  Capjr  family  the  torus  is  developed  into 
long  intemodes,  sometimes  raising  the  ovary  upon  a  long  stipe,  sometimes  the  sta- 
mens and  ovary. 

446.  The  disk  is  a  portion  of  the  receptacle  raised  into  a  rim  some- 
where in  the  midst  of  the  whorls.     It  is  found  between  the  ovary  and 
stamens  in  paeony  and  bdckthorn.     It  bears  the  stamens  in  maple, 
inignionette,  and  crowns  the  ovary  in  the  Umbelliferae.     Finally 
291  292  998 


291,  Paeonla  Montan,  showing  Its  very  large  diak  (cf)  sheathing  the  ovaries  (p).  292,  Pistil  of 
the  lemon,  with  its  base  surrounded  by  the  disk,  d.  298,  Section  of  flower  of  Alcbemilla,  show- 
ing its  single  simple  pistil,  large  disk,  etc. 

447.  Combined  deviations  are  quite  frequent,  and  sometimes  ob- 
scure the  typical  character  of  the  flower  to  such  a  degree  as  to  require 
close  observation  in  tracing  it  out.  The  study  of  such  cases  is  full  of 
both  amusement  and  improvement. 

448.  For  example,  the  V  poppy  has  suppression  in  the  calyx,  multiplication  in 
the  stamens  and  carpels,  and  in  the  latter  cohesion  also.  The  V  sage  has  cohesion 
and  irregularity  in  the  calyx,  every  kind  of  irregularity  in  the  corolla,  suppression 
and  irregularity  in  the  stamens,  suppression  and  cohesion  in  the  pistils.  The  V 
Cypripedium  is  perfectly  symmetrical,  yet  has  irregular  cohesion  in  the  calyx,  great 
inequality  in  the  petals,  cohesion,  adhesion,  and  metamorphosis  in  the  stamens,  and 
cohesion  in  the  carpels. 

(In  this  way  let  the  pupil  analyze  the  deviations  in  the  flower  of  Geranium,  holly- 
hock, moth  mullein,  larkspur,  sweetbriar,  touch-me-not.  Petunia,  snapdragon,  violet, 
Polygala,  squirrel-corn,  Orchis,  henbit,  monk's-hood,  Calceolaria,  etc.) 


CHAPTER      XI. 

THE   FLORAL   ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 

449.  Idea  of  the  typical  flower.  In  our  idea  of  the  typical 
flower,  the  perianth  consists  of  two  whorls  of  expanded  floral  leaves 
encircling  and  protecting  the  more  delicate  essential  organs  in  their 
midst.  The  outer  circle,  calyx,  is  ordinarily  green  and  far  less  conspic- 
uous than  the  inner  circle  of  highly  colored  leaves — the  corolla. 


"■^ 


it 


WM 


92 


THE    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 


ill 

M 


iir 


w 


[fci 


450.  EzcsPTiONS.  But  to  this,  as  to  all  other  general  rules,  there  are  many  ex- 
ceptions. Strictly  speaking,  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  in  no  \  ay  distinguishable 
except  by  position.  The  outer  circle  is  the  calyx,  whatever  be  its  form  or  color,  and 
the  inner,  if  tiiere  be  more  than  one,  is  the  corolla. 

451.  Rules.  The  sepals  of  the  calyx  and  petals  of  the  corolla  are, 
according  to  rule,  equal  in  number  and  severally  disconnected  save  by 
the  torus  on  which  they  stand. 

462.  Resemblances.  The  sepals  more  nearly  resemble  true  leaves 
in  texture  and  color ;  but  the  petals  in  form.  Both  have  veins  and  re- 
tain more  or  less  the  same  venation  which  characterizes  the  grand  di- 
vision to  which  the  plant  belongs  (§  258). 

453.  Parts.  Both  blade  and  petiole  aro. 
distinguishable  in  the  floral  leaves,  especially 
in  the  petals.  The  blade  or  expanded  part 
is  here  called  limb  or  lamina  ;  the  petiolar 
part,  when  narrowed  into  a  stalk,  is  called 
the  claiv. 

454.  Nature  of  the  sepals.  The  sepals 
are  more  generally  sessile,  like  bud-scales, 
and  appear  to  represent  the  leaf-stalk  only, 
with  margins  dilated  like  a  sheathing  petiole. 
In  confirmation  of  this  view,  we  find  in  some 
flowers,  as  the  paeony  and  rose,  the  lamina 
also  developed,  but  smaller  than  the  petiolar 
part. 

455.  Forms  of  petals.  In  form  or  out- 
line there  is  a  general  resemblance  between 
the  limb  and  the  leaf.  It  is  ovate,  oval, 
lanceolate,  obcordate,  orbicular,  etc.  In 
margin  it  is  generally  entire.  Some  peculiar 
forms,  however,  should  be  noticed,  as  the 
bilobate  petal  of  the  chickweed,  the  pinna- 
tifid  petal  of  mitrewort,  the  inflected  petal 
of  the  Umbeliferae,  the  fan-shaped  petal  of 
pink,  the  fringed  (fimbriate)  petal  of  cam- 
pion (silene  stellata),  the  hooded  sepal  of 
Napellus,  the  saccate  petal  of  Calceolaria, 
Cypripedium. 

456.  Nectary.  The  limb  is,  moreover, 
often  distorted  into  a  true  nectary,  spurred, 
as  already  shown  (§  434),  or  otherwise  de- 
formed, as  in  Napellus,  Coptis,  etc. 


Forms  of  petals.  294,  Butter- 
onp,  showing  the  scale  at  base. 
W5.  Mignonette,  fringed  at  top. 
996,  Silene  stellata,  fringed  and 
UDgniciilate.  297,  Flower  of 
OHinorhizu  longistylis,  petals  in- 
fected. 298,  Flower  of  Mitella 
diphvlla,  petals  pectinate-pinna- 
tifld.  299,  Petal  of  Oerastium 
natau,  S-olefU 


THr.    FLORAL    ENTELOPS,  OR    PERIANTH. 


98 


457.  Union.  We  Lave  seen  that  the  floral  organs  are  often  in  va- 
rious ways  united.  Considering  their  crowded  state  in  the  flower,  we 
rather  wonder  that  they  do  not  always  coalesce  in  their  growth. 

458.  The  calyx  with  united  sepals  was  called  by  the  eaily  botanists 
monoisepalous  ;  the  corolla  with  united  petals  was  called  tnonopetaloun 
{jxovog,  one — from  the  false  idea  that  such  an  organ  consisted  of  a  sin- 
gle piece  or  leaf!).  Opposed  to  these  terms  were  polypetalous  {jrokvg^ 
many),  petals  distinct,  and  polysepalous,  sepals  distinct. 

459.  The  monosepalous  calyx,  or  monopetalous  corolla,  al- 
though thus  compounded  of  several  pieces,  is  usually  described  as  a 
simole  organ,  wheel-shaped,  cup-shaped,  tubular,  according  to  the  de- 
grto  of  cohesion.  The  lower  part  of  it,  formed  by  the  united  claws, 
whether  long  or  short,  is  the  tube  ;  the  upper  part,  composed  of  the 
confluent  laminae,  is  the  border  or  limb  ;  the  opening  of  the  tube  above 
is  the  throat. 

460.  The  border  is  either  lobed,  toothed,  crenate,  etc.,  by  the  dis- 
tinct ends  of  the  pieces  composing  it,  as  in  the  calyx  of  pink,  the  calyx 
and  corolla  of  Primula,  Phlox,  and  bellwort,  or  it  may  become  by  a 
complete  lateral  cohesion,  entire,  as  in  morning-glory.     Here  the  com 
pound  nature  of  the  organ  is  shown  by  the  seams  alone. 


800,  Flower  of  Saponaria  (bouncing  bet) ;  petals  and  claws  quite  distinct.  3(il,  Phlox;  clawl 
united,  with  lamina  distinct.  302,  8i)igelia  (pink-root),  petals  still  further  united.  808,  Quamo- 
clit  coccinea,  petals  united  throughout. 

461.  A  terminal  cohesion,  where  summit  as  well  as  sides  are 
joined  forming  a  cap  rather  than  cup,  rarely  occurs,  as  in  the  calyx  of 
the  garden  Escholtzia  and  the  corolla  of  the  grape. 

462.  The  modcs  of  adhesion  are  various  and  important,  furnishing 
some  of  the  most  valuable  distinctive  characters.  An  organ  is  said  to 
be  adherent  when  it  is  conjoined  with  some  dissimilar  organ,  as  stamen 
with  pistil.     All  the  organs  of  our  typical  flower  are  described  as /reft 


$^ 


% 


04 


TUB  FLORAL  ENVELOPS,  OK  PERIANTH. 


P; 


m'i 


ft 


'Sf. 


463.  Htfooynous  (vttw,  under,  yvvq,  pistil)  ia  an  adjective  term  in 
frequent  use,  denoting  that  the  organs  are  inserted  into  the  receptacle 
under   or   at   the  base   of  the  free  pistil    or 
ovary.     It  is,  therefore,  not  applicable  lo   the 
pistil  itself.     Thus  the  outer  organs  of  butter- 
cups are  hypogynous.  806 

805 


804  807  808 

Section  of  flowers.  304,  Jeffersonta  diphylla,  hypogynous.  805,  Viola  rotnndifolia.  808 
Phaseoliis  multilloriis  (bean,  organs  spirally  twisted).  307,  Pyrus  (Pear),  perigynous  ;  ovaries 
nearly  inclosed.    808,  Prunus  (plum) ;  ovary  not  inclosed. 

464.  Perigynous  (rrept,  around)  denotes  that  the  organ  is  inserted 
on  the  calyx-tube  around  the  free  ovary.  Thus  in  Phlox  the  stamens 
are  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  In  cherry  both  stamens  and 
petals  are  (apparently)  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  The  calyx  can  never 
be  perigynous. 

465.  Epigyngus  (cnl,  upon)  denotes  that  all  the  organs  are  appa- 
rently inserted  upon  the  ovary,  as  seen  in  the  apple,  caraway,  sunflower. 
The  common  phrases  "  calyx  superioi*,"  "  ovary  inferior,"  have  the  same 
signification  as  calyx  epigynous,  all  implying  the  apparent  insertion 
of  the  organs  upon  or  above  the  ovary. 

466.  There  is  also  another  set  op  terms  in  use,  of  the  same  application, 
founded  upon  a  more  modern  view  of  the  floral  structure,  viz.,  "calyx  adherent," 
"  ovary  adherent."  "Which  is  the  better  form  of  expression  will  depend  upon  our 
location  of  the  receptacle- 


AAA 


THE    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANlK. 


810 


96 


811 


809,  Rlbes  aureum  (Missouri  Currant) ;  stamens  and  petals  p«riff. ;  ovary  inferior.  aiO,  Sasl- 
fiaga  Virgiuiensis ;  hall' superior.  811,  Fuchsia  gracilis  (Ear-drop);  inferior;  stamens  «pij>e- 
titlons. 

467.  In  the  cases  above  cited,  it  is  commonly  taught  that  the  receptacle  is  \o- 
cated  at  the  base  of  tlie  ovary,  and  that  all  the  organs  thence  arising  are  adherent 
to  its  sides.  Another  doctrine  is  alsc*  taug'it,  viz.,  that  the  receptacle  itself  may  be 
elevated  and  become  perigynous  or  epigynous,  or,  in  other  words,  the  ovary  may  be 
imbedded  in  the  foot-stalk.  That  it  is  so  in  the  rose  ( 289 )  we  can  hardly  doubt. 
The  so-called  calyx-tube  of  the  cherry,  peacli,  is  certainly  an  analogous  structure, 
more  expanded,  and  so  is  the  more  contracted  "  calyx  tube"  of  the  apple,  pome- 
granate.   The  analogy  extends  throughout  the  Kosewort;!,  and  perhaps  still  further. 

468.  Calvx  HALF-SUPERIOR.  Calyx  inferior  or  free,  ovary  superior 
or  free,  are  all  phrases  of  the  same  import  as  calyx  hypogynous.  Be- 
tween the  two  conditions,  calyx  interior  and  calyx  superior,  there  are 
numerous  gradations,  of  which  one  only  is  defined,  to  wit,  calyx  half- 
superior,  as  exemplified  in  the  mock  orange  (and  310.) 

469.  Special  forms  of  the  perianth,  whether  calyx,  corolla,  or  both,  have 
been  named  and  described.     "We  may  arrange  them  thus : — 

Polypbtalous,  regular — Cruciform,  rosaceous,  caryophyllaceous,  liliaceous.  Ir- 
regular— papilioaaceous,  orchidaceous. 

MoNOP^iTALOUs,  regular  mostly — rotate,  cup-shaped,  campanulate,  urceolate,  fun- 
nel-form, salver-form,  tubular.      Irregular — ligulate,  labiate. 

470.  Cruciform  (crux^  a  cross)  or  cross-shaped,  implies  that  four 
long  clawed,  spreading  petals  stand  at  riffht  angles  to  each  other,  as  in 
the  flowers  of  the  mustard  family  (Crnciferfe)  in  general. 

471.  Rosaceous,  rose-like  ;  a  flower  with  five  short-clawed,  spread- 
ing petals. 

472.  Caryophtllaceous, pink-like  ;  a  five-petaled  corolla,  with  long, 
erect  claws  and  spreading  laminte. 

473.  Liliaceous,  like  the  lily ;  a  flower  with  a  six  leaved  perianth, 
each  leaf  gradually  spreading  so  as  to  resemble,  as  a  whole,  the  funnel' 
fonn. 


i 


06 


w- 
% 


THE    KLURAL    ENVKLOI'S,    OR    PERIANTH. 
tlS  S14  815 


Forms  of  corollas.    812,  Cheiranthus  (stock).    813,  SUene  regiii  (scarl.^t  catchfly).    314,  Pyrin 
coronaria.    316,  Amaryllis  (Atainasco  lily). 

474.  Papilionaceous,  butterfly-sliaped ;  a  corolla  consisting  of  five 
dissimilar  petals,  designated  thus  :  the  upper,  largest,  and  exterior  pe- 
tal is  the  banner  (vexillum) ;  the  two  lateral,  half-exterior,  are  the  wings 
(alee)  ;  the  two  lower,  interior  petals,  often  united  at  their  lower  mar- 
gin, are  the  keel  [carina).  The  flowers  of  the  pea,  locust,  clover,  and 
of  the  great  family  of  the  Leguminosae  in  general  are  examples. 


8l« 


817 


818 


818,  Papilionaceous  flower  of  the  Pea.    817,  Displayed  ;  d,  the  vexillum ;  a,  a,  the  alse ;  c,  c,  the 
carinie.    318,  Section  of  flower  of  Dicentra  GucuUaria. 

475.  Rotate,  wheel-shaped  or  star-shaped,  is  a  monpetalous  form, 
with  tube  very  short,  if  any,  and  a  flat,  spreading  border,  as  the  calyx 
of  chickweed,  corolla  of  Trientalis,  elder.  It  is  sometimes  a  little  ir- 
regular, as  in  mullein. 

476.  Cup-shaped,  with  pieces  cohering  into  a  concave  border,  as  in 
the  calyx  of  mallows,  corolla  of  Kalmia,  etc. 

477.  Campanulate  or  bell-shaped ;  when  the  tube  widens  abruptly 
at  base  and  gradually  in  the  border,  as  in  the  harebell,  Canterbury  bell. 


THK    KLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PKKIANTH. 


97 


478.  Urceolate,  urii-sliapeil ;  an  obloui^  or  globular  corolla  with  a 
narrow  opening,  as  the  whortleberry,  heatb. 

479.  Funnel-form  (infundibulitbrin),  narrow  tubular  below,  gradu- 
ally enlarging  to  the  border,  as  morning-glory. 

480.  Salveh-fokm  (hypocraterit'orm),  the  tube  ending  abruptly  in  a 
horizontal  border,  as  iu  Phlox,  Petuuia,  both  of  which  are  slightly  ir- 
regular. 

481.  Tubular,  a  cylindraceous  form  spreading  little  or  none  at  the 
border,  as  the  calyx  of  the  pink,  corolla  of  tlie  honeysuckle.  It  is 
often  a  little  curved.  Tubular  flowers  arc  common  in  tlie  Composita}, 
as  the  thistle,  sunflower,  when  they  arc  often  associated  with 

482.  LiGULATE  (ligula,  a  little  tongue),  apparently  formed  by  the 
splitting  of  the  tubular  on  one  side.  The  notches  at  the  end  plainly 
indicate  the  number  of  united  petals  composing  it,  as  also  do  the  paral- 
lel, longitudinal  seams. 

483.  Labiate,  bilabiate,  lip-shaped,  resembling  the  mouth  of  an  ani- 
mal. This  very  common  form  results  from  the  unequal  union  of  the 
parts,  accompanied  with  other  irregularities.  In  the  labiate  corolla 
three  petals  unite  more  or  less  to  form  the  lower  lip,  and  two  to  form 
tlie  upper.     In  the  calyx,  when  bilabiate,  this  rule  is  reversed,  accord- 


Forms  of  corollns.  818,  Campnnula  Americana;  rotate.  319,  Campanula  dlvaricata.  820 
Andromeda,  urceolate.  821,  Convolvulus  (morning-glory).  822.  Petunia.  828,  Lonicera  eem- 
pervirens  (honeysucltle).  824,  Dandelion ;  ligulate  corolla  (c),  !5-toothed  ;  a,  five  antiiers  united 
into  a  tube  around  »,  the  style.  82.\  Synnndra  grandiflora,  ringent,  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower 
8-lobed.    826,  Llnarla  (yellow  inapdragon),  personate.    827,  Cypripedlum  acaule,  orchidaceous. 

7 


98 


THB    FLUHAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 


ing  to  the  law  of  alternation  of  organs ;  two  sepals  are  united  in  the 
lower  lip  and  three  in  the  upper,  as  seen  in  the  sage  and  the  Labiate 
Order  generally.  Labiate  tlowers  are  said  to  be  galeate  or  helnieted 
when  the  upper  lip  is  concave,  as  in  catmint ;  ringent  or  gaping  when 
the  throat  or  mouth  is  wide  open  ;  personate  or  masked  when  the  throat 
is  closed  as  with  a  palate^  like  the  snapdragon. 

484.  Orchidaceous,  a  form  of  the  perianth  peculiar  to  the  Orchis 
with  that  large  and  singular  tribe  in  general.  It  is  a  6-parted  double 
perianth,  very  irregular,  characterized  chiefly  by  its  lip  (labellum), 
which  is  the  upper  petal  (lower  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary)  enlarged 
r.nd  variously  deformed. 

Certam  reduced  forms  of  the  perianth  require  notice  ht^re  : 

485.  Pappus  [ndmrog,  grandfatlier,  alluding  to  his  gray  hairs)  is  a 
term  applied  to  the  hair-like  calyx  of  the  florets  of  the  Compositae  and 
other  kindred  orders.  The  florets  of  this  order  are  collected  into 
heads  so  compactly  that  the  calyxes  have  not  room  for  expansion  in 
th  3  ordinary  way.  The  pappus  is  commonly  persistent  and  often  in- 
creases as  the  fruit  matures,  forming  a  feathery  sail  to  waft  away  the 
seed  through  the  air,  as  in  the  dandelion  and  thistle.  It  varies  greatly 
in  form  and  size,  as  seen  in  the  cuts,  sometimes  consisting  of  scafex, 
sometimes  of  hairs,  again  of  feathers  or  bristles.  Sometimes  it  is 
mounted  on  a  stipe,  which  is  the  beak  of  the  fruit. 


380 


888 


.S32 


Cypsela  (incorrocUy  culled  achenium)  of  tho  Conipositro,  with  various  forms  of  piippus.  82*, 
Eolii)tii  piocumbens,  no  papi)iis.  329,  Ambrosia  triflda.  830,lleliantliu»  grosse-serratus,  pappus 
2-awni',ii.  331.  Agerntiun  conlzoides.  pappus  of  five  scales.  8.3'i,  Mulgedium,  capillary  pappus 
— cypsi'la  slightly  rostrate.    833,  Lactuca  elongata,  rostrate  cypsola. 

486.  Other  reductions.  Again,  the  calyx  or  the  limb  of  the  calyx 
is  reduced  to  a  mere  rim,  as  seen  in  the  Umbelliferae.  In  the  amenta- 
ceous orders  the  whole  perianth  diminishes  to  a  shallov  cup,  as  in  the 
poplar,  willow,  or  altogether  disappears,  as  in  tho  birch,  ash,  lizard-tail. 
(204-267). 

487.  SETiB,  meanin'g  bristles  in  general,  is  a  term  specifically  used  to 
denote  the  reduced  periantli  of  the  sedges.  In  the  bog-rush  (Scirpus) 
there  is,  outside  the  stamens,  a  circle  of  six  setae,  which  doubtless  rep- 
resent a  6-Ieaved  perianth.  In  the  cotton-grass  (Eriphorum)  the  seta3  are 
multiplied  and  persistent  on  the  fruit,  becoming  long  and  cotton-like. 


THB    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 


99 


8Sfi 


8S4 


488.  Perioynium  is  the  name  given 
to  the  urceolate  perianth  of  Carex,  in- 
vesting the  ovary  but  allowing  the  style 
to  issue  at  its  summit.  It  is  evidently 
composed  of  two  united  sepals. 

489.  Glumes  and  pales  represent 
the  floral  envelops,  or  rather  the  invo- 
lucre of  the  Grasses.  Their  alternating 
arrangement  clearly  distinguishes  the  n 
from  a  perianth.  They  occur  in  pairs, 
the  smaller  usually  above.  The  glumes 
envelop  the  spikelet,  the  pales  the  single 
flower,  and  often  within  the  pales  are 
two  or  three  scales  representing  the 
perianth,  surrounding  the  stamens  and 
ovary,  all  which  are  illustrated  in  the 
wheat.     (196.) 

490.  The  duration  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  varies  widely,  and  is 
marked  by  certain  general  terms.  It  is  caducous  when  it  falls  ott'  im- 
mediately, as  the  calyx  of  poppy,  corolla  of  grape  ;  deciduou  •  when  it 
falls  with  the  stamens,  as  in  most  plants ;  and  persistent  if  it  remain 
until  the  fruit  ripens,  as  the  calyx  of  apple.  If  it  continue  to  grow 
after  flowering,  it  is  accrescent,  and  if  it  wither  without  falling  oft'  it  is 
marescent. 


334,  Flower  of  Sclrpus  lacustris,  inasr- 
nilieil ;  consistins  t/f  six  setie,  tlircc  sta- 
mens, three  pistils  united,  except  the 
stignm.s.  335,  Flower  of  Carex  rivuliiris 
9  ,  with  (I,  iis  gluii'ie,  p,  its  bottle-sliapcd 
perigyniuni,  2-tootiie(l  at  top,  envelop- 
ing the  triple  ovary  ;  stigmas,  three. 


» >  ♦  »« 


CHAPTER     XII. 

OF     THE     ESSENTIAL     ORGANS. 
§  THE   STAMENS,    OR   ANDRGECIUM. 

491.  Position.  Within  the  safe  inclosure  of  the  floral  envelops 
stand  the  essential  organs — the  stamens  and  pistils,  clearly  distinguisli- 
able  from  the  perianth  by  their  more  slight  and  delicate  forms,  and 
from  each  other  by  various  marks.  In  the  complete  flower  the  androe- 
cium  next  succeeds  the  corolla  in  the  order  of  position,  being  the  third 
Bet,  counting  from  the  calyx. 

492.  A  PERFECT  STAMEN  cousists  of  two  parts — the  filament,  corre- 
sponding with  the  petiole  of  the  typical  leaf,  and  the  anther,  answering 
to  the  blade.  Within  the  cells  of  the  anther  the  pollen  is  produced,  a 
substance  essential  to  the  fertility  of  the  flower.  Hence  the  anther 
alone  is  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen. 


•k   jW 


100 


THE    STAMENS,    OR    ANDRdCIUlf. 


*! 


Audrcrciuin  (iind  gyncccium)  of  Frnnkenia  (after  Peyer).  337,  Stamen  (adnate)  of  morning- 
plory.  338,  Saiiiu  enlarged,  with  pollen  grains  discharged  ;  /,  filament ;  a,  ii,  anther,  2-lobed  ;  c, 
top  of  the  connectile.  839,  Itanunculus.  340,  Same,  cut  transversely.  341,  Iris  cut  transversely 
(extrorse).    342,  Amaryllis,  versatile.    343,  Larkspur,  innate.    344,  Same,  cut. 

493.  The  filament  (Jilum,  a  thread)  is  the  stalk  supporting  the 
anther  at  or  near  its  top.  It  is  ordinarily  slender  and  filiform,  yet 
firmly  sustaining  itself  with  the  anther  in  position.  Sometimes  it  is 
capillary  and  pendulous  with  its  weight,  as  in  the  Grasses. 

494.  The  anther  is  regularly  an  oblong  body  at  the  summit  of  the 
filament,  composed  of  two  hollow  parallel  lobes  joined  to  each  other  and 
to  the  filament  by  the  connectile.  In  front  of  the  connectile,  loitking 
toward  the  pistil,  there  is  usually  a  furrow  ;  on  its  back  a  ridge,  and  on 
the  face  of  each  lobe  a  seam,  the  usual  place  of  dehiscence  or  opening, 
all  running  parallel  with  the  filament  and  connectile. 

Tlio  stamen,  as  thus  described,  may  bo  considered  regular  or  typical  in  form,  and 
is  well  exemplified  in  that  of  tlie  buttercup  (Fig.  339).  But  the  variations  of  struc- 
ture are  aa  remarkable  hero  as  in  other  organs,  depending  on  circumstances  like  the 
following — 

495.  AxTACHAfENT  OF  FILAMENT  TO  ANTHER.  This  may  occur  in  three  ways. 
The  anther  is  said  to  bo  innate  when  it  ''lands  centrally  erect  on  the  top  of  the  fila« 
ment,  adnate  when  it  seems  attached  to  one  side  of  the  filament,  versatile  when 
connected  by  a  single  point  in  tlio  back  to  the  top  of  tlie  filament. 

496.  Dehiscence,  or  tlio  modes  of  opening,  are  also  three,  viz.,  valvxilar,  where 
the  seam  opens  vertically  its  whole  length,  which  is  the  usual  way;  porous  where 
the  colls  open  by  a  chink  or  pore  usually  at  t!i0  top,  as  in  Rhododendron  and  po- 
tato ;  opercular  when  by  a  lid  opening  upward,  as  in  sassafras,  berberis.     (346.) 

•197.  The  facing  of  the  anther  is  also  an  important  character.  It  is  infrorse 
when  the  lines  of  deiiiaconco  look  toward  the  pistil,  as  in  violet ;  extrorse  when 
they  look  outward  toward  the  corolla,  aa  in  Iris. 

498.  The  connectile  is  usually  a  nioro  prolongation  of  the  filament,  terminating, 
not  at  the  base,  but  at  the  top  of  the  anther.  If  it  fall  short,  the  antlier  will  be 
emarginate.  Sometimes  it  outruns  the  author  and  tips  it  with  a  terminal  append- 
age of  some  sort,  as  in  violet,  oleander,  Paris.  Again,  its  base  may  be  diluted  into 
Hpurs,  aa  in  two  of  the  stamens  of  violet. 

499.  Dimidiate  anther.  If  the  connectile  be  laterally  dilated,  as  we  see  gra. 
dually  dono  in  the  various  spocios  of  tho  Labiate  Order,  the  lobea  of  the  anther 
will  bo  separated,  forming  two  dimidiate  anthers  (lialved  nnthors)  on  one  filatneut, 
u£  in  »ige,  Pruoella.     Such  are,  of  course,  1-colled,     (351.) 


THE    STAMENS,    OU    ANDRECIUM. 


101 


849       346     S47        848    34!) 


Peculiar  forms  of  stamens.  845,  Pyrola  rotuidifolia ;  p,  dehiscence  by  pores  at  top,  3.'M) 
Vaccinium  uliginosum ;  p,  dehiscence.  847,  Beiberis  aquifoliiun,  anthers  opening  (.S4fi)  by 
valves  upward.  848,  Anther  of  Violet,  Introrse,  with  ar  appendage  at  top.  349,  Oleander,  sagit- 
tate, api)en(laged.  364,  Catalpa,  lobes  of  anther  separated.  351,  Sage,  lobes  of  anther  widely 
separiited,  on  stipes ;  &,  barren  lobe  without  pollen.  852,  Mulva,  anther  1 -celled.  853,  Ephedra 
(after  Peyer),  anther  4-celled. 

500.  The  cells  of  the  anthers  are  at  first  commonly  four,  all 
parallel,  becoming  two  only  at  maturity.  In  some  plants  the  four  are 
retaineJ,  as  in  the  anthers  of  Ephedra.  (353.)  In  others,  as  mallows, 
all  the  cells  coalesce  into  one.     (352.) 

501.  Appendages  of  many  kinds  distinguish  the  stamens  of  different  species. 
In  the  Ericaceae  there  are  horns,  spurs,  tails,  queues,  etc.  In  onions  and  garlic  the 
lilament  is  2  or  3-forked,  bearing  the  anther  on  one  of  the  tips.  Sometimes  a  pair 
of  appendages  appear  at  base,  as  if  stipulate.  It  is  often  conspicuously  clothed  with 
kairs,  as  in  Tradescantia. 


856  863  MO  861 

F«e»itlal  orf^ans.  386,  Rhododendron,  five  stamens  («),  on«  pistil  (p),  oblique  or  slightly  Ir- 
regular. 357,  Flower  of  .Asculus  (Buckeye),  regular,  6-tootbed  calyx  (c),  *'ery  irregular  4-p«- 
taled  corolla,  seven  stamens  unequal,  one  style  («).  859,  Flower  of  Hydrastis;  «,  sepals  decidu- 
ous. 860,  dame,  showing  the  distinct  pistils  and  one  stamen  remaining.  861,  Anemone  thallo- 
trolde^  the  gynoerium  of  distinct,  ribbed  aohani*.  866,  Trillium,  tiz  stkinenB  (a),  three  pistili 
(p).    358,  Stapbylea  trtfolia. 


I 


102 


THE    STAMENS,    OR    ANDRECIUM. 


502.  Staminodia,  or  sterile  filaments  with  iboitive  anthers  or  none,  occur  singly 
in  many  of  tlie  Pigworts  and  Labiates,  or  in  entire  whorls  next  within  the  petals, 
alternating  with  them,  as  in  loose-strife ;  in  all  cases  restoring  the  symmetry  of  tlie 
flowers.  They  are  generally  reduced  in  size,  as  in  Scrophularia,  rarely  enlarged,  as 
iu  beardtongue  (Pentstemon). 

503.  'VuE  NUMUER  of  the  stamens  is  said  to  be  dcjlnite  when  not  ex- 
ceeding twenty,  as  is  sometimes  definitely  expressed  by  such  terras  as 
follow,  compounded  by  the  Greek  numerals,  viz.,  monandrous,  having 
one  stamen  to  each  flower  ;  diandrous,  with  two  stamens  ;  2)entandrouii, 
with  five  stamens.  If  the  number  exceeds  twenty,  it  is  said  to  be  in- 
definite  (denoted  thus,  c:  )  or  polyandrous. 

504.  The  position  or  insertion  of  the  stamens  (§  463)  maybe  more 
definitely  stated  here,  as  hypoijynouK,  on  the  receptacle  below  the  ovaries ; 
perigynoas^  on  the  calyx  around  the  ovary  ;  epipetalous,  on  the  corolla, 
as  in  Phlox  ;  epiyynous,  on  the  ovary  at  its  summit,  and  gynandrous 
{yvvrf^  pistil,  dvdpeg^  stamens)  on  the  pistil,  that  is,  when  the  stamens 
are  adherent  to  the  style,  as  in  Orchis, 

605.  Inequality  in  length  is  definitely  marked  in  two  cases,  as 
tetradynamous  (re-rpagj  four,  dvvafiig,  power)  when  the  stamens  are 
six,  whereof  four  are  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  all  the  Crucifers ; 
didynamous,  where  the  stamens  are  four,  two  of  them  longer  than  the 
other  two,  as  in  all  the  Labiates,  etc. 

866  8C5  864  863  862 

r 


M2,  Colllnsia  verna:  /  a  flower  enlarged,  cut,  showing  the  slightly  dtdynamous  stamens,  etc. 
8«8,  Stamens  (diadelphous)  of  a  Leguminous  plont.  864,  Stamens  (syngeneBlous)  of  a  Com- 
posito ;  /,  filaments  distinct ;  a,  anthers  united  ;  «,  stigmas  revolute,  etc.  366,  Tt-tradynamous 
•tiimeusof  a  Cruoll'er.  866,  Gynandrous  column  of  Cypripedlum  ;  o,  ovary;  r,  torus;  »,  sterile 
■tuuien  ;  a,  two  pollioia ;  c,  stigma. 

606.  Cohesion  is  as  frequent  with  stamens  as  with  petals.  They 
are  monadelphous  (d6eX<f>6g^  a  brother)  when  they  are  all  united,  as  in 
mallow,  into  one  set  or  brotherhood  by  the  filaments ;  diadelphom  in 
two  sets,  whether  equal  or  unequal,  as  in  pea,  squirreJ-corn ;  polyadel- 


I:      I 


THE    STAMENS,    OR    ANDRECIUM. 


103 


phous,  many  sets,  as  in  St.  John'swort ;  and  syngenesiouSy  when  they 
are  united  by  their  anthers,  as  in  the  Compositje.     Finally, 

507.  The  absence  of  the  stamens  altogetlier,  whether  by  abortion, 
as  in  the  9  flowers  of  Veratrum,  or  by  suppression,  as  in  oak,  occurs 
in  various  modes,  rendering  the  plant  monoecious  (6* ),  dioecious  (  5  ?  ), 
or  pv^lygamous  (  <5  ^  ¥  )>  as  already  explained  (§  421). 

508.  The  pollen  is  in  appearance  a  small,  yellow  dust,  contained  in 
the  cells  of  the  anther.  When  viewed  with  the  microscope  it  appears 
as  grains  of  various  forms,  usually  spheroidal,  or  oval,  sometimes  tri^ 
angular  or  polyhedral,  but  always  of  the  same  form  and  appearance  in 
the  same  species.  Externally  they  are  curiously,  and  often  elegantly 
figured  with  stripes,  bands,  dots,  checks,  etc. 

871 


Pollen  grains.    367,  Pinus  larlco.    368,  Basella  rubra.    869,  Ranunculus  repeis. 
mus  grandidorus.    371,  Passiflora  incarnata. 

509.  Each  grain  of  pollen  is  a  mem- 
branous cell  or  sack  containing  a  fluid. 
Its  coat  is  double,  the  outer  is  more  thick 
and  firm,  exhibiting  one  or  more  breaks 
where  the  inner  coat,  which  is  very  thin 
and  expansible,  is  uncovered.  In  the  fluid 
are  suspended  molecules 
of  inconceivable  minute- 
ness, said  to  possess  a  tre- 
mulous motion.      When 
the  membrane  is  exposed 
to  moisture  it  swells  and 
bursts,    discharging    its 

contents.  g^a,  Section  of  the   Passion-flower  (Passiflora  cwrulea); 

610.       PoLLINIA.         In    R,  bracts  of  the  involucre;  «,  sepals  ;  p,  petals;  <»,«,  statnl 

the  Orchids  and  Silkweed  nl'imas'*''"''' ^'"'"'"'' '  "''"'*"  "'  """''''  '^'''^'""«"*' 


'ii\ 


m 


104 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    OYNOICIUM. 


ti'ibe,  the  pollen  grains  do  not  separate  as  into  a  dust  or  powder, 
but  all  cohere  into  masses  called  pollinia,  accompanied  by  a  viscid 
fluid. 


THE    PISTILS,    OR   GYNCFCIUM. 

511.  POSITION.  The  GyncEcium  occupies  the  center  of  the  flower  at 
the  termination  of  the  axis.  It  consists  regularly  of  a  circle  of  distinct 
pistils,  (§  406),  symmetrical  in  number  with  the  other  circles.  It  is 
subject  to  great  variation.  The  pistil  may  be  ul^tinct  and  simple,  as  in 
columbine,  or  coherent  in  various  degrees  into  a  compound  body,  as  in 
St.  John's  v.ort. 

8T9  376 


Pistils.  372,  Sympliytum,  basilar  style,  ovary  4-parteil.  371,  ?  Fl.  of  EmbltcR  (Euphorbia- 
cere),  branching  styles.  373,  Mirabilis  Jalapa,  globular  stlg.  377,  Fl.  ot  Luzula,  stigmas  linear. 
874,  Feathery  stigmas  of  a  grass.  379,  Stigmas  of  Aster.  376,  Rumex.  376,  Poppy.  878,  Filiform 
stigma  of  Zea  Mays,  (Corn). 

512.  Exception.  Also  instead  of  being  free  and  superior,  as  it  regu- 
larly should  be,  it  may  adh  jre  to  the  other  circles,  as  already  explained 
(§  462),  and  become  inferior,  that  is,  apparently  placed  below  the 
flower,  as  in  the  currant. 

513.  The  number  of  tlie  pistils  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the  ra- 
dical of  the  flower.  They  may  be  increased  by  multiples,  becoming  a 
fipiral  on  a  lengthened  receptacle,  as  in  tulip-tree,  or  still  remaining  a 
circle,  as  in  poppy.  On  the  other  hand  they  may  be  reduced  in  num- 
ber often  to  one,  as  in  cherry,  pea.  Certain  terms  are  employed  to 
denote  the  number  of  pistils  in  the  flower,  such  as  monogynous,  with 
one  pistil,  trigonous,  with  three,  polygynotis,  with  many,  etc. 

614.  The  simple  pistil  may  usually  be  known  from  the  compound, 
by  its  one-sided  forms — having  two  sides  similar  and  two  dissimilar.  If 
the  pistils  appear  di.stinct,  they  are  all  simple,  never  being  united  into 
more  than  one  set,  as  tlie  stamens  often  are. 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    GYNtECIUM. 


105 


615.  The  parts  of  a  simple  pistil  are  three,  the  ovary  at  base,  th« 
ttigma  at  the  summit,  and  the  style^  intervening.  Like  the  filament 
the  style  is  not  essential,  and  when  it  is  wanting,  the  stigma  is  sessile 
upon  the  ovary,  as  in  crowfoot.  In  order  to  understand  the  relation  of 
these  parts  we  must  needs  first  study 

516.  The  morphology  of  the  pistil.  As  before  stated,  (§  380),  the 
pistil  consists  of  a  modified  leaf  called  a  carpel  {Kapvoq,  fruit),  or  carpel- 
lary  leaf.  This  leaf  is  folded  together  (induplicate)  toward  the  axis,  so 
tliat  the  upper  surface  becomes  the  inner,  while  the  lower  becomes  the 
outer  surfac )  of  the  ovary.  By  this  arrangement  two  sutures  or  seams 
will  be  formed,  the  dorsal,  at  the  back  by  the  midvein,  the  ventral,  i-i 
front  by  the  joined  margins  of  the  leaf. 


o7S   bis 


oVi  bis     iJSO        381 


3S2 


y&ti 


3S4 


;jsj 


885,  Simple  pistil  of  Strawberry,  the  stylo  lateral.  86,  Simple  pistil  of  Crowfoot,  out  to 
show  the  ovule.  380,  Snuiiie  pistil  of  the  Cherry.  38i,  Verticiil  section  showing  the  ovnlo  (c), 
style  (>(),  stigma  {a).  382,  Cross-section  of  the  same.  884,  ("ompound  pistil  of  Sprinsr-beaiity. 
883,  Cross-section  of  tlie  same  sliowing  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.  378,  Expanded  carpdlary  leaf 
of  the  double  cherry.    379,  Tlie  same  partly  folded  as  if  to  form  a  pistil. 

617.  TiiLUSTRATiON.  This  view  of  the  pistil  is  remarkably  confirmed  and  illus- 
trated by  the  flowers  of  the  double  cherry,  wlicre  the  pistil  may  be  seen  in  every 
degree  of  transition,  reverting  toward  the  form  of  a  leaf.  This  carpellary  leaf 
stands  in  the  place  of  the  pi,stil,  having  tlie  edges  infolded  toward  each  other,  the 
midvein  prolonged  and  dilated  at  the  apex. 

518.  If  this  be  compared  with  the  pistil  of  the  cherry  seen  in  the  figure  (.378, 
379),  no  doubt  can  bo  entertained  that  the  two  sides  of  the  leaf  correspond  to  tho 
walls  of  tho  ovary,  the  margins  to  tho  ventral  suture,  tho  midvein  to  the  dorsal  su- 
ture, and  the  lengthened  apex  to  tho  style  and  stigma.  Sometimes  tlie  flower  con- 
tains two  such  leaves,  which  always  present  their  faces  toward  each  other.  This 
corresponds  to  the  position  of  tho  true  carpels,  in  which  the  ventral  sutures  of  both 
are  contiguous. 

519.  The  doctrine  deduced.  Many  other  plants,  as  tho  rose,  Anemone,  Ranun- 
culus, flowering  almond,  exhibit  simihir  transformations  of  the  pistil,  making  it  prob- 
able that  it  is  formed  upon  the  same  plan  in  all  plants.  The  ovary,  therefore,  is  the 
blade  of  a  leaf;  folded  into  a  sack ;  the  style  is  tho  length  med  apex  folded  into  a 
tube ;  the  stigma,  a  thickened  and  denuded  portion  of  the  upper  margin  of  the 
leaf. 


<4H 


.V.,! 


106 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    OTNCECIUM. 


U4*' 


mi 


520.  Tna  PLACENTiB  are  iisually  prominent  lines  or  ridges  extending 
along  the  ventral  suture  within  the  cell  of  the  ovary,  and  bearing  the 
ovules.  They  are  developed  at  each  of  the  two  edges  of  the  carpellary 
leaf,  and  are  consequently  closely  parallel  when  those  edg,  s  are  united, 
forming  one  double  placenta  in  the  cell  of  each  ovary. 

521.  The  simple  carpel,  with  all  its  pai*s,  is  completely  exemplified  in  thepesfc- 
pod.  When  this  is  laid  open  at  the  ventral  a>.^uro,  the  leaf  form  becomes  manifest, 
.vith  the  peas  (ovules)  arranged  in  an  alternate  order  along  each  margin,  so  as  to 
form  but  one  row  when  the  pod  is  closed.  In  the  pod  of  columbine  the  ovules  form 
two  distinct  rows ;  in  the  simple  plum  carpel  each  margin  bears  a  single  ovule,  and 
in  the  one-ovuled  cherry  only  one  of  the  margins  is  fruitful. 

522.  The  stigma  is  the  glandular  orifice  of  the  ovary,  communicat- 
ing with  it  either  directly  or  through  the  tubiform  style.  It  is  usually 
globular  and  terminal,  often  linear  and  lateral,  but  subject  to  great  va- 
riations in  form.  It  is  sometimes  double  or  halved,  or  2-lobed,  even 
when  belonging  to  a  single  carpel  or  to  a  simple  style,  as  in  Linden, 
where  these  carpels  are  surmounted  by  three  pairs  of  stigmas. 

523.  The  compound  pistil  consists  of  the  united  circle  of  pistils, 
just  as  the  monopetalous  corolla  consists  of  the  united  circle  of  petals. 
The  union  occurs  in  every  degree,  always  commencing  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  and  proceeding  upward.  Thus  in  columbine  we  see  the  car- 
pels (pistils)  quite  distinct ;  in  early  saxifrage  cohering  just  at  base ;  in 
pink  as  far  as  the  top  of  the  ovaries,  with  styles  distinct ;  in  evening 
primrose  to  the  top  of  the  styles,  with  stigmas  distinct ;  and  in  Rhodo- 
dendron the  union  is  complete  throughout. 

88T  888  389  390  391  392  893 


887,  Ovary  (follicle)  of  Larkspur,  composed  of  single  carpellary  leaf.  388,  Ovaries  of  the  Col- 
umbine, five,  contiguous  but  distinct  889,  Compound  ovary  of  Hypericum,  of  carpels  united 
below  with  disUnct  styles.  .S90,  Ovary  of  another  Hypericum  of  three  carpels  completely  united. 
301,  Ovary  of  Flax ;  carpels  five,  united  below,  distinct  above.  392,  Dianthus  (Pinlc).  393, 
Sasifrnga. 

524.  To  determine  the  number  of  carpels  in  a  compound  ovary 
is  an  important  matter.  It  may  be  known,  1,  by  the  number  of  styles; 
2,  by  the  number  of  free  stigmas  (remembering  that  these  organs  are 
liable  to  be  halved,  §  622);  3,  by  the  lobes,  angles,  or  seams  of  the 
ovary  ;  4,  by  the  cells ;  6,  by  the  placenta. 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    0>  NECIUM. 


107 


525.  Two  MODES  OF  COHESION  in  the  carpellary  circle  greatly  affect 
the  structure  of  the  ovary  and  fruit.  First  and  regularly,  the  carpels 
may  be  closed  as  when  simple,  and  conjoined  by  their  sides  and  fronts, 
as  in  lily  and  marsh  mallow.     In  this  case, 

1,  The  compound  ovary  will  have  as  many  cells  as  carpels. 

2,  The  partitions  between  the  cells,  i.  e.,  the  dissepiments  {dissejno, 
to  separate)  will  each  be  double,  will  meet  in  the  center,  will  be  verti- 
cal and  alternate  with  the  stigmas. 

3,  The  single  carpel  can  have  no  true  dissepiment.  If  any  ever 
occur  it  is  regarded  as  spurious,  being  a  membranous  expansion  of  the 
dorsal  suture  or  the  placentae,  as  in  flax. 

4,  The  placentae  as  well  as  the  ventral  Siiture  will  be  axial,  and  the 
dorsal  suture  on  the  outer  wall,  opposite  the  stigmas. 

526.  Again,  the  carpels  may  each  be  open  and  conjoined  by  their 
edges,  as  the  petals  in  a  monopetalous  corolla.  So  it  is  in  the  com- 
pound ovary  of  the  violet,  rock-rose.     In  tins  case, 

1,  There  will  be  no  dissepiment  (unless  spurious,  as  in  the  Cruciferae), 
and  but  one  cell. 

2,  The  placentae  of  each  carpel  will  be  separated  and  carried  back 
to  the  wall  of  the  ovary,  i.  e.,  they  will  become  parietal  (paries, 
a  wall.) 

527.  Intermediate  conditions.  Between  the  two  conditions  of  axile  (or  cen- 
tral) and  parietal  placentas  we  find  all  degrees  of  transition,  as  illustrated  in  the 
ditt'erent  species  of  St.  John'swort,  and  in  poppy,  where  the  inflected  marpins  of 

*he  carpels  carry  the  placentae  inward,  well 

/      n.'gh  to  the  axis.     Moreover,  tbo  placentae 

l/l/l      are  not  always   mere  marginal  lines,  but 


894  896  896  897 

897,  Flower  of  Dodecatheon  Meadla.   894,  Vertical  section  showing  the  free  central  placenta. 
895,  Vertical  section  of  Lucojum  (Snow-flake).    896,  Cross  section  of  ovary. 


m 


.■8  'lA 


108 


THE     OVULES. 


•n 


often  wide  spaces  covering  large  portions  of  ihe  walla  of  the  cell,  aa  in  poppy, 
water-lily,  and  in  other  cases,  as  Dutura,  thoy  become  large  and  tieshy,  nearly  till- 
Jug  the  cell. 

528.  A  FREE  AAiLK  PLACRNTA,  without  (lissepiments,  occurs  in  some 
compound,  ouc-ccUed  ovaries,  as  in  the  pink  and  primrose  orders.  This 
anomaly  is  explained  in  two  ways :  first,  by  the  obliteration  of  the  early 
formed  dissepiments,  as  is  actually  seen  to  occur  in  the  pinks  ;  secondly, 
by  supposing  the  placenta  to  be,  at  least  in  some  cases,  an  axial  rather 
than  a  marginal  growtii ;  that  is,  to  grow  from  the  point  of  the  axis 
ratlier  than  from  the  margin  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  for  in  primrose  no 
dissepiments  ever  appear. 

404  808  406 


898.  Sainolus  Valerandi,  section  of  flower  showing  the  free  axile  placenta.  399,  Ovary  or 
Bcrophulariiiceae.  400,  Ovary  of  Tulip.  401,  Cross-section  of  ovary  of  Flux,  5-eelled,  falsely 
10-celled.  402,  Ovary  of  Violet,  1-celleiL  403,  Ovary  of  Fuchsia,  4-celled.  404,  Ovary  of  rock- 
rose,  1-celled,  5-carpelled.    405    Gentianacete,  2-valved,  1-celled. 

529.  A.  FEW  PECULIAR  FORMS  of  the  Style  and  stigma  are  worthy  of  note  in  our 
narrow  limits,  as  the  lateral  style  of  strawberry,  the  basilar  style  or  the  Lahintae 
and  Borrageworts,  the  branching  style  of  Emblica,  one  of  the  Euphorbiacea; ;  also, 

530.  The  globular  stigma  of  Mirabilis;  the  linear  stigma  of  Gyromia;  the 
feathery  stigma  of  grasses  ;  the  filiform  stigma  of  Indian  corn  ;  the  lateral  stigma 
of  Aster;  the  petaloid  stigmas  of  Iris  ;  the  hooded  stigma  of  violet  (371 — 379). 

531.  Stigma  wanting.  In  the  pine,  cedar,  and  the  Coniferae  generally,  both  the 
style  and  stigma  are  wanting,  and  the  ovary  is  represented  only  by  a  flat,  open, 
carpellary  scale  bearing  the  naked  ovules  at  its  base. 


THE   OVULES. 


532.  Their  nature.  Destined  to  become  seeds  in  the  fruit  ovules 
are  understood  to  be  altered  buds.  Tlicir  development  from  the  mar- 
gins and  inner  surface  of  the  carpel  favors  this  view ;  for  the  ordinary 
leaves  of  Bryophyllum  and  some  other  plants  do  habitually  produce 
buds  at  their  margin  or  on  their  upper  surface;  and  in  the  mignonette 
ovules  themselves  have  been  seen  transformed  into  leaves. 


THE    OVULES. 


ioy 


415 


416 


417 


414 


412 


411 


410 


406,  Pistil  of  Cclosia,  tlie  pericarp  (k'tiiclied  shDwing  the  young  ovules.  413,  Flower  of  Rhu- 
barb ;  pericarp  rciuoved  siiowini:  the  young  ovule.  407,  A  biniilar  ovule  (orthotropous)  of 
Polyironum.  40s.  Tiie  same,  full  fjrown  ;  foramen  at  top.  409,  Section  showing  its  two 
coats,  nucleus  un<l  sac.  410,  Anatropous  ovule,  as  of  columbine;  <i,  foramen.  411,  Section  of 
tiame.  412,  ("aiupylotropous  ovule,  as  of  Bean;  a,  foramen.  414,  Section  of  a  cherry,  ovule 
anatropous,  susitended.  41.%  Section  of  carpel  of  Ranunculus;  ovule  ascending.  416,  Seuecio; 
•vule  erect.     417,  Ilippuris;  ovule  pendulous. 

633.  The  number  of  ovules  in  the  ovary  varies  from  one  to  hun- 
dreds. Thus  in  buttercups,  Coinpositae  and  grasses  the  ovule  is  solitary; 
in  Unibeliferae  it  is  also  solitary  in  each  of  the  two  carpels;  in  the  Pea 
Order  they  are  definite,  being  but  few  ;  in  Mullein,  Poppy,  indefinite^  oo), 
too  many  to  be  readily  counted. 

534.  The  position  of  the  ovule  in  the  cell  is  defined  by  certain 
terms  as  follows;  erect,  when  it  grows  upwards  from  the  base  of  the 
cell,  as  in  Compositae  ;  ascending,  when  it  turns  upwards  from  its  point 
of  lateral  attachment;  horizontal,  when  neither  turning  upwards  nor 
downwards ;  pendulous,  when  turned  downwards,  and  suspended,  when 
growing  directly  downwards  from  the  top  of  the  cell,  as  in  birch.  (415, 
416,  417,  419). 

535.  The  ovule  at  the  time  of  flowering  is  soft  and  pvdpy, 
consisting  of  a  nucleus  within  two  coats,  supported  on  a  stalk.  The 
stalk  is  cd.Wk'iX  funiculus  ;  the  point  of  its  juncture  with  the  base  of  the 
nucleus  is  the  chalaza.  The  nucleus  was  first  formed,  then  the  legmen 
or  inner  coat  grew  up  from  the  chalaza  and  covered  it,  and  lastly  the 
outer  coat,  the  testa,  invested  the  whole.  Both  coats  remain  open  at 
the  top  by  a  small  passage,  the  micropyle. 

636.  Change  of  position.  Il  most  cases  the  ovule,  in  the  course 
of  its  growth,  changes  position,  curving  over  in  varion  de^;rees  upon  its 
lengthening  funiculus  or  upon  itself.  When  no  such  curvature  exists, 
and  it  stands  straight,  as  in  the  buckwheat  order,  it  is  orthotropous.  It  is 


(,    m 


110 


THE    FRUIT. 


537.  Anatropous  when  completely  inverted.  In  this  state  a  i>ur- 
tion  of  the  funiculus  adheres  to  the  testa,  fonning  a  ridge  called  raphe, 
reachini;  from  the  chalaza  to  the  h'dum. 

638.  It  18  CAMPYLOTROPOU8  wheu  curved  upon  itself.  In  this  state 
the  niicropyle  is  brought  near  to  the  chalaza,  and  both  are  next  the 
placenta,  as  in  the  pinks  and  Cruciferse. 

539.  Amphithopous  when  half  inverted,  so  that  its  axis  becomes 
parallel  with  the  placenta,  as  in  mallow.  Here  the  raphe  exists,  but 
is  short.     In  catnpylotropous  there  is  no  raphe. 

The  ovule  contains  no  young  plant  (embryo)  yet;  but  a  cavity,  the 
embryo  sac,  is  already  provided  to  receive  it  just  witliin  the  upper  end 
of  the  nucleus. 

540.  The  relations  of  the  ovule  to  the  pollen  grain  will  be  more  suit- 
ably discussed  hereafter  under  the  head  of  fertilization.  We  briefly  remark  here 
that  the  immediate  contact  of  the  two  is  brought  about  at  the  time  of  flowering  by 
special  arrangements ;  and  that,  as  the  undoubted  result  of  their  combined  action, 
the  embryo  soon  after  originates  in  the  embryo  sac. 


CHAPTER      XIII. 


mv- 


THE   FRUIT. 

641.  Its  origin.  After  having  imbibed  the  pollen  which  the  an- 
thers have  discharged,  the  pistil  or  its  ovary  continues  its  growth  and 
enlargement,  and  is  finally  matured  in  the  form  of  the  peculiar  fruit 
of  the  plant.  The  fruit  is,  therefore,  properly  speaking,  the  ovarxj 
brought  to  perfection. 

542.  State  op  the  other  parts  in  fruit.  The  other  organs  of  the  flower, 
having  accomplished  their  work,  the  fertilization  of  the  ovary,  soon  wither  and  fall 
away,  -.ome  of  them,  however,  often  persist,  to  protect  or  become  blended  with 
the  ripening  fruit.  Thus  the  tube  of  the  superior  calyx  {§  446)  always  blends  with 
the  ovary  in  fruit,  as  in  currant,  cucumber,  apple,  etc.  In  Compositae  the  persi.stoiit 
limb  enlarges  into  the  pappus  of  the  fruit.  In  buttercups  tiie  fruit  is  beaked  with 
the  siiort,  persistent  style.  In  Clematis,  Geum,  it  is  caudate  (tailed)  with  the  long, 
growing  style.  In  the  Potato  tribe,  Labiata;,  and  many  others,  the  inferior  calyx 
continues  to  vegetate  like  leaves  until  the  fruit  ripens, 

543.  Consolidated  fruit.  In  some  cases  the  fruit,  so-called,  consists  of  tlio  re- 
ceptacle and  ovaries  blended,  as  in  blackberry,  strawberry.  Again,  in  mulberry, 
fig,  pine-apple,  the  whole  inflorescence  is  consolidated  into  the  matured  fruit. 

544.  A  rule  and  exception.  As  a  rule,  the  structure  of  the  fruit 
agrees  essentially  with  that  of  the  ovary.  In  many  cases,  liowever,  the 
fruit  undergoes  such  changes  in  the  course  of  its  growth  from  the  ovary 
as  to  disguise  its  real  structure.  An  early  examination,  therefore,  is 
always  more  reliable  in  its  results  than  a  late  one. 


PEKICAKP. 


Ill 


646.  For  sxample,  tlie  oak-acorn  ia  a  fruit  with  but  one  cell  and  one  st-ed,  al- 
though its  ovary  had  three  cells  and  six  ovules  1  This  singular  change  is  due  tu  the 
non-development  of  five  of  its  ovules,  whije  the  sixth  grew  the  more  rapidly,  obhl- 
crated  the  dissepiments  by  pressing  them  to  the  wall,  and 
filled  the  whole  space  itself.  Similar  changes  characterisso 
the  chestnut,  hazelnut,  and  that  whole  order.     The  ovary  of 


422 


419 


419 


41S,  Section  of  the  ovary  of  an  ncnrn.  3-celIed,  6-ovuled.  420,  Section  of  ovary  of  Birch, 
2-ce!le(l,2-ovulfd.  419,  Vertical  section  ofthe  same  in  frii't.  422.  Perl-;'..rpor  Mipniomtte  open 
soon  after  flowering.  421,  Naked  seed  of  Taxus  Canadensis,  durrounded,  not,  covered  by  the 
fleshy  pericarp. 

the  birch   is  2-colled,  2-ovuled ;  but  by  the  suppression  of  one  cell  with  its  ovule, 

the  fruit  becomes  1 -celled  and  1-seeded. 

546.  On  the  other  hand  the  cells  are  sometimes  multiplied  iu  the  fruit  by  the 

formation  of  false  partitions.   Thus  the  pod  of  thorn-apple  (Datura)  becomes  4-celled 

from  a  2-celled  ovary,  and  tiie  longer  pods  of  some  leguminous  plants  havo  cross 

partitions  formed  between  the  seeds. 

42S  427 


428  425  424  423 

Capsule,  427,  of  Scrophularia,  2-celled ;  42.S,  of  Datura  Stramonium  ;  425,  of  Iris ;  426,  show- 
ins  its  mode  of  dehiscence  (loculicidal) ;  424,  of  Colchlcum,  3-celled.  42S,  Regma,  ripe  fruit  of 
Geranium,  the  carpels  (cocci)  separating  from  the  axis  an<l  bendini;  upwards  on  the  elastic  styles. 


PERICARP. 


Wi 


The  fruit  consists  of  the  pericarp  and  the  seed. 

647.  The  pericarp  {nepi,  around)  is  the  envelope  of  the  seeds,  con- 
sisting of  the  carpels  and  whatever  other  parts  they  may  be  combined 
with.     It  varies  greatly  in  texture  and  substance  when  mature,  being 


112 


PERICAKP. 


then  either  dry,  as  the  pea-pod,  or  succulent,  as  the  currant.  Dry  peri- 
carps are  membranous,  or  coriaceous  (leathery),  or  woody.  Succulent 
pericarps  may  be  either  wholly  so,  as  the  grape,  or»  partly  sc,  as  the 
peach  and  other  stone  fruit. 

548.  Pericarp  closed  or  open.  With  very  few  exceptions  the 
pericarp  encloses  the  seed  while  maturing.  In  mignonette  (322), 
however,  it  opens,  exposing  the  seed,  immediately  after  flowering.  The 
membranous  pericarp  of  cohosh  (Leoutice)  falls  away  early  leaving  the 
seed  to  ripen  naked.  In  yew  (Taxus)  the  seed  is  never  enclosed  wholly 
by  its  fleshy  pericarp ;  but  in  most  of  the  other  Coniferae,  the  close- 
pressed,  carpellary  scales  cover  the  seeds.  One-seeded  fruits,  like  those 
of  butter-cups,  etc.,  are  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 

549.  Dehiscence.  The  fleshy  pericarp  is  always  indehiscent.  Its 
seeds  are  liberated  only  by  its  decay,  or  bursting  in  germination.  So 
also  in  many  cases  the  dry  pericarp,  as  the  acorn.  But  more  commonly 
the  dry  fruit,  when  arrived  at  maturity,  opens  in  some  way,  discharging 
its  seeds.     Such  fruits  are  dehiscent. 

550.  Modes.  Dehiscence  is  either  valvular,  porous,  or  circumscis- 
sile ;  valvular,  when  the  pericarp  opens  vertically  along  the  sutures, 
forming  regular  parts  called  valves.  These  valves  may  separate  quite 
to  the  base,  or  only  at  the  top,  forming  teeth,  as  in  chickweed.  We 
notice  four  modes  of  valvular  dehiscence,  viz.  : 

1,  Sutural,  when  it  takes  place  at  the  sutures  of  any  1 -celled  peri- 
carp, as  columbine,  pea,  violet. 


42»  480  481 

Dehiscence ;  429,  septlcidal ;  430,  loculioidal ;  481,  septifrngsl. 

2,  Septicidal  {septum,  partition,  coedo,  to  cut),  when  it  takes  place 
Uirough  the  dissepiments  (which  are  double,  §  525).  The  carpels  thus 
separated  may  open  severally  by  sutures,  (Mallows),  or  vemain  inde- 
hiscent, as  in  Vervain. 

3,  Zoculkidal  {loculus,  a  cell,  ccedo,  to  cut),  when  each  carpel  opens 
at  its  dorsal  suture  directly  into  the  cell  (evening-primrose,  lily).  Here 
the  dissepiments  come  away  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves. 

4,  Septifraffal  {septum,  and  frango,  to  break),  when  the  valves 
separate  from  the  dissepiments  which  remain  still  united  in  the  axis 
(Convolvulus). 


PERICARP. 


113 


551.  Porous  dehiscence  is  exemplified  in  the  poppy,  where  the  seeds 
escape  by  orifices  near  the  top  of  the  fruit.     It  is  not  common. 

552.  Circumsci3sile  (circumscindOj  to  cut  around),  when  the  top 
of  the  ovary  opens  or  falls  off  like  a  lid,  as  in  Jeffersonia,  henbane, 
plantain. 

653.  Carpophore.  Some  fruits,  as  the  Gerania  and  Umbeliferae,  are 
furnished  with  a  carpophore,  that  is,  a  slender  column  from  the  recep- 
tacle, prolonged  through  the  axis  of  the  fruit,  supporting  the  carpels. 

554.  The  morphology  of  the  pericvp  is  exceedingly  diversified,  but  it  will  suf- 
fice the  learner  at  first  to  acquaint  himself  with  the  leading  forms  only,  such  as  are 
itidicated  in  the  following  synopsis  and  more  definitely  described  afterward. 

555.  The  following  is  a  syuopsis  of  the  principal  forms  of  Pericarps. 


§  1.  free  fruits  (formed  bt  a 

*  Pericarps  indehiscent, 

f  With  usually  but  one  seed,  and 
X  Uniform,  or  I -coated. 

1.  Separated  from  the  seed. 

2.  Inflated,  often  breaking  away. 

3.  Inseparable  from  the  seed. 

4.  Investc  I  with  a  cupule  (involucre). 

5.  Having  wuiged  appendages. 
Double  or  triple-coated,  fleshy  or  fibrous, 
tt.  Three-coated.     Stone  cell  entire. 

1.  Two-coated.     Stone  cell  2-parted. 

8.  Drupes  aggregated. 
f  WitL  two  or  more  seeds, 

X  Immersed  in  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  mass. 

9.  Rind  membranous. 

10.  Rind  leathery,  separable. 

11.  Rind  hard,  crustaceous. 
X  Inclosed  in  distinct  cells. 

*  Pericarps  dehiscent. 

12.  Dehiscence  circumscissile.  seeds  oo  . 
f  Dehiscence  valvular  or  porous ; 

X  Simple  or  1  carpeled, 

13.  Opening  by  the  ventral  suture. 

14.  Openitig  by  both  sutures. 
16.  Logutno  jointed. 

:j:  Compound  ppricarps; 

16.  Placentte  parietal  with  two  cells. 

Sillquo  short. 

17.  Placentae  parietal  only  when  1-celled. 


single  flower). 


Achenium  (buttercups). 
Utricle  (pigweed). 
Caryopsis  (grasses). 
Glans  (oak). 
Samara  (ash). 

Drupe  (cherry). 
Tryma  (walnui). 
Etaerio  (raspberry). 


Berry  (gooseberry). 
Hesperidium  (orange) 
Pepo  (squash) 
Pome  (apple). 

Pyxis  (iienbane). 


Follicle  (columbine). 
Legume  (pea). 
Loment  (Desmodiuin)- 

Silique  (mustard). 
Silicle  (shepherd's  purse). 
Capsule  (Hax). 


18.  Capsule  with  carpophf  re  and  elastic  styles.  Regma  (Geranium). 

§  2.  confluent  fruits  (formed  of  an  inflorescence). 

•  With  open  carpels  aggregntod  into  a  cone.  Strobile  (pine). 

♦  With  closed  carpels  aggregated  into  a  mass,  as  in  the  fig,  mulberry,  Osago-orango, 

pine-apple,  etc. 

8 


r  I! 


114 


PERICARP. 


556.  The  achenium  is  a  small,  dry,  indehiscent  pericarp,  free  from 
the  one  seed  which  it  contains,  and  tipped  with  the  remains  of  the 
style  (buttercups,  Lithospermum). 

557.  The  double  achenium  of  the  Umbelifera?,  supported  on  a  carpophore  is  called 
cremocarp.  The  2-carpeled  achenium  of  the  CompositaB,  usually  crowned  with  a 
pappus,  is  called  cypsela. 

558.  The  aciienia  are  often  mistaken  for  seeds.  In  the  Labiatse  and  Bor- 
rageworts  they  are  associated  in  fours  (372).  In  Geum,  Anemone,  etc.,  they  are 
collected  in  heads.  The  rich  pulp  of  the  strawberry  consists  wholly  of  the  over- 
grown receptacle,  which  bears  the  dry  achenia  on  its  surface.     (440). 

433  440  435  486  ' 


434  487  48S  439 

432,  Achenia  of  Anemone  thalictroides  433,  Cremocarp  of  Archangelica  officinalis,  its  halves 
{mtf'ocarps)  separated  and  suspended  on  the  carpophore.  434,  Cypsela  of  Thistle  with  its 
plumous  pappus.  435,  Utricle  of  Chenopodium  (pijtweed).  436,  Caryopsis  of  Wheat  437. 
Samara  of  Elm.  43S,  Qlans  of  Eeech.  439,  Dru^je  of  Prunus.  440,  Fruit  of  Fragaria  Indica,  a 
fleshy  torus  liiie  the  strawberry. 

559.  The  utricle  is  a  small,  thin,  pericarp  fitting;  loosely  upon  its 
one  seed,  and  often  opening  transversely  to  dischyrg';  r,.  (pigweed, 
prince's  feather). 

i>60.  Caryopsis,  the  grain  or  fruit  of  the  grasses,  is  :  thin,  dry,  1- 
seedod  pericarp,  inseparable  from  the  seed. 

601.  Samara;  dry,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  furnished  with  a  mem- 
branous wing  or  wings  (ash,  elm,  maple). 

662.  Glans  or  nut  ;  hard,  dry,  indehiscent,  commonly  1-seeded  by 
suppression  (§  646),  and  invested  with  a  persistent  involucre  called  a 
eupxile,  either  solitary  (acorn,  hazelnut)  or  several  together  (chestnut, 
beechnut). 

663.  Drupe,  stone-fruit ;  a  3-coated,  1-celled,  indehiscent  pericarp, 
exemplified  in  the  cherry,  peach.  The  outer  coat  (epidermis)  is  called 
the  epicarp,  the  inner  is  the  nucleus  or  endocarp^  hard  and  stony  ;  the 
intervening  pulp  or  fleshy  coat  is  the  sarcocarp  (dap^,  flesh).  These 
coats  are  not  distinguishable  in  the  ovary. 


PRRICABP. 


IIT) 


564.  Tryma,  a  kind  of  dryish  drupe,  2-coated,  the  epicarp  tibro- 
fleshy  (butternut)  or  woody  (hickory),  the  nucleus  bony  with  its  cell 
often  deeply  2-parted  (cocoa-nut). 

565.  Et^rio,  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  numerous  little  drupes 
united  to  each  other  (raspberry)  or  to  the  fleshy  receptacle  (black- 
berry). 

566.  Berry,  a  succulent,  thin-skinned  pericarp  holding  the  seeds 
loosely  imbedded  in  the  pulp  (currant,  grape). 

567.  Hesperidium  a  succulent,  many-carpeled  fruit,  the  rind  thick, 
leathery,  separable  from  the  pulpy  mass  within  (orange,  lemon). 

668.  Pepo,  an  indehiscent,  compound,  fleshy  fruit,  with  a  hardened 
rind  and  parietal  placenta)  (melon). 

569.  The  pome  is  a  fleshy,  indehiscent  pericarp  formed  of  the  per- 
manent c^lyx,  containing  several  cartilaginous  (apple)  or  bony  (haw) 
cells. 

570.  The  pyxis  is  a  many-seeded,  dry  fruit,  opening  like  a  lid  by 
a  circumscissile  dehiscence  (plantain,  henbane,  Jeffersonia). 

571.  The  follicle  is  a  single  carpel,  1 -celled,  many-seeded,  opening 
at  the  ventral  suture  (columbine,  larkspur,  silk  grass). 

672.  The  legume  or  pod  is  a  single  carpel,  1 -celled,  usually  splitting 
into  two  valves,  but  bearing  its  l-oo  seeds  along  the  ventral  suture  only, 
in  one  row,  as  in  the  bean  and  all  the  Legumiuosae.  It  is  sometimes 
curved  or  coiled  like  a  snail-shell  (Medicago). 

673.  The  loment  is  a  jointed  pod,  separating  across  into  1 -seeded 
portions  (Desmodium). 

574.  SiLiQUE.  This  is  also  a  pod,  linear,  2-carpeled,  2-valved,  2- 
ccllod  by  a  false  dissepiment  extended  between  the  two  parietal  pla- 
centie.  To  this  false  dissepiment  on  both  sides  of  both  edges  the 
seeds  are  attached  (mustard). 

675.  SiLiCLE.  This  is  a  short  silique,  nearly  as  wide  as  long  (shep- 
herd's purse).  The  silique  and  silicle  are  the  peculiar  fruit  of  all  the 
Crncifera). 

576.  Capsule  (casket).  This  term  includes  all  other  forms  of  dry, 
dehiscent  fruits,  compound,  opening  by  as  many  valves  as  there  are 
carpels  (Iris),  or  by  twice  as  many  (chickweed),  or  by  pores  (poppy). 

677.  The  reoma  is  a  kind  of  capsule  like  that  of  the  Geranium, 
whose  dehiscent  carpels  separate  elastically  but  still  remain  attached 
to  the  carpophore. 

578.  Strobile  or  cone  ;  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  a  conical 
or  oval  mass  of  imbricated  scales,  each  an  open  carpel  (  9  flower), 
bearing  seeds  on  its  inner  side  at  base,  i.e.,  axillary  seeds  (pine  and  the 
Gymnosperms  generally). 

679.  The  conk  (syncabpium,  avv,  together)  of  the  Magnolia  tribe 


\«i| 


i^ 


m 


116 


PERICARP. 

442  449  441 


Fruits.  441,  Kt.iui'io  of  lliibus  villoBUS  (Blackberry).  442,  Pepo'  section  of  ciiciunbrtr.  449, 
Beiry,  Giiipc.  448.  Pome,  Onitietfus  (Haw).  444,  Pyxis  of  .TefTersonia.  44.5,  Legume  of  Pea, 
446,  Lomcnt  of  Desmodium.    447,  Siilque  of  Siiiapis.    448,  8ilicle  of  Capsella. 

is  a  mass  of  confluent,  closed  pericarps  on  a  lengthened  torus  (cucinn- 
ber  tree). 

680.  The  fig  (syconus)  is  an  agc^regate  fruit,  consisting  of  numer- 
ous seed-like  pericarps  inclosed  within  a  hollow,  fleshy  receptacle  wliere 
the  flowers  were  attached. 

681.  Other  confluent  fruits  (sorosis)  consist  of  the  entire  in- 
florescence developed  into  a  mass  of  united  pericarps,  as  in  the  mul- 
berry, osage-orange,  pine-apple. 

451  460  462  449,  bis. 


IL/^ 


44»,  bis,  Strobile  of  PInus.    460,  Tlie  FIk  (syconus).    461,  Sorosis  of  Mulberry.    4.V2,  Hip  of  Rosa» 
achenla  nearly  inclosed  in  the  leathery  calyx  tube. 


THE    SEED. 


117 


CHAPTER     XIV. 


THE    SEED. 


582,  The  seed  is  the  perfected  ovule,  having  an  embryo  formed  with- 
in, which  is  the  rudiment  of  a  new  plant  similar  in  all  respects  to  th« 
original.     The  seed  consists  of  a  nucleus  or  kernel  invested  with 

583.  The  integument8  or  coverings.  The  outer  covering  is  the 
testa,  the  inner  the  tegmen,  as  in  the  ovule.  The  latter  is  thin  and 
delicate,  often  indistinguishable  from  the  testa. 

46:J  4M  46i  462  460 


458 


454 


455 


456 


457        45S 


459 


Seed  of  Water- Lily  (Nyinphiea),  cnlartfsd  section;  '<^ft,,  alhiimen  ;  <f,  the  embryo  com  taincd 
In  the  embryo-sac;  't,  seuiindinu  or  tcgmen;  p,  prlniine  or  testa  ;  /•,  raphe,  (»'•,  aril;  m,  ini- 
cropyle ;  /;  funiculus.  46!^,  Seed  of  Bean.  464,  Same,  one  cotyledon  wfth  the  leafy  embryo. 
461,  Seed  of  .Apple.  462,  One  cotyledon  showins  the  raphe  and  embryo.  460,  Fruit  of  MIrabi- 
lis  ;  embryo  coiled  into  a  ring.  4.54,  Onion  ;  embryo  coiled.  455,  Convolvulus  ;  leafy  embryo 
folded.    450,  Embryo  of  Cuscuta.    457,  Typha.    45S,  llanunculus.    4.')9,  Hop. 

684.  The  testa  is  either  membranous  (papery),  coriaceous  (h'.i  h- 
ery),  crustaceous  (horny),  bony,  woody,  or  fleshy.  Its  surface  is  gen- 
erally smooth,  etc.  (118,  a). 

585.  TuE  COMA  MUST  NOT  BE  CONPOUNOEI)  WITH  tho  pappus,  wliiuh  is  .1  piodi- 
tication  of  tho  calyx,  appended  to  tlie  pericarp,  and  not  to  the  seed,  as  in  tiio  acho- 

nia  of  tho  thistle,  dandelion,  and  other  Conipositic.  Its  intention  in  the  oeononiy 
of  tlio  plant  cannot  bo  mistaken,  serving  like  the  pappus  to  secure  tlio  dispersion  of 
tlie  seed,  while  incidently  as  it  were,  in  tiio  case  of  the  cotton-seed,  it  iUrnislies 
clothing?  and  employment  to  a  larj^o  portion  of  the  human  race. 

586.  The  aril  is  an  occasional  appendage,  partially  or  wholly  in- 
vesting the  seed.  Tt  originates  after  fertilization,  at  or  near  the  liilum, 
where  the  seed  is  attached  to  its  stalk  (funiculus).  Fine  cxamphis  arc 
seen  in  the  gashed  covering  of  the  nutmeg,  called  mace,  and  in  the  scar- 
let coat  of  the  seed  of  statf-tree.  In  the  seed  of  Polygala,  etc.,  it  is  but 
a  small  scale,  entire  or  2 -cleft,  called  caruncle. 


il 


I 

m 


118  THE    SEED. 

587.  The  position  op  the  seed  in  the  pericarp  is, 
like  that  of  the  ovule,  erect,  ascending,  pendulous,  etc. 
(§  534),  Likewise  in  respect  to  its  inversions,  it  is  ortho- 
tropotis,  andtropous.  amphilropous,  and  campylotropous 
(§  536),  terms  already  defined.  The  anatropous  is  by 
far  the  most  common  condition. 

588.  The  hilum  is  the  scar  or  mark  left  in 
the  testa  of  the  seed  by  its  separation  from  the 

funiculus.  It  is  com- 
monly called  the  eye,  as 
in  the  bean.  In  ortho- 
tropous  and  campylo- 
tropous seeds,  the  hilum 
corresponds  with  the 
chalaza  (§535).  In  other 
conditions  it  does  not, 
465        464    463  461  460        462       and  the  raphe  (§537)  cx- 

46it,  Aril  of  Euonyinus.   461,  Aril  of  Nutmeg  (mace).   462,   tends    between     the   twO 
Seed  of  Polygalu,  embryo,  caruncle,  (',  (too  small.)   463,  Seed        .  •       i,  i 

ofCatalpa.    464,  Seed  of  Willow.    465,  Seed  of  Cotton.  pOUlts,  as  in  the  OVuleS. 

589.  The  seed  kernel  may  consist  op  two  parts,  the  embryo  and 
albumen,  or  of  the  embryo  only.  In  the  former  case  the  seeds  are 
albmninoas,  in  the  latter,  exalbuminous^  a  distinction  of  great  iinpoit- 
ance  in  systematic  botany. 

590.  The  albumen  is  a  starchy  or  farinaceous  substance  accom- 
panying the  embryo  and  serving  as  its  first  nourishment  in  germina- 
tion. Its  qualities  are  wholesome  and  nutritious,  even  in  poisonous 
plants.  Its  quantity  when  compared  with  the  embryo  varies  in  every 
pos.sible  degree;  being  excessive  (Ranunculaceae),  or  about  equal  (Vio- 
laceae),  or  scanty  (Oonvolvulaceae),  or  none  at  all  (Legurainosae).  In 
texture  it  is  mealy  in  wheat,  mucilaginous  in  mallows,  oily  in  Ricinus, 
horny  in  cotfec,  ruminated  in  nutmeg  and  pawpaw,  ivory-like  in  the 
ivory-palm  (Phytolephas),  fibrous  in  cocoa-nut,  where  it  is  also  hollow, 
enclosing  the  milk. 

591.  The  embryo  is  an  organized  body,  the  rudiment  of  the  future 
plant,  consisting  of  root  (radicle),  stem-bud  (plumule),  and  leaves 
{cotyledons).  But  these  parts  are  somet'mes  quite  undistinguishable 
until  germination,  as  in  the  Orchis  tribe. 

692.  The  radicle  is  the  descending  part  of  the  embryo,  almost  al- 
ways directed  towards  the  micropyle,  the  true  axis  of  the  seed. 

593.  The  plumule  is  the  rudimentary  ascending  axis,  the  terminal 
bud,  located  at  the  base  of,  or  between 

594.  The  cotyledons.  These,  the  seed-lobes,  are  the  bulky,  fari- 
naceous part  of  the  embryo,  destined  to  form  the  first  or  seminal  leaves 


\ 


THE    SEES. 


119 


of  the  young  plant.  The  nutritive  matter  deposited  in  tlie  seed  for  the 
early  sustenance  of  the  germinating  embryo  is  found  more  abundant 
in  the  cotyledons  in  pioportion  as  there  is  less  of  it  in  the  albumen, — 
often  wholly  in  the  albumen  (wheat),  again  all  absorbed  in  the  bulky 
cotyledons  (squash). 

595.  The  wumber  of  the  cotyledons  is  variable,  and  upon  this 
circumstance  is  founded  the  most  important  subdivision  of  the  rha)no- 
g.unia,  or  Flowering-plants. 

590.  The  monocotyledons  are  plants  bearing  seeds  with  one  coty- 
ledon, or  if  two  are  present,  one  is  minute  or  abortive.  Such  plants 
are  also  called  Endogens,  because  their  stems  grow  by  internal  accre- 
tions (§  716).  Such  are  the  grasses,  the  palms,  Liliaceaj,  whose  leaves 
are  mostly  constructed  with  parallel  veins. 

597.  The  dicotyledons  are  plants  bearing  seeds  with  two  cotyle- 
dons. These  are  also  called  Exogens^  because  their  stems  grow  by  ex- 
ternal accretions,  including  the  Bean  tribe.  Melon  tribe,  all  our  forest 
trees,  etc.  These  are  also  distinguished  at  a  glance  by  the  structure  of 
their  leaves,  which  are  net-veined  (§  258). 

598.  More  than  two  cotyledons.  The  Pine  and  Fir  have  seeds 
with  several  cotyledons,  while  the  dodder  is  almost  the  only  known 
example  of  an  embryo  with  no  cotyledon. 

466  467  463  469 


466,  Dlrotyledonous  (Bean).  467,  Monocotyledonoua  (VSTheat).  463,  Polycotyledonous  (Pine). 
4C9,  Acotyltdonous  (zoospore  of  one  of  the  Confervse).  (/•,  /•,  r,  radicle ;  p,  p,  p,  pluuiulo ;  c,  c,  c, 
cwtylodon ;  a,  albumen). 

599.  The  position  of  the  embryo,  whether  with  or  without  albu- 
men, is  singularly  varied  and  interesting  to  study.  It  may  be  straight, 
sis  in  cat-tail,  violet,  or  curved  in  various  degrees  (moon  seed,  pink),  or 
coiled  (hop),  or  rolled  (spice-bush),  or  bent  angularly  (buckwheat),  or 
folded  (Crucifcra^).  In  the  last  case  two  modes  are  to  be  specially 
noticed.  1,  Incumbent,  when  the  cotyledons  fold  over  so  as  to  bring 
the  back  of  one  against  the  radicle  (shepherd's  purse)  ;  2,  accumbent, 
when  the  edges  touch  the  radicle  (Arabis). 


m 


■  '--t 


m 


120 


OFVICE    OF   THE    SEED. 


600.  The  leafy  natube  of  the  cotyledons  ia  often  distinctly  manifest  in  their 
form  and  structure,  as  in  Convolvulus  (455). 

A  few  plants,  as  the  onion,  orange,  Goniferse,  occasionally  have  two  or  even  sev- 
eral embryos  in  a  seed,  while  all  the  Cryptogaraia  or  flowerless  plants  have  no 
embryo  at  all,  nor  even  seeds,  but  are  reproduced  from  spores,  bodies  analogous  to 
the  pollen  grains  of  flowering  plants  (469). 

OFFICE   OF   THE    SEED. 

601.  Its  nature  axd  use.  After  the  embryo  has  reached  its 
wonted  growth  in  the  ripened  seed,  it  becomes  suddenly  inactive  and 
torpid,  yet  still  alive.  In  this  condition  it  is,  in  fact,  a  livihg  plants 
safely  packed  and  sealed  up  for  transportation.  This  is  the  distinctive 
and  wonderful  nature  of  the  seed. 

602.  Longevity  op  the  seed.  This  suspended  vitality  of  the  seed  may  endure 
for  years,  or  even,  in  some  species,  for  ages.  The  seeds  of  maize  and  rye  have 
been  known  to  grow  when  30  to  40  years  old ;  kidney-beans  when  100 ;  the  rasp- 
berry after  1700  years  (Lindley),  and  kernels  of  wheat  found  in  a  mummy-case, 
and  therefore  3000  years  old,  were  a  few  years  ago  successfully  culiivated  in  Ger- 
many and  England  (Schleiden).  Seeds  of  Mountain  Potentilla  (P.  tridentata)  were 
known  to  us  to  germinate  at  Meriden,  N.  H.,  after  a  slumber  of  60  years.  On  the 
other  hand  the  seeds  of  some  species  are  short-lived,  retaining  vitality  hardly  a 
year  (Coffee,  Magnolia). 

603.  In  order  that  seeds  may  long  retain  their  vitality  they 
must  be  kept  dry.  But  an  even  temperature  is  by  no  means  neces- 
sary, as  they  are  generally  able  to  resist  all  the  changes  of  our  climate 
from  many  degrees  below  zero  to  110°  above,  provided  no  moisture 
is  present. 

604.  Tub  dispersion  of  seeds  over  wide,  and  often  to  distant  regions  is  ef- 
fected by  special  agencies,  in  which  the  highest  intelligence  and  wisdom  axa  clearly 
seen.  Some  seeds  made  buoyant  by  means  of  tlie  coma,  or  pappus,  already  men- 
tioned, are  wafted  atUr  by  tlie  winds,  beyond  rivers,  lakes  and  seas ;  as  tlie  thistle, 
dandelion,  silkgrass. 

605.  Seeds  ark  also  furnished  with  wings  for  tlie  same  purpose.  Others 
are  provided  with  hooks  or  barbs,  by  wliich  they  lay  hold  of  men  and  animals,  and 
are  thus,  by  unwilling  agents,  scattered  far  and  wide  (burr-seed,  tick-seed). 

606.  Other  seeds,  destitute  of  all  such  appendages,  are  thrown  to  a  distance  by 
the  sudden  coiling  of  the  elastic  carpels  (touch-me-not).  The  squirting  cucumber 
becomes  distended  with  water  by  absorption,  and  at  len-j^th,  when  ripe,  bursts  an 
aperture  a*  base  and  projects  tlie  mingled  seeds  and  water  with  amazing  force. 

607.  Transportation.  Rivers,  streams,  and  ocean  currents  are  all  means  of 
transporting  seeds  from  country  to  country.  Thus  the  cocoa  and  tlie  casl;ow-nut 
and  the  seeds  of  mahogany  have  been  known  to  perform  long  voyages  without  in- 
jury to  their  vitality  Squirrels  laying  up  their  winter  stores  in  the  earth,  birds 
migrating  from  clime  to  clime,  and  from  island  to  island,  in  like  manner  conspire  to 
effect  the  same  important  end. 


GERMINATION. 


I::! 


GERMINATION. 


608.  Definition.  The  recommencement  of  growth  in  the  seed  is 
called  (fcrm'mation.  It  is  the  awakening  of  the  embryo  from  its  tor- 
por, and  the  beginning  of  development  in  its  parts  already  formed,  so 
as  to  become  a  plant  like  its  parent. 


474 


478 


471 


Germination  of  the  Beach-nut  470,  Cross-section,  showing  the  folded  cotyledons.  471,  Th« 
radicle  only.  472,  The  ascending  axis,  above  c,  appears.  478,  The  cotyledons  expand  into  the 
primordial  leaves.    474,  The  first  true  leaves. 

C09.  Experiment.  All  the  stages  of  this  interesting  process  may  be  conveni- 
ently observed,  at  any  season,  by  an  experiment.  Let  a  few  seeds,  as  of  flax, 
cotton,  wheat,  pea,  be  enveloped  in  a  lock  of  cotton  resting  upon  water  in  a  bulb- 
glass,  and  kept  constantly  at  a  proper  temperature.  Or,  in  spring,  the  garden  soil 
will  give  us  examples  of  all  kinds  everywhere. 

610.  That  the  seed  may  begin  to  grow,  or  germinate,  it  is  first 
planted^  or,  at  least,  placed  in  contact  with  warm,  moist  soil.  Con- 
cerning the  proper  depth  of  the  planted  seed  agriculturalists  are  not 
agreetl ;  but  nature  seems  to  indicate  that  no  covering  is  needed  beyond 
wli{it  will  secure  the  requisite  moisture  and  shade. 

611.  The  process  commenced.  Thus  situated  the  integuments 
gradually  absorb  water,  soften  and  expand.  The  insoluble,  starchy 
matter  deposited  in  the  cotyledons,  or  in  the  albumen,  or  in  both,  un- 
dergoes a  certain  chemical  change,  becoming  sweet  and  soluble,  capable 
of  aflfording  nourishment  to  the  embryo  now  beginning  to  dilate  and 
develop  its  parts.  First  (in  the  winge  1  seed  of  the  maple,  scattered 
everywhere)  the  radicle  is  seen  protruding  from  the  raicropyle,  or  the 


I 


I 


%\ 


m 


122 


GEKMINATIUN. 


bursting  integument.    A  section  of  tliis  sued  would  now  shov/  tlie  folded 
embryo  impatient  of  confinement. 


481 


m 


480  479  478  477 

Oermination  of  the  Maple.    475,  Samara ;  section  showing  the  folded  cotyledons  at  o. 

476 — 480,  Progressive  stages. 

612.  The  PROCESS  CONCLUDED.     Soon  the  radicle  has  extended,  and, 
pale  in  color,  has  hidden  itself  in  the  bosom  of  the  dark,  damp  earth. 

Now  the  cotyledons,  unfolding  and  giad- 
ually  freed  from  the  seed  coats,  display 
themselves  at  length  as  a  pair  of  green 
leaves.  Lastly  the  plumule  appears  in 
open  air,  a  green  bud,  already  showing 
a  lengthening  base,  its  first  interiiodc, 
and  soon  a  pair  of  regular  leaves,  lobed 
as  all  maple  leaves.  The  embryo  is 
now  an  embryo  no  longer,  but  a  grow- 
ing plant  descending  by  its  lower  axis, 
ascending  and  expanding  by  its  upper. 
613.  What  becomes  of  the  cotyleuoxs. 
The  germination  of  the  tulip-tree,  oak.  pea, 
squash,  and  other  Dicotyledons  may  be  watched 
with  equal  advantage,  and  the  chief  difterenco 
observed  among  them  will  bo  in  the  disposal 
of  the  cotyledons.  In  general,  tlieae  arise  with 
the  ascending  axis,  as  in  the  maple  and  bean, 
and  act  as  the  first  pair  of  leaves ;  but  some- 
times, when  they  are  very  thick,  as  in  the  pea, 

„  ,  ,    buck-eye.    oak  (6 — 9),   thev   remain   as    first 

Germination  of  Wheat;    o,  the  (train  j      ....   ..,  >i        /o  ^^o\       -ti  j 

.  •  .      *i,      ♦  I  j„„   ^  ..i...^,,!-.  1.  placed  with  the  collura  (8  118),  neither  ascend- 
containin?  the  cotyledon ;  c,  plumule;  r,  f "  ^o         /> 

radicle;  «,  rootlets  (adventitious).  ing  nor  descending. 


•iEKMINATION. 


123 


614.  The  germination  of  monocottledons,  as  seen  in  liuli.ui  corn, 
wheat,  tulip,  is  in  this  wise.  The  cotyledon  is  not  disengaged  from  the 
seed,  but  remains  stationary  with 

it.      The    radicle    (r)     protrudes  «88  4M 

slightly  and  one  or  more  rootlets 
{9)  break  out  from  it  and  descend. 
The  plumule  (r)  shoots,  at  first 
parallel  with  the  cotyledon  along 
the  face  of  the  seed,  but  soon  as- 
cends, pushing  out  leaf  from  with- 
in leaf. 

615.  The  conditions  requisite 
for  germination  are  moisture,  air, 
and  warmth. 

616.  Moisture  is  necessary  for 
softening  the  integumenis,  dis- 
solving the  nutritive  matter,  and 
facilitating  its  circulation.  This  is 
supplied  in  the  rain  and  dew. 

617.  Air,  or  rather  its  oxygen, 
is  required  for  the  conversion  of 
the  starch  into  sugar — a  process 
always  depending  upon  oxydation. 

The  oxygen  absorbed  unites  with  a  portion  of  the  carbon  of  the  starch, 
producing  heat,  evolving  carbonic  acid,  and  thus  converting  the  re- 
mainder into  grape  sugar,  soluble  and  nutritive. 

618.  Warmth  is  a  requisite  condition  of  all  vital  action,  as  well  in 
the  sprouting  of  a  seed  as  in  the  hatching  of  an  egg.  The  proper  de- 
gree of  temperature  for  our  own  climate  may  be  stated  at  60°  to  80°. 
Extremes  of  heat  and  of  cold  are  not,  however,  fatal  to  all  germination. 
In  one  of  the  Geysers  of  Iceland,  which  was  hot  enough  to  boil  an  egg 
in  four  minutes,  a  species  of  Chara  was  found  in  a  growing  and  fruitful 
state.  A  hot  spring  in  the  island  of  Luzon,  which  raises  the  thermo- 
meter to  187'',  has  plants  growing  in  it  and  on  its  borders.  Many 
species  of  plants  also  seem  well  adapted  to  growth  in  the  Arctic 
regions. 

619.  Darkness  is  favorable  to  germination,  as  proved  by  experiment,  but  not 
an  indispensable  condition.  Hence,  while  the  seed  should  be  covered  for  the  sak* 
of  the  moisture  and  shade,  the  covering  should  be  very  thin  and  light,  for  th«  aak« 
of  a  free  access  to  air. 


488,  484,  Germination  of  Indian  Corn. 


m 


124 


THE    CTYPTOGAMIA    OK    FLOWBRLE8S    PLANTS. 


4?r> 


620.  The  cause  of  the  downward  tendency  of 
THE  root  is  a  tlieiue  of  much  discussion.  Some  have 
referred  it  to  the  principle  of  gravitation ;  others  to  itM 
supposed  aversion  to  light.  But  it  is  a  simple  and  satis- 
factory explanation  that  its  growth  or  cell-developtnent 
takes  place  nio.st  readily  on  the  moist  side  of  its  growing 
point,  and  consequently  in  a  downward  direction,  so  long 
as  the  soil  in  contact  with  its  lower  surface  is  more  moist 
than  that  above.  Ileuce  also  the  well-known  tendency 
of  roots  toward  springs  and  water-courses. 


» »  ♦  •■»- 


^^^^ 


CHAPTER    XV. 


THE  CRYPTOGAMIA  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

621.  Distinction  of  parts.  In  the  lowest 
of  the  Cryptogamic  tribes  the  organs  of  vege- 
tation and  of  reproduction  are  the  same.  Each 
cell  in  the  st  tare  grows,  nourishes,  multiplies. 
Higher  in  1  ^k  we  find  a  gradual  specializa- 

43.V  a  Tree  Fern  (of  the  Island    .  »  j    •       xi        t  •    i  .    -i 

•f.i.ava).  40  feet  in  height,    tiou  of  oTgaus,  and  in  the  higher  tribes,  as  m 

A  Fern,  Polypodiiim 
vulgare.  4S6,  Its  frond. 
4S7,  Lobe  of  the  frond  en- 
larged, showing  tlie  sori, 
488.  One  of  the  sori  (mag- 
nified) consisting  of  ninny 
sporangi.  489,  One  spor- 
ange  (further  magnified) 
bursting  and  dischaiging 
the  spores.  400,  A  spore. 
491,  Spores  beginning  to 
germinate;  and  492,  493, 
producing  the  prot/iallua 
with  rootlets.  At  a  ap- 
pear the  avthericlia  and 
at  6  the  nrchegones  on  the 
surface  of  the  prothnlhis. 
494,  Antheridium.  495, 
One  of  Its  cells.  496.  The 
same  burM; ;  and  497,  the 
spermatozold  escaped. 
These  float  about,  and 
some  of  them  at  length 
enter.  493,  the  archepone, 
fertllizine.  and  at  length 
producing.  499.  the  young 
Pern  .^00,  Sorus  of  As- 
pidium  marginale,  covered 
with  the  indiiaium.  IQl, 
Same,  side  view. 


'"', 


i 


TUB    CRVPTOOAMIA    OK    PLOWEKLESS    PLASM. 


the  Phaenogainia,  one  portion  is  devoted  to  the  preservation  ot'  the  in- 
dividual, the  otlier  to  the  preservation  of  the  species ;  in  other  words, 
the  organs  of  vegetation  and  of  reproduction  become  separate  and  dis- 
tinct. 

6J2.  Distinguished  from  Ph.*:nogamia.  But  the  re[>roductive  or- 
gans, although  distinct  from  the  nutritive,  are  never  seen  cuuibined  into 
flowers,  nor  producing  seeds  marked  by  the  presence  of  an  embryo. 
Jiciice  in  the  scale  of  rank  the  cryptogams  are  inferior  to  the  flowering 
plants  and  easily  distinguished  from  them. 

623.  Vegetative  organs. 
Again  in  the  lower  tribes, 
viz.,  the  seaweeds,  Fungi  and 
Liciiens,  there  is  no  distinc- 
tion of  root,  stem  and  leaves  ; 
but  the  entire  plant  grows 
into  an  expansion  of  substance 
more  or  less  uniform  and  in- 
deflnite,  called  a  thallus.  But 
the  higher  llepatica?,  mosses, 
club-mossiJSjEquiaetacejB,  ferns 
and  marsi leads,  possess  stems, 
roots  and  leaves  like  the 
Phajnoiramia. 


f)02,  Eqiiisetuin  arvenso.  503,  E.  sylvaticum.  504. 
Section  of  tlie  spike.  505,  A  sporange.  506,  A  spore 
witli  its  elators  coiled. 


507,  Lycopodiuin  dendroideuin.  603,  A 
siugie  spike.  509,  a  scale  with  its  sporange 
bursting     510,  iSpores. 


624.  Classes.  The  tribe  last 
mentioned  are  e'ubraced  in  the  class 
Acrogens,  so  named  by  Lindley  from 
their  manner  of  growth  [uKpov,  point 
or  summit),  lengthening  into  an  axis. 
The  remaining  three  tribes  first 
named  above  constitute  the  lowest 
class  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  called 
Thalloiiens,  and  named  fiom  their 
manner  of  growth. 

625.  The  stems  of  the  marsi- 
LEADs  and  ferns  are  mostly  rhizomes, 
but  in  tropical  countries  some  species 
of  the  latter  arise  on  firm  aerial 
trunks  like  palms.  The  club  mossos 
have  slender,  woody  stems  much  in- 
clined to  bifurcate.  Those  of  the 
Equisetaceae,  Characeae  are  jointed, 


■^ 

II 

^ 

^i 

i 

t'"  IS 

B»i 

r 


126 


THE    CRTPTOOAMIA    OR   FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 


511,  Chara  foetida.  M2, 
Portion  of  a  branch  ;  the 
two  reproductive  organs- 
<(,  Globule;  b,  nucule. 


>20 


514 


bearing  slender,  whorled,  leafless  brauches.  The 
mosses  and  Hepatiese  have  filiform  stems  and 
branches,  erect  and  creeping.  Fern  leaves  and 
mushrooms  arise  on  stipes. 

626.  Leaves.  The  ferns  are  characterized  by 
their  great  development  of  leaves  called  fronds. 
They  are  rarely  simple,  often  piniiatifid,  or  pin- 
nate, simply,  doubly  or  triply.  Their  venation  is 
fork  veined  and  their  vernation  circinate.  The 
leaves  of  the  mosses  and  Hepaticse  are  veinless 
and  delicate,  mostly  ovate  and  entire,  numerously 
covering  the  axis.  Those  of  the  latter  are  often 
garnished  with  stipule-like  processes  called  am- 
phigastria. 

627.  TiiALLus.  The  vegetative  system  of  the  Thallogens  consists 
either  of  delicate  filaments  or  of  flattened  membranes,  varying  in  color 
through  every  shade  and  hue.  In  Marchantia,  lichens,  and  seaweeds  it 
is  green,  olive  or  red,  and  called 
thallus.  It  may  resemble  a  leaf 
or  a  stem,  but  its  functions  are 
still  the  same.  In  size  it  varies 
from  the  microscopic  Confervae 
to  the  gigantic  seawrack,  a  fur- 
long in  length.  Its  structure  is 
purely  cellular  and  uniform,  or, 
as  ill  Marchantia,  in  layers. 

628.  Mycelium  or  spawn  is 
the  vegetative  system  of  the 
Fungi,  distinguished  from  thalli 
by  its  want  of  coloring  matter 
in  its  cells.  It  consists  of 
meshes  of  white  or  colorless 
filaments,  branching  and  anas- 
tamosing  to  form  entangled 
masses  pervading  the  substance 
in  which  the  Fungus  grows.  It 
is  far  less  conspicuous  than  the  fructification  (toad-stool,  etc.)  which 
ultimately  arises  from  it. 

629.  The  reproduotive  organs  of  the  Cryptogamia  are  the  anthe- 
ridia  and  archegonia ;  and  by  their  reaction  spores  in  various  spore- 
vessels  are  produced.  They  have  been  detected  in  nearly  all  the  cryp- 
togamic  tribes,  and  are  supposed  to  represent  the  stamens  and  pistils 


518       622        517       616  513 

Mosses.  618,  Polytrichium.  514,  Sporan^e  with 
calyptra,  witiiout  calyptra.  515,  Sporn-ia  (i-n- 
larged)  with  the  operculum  at  top.  516,  Mnlti'i), 
617,  Sporange.  618,  Bnrtrainia.  519,  S[iorfin:;e 
with  calyptra.  620,  Same  mature,  open.  621,  Pe- 
ristome, with  its  teeth.  622,  Antheridium  and 
parapliyses  (a  flower)  of  Polytrichium. 


THE    CKVPTOOAMIA    OR    FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 


127 


Hepaticte.  623,  MarchanMa,  sterile  plant.  524—5,  Fertile  plant.  596,  Vertical  section  of 
the  fertil-receptacle ;  527,  of  a  perianth,  showing  tlie  sporango  bursting.  523,  One  of  the  elators 
wilh  four  spores.    529,  Portion  of  it  highly  rnagniflod. 

5t3  .544 

of  the  flowering  plants.  In  the  mosses,  liver- 
worts, etc.,  they  appear  only  on  the  full-grown 
plant ;  in  the  ferns,  Equisetaceae,  etc.,  they  ap- 
pear only  on  the  prothallus,  the  earliest  gi'owth 
of  the  spore,  and  here  the  archegone  gives  birth 
to  an  embryo,  whence  at  length  the  true  fern 
arises,  while  the  prothallus  dies  away. 

630.  Spores.  These  <S^^ 
are  the  true  reproductive  ^^^^  \| 
germinating  bodies  of  the 
Cryptogams.  They  con- 
sist each  of  a  single  cell, 
often  exceedingly  minute, 
and  produced  in  immense 
numbers.  The  cell  wall 
of  the  spore  may  be  sim- 
ple (Botrytis)  or  double, 
as  if  a  cell  within  a  cell 

(ferns).  But  the  spores  ^^^^^  63T,  Agaricus  (Mushroom)  in  various  staees:  ^ 
are        often         apparently  tenrinir  open  the  vol va;  ft,  annulus.  the  remains  of  the  veil 

double    or    2-celled    (IJch- (^):';'P"«»''-'  "-"'f  «""'"•    638,  Portion  of  the  kIIIs.  539. 

^  Bnsidia  ami  spores  from  the  saipw  (maan.  400  diam.).  540, 

ens),  or  4-Celled,  or  6,  8,  Cyathus;  541.  Section.  542.  One  of  the  conceptacles.  648, 
or     many-celled.         "pi^pgo  P^'n'ol'lnm  (mlUlow).    644,  Mucor;  a,  mycelium. 

compound  spores  are  in  fact  spore-vessels  inclosing  several  spores  vet 
immature,  and  called  sporidia  or  thoca-spores.  The  spores  or  sporidia 
are  often  inclosed  in  still  larger  cells  called  the  sac. 

tJ31.  Endosporbs  and  exohporrs.     Spores  are  develoned  either  in 
tlic  interior  of  the  parent  cell  or  on  the  outs'do  of  it,  and  hence  the  di- 


■  i 


'*! 


u 


i^ 


IL'S 


THE    CRYPTOOAMIA    OR    FLOWERLK88    PLANTS. 


divisiouofthe  Cryp- 
tOjjatns  inlo  the  Eii- 
dospores  and  the 
Exospores.  In  tho 
latter  case  the  pa- 
rent-cells are  called 
hasidia,  and  many 
such  united,  as  in 
the  lichens  and 
mushrooms,  form  a 

MS,  A  spore  with  paiaphyses,    549,  Ilydrogftstrum,  consisting  of  a      tisSUC  Called    llVUie- 
sinsleceii.    65(1,  Spirogyriie  (Frogspittle)  one  of  the  Confcrvaj ;  (i,         ,  .  •' 

two  threads  (thalll)  conjiijiated,  t.  e,,  united  by  tubes. 

sucli  sporiferous  tissues  existing  in 
spots  of  definite  form,  constitute  the 
ajmthccia  when  flat,  receptacles  wlien 
concave,  and  coticeptacles  wlien  hol- 
low. 

032.    TriE  TUEC.E  OR  SPORANOIA  of 

ferns  and  mosses  consist  of  tissues 
rather  than  of  single  cells,  and  contain 


Soiiwi'c'ds  (Als»0-  545,  Vauclieria  forming  and  discharftins  Its 
spores  <rt)  at  tlie  extremities.  546,  Fucus;  a,  air-vessel;  6.  fruit, 
a  mass  of  coiiceptucles.    547,  Transverse  section  of  a  conceptaclo. 


nium.      In    lichens 


551,  Frustules  of  a  Diatomaceous  Alga 
(Dlatonia  inarinuin)  separating  from  each 
other. 


i,KJL^^ 


534  532 

Lichens,  530.  Ohuloni'i ;  tlie  mimito  thallus  at  the  base  of  the  podotia,  cnp-like  above,  bearing 
scarlet  cciiiceptaeies.  531,  Tsnea.  .'■)3'2,  Sticta.  533,  Parmelia.  534,  Reeeiilaclo,  vertical  sec- 
tion.   535,  A  portion  (highly  inagnitiud)  witii  theciu  and  parapliasus.    6M,  A  spore  (double). 

numerous  spores.  In  ferns  they  grow  on  the  back  of  the  fronds  in 
little  clusters  called  son.  When  mature,  the  sporange  is  torn  open  by 
the  coiitraction  of  an  clastic  ring  which  surrounds  it.  In  the  mosses 
the  sporange  is  stalked,  solitary,  terminal,  and  opens  by  a  definite  num- 
ber of  teeth  called  the  peristome. 

fiMM.  Zoospores  A\n  sPERMATozoins  arc  minute  bodies  endowed  with 
spontaneous  locomotion  in  water  by  means  of  vibratile  ciliic.  Zoospores 
of  ovate  for'h  pi-occed  from  the  vegetative  cells  of  the  AlgfC,  swim 
about  for  a  time,  then  settle  down  and  grow  into  new  plants.  Sperma- 
tozoids  are  mostly  filiform  bodies  with  several  ciliae,  discharged  from  the 


THE    CRVPTOOAMIA    OR    FLOWERLE88    PLANTS.  129 

antheridia  (us  pollen  ?)  aud  actively  floating  until  tbey  reach  thearche- 
gones,  or  perish.  ^  ^"*' 

634.  Alternate  generation  is  a  phenomenon  distinofW  tro««,i  • 
or,pto.a.ns.      Thus  the  mosses,  in  J-inatinra^^VtCCgrish^t 
meats  quite  analogous  to  the  Couiervie  (frog's-spawn)     From  fl.P«/  ^^'^^"f '  ^'''• 
arise  and  grow  into  a  true  moss.     Ferns,  also,  and  Eiuise  ^^  T;/.  ^^^  ^"^« 
exist  in  the  form  of  a  liverwort-a  small  green  th^Iln-  "  *''^  'P°''° 

t:.e  ground.  Secondly,  upon  ^^^^^ .r^^IlZtZlCT^  '"';"'?^  ^'°"« 
an  embryo,  whence  a  tnie  fern  arises  1-^X1^  T  """'  developed  and 
liverwort,  permanently,  a  ferT  1^21-23.)  "  """^'  "  ''  ""^'  "" 

635.  Other  modes  op  propagation  occur  in  these  olant..  as  r^r 
inn^atu>r.s^  spoml^s,  gonidia.    These  bodies  are  aXous  t'  bulbs  ./?'.  '" 
u.  the  flowering  plants,  originating  from  the  nutritroTanVLd  1^^^^^^  T'""^ 
ratmg  from  the  parent  and  growing  up  independent  plaX  ^     "  ''  ''^'' 


^ 


*'^  ^  J^  856  CSB 


Wi 


1 


I 


ii 


PART     SECOND. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL     BOTANY. 


■  »  ♦  1 1 


CHAPTER    I. 


OF    THE     VEGETABLE    CELL. 

636.  Revelations  of  the  microscope.  We  have  now  completed  a  brief  sur- 
vey of  the  phenomena  of  visible  vegetation.  We  commenced  with  the  root  and 
now  the  consideration  of  the  seed  with  its  embryo  completes  the  circle  and  brings 
us  around  to  the  root  again.  We  have  studied  hitherto  superflcially,  as  best  we 
were  able  by  the  unassisted  eye.  But  the  microscope  opens  to  us  a  new  world  in 
botany,  more  wonderful  and  fair,  if  possible,  than  that  which  we  have  already  sur- 
veyed. No  just  appreciation  of  microscopic  botany  can  be  obtained  from  drawings 
or  descriptions.     Here  the  microscope  itself  is  the  only  adequate  teaclier. 

637.  Next  inquiries.  We  have  seen  and  studied  the  general  organs  of  vegeta- 
tion and  their  metamorphoses ;  but  of  what  are  these  orgaus  made  ?  What  their 
structure  within  f  What  their  office  and  use  in  the  life  and  growth  of  the  plant  ? 
These  inquiries  must  next  bo  answered. 

638.  Structure  of  plants  cellular.  All  forms  of  vegetable  structure,  how- 
ever numerous  and  diverse,  are  alike  composod  of  little  bladders,  called  vescicles  or 
cdls.  We  can  often  discern  the  cells  in  some  structures  with  the  naked  eye,  as  in 
the  pith  of  elder,  piilp  of  snowberry,  and  especially  plain  in  the  pulp  of  orange. 
Other  structures,  which  appear  as  a  solid  mass  to  the  eye,  are  seen  at  once,  under 
the  lens,  to  consist  of  cells  also— even  the  most  solid  wood  cr  the  stony  substance 
of  the  peach.  A  thin  cutting  (shaving)  from  the  rhizome  of  the  blood-root,  magni- 
fied 100  diameters,  appears  in  outline  (to  say  nothing  of  its  brilliant  coloring)  as  here 
sketched  (557).     Therefore 

639.  The  cell  is  the  elementary  orfj^anism  which  by  its  repetitions 
makes  up  the  mass  of  all  vegetation.  It  is  defined  as  a  closed  sac  com- 
posed of  membrane  containing  a  fluid. 

640.  Thb  primary  form  of  the  cbll  is  spheroidal.  In  some  cases 
it  retains  this  form  during  its  existence,  but  generally,  in  growing,  it 
tekes  new  and  various  forms,  which,  on  account  of  the  two  causes  which 
control  them,  may  be  classed  as  inherent  and  casual, 

641.  The  inherent  forms  of  the  cell,  or  those  which  depend 
upon  its  own  laws  of  growth,  may  be  referred  to  three  general  types ; 


JU 


OF    THE    VEGETABLE    CELL. 


131 


567,  Section  of  the  rhizome  of  Blood-root,    a,  a.  A  bundl* 
of  wood-cells.    The  shaded  cells  contain  the  color. 


(1)  spheroidal,  like  pollen  grains,  the  red  snow-plant,  the  cells  of  leaf- 
tissue,  etc.,  varying  to  oblong,  or  lobed,  or  stellate  ;  (2)  cylindrical,  or 
tube-form,  as  most  wood-cells  are ;  (3)  tabular  or  flattened,  as  the  cells 
of  the  epidermis. 

642.  The  casual  forms 
result  from  external  pres- 
sure, as  of  cells  crowding 
against  cells,  in  stems  or 
pith.  In  this  way  spher- 
oidal cells  may  become  cu- 
bical, 8-sided,  12-sided, 
etc  ;  tubiform  cells  pris- 
matic, and  tabular  cells  4- 
angled,  hexagonal,  etc.,  in 
outline  according  to  the 
original  pattern. 

643.  Ik  magnitude  the  plant 
cell  "aries  from  yj^  to  jj^  of 
an  inch  in  diameter;  the  more 
common  size  is  about  ^l^  inch. 
The  cells  of  elder  pith  measure 
about  ^^5  inch;  those  of  pa- 
renchyma (leaf-tissue)  about  yf  ^ ;  consequently,  64,000,000  of  them  would  occupy 
only  one  cubic  inch.  The  cells  of  cork  are  computed  to  be  j^^  inch  in  diameter — 
1000  millions  to  a  cubic  inch. 

G-t4.  But  tub  length  of  some  cells  is  much  more  considerable.  Wood-cells 
measure  ^^  inch ;  bark  cells,  as  flax,  hemp,  nearly  \  inch  ;  the  cells  of  some  plant- 
hairs  an  inch  or  more. 

645.  The  wall  of  the  new  cell  consists  of  two  layers  ;  the  outer  one 
a  firm,  colorless  membrane,  made  of  cellulose,  the  inner  a  plastic,  gelat- 
inous layer  applied  to  the  outer,  and  chiefly  concerned  in  cell-life  and 
multiplication.    This  is  called  the  primordial  utricle. 

646.  It  is  best  seen  w^hen  treated  with  a  weak  solution  of  nitric 
acid,  iodine,  or  alcohol.  It  thus  becomes  colored,  contracts,  and  lies 
loose  in  the  cell. 

647.  The  cell  wall  is  easily  permeated  by  fluids  flowing  in  and 
out.  It  must,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  porous ;  although  it  appears 
perfectly  entire  even  under  the  highest  magnifier. 

648.  A  SECONDARY  LAYER  is  Subsequently  added  to  the  outer  layer, 
between  it  and  the  primordial  utricle,  as  if  to  strengthen  it.  This  new 
layer  is  seldom  entire,  but  perforated  and  cleft  in  a  great  variety  of 
patterns,  leaving  certain  points  or  parts  of  the  cell-wall  still  bare 
and  discernible  by  their  transparency.  Hence  tbe  following  yarieties 
of  cells : — 


'ai 


m 


1.12 


OF   THE    VEUEIAULK    CELL. 


649.  Wood  cells,  which  are  finally  filled  up  by  the  repetitions  of 
the  secondary  layers,  leaving  only  minute  points  of  the  original  cell-wall 
bare  and  transparent. 


558 


•"Xit*  559  5til 

Forms  of  cells.    660,  Wood-cells.    661,  Cellular  tissue  of  a  rootlet,  etc. 

660.  Pitted  cells,  a  variety  where  larger  transparent  points  appear, 
surrounded  by  2  or  3  rings  (pine  and  the  Coniferae  in  general). 

651.  Spiral  cells,  where  the  secondary  layer  consists  of  spiral  fibers 
or  bands.  There  may  be  a  single  fiber,  or  several  (2  to  20)  united 
into  a  band.     It  is  usually  elastic  and  may  be  drav/n  out  and  uncoiled. 

564  5<6 


582  •  568  565 

662,  Polyhedral  cells  of  parenchyma  In  pith  of  Elder.  568,  Stellate  cells  in  pith  of  Rush. 
605,  Spherical  cells  in  Houseloek.  666,  Wood-cells  and  ducts  of  Oak.  664,  Wood-cells  of 
the  Fltt.\-flber. 

These  beautiful  cells  may  be  well  seen  in  a  shoot  of  elder,  in  the  petiole 
of  rhubarb.  Geranium,  strawberry.  In  the  two  latter,  if  gently  pulled 
asunder,  the  coiled  fibers  appear  to  the  naked  eye. 

652.  Annular  cells,  when  there  are  numerous  rings  within,  instead 
of  a  spiral  coil,  as  in  the  stems  of  balsam  and  some  Oryptogamia. 

653.  ScALARiFORM  CELLS,  whcu  the  rings  seem  conjoined  by  bars 
crossmg  between  them,  giving  an  appearance  compared  to  a  ladder 
{scala),  as  jn  the  vine  and  ferns.  Porous  cells  with  the  sooondary 
lavcrs  full  of  perforations,  reticulated  cells,  as  if  a  net  work ;  and  many 
other  forms. 


UF    THE    VEGETABLE    CELL. 


133 


654.  Cellulosj,  the  material  of  which  the  outer  cell-walls  and  other 
secondary  layers  are  made,  is  proved  by  a  chemical  analysis  to  consist 
of  three  simple  elements,  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  in  the  proportions 
of  C44  Ilio-Ojo, — carbon  and  the  exact  elements  of  water.  In  the 
material  of  the  primordial  utricle  nitrogen  is  added.  Out  of  these 
four  simple  elements  (CHON)  with  slight  additions  of  lime,  silex, 
and  a  few  other  earthy  matters,  God  is  able  to  produce  all  the  count- 
less varieties  of  plants  which  clothe  and  beautify  the  earth. 

655.  Contents  of  the  cell.  Some  cells  contain  air  only.  Others 
are  filled  with  solid  matter ;  but  the  greater  part  contain  both  fluids 
and  solids.  There  is  the  cytobiust,  &  globular  atom,  earnest  of  new 
cells ;  and  protoplasm^  the  nourishing  semi-fluid,  both  of  the  same 
material  as  the  primordial  utricle,  and  with  it,  and  the  fluid  cell-sap, 
ever  flowing,  acting,  combining,  transforming,  and  producing  either  new 
cells  or  products  like  the  following. 

656.  The  coloring  matter,  which  gives  to  fruits  and  flowers  their  bri'^ht  and 
varying  tints  of  yellow,  red,  and  blue,  is  generally  dissolved  in  the  uell-aap  which 
is  otherwise  colorless;  but 

r\  677  576  575  674     673    572  571 


667  668  669  670 

667,  Cells,  flf,  of  the  pulp  of  Snow-berry,  showinar  the  nucleus;  &,  ofthe  parenohytna  of  the 
Uaf  of  Pink,  showing  the  granules  of  chlorophylle.  568,  Cell  of  a  Cactus,  soaked  in  Alcohol,  the 
primorilial  utricle  separated  and  contracted.  569,  Cell  of  plourenchyma  of  Pine,  dotted.  670, 
Sketch  to  illustrate  the  nature  of  those  dots ;  a.  dot  seen  In  front ;  ?*,  a  side  view  of  the  same. 
671,  Trachenchyina,  a  spiral  cell  from  the  sporange  of  Equisetiim.  672,  Spiral  vessel  of  the 
Melon,  single  thread  ;  673,  ofthe  Elder,  4  threads.  674.  .\nnular  duct,  distended  by  rings  in- 
stead of  a  coil.  576,  Scalariform  vessels,  from  Ostniinda  (Fern).  676,  A  dotted  duct  from  Oym- 
nocladus  (Coffee-tree).  578.  Spiral  vessels  apparently  branched  677,  Branching  spirals  In 
the  Qourd. 

657.  Chlorophyllk,  the  green  coloring  matter  of  leaves,  consists  of 
green  corpuscles  floating  in  the  colorless  sap  or  attached  to  tlio  color- 
less wall.  In  the  indigo  plant  these  corpuscles  are  blue  and  constitute 
that  poisonous  drug. 


^ 


M 


'.  '■  1/3 
■■itr 


■p 


i  ' 


I 


134 


THE    TISSUEB. 


608.  The  starch  of  the  plant  also  originates  here,  in  the  form  of 
little  striated  granules  of  the  same  composition  as  cellulose  (Os«  Uju 
Ojo).  Some  20  such  granules  appear  in  the  same  cell,  either  loosely 
or  compactly  tilling  it.  Starch  is  nutritive  matter,  sealed  up  f<jr  pre- 
servation and  future  use. 


679 


583 


584 


585 


580  581  686 

Contents  of  cells.  579,  Cells  of  Potato  containing  starch  grains.  580,  Starch  grains  from  th« 
potato  ;  5S1,  from  the  E.  Indian  Arrow-rooi,.  682,  Raphides,  ncicular  crystals,  in  a  cell  of  Poly- 
anthes  tnl>erosa.  59.%  Crystals  in  a  cell  of  Oactus.  684.  Cells  from  the  pulp  of  Pear,  coated  in- 
ternally :  a  longitudinal  section ;  686,  T' ^nsverse  secUon.  586,  Starch  granules  from  W.  Indian 
Arrow-root. 

659.  Gum,  SU0.4R,  SALTS,  acids,  alkalies,  poisons,  medicines,  whatever  is  pecu- 
liar in  tlie  propertie.s  of  each  vegetable  substance,  may  also  be  held  in  solution  in 
the  cell-sap  and  invisible,  unless  forming 

660.  Raphides.  little  bundles  of  crystals,  acicular  or  of  some  other  form,  seen  in 
the  cells  of  rhubarb.  Cactus,  Hyacinth. 

661.  The  development  of  new  cells  in  the  plant  is  the  process  of  its  growth. 
Tliis  is  aecomp]i,shed  within  the  pre-existing  cells  and  by  the  agency  of  their  con- 
tents. The  primordial  utricle  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  utricles,  by  septa 
growing  from  its  sides  until  they  meet.  The.se  then  acquire  the  cellulose  layer  out- 
side, the  cytoblast  inside,  at  the  expense  of  the  old  cell,  v/hich  shortly  gives  place 
to  its  new  progeny.  Thus  cells  multiply,  and  by  millioos  on  millions  build  up  the 
&bric  of  the  plant. 


t«  ♦  »■ 


CHAPTER    II. 


THE  TISSUES. 


862.  One-celled  plants.  The  cell,  as  heretofore  described,  is  en- 
dowed with  a  life  within  itself.  It  can  imbibe  fluids,  nourish  itself,  and 
reproduce  others  like  itself.  It  may,  therefore,  and  actually  does  in 
some  coses,  exist  alone  as  a  plant !  Many  species  of  the  Confervoids 
and  Diatomes  are  plants  consisting  of  a  single  cell — the  simplest  possi- 
ble form  of  vegetation. 

663.  Plants  many-cei  led.  With  a  few  such  exceptions,  vecretation 
consists  of  a  combin:ition  of  cells  united  in  a  definite  manner  and  form. 


THE    TISSUES. 


135 


Such  combinations  are  called  tissues,  which  we  may  describe  under  four 
general  names  or  types  : 

I.  Cellular  tissue  (Parenchyma)  : 

II.  Fibrous  tissue  (Pleubenchyma)  : 

III.  Vascular  tissue  (Tbachenchyma)  : 

IV.  Laticifefous  tissue  (Cienchyma). 

664.  Parenchyma,  composed  of  spheroidal  cells,  is  the  most  com. 
mon  form  of  tissue,  no  plant  being  without  it,  and  many,  especially  of 
the  lower  orders,  being  entirely  composed  of  it.  Numerous  varieties 
occur  according  to  the  forms  of  the  cells  and  their  closeness  of  contact, 
intermediate  between  the  following  extremes,  1,  when  there  are  copious 
intercellular  spaces,  the  cells  slightly  touching,  and  being  (a)  rounded, 
or  (b)  lobed,  or  (c)  stellate  ;  2,  when  the  cells  are  crowded,  leaving  no 
intercellular  space  and  being  (d)  prismatic,  or  (e)  polyhedral,  or  (/)  ir- 
regular. 

665.  Examples  of  these  tissues  are  found  (a)  in  the  pulp  of  fruits,  in  newly-formed 
pith,  and  in  all  young  growths ;  (6)  in  the  lower  stratum  of  leaf-tissue  ;  (c)  in  the 
pith  of  rushes  and  other  aquatic  plants ;  (rf)  in  the  herbaceous  stems  of  Mouocoty- 
ledons ;  (e)  everywhere,  but  well  observed  in  full-formed  pith ;  (/)  abup/lant  in  al] 
the  soft,  fleshy  parts  of  plants. 

666.  Plburenchyma  is  composed  of  elongated  cells  cohering  by  their 
sides  in  such  a  way  that  end  overreaches  end,  forming  a  continuous ^6re. 
Two  varieties  are  noticed  (a)  wood- 
fibre,  with  cells  of  moderate  length, 
remarkable  for  its  firmness,  the 
main  constituent  of  the  stems  and 
trunks  of  the  higher  plants;  (b) 
liber,  with  very  long  attenuated 
cells,  the  substance  of  the  inner 
layers  of  bark,  remarkable  for  its 
tenacity,  especially  in  flax,  hemp, 
linden. 

667.  The  pitted  cells  (§  650) 
constitute  a  singular  variety  of 
wood-fiber,  common  in  pines,  firs, 
etc.  That  mysterious  double  ring 
which  encircles  each  pit,  is  pro- 
jected, the  inner  by  the  pit  itself, 
which  is  an  aperture  in  the  secondary  layer,  the  outer  by  a  Icna-shaped 
intercellular  cavity  right  opposite  outside.     (670). 

868.  Trachenchyma  is  a  tissue  of  vessels  or  tubes  rather  than  cells. 
The  Tessels  are  extended  lengthwise,  and  composed  each  of  a  row  of 
cells  joined  end  to  end,  and  fused  into  one  by  the  absorption  of  the 


579,  Longitudinal  section  of  Thuja  (Red  Cedar). 
a,  Medullary  rays. 


|,i 


Ui\, 


11 


^A 


■ 


I 


l.m 


THE    TISSUES. 


Ill 


contiguous  walls.  This  tissue  varies  according  to  the  character  of  the- 
constituent  cells,  which  are  («)  spiral,  or  (b)  annular,  or  (f)  sclaritbrin, 
or  (d)  reticulated. 

669.  Such  cella,  with  their  tapering  ends,  form  vessels  with  oblique  joints.  When 
porous  cells  (653)  with  their  truncated  ends  unite  they  form  right-jointed  vessels  re- 
sembling strings  of  beads,  called  dotted  or  vascular  ducts.  These  are  usually  quite 
large,  and  characteristic  of  the  woody  layers  of  all  exogenous  plants.     (470.) 

6'' 9.  The  different  varieties  of  trachenchyma  are  as.signed  to  different  re- 

(?ions  and  offices,  (a)  to  the  earliest  formed  part  of  the  wood,  tlie  petioles  and  veins 

of  leaves,  petals  cf  flowers,  etc. ;  (6)  to  similar  parts,  but  later  formed,  mostalnmdaiit 

&80  in  ferns  and  Equisetacea; ;    (c)  in  the  woody 

bundles  of  the  Endogens  and  in  the  succii- 
lent  parts  of  plants  in  general ;  (d)  most 
abundant  m  ferns,  club-mosses. 

671.  Cienchyma  is  a  system  of 
milk-vessels — vessels  secreting  the  latex 
or  peculiar  juice  of  the  plant,  white, 
yellow,  red,  turbid,  containing  opium, 
gamboge,  caoutchouc,  resin,  etc.  It 
occurs  in  the  petioles  and  veins  ;  in  the 
parenchyma  of  roots,  in  the  liber  es- 
^  •  n  )/  r  illi  ^  pecially ;  sometimes  simple,  generally 
\[|     f      li  /■*/ \\l)'        branched  and  netted  in  a  complicated 

manner,  as  well  seen  in  the  poppy,  ce- 
landine, blood-root,  gum-elastic  tree, 
etc. 

672.  Their  nature.  These  vessels  are  probably  mere  open  spaces  between  the 
cells  at  first,  subsequently  acquiring  a  lining  membrane  which  never  exhibits  pores 
or  spiral  markings.     But  there  are  also  true 

673.  Intercellular  passages  filled  with  air  and  admitting  its  free 
circulation  in  all  directions  through  the  parenchyma.  These  are  neces- 
sarily very  irregular,  and  they  communicttte  with  the  external  air  through 
the  stomata.     (§  678.) 

674.  Import  of  the  cell.  Thus  the  cell  appears  to  be  the  type  ot 
every  form  of  tissue,  the  material  of  which  the  vegetable  fabric  is  built, 
and  the  laboratory  where  the  work  is  performed. 

675.  Elevation  in  rank  is  marked  by  the  increasiiig  complication  of  the  tis- 
sues. The  basis  of  the  structure  of  all  plants  is  parenchyma.  In  the  lowest  tribes 
no  other  tissue  is  ever  added,  this  alone  performing  all  the  functions.  Higher  in  the 
scale,  as  in  mosses,  a  few  central  bundles  of  wood  tissue  are  added,  as  if  to  strengthen 
the  stem.  Still  higher,  as  in  ferns,  etc.,  we  begin  to  find  vessels  (trachenchyma)  of 
the  simpler  sort,  f.  "  o  freer  circulation  of  the  fluids,  together  with  the  strengthening 
pleurenchyma.  Lastly,  in  the  highest  plants,  Phaenogamia,  the  true  spiral  vessels 
appear,  filled  with  air,  cienchyma  with  secretions,  and  all  the  tissues  in  their  appro- 
priate functions. 


681 
Vessels  of  Cienchyma  ;  580,  from  Dan 
delion;  581,  from  the  Celandine. 


!t 


THB    EPIDERMAL   SYSTEM.      .^'^\  .    K^ ^'^^ ^"^  l^^  ^ Mr^ 

//SS^-"     LIBRARY,       ^4. 

{{         JUL  2:^ 
CHAPTER    II li 


THE    EPIDERMAL   SYSTEM 


,„„„%.2^TAR^^^ 


Includes  the  external  covering  of  all  herbaceous  growths,  viz.,  the 
epick-nnis,  stoniata,  hairs,  glands,  cuticle,  etc.,  organs  which  in  older 
stems  give  place  to  bark, 

676.  The  epidermis  (skin)  consists  of  a  layer  of  U!iited,  empty  cells, 
mostly  tabular,  forming  a  superficial  membrane.  It  invests  all  plants 
higher  than  mosses,  and  all  parts  save  the  extremities,  the  stigma  and 
rootlets.     Its  office  is  to  check  evaporation. 

683 


-aV 


X 


5S4 


582 


6<^2,  Cells  of  eiiidorniis  with  a  stoma  from  leaf  of  Ilellobonis  foetidiis.  583,  Vertical  .section 
of  a  stoma  of  Narcissus;  a,  cuticle.  5S4,  Epidermis  cells  with  stomata  of  Tradescantiii  Vir- 
giiiica. 

677.  Example.  That  delicate  membrane  which  may  be  easily  stripped  off  from 
tlio  leaf  of  ti)e  liouseleek  or  the  garden  iris  is  the  epidermis.  It  is  transparent,  color- 
less, and  under  the  microscope  reveals  its  cellular  structure. 

078.  Stomata.  The  epidermis  does  not  entirely  exclude  the  tissues 
beneath  it  from  the  external  air,  but  is  cleft  here  and  there  by  little 
chinks  called  stomata  (mouths).  Each  sloma  is  guarded  by  a  pair  of 
reiiiform  cells,  of  such  mechanism  (not  well  understood)  as  to  open  in 
a  moist  atmosphere  and  close  in  a  dry. 

(579.  Position  of  stomata.  The  stomata  are  always  plar^ed  over  and  communi- 
cate with  tlie  intercellular  passages.  They  are  found  only  on  the  green  surfaces  of 
parts  exposed  to  the  air,  most  abundant  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leavea  Their 
numbers  are  immense.  On  the  leaf  of  garden  rhubarb  5,000  were  counted  in  the 
space  of  a  square  inch  •.  in  the  garden  irib.  12,000;  ia  the  pink,  36,000;  in  Hy- 
drangea, 160,000. 


j 


i 


m 

m 


m 


138 


THE    EPIDERMAL   ST8TBM. 


tS6,  Colls  and  stomata  of  the  epidermis  of  Oxalis  violacea ;  and  536,  uf  Convallaria  raceiiio.su. 


680.  Cuticle.  The  aurface  of  the  epidermis  at  length  becomes  itself  coated  with 
a  delicate,  transparent  pellicle,  not  cellular,  called  the  cuticle.  It  varies  in  consis- 
tency, being  thicker  and  stronger  in  evergreen  and  succulent  plants.  It  seems  to 
be  merely  the  outer  cell  wall  of  the  epidermis  thickened  and  separated  from  the 
newly-formed  wall  beneath  it. 

681.  The  hairs  which  clothe  the  epidermis  arc  mere  expansions  of 
its  tissue.  They  may  each  consist  of  a  single  elongated  cell,  or  of  a 
row  of  '-ells.  They  may  also  be  simple,  or  branched,  or  stellate,  or 
otherwise  diversified. 

682.  Glands  are  cellular  structures  serving  to  elaborate  and  contain 
the  peculiar  secretions  of  the  plant,  such  as  aromatic  oils,  resins,  hotjey, 
poisons,  etc.  A  gland  may  be  merely  an  expanded  cell  at  the  summit 
of  a  hail",  or  at  its  base,  and  hence  called  a  glandular  hair  (Labiatae). 
Or  it  may  be  a  peculiar  cell  under  the  epidermis,  giving  to  the  organ  a 
punctate  appearance,  as  in  the  leaf  of  lemon.  Other  glands  are  com- 
pound and  either  external  (sundew),  or  internal  reservoirs  of  secretion 
(rind  of  orange). 

683.  Stings  are  stiff-pointed,  1-celled  hairs  expanded  at  base  into  a 
gland  containing  poisonous  secretion.  An  elastic  ring  of  epidermal  celU 
presses  upon  the  gland  so  as  to  inject  the  poison  into  the  wound  made 
by  its  broken  point  (nettle). 

684.  Prickles  are  hardened  hairs  connected  with  the  epidermis 
alone,  thus  di£Pering  from  spines,  which  have  a  deeper  origin.  Exam- 
ples Id  the  rose. 


ri 


THE    UONEOUS    SYSTEM. 


l;i9 


587  583  S89  B90 

5»T,  Rootlet  ut  Madder,  showing  cells  expanded  Into  fibrlUie.  538,  Glandular  luiir  of  Kruxi- 
nella,  section.  589,  Hair  of  Bryonia,  of  several  cells.  590,  Hair  of  several  cells,  surinoiinttd  by 
a  pland,  of  Antirrhinum  inajus.  691,  Sting  of  Urtica  dioica.  592,  Jointed  hair  of  the  stamens  ut 
Tradescantia.  593,  Stellate  hair  from  the  petiole  of  Nuphar  advena  (magnified  200  diameters, 
Ilenfrey).    594,  Branched  hair,  one  cell,  of  Arabia. 


i:  a 


CHAPTER     IV. 


THE   LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM 


685.  Includes  the  firm  structures  of  roots,  stems,  and  their  append, 
ages,  summarily  called  the  wood.  ' 

686.  Structure.  The  growing  rootlet  of  the  germinating  plant  exhibits  under 
a  microscope  a  nearly  uniform  mass  of  cellular  tissue.  The  cells  composing  it  are 
soft  and  delicate,  with  thin,  porous  walls  adapted  to  absorb  moisture,  wliich  it  l;as 
already  begun  to  do.  It  grows  by  the  accession  of  cell  to  cell  through  their  divi- 
sion and  enlargement  at  its  point,  or  rather  just  behind  the  advance  layer  which 
constitutes  its  cap  (pileorhiza  §  725. 

687.  The  earliest  tissue.  The  same  structure  also  appears  in  the  expanding 
cotjdedons  and  the  opening  bud  of  the  plumule.  At  this  early  stage,  tlierofore,  all 
plants  alike  in  all  their  parts  are  composed  of  simple  parenchyma.  Subsequent 
changes  in  structure  occur,  giving  to  each  tribe  its  several  peculiarities.  Still  the 
growing  points  of  the  axis,  both  ascending  and  descending,  advance  by  the  forma- 
tion of  the  same  tissue,  and  the  vessels,  if  formed  at  all,  follow  a  little  later. 

688.  The  changes.  The  rootlet  soon  becomes  a  root,  assumes  a  corky  layer  in- 
stead of  the  tender,  spongiform  epidermis,  and  ceases  to  absorb.  But  new  rootlets 
spring  from  the  radicle,  or  branch  from  the  axis,  which  in  their  turn  absorb,  harden, 
divide  and  subdivide ;  and  so  on  indefinitely. 

689.  The  increasing  demand  for  moisture  is  thus  met  by  the  multiplica- 
tion of  these  root  ends,  which  have  been  called  the  spongelets.  The  absorbing  sur- 
face is  also  greatly  increased  by  the  hair-like  processes  of  the  epidermis; — the 
fibrillse  (§  724)  which  multiply  generally  in  proportion  to  the  dryness  of  the  soil. 

690.  There  ark  four  general  modes  of  growth  and  structure, 
whereby  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  distinguished  into  as  many  great 
classes,  viz, : 


140 


THB    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM. 


The  outside-growers  (Exogens), 
The  inside-growers  (Endooens), 
The  point-growers   (Acrogens), 
The  mass-growkrs  (Thallogens). 

691.  The  exogenous  structure.  A  cross  section  of  the  stem  or 
branch  of  any  dicotyledonous  plant  (mustard,  inaplej,  exhibits  zones  of 
different  structures,  which  are  distinguished  as  pith,  medullary  sheath, 
wood,  and  bark. 

692.  The  pith  occupies  the  central  part  of  the  stem.  It  consists  of 
parenchyma,  is  chiefly  abundant  in  he.  baceous  plants  and  all  young 
stems.  When  new,  it  is  filled  with  fluids  for  the  nourishment  of  the 
buds  until  they  ran  make  food  for  themselves.  As  the  plant  advances 
in  age,  the  pith  loses  its  vitality,  is  filled  with  air  only,  is  often  torn  into 
irregular  cavities,  or  disappears. 

693.  The  medui.l\ry  sheath  immediately  surrounds  tlie  pith.  It 
is  a  thin,  delicate  tissue  consisting  of  spiral  vessels.  It  communicates 
with  every  bud,  and  sends  ofi' detachments  of  its  vessels  to  the  petioles 
and  veins  of  every  leaf.  Its  tubes  secrete  oxygen  from  carbonic  acid  or 
water  and  convey  it  to  the  leaves. 

694.  The  wood  consists  of  pleurenchyma  and  ducts  (§  666)  ar- 
ranged moie  or  less  distinctly  in  concentric  zones  or  layers.  The  first 
or  inner  layer,  together  with  the  medullary  sheath  and  pith,  is  the  pro- 
duct of  the  first  year.  One  new  layer  is  formed  each  successive  year, 
during  the  life  of  the  plant. 

695.  Annual  circles.  The  ducts  are  usually  first  formed  and  lie  in  the  inner 
part  of  tlie  strata  next  the  center,  while  the  wood-fibers  are  produced  toward  tho 
end  of  the  season,  and  deposited  in  the  outer  part.  The  former  are  distinguished 
by  the  larjtfe  size  of  tiieir  open  ends,  while  the  fibers  are  minute  and  compact.  This 
cireumstunce  renders  tlie  limits  of  each  layer  distinctly  perceptible  in  a  cross 
section,  and  tlieir  number,  if  counted  at  the  base,  will  correctly  indicate  the  age 
of  the  tree. 

69C.  PlxcEPTiONS.  There  are  douV)tlos9  some  ccceptious  to  this  rule.  In  trop- 
ical countries,  where  there  is  no  distinction  of  soaaon.«,  there  may  bo  several  zones 
deposited  annually,  or  on  tlie  oti'.er  liand,  several  or  all  tho  annual  layers  may  bo 
so  bk'iulcd  by  the  uniform  mixlure  of  tlie  ducts  with  the  wood-tissue  as  to  be  nn- 
distiiiguisliable.  Tho  layers  of  the  beet-root  are  certainly  not  annual.  They  seem 
to  correspond  with  the  numiier  of  leaf  cycles  (§  228). 

697.  The  ALnuRNt^M  and  di^ramen — the  sap-wood  and  hoart-wood, 
are  well-known  distinctions  in  the  wood.  The  former,  named  from  al- 
hus^  white,  is  usually  of  a  light  color  and  softer  structin'c.  It  is  the 
living  j>art  of  the  wood  through  whose  vessels  mainly  the  sap  ascends. 

698.  How  FORMED.  Tho  'uterior  layers  of  the  alburnum  gradually 
liardcn  ]>y  the  deposition  of  solid  matter  in  their  vessels,  and  the  thicken- 
ing of  the  cell-walls,  until   fluids  can   no  longer  pj.ss  through  thetn. 


THE  LIGNEOUS  SYSTEM. 


141 


Thus  the  duramen  {durus,  hard)  is  formed  of  a  firm  and  durable  text- 
ure, the  only  part  valued  as  timber.  Its  varying  colors  in  cherry,  wal- 
nut, rose-wood,  are  well-known. 


596 


595 


6!>r),  Cl•(>s^s-^^■^•tiolls  of  an  exogenous  stem  (Klin),  f  2  years'  growth  ;  1,  pith,  2,  a,  annual  layers 
of  wood,  next  the  cambium,  4,  barii;  596,  and  endogonous  stem  (Sorghum  or  MilletX  where 
there  is  no  distinction  of  layers. 

C9;..  The  duramen  is  op  no  account  in  vegetation,  and  ia  in  this  respect 
dead.  Hence  it  often  decays,  leaving  the  trunk  hollow,  and  the  tree  at  the  same 
time  iis  flourishing  as  ever. 

700.  The  bark  succeeds  and  replaces  the  epidermis,  covering  and 
protecting  the  wood.     It  is  readily  distinguished  into  three  parts,  viz. : 

The  inner,  white  bark  (liber), 
The  middle,  green  bark  (cellular), 
The  outer,  brown  bark  (cortical). 
The  substance  of  all  these  is  pnronchyuia  and  arranged,  like  the 
wood,  in  layers. 

701.  The  lider  or  white  bark  coriuiins  scattered  bundles  of  pleuren- 
chyma  and  cienchyma  with  its  cellular  tissue.  Its  wood-cills  are  very 
long  (§  066),  called  bast-cells,  and  are  strengthened  with  secondary  de- 
posits until  quite  filled  up.  Hence  the  strength  and  toughness  of  flax 
and  hemp.  The  strong  material  of  "  Russian  matting"  is  fron?  the  liber 
of  the  linden-treo,  and  the  "  lace"  of  the  South  Seas  from  the  lace-bark 
tree.     The  liber  of  other  trees  is  not  remarkable  for  strength. 

702.  The  cellular  or  green  hark  succeeds  to  the  liber.  Its  tis«ive 
resembles  that  of  the  loaf,  being  filled  with  sap  and  chlorophylle.  It 
^rows  laterally  to  accommodate  itself  to  the  enlarging  circumference 
of'  the  tree,  but  does  not  increase  in  thickness  after  the  first  few  years. 

703.  The  cortical  or  brown  bark.  Its  color  is  not  always  brown, 
being  tarely  white  (canoe  birch),  or  straw-color  (yellow  birch),  or  green- 
ish (strip4/l  maple),  or  grayish  (beech,  magnolia).  Its  substance  is  al- 
ways cellular  tissue,  but  diTering  widely  in  consistency  in  different 
species.  Its  new  layers  comj  from  within,  formed  from  the  green  bark, 
while  its  older  are  sooner  or  later  cast  off. 


15  "^i 

'  is 

'  -Is 


'r 


142 


THE    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM. 


704.  The  cortical  layers  sometimes  accumulate  to  a  considerable  thicknesg 
(maple,  hickory,  oak),  hut  are  liiidlly  rent  and  furrowed  by  the  expanding  wood. 
In  the  cork  oak  (Quercud  suber)  they  attain  an  excessive  growth,  furnishing  that 
useful  substance,  cork.  In  birch  (Betula  papyracea)  these  layerLj  resemble  paper, 
long  abiding  by  their  elasticity  the  expansion  of  the  truul:. 

705.  The  medullary  rays  [medulla,  pith)  are  those  fine  lines  which 
appear  in  a  cross-section  passing  like  radii  from  the  pith  to  the  bark, 
intersecting  the  wood  and  dividing  it  into  wedge-shaped  bundles  or 
sectors.  They  consist  of  firm  plates  of  parenchyma  {muriform  tissue, 
the  cell  resembling  brick-work)  belonging  to  the  «'ame  system  with  the 
pith. 

706.  The  medullary  rays  are  no  less  frequent  in 
the  outer  layer  of  wood  than  in  the  inner.  Herico 
their  immber  must  increase  yearly,  and  a  new  set 
commence  with  each  successive  layer,  extending 
witii  those  already  formed  through  the  subsequent 
layei-s  to  the  bark,  as  shown  in  the  diagram.  (595.) 

707.  The  silver  grain.  In  a  radial  section 
(597,  598)  the  medullary  rays  are  more  conspicuous 
as  sliining  plates  of  a  satin-like  texture,  called  the 
silver-grain,  quite  showy  in  oak,  maple.  A  tangen- 
tial section  shows  their  ends  in  the  form  of  thin 
ellipses. 

708.  They  serve  as  bonds  to  combine  into  one 
firm  body  the  successive  wood  layers,  and  as  chan- 
nels of  communication  to  and  from  the  bark  and 
heart-wood.  They  also  generate,  at  their  outer  ex- 
tremities, the  adventitious  buda 

709.  The  cambium  layer.  Between  the 
liber  and  the  wood  there  is  formed  in  tiie 
spring,  at  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the 


597,  Wood  of  Oak  ;  section  lon- 
)ritu(linal,  showing,  <(,  iiiuiLillury 
rayrt;  ^,  wood-ctlls  ;  c,  jiorous 
ducts. 


buds,  a  mucilaginous,  half-organized 
layer  of  matter.  Its  presence  loosens 
the  bark  and  renders  it  easily  peeled 
from  the  wood.  The  cambium  is  a 
sap  solution  of  the  starchy  deposits 
of  the  preceding  year,  now  rapidly 
being  organized  into  cells. 

710.    Tins   IS    THE    GEVRRATIVR   LAYRR 

whence  spring  all  tlio  ^^t'owths  of  the  lig- 
neous system.  From  this,  during  each 
growing  season,  two  layers  are  developed, 
one  i)f  liber  .md  one  of  wood,  botli  !it  first 
n  ecllular  mii-s  but  the  colls  with  wonder- 
ftil  pneiaion  iranafonning,  some  into  the 
slender  iiHt-cells  of  the  liber,  so-ne  into 
the  doti'  1  ducts  iind  fusiform  et  <;  of  the 
wood,  sotne  into  Hr     i'lriform  ti'^'*  i<«  (tfthHi 


698 


B»9,  Wood  of  M.ipln;  a  m»idnllivrT  m^K  * 
dmiU'  I .  wood'CoiU. 


THE    LIGNEOUS    SYSTKM. 


143 


medullary  rays.     Through  theso  latter  the  quickening  influence  of  the  cambium 
pervades  both  wood  and  bark. 

711.  Unlimited  growth  is  therefore  a  cbaracteristic  of  the  exocron- 
ons  stem  :  for  the  yearly  increments  are  added  to  the  outside  of  the 
wood,  and  the  bark  is  capable  of  expansion  by  lateral  growth  to  any 
extent.        ' 

Vl2.  The  peculiar  secretions  of  the  plant  are  generally  more 
abundantly  deposited  in  the  bark  than  in  the  otlier  parts.  Hence  the 
bark  is  more  generally  sought  for  its  medicinal  and  chemical  proper- 
ties. 

713.  The  endogenous  structure.  In  the  cross-section  ofamono- 
ootyledonous  stem  (corn,  palm)  there  is  no  visible  distinction  of  bark, 
wood,  pith,  or  of  annual  layers  of  any  kind. 

714.  It  is  composed  of  tissues  quite  similar  to  those  of  the  exogen- 
ous stem,  but  very  difterently  arranged.  The  body  of  the  nionocoty- 
lo'lonous  stem  consists  of  parenchyma,  within  which  tissue  numerous 
thread-like  bundles  of  woody  matter  are  imbedded. 

715.  These  bundles  consist  each  of  one  or  more  dotted  ducts 
accompanied  by  spiral  vessels,  pleurenchyma,  and  often  cienchyma  also, 
variously  arranged  in  different  species. 

716.  The  formation  of  these  bundles  is  dependent  upon  the  leaves  from 
wliich  they  may  seve-rally  be  traced  downwards,  first  tending  toward  the  interior 
of  the  stem.  Further  on  they  recurve  outward  again,  and  finally  terminate  near 
tiie  surface,  there  interlacing  and  combining  with  their  fellows  and  forming  an 
excessively  hard  but  inseparable  rind  (false  bark). 

717.  Cleavaoe  difficult.  From  this  entanglement  of  the  fibers  the  cleavage 
of  endogenous  stems  is  difficult  or  impossible.  In  jointed  stems  (culms)  this  entan- 
glement occurs  only  at  the  nodes  (cane,  grasses). 

718.  The   growth  of  monocotyledonous  stems  thus  taker,  place  bv 

the  addition  of  the  new  wo«xl  bundles  to  the  interior  of  the  stem,  und 

hence  such  jiiants  are  culled  Insld(>-(/rowers  or  Endooens. 

719.  Peculiar  FoiiMsoftlio  caudex.  The  rind  of  endogenous  trees  is  capable 
of  only  a  limited  expansion.  This  limit  is  soonest  attainctl  at  the  base  of  the  stem 
long  before  the  upper  parts  cease  to  enlarge.  Consequently  such  trunks  are  often 
si'i'H  ot  equal  or  greater  diameter  at  the  summit  than  at  the  base  •.  so  the  palmetto, 
com,  bamboo. 

TUO.  The  acrooenous  structure  is  found  in  mosses,  ferns,  and  the 
other  higher  tribe.s  of  the  Crvptogamia.  The  stems  advance,  beneath 
or  above  the  ground,  full-formed,  growing  only  at  the  end,  hence  called 
Acroi/ena. 

721.  A  cross-section  of  a  fern  stem  shows  a  body  of  parenchyma  strenurthoned 
by  an  outer  zone  of  fihro-vascular  htmdles,  the  wliolt"  invested  with  a  sort  of  bark. 
Thi>  bundles  are  preoisoly  similar  to  those  founil  in  the  petioles,  showing  that  the 
»tein  iB  the  aggregate  of  the  unaltered  leaf-bases.     (000) 


W*- 


144 


TlIK    LIUNEOUS    SYSTEM. 


MO 


600,  Section  of  an  Acrogenons  stem  of  Tree- 
Fern  (Cyathea),  showing  the  vascular  i)undlc's 
imbedded  near  the  circumference  of  llie  cel- 
lular iiiass. 

122.    TiiALLOGENS   are    the    lowest 

in  the  scale  of  rank,  having  no  true  axis 

590.   Various  kinds   of  vessels  in  a  wood-  ,  ^i        x-  ^u  i    „ 

..     ,.iii,iia  «••"'»"'  «.„„,„„       and  no  other  tissue  than  parenchyma, 

fltxT  of  Hamboo  or  Uuttan.    rt,  Cells  of  paren-  _  »^  . 

cliyin;.;  b,  annular  cells;    c,  spiral  vessels;       which   grows  in  threads  or  in  mass  m 
*/,  jHii  0U8  duct ;  «,  wood-cells.  all  directions.       The   apparent    stems 

(Htipe^'),  if  any,  support  the  fructification  only  (sea-weeds,  lichens,  mushrooms,  puft- 
bulls,  frog-apittle,  mildew). 

l'2'^.  The  structure  op  roots  presents  few  deviations  from  that  of  the  stems 
to  which  they  severally  belong,  being  exogenous  in  Exogens,  endogenous  in  En- 
tiogeua,  etc.  In  the  former  class  the  central  pith  disappears,  its  place  being  occu- 
pied mainly  by  vascular  ducts,  and  the  liber,  if  any,  has  no  bast -cells. 

601  602  724.   The    FiBKiLLiE  and    pileor- 

hiza  should,  however,  be  mentioned 
as  peculiar  in  the  structure  of  the 
root.  The  former  are  produced  by 
millions,  clothing  the  delicate  epi- 
dermis of  the  young  rootlets  as  with 
cottony  down,  especially  in  light 
soils.  They  usually  consist  of  a 
single  cell  of  the  epidermis  extended 
as  seen  in  figure  601.  They  are  the 
true  absorbents,  the  mouiJis  of  the 
growing  plant. 

725.  The  pileobuiza..      The  mi- 
croscope  shows  that  the   extreme, 
advancing  point  of  the  delicate,  grow- 
ing fibers  is  not  thrust  naked  against 
the  opposing   soil,    but    is    covered 
with  a  cap  called  pileorhiza  {pikvs, 
a  cap,  rhiza,  root),  which  consists  of 
older,  hardened  cells,  behind  which 
In  the  Duck-meat  the  pileorltiza  is  lengthened  hito  a 


fiOl,  Extremity  of  the  rootlet  of  Maple,  with 
fllirtlliv  and  (»)  pileorhina.  602,  Two  plants  of 
Lemna  minor  (l)uckmoat).    s.  Their  pUeorhiM. 

urt>  formod  the  new  cells. 


shi'iith. 

720.  The  manner  op  OROwrn  m  the  root  is  not  like  that  of  stems,  by  the 
extension  of  parts  already  formed,  but  simply  by  the  addition  of  now  matter  at  tho 


STRUCTURE    OF    LEAVES. 


145 


adTancing  point.     This  accounts  for  the  wonderful  facility  with  which  it  penetrates 
the  soil  and  tinda  its  way  uninjured  into  the  hardest  earth. 

727.  DiCTYOGBKS.  In  those  few  Monocotyledons  which  bear  reticulated  leaves 
(Smilax,  Dioscorea),  the  Didyogens  of  Dr.  Liudley,  the  roots  exhibit  a  structure  re- 
sembling that  of  exogenous  stems. 


>| 


STRUCTURE   OF    LEAVES. 

728.  Nature  of  the  leaf.  The  leaf  may 
be  regarded  as  an  expansion  of  the  two  outer 
integuments  of  the  bark,  or  of  the  green  bark 
and  the  epidernns,  expanded  into  a  broad, 
thin  surface  by  a  woody  framework  proceed- 
ing from  the  medullary  sheath  and  the  liber. 

729.  The  framework  of  veins  is  therefore 
fibro-vascular,  abounding  in  spiral  vessels,  and 
strengthened  with  liber. 

730.  The  parenchyma  exists  in  two  strata 
more  or  less  dii^tinct.  In  all  those  leaves 
which  are  ordinarily  horizontal  in  position, 
one  surface  being  upward  and  the  other  down- 
ward, those  two  layers  are  dissimilar ;  but  in 
leaves  with  a  vertical  lamina  (iris),  and  in 
phyllodia  (§  307)  the  two  layers  are  similar. 

731.  The  layers  described.  Tlie  superficial  layer 
of  empty  tabular  cells,  belongs  to  the  opidermia    Next   tlon  of  tlie  leaf-stulk  {i)\  b,  the 
beneath  this,  in  the  surfiice  on  which  the  sun  shines,   axJU^ry  bud. 
are  one  or  two  layers  of  oblong  cells  placed  perpendicularly  to  tliat  surface,  and 
more  compact  than  the  cells  beneath  them,  which  are  pervaded  by  intercellular 
passages  and  by  the  veins. 

732.  Place  of  the  stomata.  The  stomata  as  a  rule  belong  to  the 
shaded  side  of  the  leaf,  avoiding  the  sun's  direct  rays.  On  the  sunny 
side  there  are  few  comparatively  or  none.  In  the  submerged  leaves 
of  water  plants  the  epidermal  layer  is  hardly  distinguishable,  an<l  is 
wholly  destitute  of  stomata.  In  such  leaves  as  float  upon  water  (water 
lilios)  stomata  are  found  in  the  upper  surface  alone. 

733.  The  ciilorophvlle.  Within  ail  the  vesicles  of  the  paren- 
chyma are  seen  adhering  to  the  walls  the  green  globules  of  chloro- 
phylle,  which  give  color  to  the  l«'af — dark  green  above,  where  it  is  more 
compact,  paler  beneath,  where  the  cells  are  more  loose  and  separate. 

734.  Vessels  of  cienchyma  pervade  the  under-layer  of  parcn- 
chymi,  returning  the  elaborated  juices  through  the  petiole  into  the  cam- 
bium  layer. 

10 


fi03,  Section  of  a  stem  at  the  ori- 
gin ofa  leaf;  p,  ceiliilai',  or  i)ith; 
a,  vascular,  the  medullary  sheath 
send'ng  off  a  bundle  into  the 
leaf-stalk;  d,  the  swellini;  (|iul- 
vinus)  just  below  the  articula- 


4 


wm 


m 

1    '.^ 


in 


if 


146 

a 
b 


VEGETATION. 


m 


604,  ^finuto  portion  of  a  leaf  of  Viola  tricolor,  viewed 
ill  perspective,  showing,  a,  cells  of  epidermis  above  ; 
b,  compact  parenchyma  of  the  upper  portion  of  the 
leaf;  c,  loose  parenchyma;  d,  epidermal-cells  of  the 
lower  surface  with  stomata,  one  cut  and  opening  into 
the  intercellular  passages.   (Magnified  100  diameters.) 


■^ »»  ♦  «»»i 


735.  The  stbuctcre  of  bra  era 
sepals,  petals,  and  other  organs, 
which  are  but  modifications  of 
the  leaf)  liardly  requires  a  separ- 
ate notice.  Tiie  same  kinds  oi' 
vessels  pervade  their  parenchyma, 
but  the  spiral  exist  in  a  larger 
proportion,  in  tiie  pistil,  tiio  fibro- 
vascular  bundles  may  be  traced 
to  the  placenta,  and  thence  into 
the  funiculus  and  raphe  of  the 
ovule.  In  the  more  delicate  or- 
gans chlorophylle  is  wanting,  and 
the  peculiar  coloring,  matter  of 
whatever  other  tint,  is  uniformly 
diflused  through  the  fluid  con- 
tents of  the  cells  of  parenchyma. 
Tlie  depth  of  the  tint  depends  on 
the  number  of  cells  thus  colored. 


CHAPTER    V. 


VEGETATION,    OR    THE   PHYSIOLOGY   OF   PLANT   LIFE. 

736.  Next  inquiries.  We  have  now  briefly  surveyed  the  mechan- 
ism of  the  plant,  both  its  outward  forms  and  internal  structure.  We 
next  inquire  into  the  uses  of  all  this  wonderful  apparatus  ;  what  the 
specific  office  which  each  part  performs  in  the  economy  of  the  plant  ? 
and  how  do  all  parts  cooperate  in  the  work  of  living  and  growing  ? 

737.  This  is  a  subject  of  great  extent,  and  involves  many  inquiries  of  deep 
interest  both  in  science  and  art, — many  inquiries,  also,  which  have  never  been  an- 
swered. Our  limits  confine  us  to  the  bare  statement  of  admitted  principles,  to  the 
exclusion  of  all  speculative  discussion. 

738.  What  is  life  ?  This  inquiry  meets  us  at  the  beginning — a 
problem  never  solved.  The  spontaneous  action  of  the  plant,  the  self- 
determined  shapes  which  it  assumes,  we  at  once  refer  to  this  principle, 
its  vitality  ;  but  of  the  nature  of  this  principle  itself  we  can  only  say, 
Is  it  not  a  direct  emanation  from  the  Supreme  Will,  the  Fountain  of 
all  life  ? 

739.  Vroetation  is  doubtless-  the  lowest  form  op  life.  Tt 
springs  directly  from  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  and  is  the  first  step 
in  the  organization  of  mineral  matter.  Its  material  is,  therefore,  min- 
eral matter  rendered  organic  thi'ough  the  vital  force. 


I 


VEGBTATION,    OK    TUfci    I'lIVSIOLOOY    OF    PLANT    LIFE. 


147 


740.  The  subordination  of  the  vegetable  to  the  animal  kingdom 
is  thus  manifest  in  its  being  fed  and  nourished  on  inorganic  matter,  it 
is  interposed  between  these  two  incompatible  extremes,  and  is  ordained 
to  transform  the  innutritions  mineral  into  the  proper  and  indispensable 
food  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

741.  Parasitic  plants  do  indeed  roquiro  the  ready  organized  juices  of  other 
plants,  just  as  tho  carnivora  among  animals  live  on  fiosli.  Still  the  general  fact  R'- 
inains,  tliat  plants  alone  feed  on  inorganic  matter,  and  in  turn  become  themselves 
the  food  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

742.  The  process  of  VEOETATroN  consists  of  imbibing  the  crude 
matters  of  the  earth  and  air,  transforming  into  sap,  assimilating  to 
plant  juice  (latex),  and  organizing  into  its  own  structure  according  vo 
its  own  plan.  The  vital  phenomena  on  which  these  transformations  de- 
pend are  called  absorption, circulation,  exhalation,  assimilation,  secretion, 
all  of  which  processes  take  place  in  the  individual  cell.     Therefore, 

743.  Cell-life  is  an  epitome  of  tho  life  of  tho  wliolo  plant.  The  cell  is  never  a 
spontaneous  production;  it  is  tho  offspring  of  a  pre-existing  cell.  So  with  the 
plant;  it  is  always  the  offspring  of  a  pre-existing  embryo  or  cell.  Nothing  but  a 
cell  can  produce  or  nourish  a  cell. 

744.  Two  KINDS  OF  organic  matter  make  up  the  cell.  The  first 
protoplasm  or  protein  (C40  Hgj  0,j  Nj),  the  material  of  the  primordial 
utricle  (§  645),  etc.,  containing  nitrogen;  2d,  cellulose,  (C,<j  IIi^  0,o),  the 
material  of  the  outer  wall  or  crust,  etc.,  containing  no  nitrogen.  Tho 
former  more  nearly  resembles  animal  matter,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  vital 
force  and  chemical  action. 

745.  What  the  cell  im- 
bibes.* Through  the  invisible 
pores  of  its  walls  the  cell  imbibes 
the  tluid  in  which  its  food  is  dis- 
solved, viz.,  sugar  or  dextrine, 
ammonia  or  some  other  nitrogen- „„,  „   .  ,.„  ^v     /,««  «   .  <,.       1 

»         605,  Protococcu8viridl8,tho     606,  Penlcillum  gku- 
Oils  substance.      Such  a  fluid  may         Groen  snow-plant.  cuin,thcYea8t-i)hint. 

be  the  flowing  sap  of  the  plant  or  any  similar  artificial  mixture  in  which 
the  cell  is  bathed,  as  (in  the  case  of  the  yeast  plant)  a  syrup  with  mu- 
cilage. 

740.  The  chemical  changes.  The  sugar  is  thus  brought  into  con- 
tact with  the  protoplasm  in  the  cell,  through  whose  action  it  is  decom- 
posed and  its  elements  transformed  into  cellulose  and  water.  Thus 
each  atom  of  (grape)  sugar  or  dextrine  becomes 

One  atom  of  cellulose,    C,j  H,o  0,o 

and  two  atoms  of  water,        Hj  Oj 

C18  H12  0,4= grape  sugar. 


605 


1 


i:' 


« 


f,''R 


,■_/'■  ■■ 


:^^M 


111 


w 

i 
i 


148 


FERTILIZATION. 


H 


The  water  is  exhaled  with  the  rest ;  the  cellulose  is  retained  to  iricrust 
a  new  cell  as  soon  as  the  primordial  utricle  shall  next  divide  itself  to 
form  one.     Or  it  may  be  deposited  as  starch  granules  for  future  use. 

747.  Action  of  chlorophylle.  In  the  cells  of  green  plants  the 
globules  of  chlorophylle  act  an  important  part.  Their  formation  de- 
ponds  upon  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  (COj),  the  retention  of 
the  carbon,  an  J  the  exhalation  of  the  oxygen  under  the  stimulus  of  the 
light.  If  the  formation  of  cellulose  continue  beyond  the  present  need 
for  cell-formation,  the  excess  is  deposited  in  the  form  of  starch-granules 
inclosed  within  the  globules  of  chlorophylle,  ore  in  each. 

748.  Destination  op  the  starch  granules.  When  the  starch  granules  are 
redissolved,  they  go  to  incriist  the  next  new  cell  c  to  form  a  secondary  layer  in  the 
old  cell ;  or  in  autumn  they  go  out  into  the  general  circulation  and  are  at  length 
stored  up  in  the  buds,  the  cambium,  the  roots,  ready  for  an  early  use  the  following 
spring, 

749.  The  increase  of  the  protoplasm  from  the  decomposition  of 
the  ammonia  or  other  nitrogenous  compounds  present  is  a  more  in- 
tricate process,  but  no  less  evident,  and  when  in  excess,  this  also  is  de- 
posited in  minute  globules  of  gluten,  mucus,  legumine,  chiefly  in  seeds 
(whcH^,  beans,  rice),  in  aid  of  germination. 

750.  The  starch  and  gluten  deposits  of  the  wheat  kernel  are  about  sixty- 
eight  and  seventeen  per  cent.  The  former  is  found  in  the  interior  cells,  the  latter 
in  the  exterior,  adjoining  the  pericarp  or  bran.  In  *'  flouring"  some  of  the  gluten 
adheres  to  the  bran,  and  some  constitutes  the  coarser  ir.^a],  all  of  which  is  separated 
by  the  "  bolt."  Extra  flour  must,  therefore,  necessarily  be  deficient  in  gluten,  the 
only  element  of  the  wheat  which  adapts  it  to  the  formation  of  muscle.    A  great  error. 


FERTILIZATION. 


751.  Capacity  of  the  cell.  Such  being  the  vital  energy  of  the 
cell,  it  is  easy  to  admit  the  possibility  of  either  its  solitary  existence  as 
a  plant  (Protococcus,  etc.),  or  of  its  associated  existence,  as  in  the  living 
tissue  of  most  plants. 

752.  Two  MODES  OF  cell-growtii.  Now  all  plants,  without  excep- 
tion, do  actually  commence  existence  in  the  state  of  a  simple  cell.  l>ut 
while  in  the  lower  plants  (Cryptogamia),  this  simple  cell,  the  plant- 
rudiment  is  at  once  discharged,  free  and  independent,  to  float  or  grow, 
in  thePha'nogamia  it  is  yet  a  while  protected  and  nourished  by  other 
cells, — the  cells  of  the  ovule. 

753.  A  distinction.  This  primitive  cell-plant,  after  acquiring  the 
requisite  means,  swells  and  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  now  cells. 
If  these  new  cells  coliere  into  a  tissue  assuming  a  definite  form,  as  in 


FERTILIZATION. 


U9 


the  higher  plants,  the  process  is  called  growth  ;  but  if  thty  separate, 
each  one  still  abiding  separate,  it  is  reproduction. 

764.  The  embryonic  vesicle  is  the  expressive  panie  of  the  em- 
bryonic cell  of  the  Flowering  Plants.  It  has  its  birth  in  that  large  cell 
of  the  nucleus  of  the  ovule  (§  539)  called  the  embryo  mc,  and  is  in 
some  way  developed  from  the  cytoblast  (§  655).  In  appearance  it  may 
be  like  other  new  cells,  but  in  the  impulse  or  instinct  with  which  it  is 
endowed  it  is  immeasurably  dift'erent.  It  looks  not  to  the  mere  con- 
tinuation of  an  old  series,  but  is  the  projector  and  pioneer  of  a  new. 


755.  Its  new  impulse.  Before  it 
can  enter  upon  its  course  of  develop- 
ment so  different  from  the  destination 
of  common  cells,  it  must  somehow  be 
quickened  and  eneri(>;ized  with  an  im- 
pulse in  this  new  direction.  In  other 
words,  it  must  be  fertilized, — a  pro 
cess  dependent  on  the  pollen  grains 
{§  509). 

756.  The  pollen  tube — its  course. 
"When  the  pollen  falls  upon  tlie  stigma,  it 
imbibes  the  saccharine  moisture  there,  ex- 
pands, and  its  inner,  expansible  coat  of  pro- 
toplasm protrudes  tlirougii  the  aperture  (one 
or  more)  of  tlie  outer  cruataccous  eoat,  in 
tlie  form  of  an  attenuated  tube.  This,  like 
a  radicle,  sinks  into  tlie  soft  tissues  of  the 
stigma  and  style,  reaches  tlie  ovary,  and 
there  meets  and  enters  the  micropyle  of  the 
ovule. 

757.  Its  contents,  how  diSxJHarged. 
At  this  juncture  the  ovule  has  so  turned  it- 
self, whether  orthotropous,  anatropous,  etc., 
as  to  present  the  mieiopyle  favorable  to  this 
process.  The  pollen  tube  makes  its  way 
finally  to  the  nucleus  and  penetrates  to  the 
embryo  sac.  Here  its  growth  ceases;  its 
point  is  applied  externally  to  the  sac,  some- 
times indents  it;  but  (acco"diii<i'  to  the  most 
accurate  observations),  does  not  penetrate 
it.  During  this  contact,  the  contents  of  the 
tube  pass  by  absorption  into  the  sac. 

758    (iROWTH   op   the   FRRTILTZET)  CELLS. 

Immediately  the  embryonic  globule,  thus, 


607,  Section  of  the  ovary  of  Polygon  imi 
Ponnsylvaniciun,  in  process  of  fertilizatinn. 
(Mugnifii'd '20ilianieter.>«).  c,  Niitiiral  f-vm. 
n.  One  of  the  stamens  bavins;  (lisfluiigtd  its 
pollen,  t,  A  grain  of  poik-n  and  its  tiil.e. 
»,  Styles  and  stigmas,  o,  Ovary,  ovule,  em- 
bryo sac  containinff  the  emhrvonic  elobule. 
The  extremity  of  a  pollen  tube  is  seen   io 


"••-■  n 


somehow  endowed  with  a  new  instinct,  now  contact  with  the  embryo  sao. 


rr 


150 


FERTILIZATION. 

first  expands  into  a  proper  cell,  and  is  usually  attached 
to  the  wall  of  the  sac  near  the  micropyle.  It  then  di- 
vides itsolt"  transversely,  lj*'(umiug  two  cell.-;  the  upper 
felongates  either  with  or  w  ithout  subdivision,  forming  a 
filament  (suspensor) ;  the  lower  cell  enlarges  by  subdi- 
vision, first  spherically,  and  afterwards  the  little  mass 
begins  to  take  form  according  to  the  species,  showing 
cocyleduns,  plumule,  etc.,  until  fully  developed  into  the 
embryo. 

759.  Schleiden's  view.  Owing  to  tlie  ex- 
treme difficulty  of  observation  in  this  minute 
field,  different  views  of  this  process  have  been 
advanced.  That  of  Schleiden  sliould  not  be 
overlooked,  lie  maintains  that  the  end  of  the 
poilen  tube  actually  pen^^trates  the  sac  and  itself 
becomes  the  eiuKryonic  cell.  The  pollen  grain  is 
in  this  view  the  primitive  cell,  and  is  itself 
quickened  into  development  by  the  contents  of 


760.      Fertilization     in     the     conifer^e. 


fiOS.  Orowt'    of  the  eml  rvo    ,  , 

in  Hippuris  ^    .'ails.  The n iti-  the  embryo  sac 

lizi'il  celt  has  divided  itsell  in- 
to fseverai,  of  wliicli  c,  h,  con- 

etitiite  the  suspeiiKor  Htfaciied  Where  uo  stvle  or  stigma  exists,  as  in  the  Coni- 

to  the  apex  of  the  sac;  ".  e.n- f^.^..       ^,,^.        jj^^  f^^]^  directly  lUtO   the  micTOpvlc 
bryo  dividing  into  2,  then  into      _  '  •'  . 

iceiis.  of  the  naked  ovule  and  its  tubes  settle  into  the 

tissue  of  the  nucleus. 

761.  Chemical  changes  in  gcrmina-  ^^ 
tion.  The  ovule  matures  with  the  com- 
pletion of  the  embryo,  and  passes  into 
tiie  fixed  state  of  the  seed  in  which  the 
embryo  sleeps.  A  store  of  nutritive 
matter,  starch,  gluten,  etc.,  is  thought 
fully  provided  in  the  seed  for  the  use  of 
the  young  plant  in  germination,  until  its 
root  has  gained  fast  hold  of  the  soil. 

762.  The  changes  which  occur  in 
the   seed   at    the   reconHiiencement  of      .,,„  ...    ,  ^,  ,    .  ,   ,      ,     , 

609,  Ovule  of  viola  tricolor,  showinst 

growth,  are  simply  such  as  are  requisite  the  process  of  fertilization  according  to 
to  reduce  its  dry,  insoluble  deposits  to  a  f'l  ^'«^«  "''  Schleiden.  p  Pollen ;  ^ 

.  .         "  .  tube,  r,  raphe ;  c,  chalaza;  b,  piiniiiie; 

solution  which    shall    contain  the   proper  «,  secundine;  n,  nucl.  n    :  «,  sac  which 

materials  for  cell-formation  or  growth  ;  ^^^  '"^^  appears  to  have  ik  netiated. 
that  is,  gluten  and  other  nitrogenous  matters,  oil,  starch,  etc.,  are  to  be 
changed  to  f'iastase,  the  same  as  yeast,  and  dextrine,  the  same  as  gum 
or  grape  sugar. 


ItlPKNINU    OK    FRUITS. 


151 


70;?.  The  pnocEss.  To  this  end  water  and  oxyi.n'ii  aro  absorlted,  the 
gUiten  l)f.|;ins  <(ecotnpositioii,  t'onnin*^  yoast;  feniit'iitatioii  ensues;  heat 
is  prcKhieed  by  the  slow  combustion  of  the  carboti  with  oxytieii  fonii- 
iii<^  and  evolving  carbonic  acid,  by  which  process  some  of  the  oil  and 
starch  is  destroyed,  while  another  portion  ga'ns  water  and  turns  tu 
>ugar.     All  this  within  the  cells  of  the  seed. 


lilPKNING   OF    FRUITS. 

764.  In  the  pericarps  of  most  fleshy  fruits  (grape,  pear,  apple,  peach, 
strawberry),  sugar  exists  before  germination,  ready  formed  in  the  process 
of  ripening. 

765.  How  THE  FRCIT  GROWS.  In  its  earliest  .stages  the  pericarp  consisted  of  a 
structure  similar  to  that  of  green  leaves,  composed  of  parenchyma,  pleurenchyraa, 
vtsst'ls,  and  epidermis  with  stomata.  Its  distended  growth  atlorwards  results  from 
tlio  accumulation  of  the  flowing  sap,  which  hero  finds  an  axis  incapable  of  exten- 
sion. Thus  arrested  in  its  progress,  it  gorges  the  pistil  and  adjacent  parts,  is  con- 
densed by  exhalation,  assimilated  by  their  green  tissues,  which  still  perforru  the 
oflice  vi"  leaves.  Cell-formation  goes  on  rapidly  within,  and  the  excess  of  (.vilulose 
is  vleposited  in  the  cells  as  starch.  Oxygen  is  usually  absorbed  in  excess,  acidifying 
the  juices. 

760.  How  IT  RIPENS.  After  the  fruit  has  attained  its  full  growth, 
the  process  of  ripening  commences,  during  which  the  pulp  becomes 
gradually  sweetened  and  softened  chiefly  by  the  change  of  the  starch 
into  more  or  less  of  soluble  sugar. 

767.  lIoNEY.  In  the  s;ime  way  wo  account  for  the  production  of 
honey  in  the  flower.  Co}»ii>us  de|»osits  of  starch  are  provided  in  the 
receptacle  and  disc  (§  446 ».  At  the  opening  of  the  flower,  this  is 
changed  to  sugar  to  aid  in  the  rapid  development  of  those  dclicat*}  or- 
gans which  have  no  chlorophylle  wherewith  to  assimilate  their  own 
food.     The  excess  of  sugar  flows  over  in  the  form  of  honey. 

768.  The  wise  economy  of  the  honey  is  seen  in  fertilization.  For, 
attracted  by  it,  the  insect  enters  the  flower,  rudely  brushes  the  pollen 
from  the  now  open  anthers,  and  inevitably  lodges  some  of  its  thousand 
grains  upon  the  stigma  ! 

769.  ExPERiMEXT  HAS  PROVED  that  ..i  all  these  cases  of  the  formation  of  sugar 
frf)m  starch  oxygon  is  absorboil  and  carbonic  acid  evolved, — a  process  wliich  we 
niiglit  expect,  since  starch  (Ci-j  Hio  Oio)  contains  proportionably  more  carbon  than 
sugar  (CiiHijOii)  contains.  It  is  probable  that  these  two  phenomena  in  vegetation 
are  alwavs  co-existent. 


J 


S. 


S^^A 


!■ 


TT 


152 


ABSORPTION. 


CHAPTER    VI. 


§1. 


ABSOKFTION, 


B>   i 


770.  Officb  of  the  root.  The  absorption  of  liquids,  containing  in 
solution  the  food  of  the  plant,  is  the  peculiar  and  indispensable  office  of 
the  root,  as  may  be  shown  by  an 

771.  Experiment.  Take  a  small  growing  plant  from  the  eartli  and  immerse  it  by 
its  roota,  which  siiould  be  nearly  or  quite  entire,  in  a  cup  containing  a  definite  quan- 
tity of  watei".  Place  near  it  another  cup  with  a  like  quantity  of  water  to  indicate 
the  amount  of  ovaporatioii.  Tiie  difference  of  tiio  diminution  in  the  two  cups  will 
be  tiio  amount  of  absorption.  A  plant  of  spearmint  lias  thus  been  found  to  abj^orb 
more  tlian  twice  its  own  weight  per  day.  Kvery  one  is  familiar  with  tlie  rapid  dis- 
appearance of  water  from  the  roots  of  potted  plants,  as  Hydrangea,  Oleander. 

772.  The  ABSORHENrs.  An  impervious  epidermis  destitute  of  .^to- 
mata  everywhere  clothes  the  roots,  excepting  its  fibrilltc  and  the  tender 
extremities  of  the  rootlets.  No  part,  therefore,  is  capable  of  absorp- 
tion except  the  latter.  But  these,  by  their  multiplied  immbers,  present 
an  adequate  absorbing  surface  to  the  soil. 

773.  Experiment  Let  a  growing  radish  be  placed  in  such  a  position  that  only 
the  fibrils  at  the  end  may  bo  iininorsed  in  water; — it  will  continue  to  flourish.  Bui 
if  the  root  be  so  bent  that  the  fibrils  shall  remain  dry  while  the  body  of  the  root 
only  is  immersed,  the  plant  will  soon  wither,  but  will  again  revive  if  the  fibrils  be 
again  immersed. 

774.  Inference.  Hence,  in  transplanting  a  tree  almost  the  only 
danger  to  its  life  arises  from  the  difficulty  of  preserving  a  sufficient 
number  of  these  rootlets. 

775.  The  force  with  which  plants  absorb  fluids  by  their  roots 
is  surprisingly  great,  as  shown  by 

776.  ExPERiME>fT.  If  the  stem  of  a  grape-vine  be  cut  off  when  the  sap  is  as- 
cending, and  a  bladder  be  tied  to  the  end  of  the  standing  part,  it  will  in  a  few  days 
become  distended  with  sap  even  to  bursting.  Dr.  Hales  contrived  to  fix  a  mercu- 
rial gauge  to  a  vine  tliiis  severed,  and  found  the  upward  pressure  of  the  sap  equal 
to  twenty-si.K  inches  of  mercury,  or  tiiirteen  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 

777.  IJut  what  causes  this  absorption  of  fluids  in  a  direction  con- 
trary to  gravitation  ?  In  explanation  of  this  phenomenon  reference 
has  been  made  to  two  well-known  princ'ples  in  physics,  viz.,  to  capiUanj 
attraction  by  the  tubular  vessels  and  to  endosmose  by  the  closed  cells, 
which  are  far  more  numerous. 

778.  RXPERTMEXT.  Invert  the  end  of  several  open  tnermometer  tubes  in  a  colored 
liquid.  Tt  will  be  seen  rising  in  the  tubes  above  its  level,  to  various  heigiits — high- 
est in  tiie  smallest  calibre. 

779.  ExP.  Suspend  a  napkin  in  such  fashion  tl...t  its  lowest  corner  shall  dip 
into  a  cup  of  water.  In  a  few  hours  the  water  wiU  have  ^cended  into  the  napkin. 
These  are  results  of  capillary  attraction. 


AUSOUI'TION. 


153 


1 


780  Exp.  Tlirow  dried  prunes,  currants,  or  raisins  into  water.  After  a  wliile 
tliey  will  have  beconje  swollen  and  distended  with  fluid.  Now  pUico  thoni  iu  strong 
synip;  they  will  again  shrink. 

781.  Kxi'.  Attach  a  bladder  filled  with  syrup  to  a  long  glass  tube,  and  iniinersc 
in  water.  The  water  tiows  in  and  the  mixture  arises  slowly  but  forcibly  in  the  tiibe. 
Ri  verse  the  liquids.  Pure  water  from  within  the  blvuJder  will  How  into  syrup  with- 
out. The  former  is  a  case  of  endosmose  {fvihv,  inwards,  //w,  to  seek),  the  latter  of 
ex  OS!  nose  {i^u,  outwards). 

782.  DiKFX'Tlo.v  OF  THE  CUIIHENTS.  The  flow  will  continue  until  the  two  fluids 
ore  e(|ual  in  density.  In  both  cases  tiiere  is  also  a  flowing  of  syrup  into  the  water, 
but  the  greater  flow  is  always  fro  n  the  lighter  into  the  denser  fluid. 

783.  TnK  FORCE  OF  ENDOSMOSE  is  found  to  depend  upon  the  excess  in  density  of 
the  inner  fluid.  Synip,  with  the  density  of  1.3,  caused  a  flow  of  water  witli  an  up- 
ward pressure  of  4^  atmospheres  (Dutrochet).  The  great  force  with  wiiich  the  cap- 
sule of  the  squirting  cucumber  (^  600)  bursts  shows  the  power  of  endostnose.  Uut 
a  more  probable  theory  is  stated  in  §  791- 

784.  The  use  of  absorption  in  the  vegetable  economy  is  not  merely 
the  introduction  cf  so  much  water  into  the  plant,  but  to  obtain  for  its 
growth  tlie  elements  of  its  food  liekl  in  solution,  whether  gaseous  or 
earthy.  In  attaining  this  object,  the  roots  seem  to  be  endowed  with  a 
certain  power  of  selection  or  choice  which  we  can  not  explain.  Thus, 
if  wheat  be  grown  in  the  same  soil  with  the  pea,  the  former  will  select 
the  silica  along  with  the  water  which  it  absorbs  in  preference  to  the 
lime  ;  the  pea  selects  the  litne  in  preference  to  the  silica.  Buckwheat 
will  take  chiefly  maffnexia,  cabbage  and  beans,  potash.  This  fact  shows 
the  importance  of  the  rotation  of  crops  in  agriculture. 

785.  Other  means  of  absorption.  The  office  of  absorption  is  not 
performed  by  the  root  alone.  Every  green  part,  but  especially  the  leaf, 
is  capable  of  absorbing  gases  and  watery  vapor. 

786.  Proofs.  Every  one  knows  how  greatly  plants,  when  parched  and  withered 
by  drought,  are  revived  by  a  shower  which  sprinkles  their  leaves  without  reaching 
their  roots.  Air  plants  or  epiphytes  (§  143),  such  as  the  long-moss  and  Kpidendrum, 
must  rely  on  this  source  chiefly  for  the  supply  of  their  food ;  and  when  the  dissev- 
ered stems  of  such  platits  as  the  houseleok  grow  without  roots,  suspended  by  a  thread 
in  air,  it  is  evident  that  all  their  nourishment  comes  through  their  leaves. 


i 


le 

r 
r 

Id 


CIRCULATION. 

787.  Tendency  of  the  flow.  The  fluids  which  are  thus  taken 
into  the  system  by  absorption  can  not  remain  inactive  and  stagnant. 
As  their  inward  flow  is  regular  and  constant  in  its  season,  so  must  be 
their  upward  and  outward  flow,  in  a  course  more  or  less  direct,  toward 
the  parts  where  they  find  an  outlet  or  a  permanent  fixture. 

788.  In  those  Cryptogams  which  are  composed  of  cellular  tissue 
alone  the  circulation  of  the  sap  consists  only  of  a  uniform  diffusion 
from  cell  to  cell  throughout  the  mass,  as  through  a  sponge. 

789.  In  the  higher  plants,  the  diff'erent  tissues  perform  appropriate 


/  '>; 


'.% 


-i 


TW 


154 


CIRCrLAIION. 


P   i 


offices  in  the  circulation,  some  conilucting  upward,  some  dovnwanl,  some 
conveying  the  crude  sap,  some  latex,  and  some  air. 

790,  AiR-VESSEis.  Spiral  vessels  and  other's  of  the  traclienchynia 
are  go?ierally  filled  witli  air,  and  take  no  part  in  the  ( irculation  of  fluids, 
except  in  the  spring,  when  the  whole  system  is  gorged  with  sap.  The 
intercellular  passages,  also,  generally  circulate  air  alo'.ie. 

791.  The  moving  force.  From  the  roots  the  newly  absorbed  flui<l 
flows  upward  through  the  stems  and  branches,  toward  the  buds,  loiwcs, 
and  flowers,  being  probably  drawn  thither  into  them  by  the  exhalation 
and  consequent  exhaustion  there  going  on. 

702.  TiiROUGFi  WHAT  TISSUE.  Thc  tissuc  of  the  stem  and  branches 
through  which  the  ascending  sap  loves  chiefly  to  travel  is  the  pleuren- 
chyma — those  long  cells  of  the  wood  fiber,  whether  arranged  in  broad 
layers,  as  in  the  E.cogens,  or  scattered  in  slender  bundles,  as  in  tlu'  Eu- 
dogens. 

793.  Through  which  layers.  And  when  the  stem  grcwvi  ol<l,  the 
sap  ceases  to  traverse  the  inner  layers, — the  duramer,  where  its  passage 
becomes  obstructed  by  thickened  cell  walls,  and  frequ^-nts  only  the  outer 
newer  layers, — the  alburnum,  next  adjoining  the  liber. 

794.  The  crude  sap.  The  fluid  which  thus  flows  upwanl  seeking 
the  ler*ves  consists  largely  of  water,  is  colorless,  and  is  called  the  crude 
sap.  It  contains  in  solution  minute  quantities  of  gases  and  mineral 
salts,  imbibed  by  the  roots,  together  with  dextrine  and  sugar  (no  starch) 
which  it  dissolved  out  of  the  cells  on  its  wav.  This  is  the  fluid  which 
flows  so  abundantly  from  incisions  made  in  trees  in  early  spring. 

795.  The  overflow  of  thk  sap  depends  upon  tho  excess  of  absorption  over 
exhalation.  After  tlie  decay  of  tlie  leaves  in  autumn,  and  the  consequent  cos'!;;tiou 
of  exiialation,  the  rootlets,  being  deep  in  the  ground,  below  the  influence  ol  frost, 
continue  their  action  for  a  time,  and  an  accumulation  of  sap  in  tho  system,  even  iu 
the  air-vessels  and  spaces,  takes  place.  Also  in  early  spring,  before  the  leaves  are 
developed,  this  action  recommences,  and  the  plant  becomes  gor^-ed  w  ith  sap,  wiiich 
will  burst  fortli  from  incisions,  as  in  the  sugar  maple,  or  sometimes  apontaiicously, 
as  in  the  grape.  As  soon  as  the  buds  expand  into  leaves  and  flowers,  tiie  overflow 
ceases. 

790.  The  true  sap.  Throughout  its  whole  course  to  the  leaves  tic 
sap  gains  in  density  by  solution.  There  arrived,  it  loses  by  exhalation 
a  large  ))art  of  fts  water,  gains  additional  carbon,  and  undergoes  other 
important  chemical  changes  (hereafter  to  be  noticed),  and  becomes  tho 
true  imp,  dense  and  rich,  both  in  nutritive  matter  for  the  unnndinte 
growth  and  in  special  products  for  \\\i},  future  nourishment  of  the  plant. 

797.  Hkturning,  the  true  sap  distributes  its  treasures  in  due  and  ex- 
act proportion  as  needed  to  every  organ.  Its  course  lii's  iu  the  tissues 
of  the  bark,  cellular  and  woody,  first  distributeil  over  the  iinder  s\irface 


CIBCULAIION. 


loo 


of  the  loaves,  thence  by  the  leafstalks  into  the  liber,  and  so  pervadinor 
all,  down  to  the  extremities  of  the  roots. 

798.  On  its  passage  it  makes  deposits  of  food,  first  in  the  cells, 
of  the  pith  at  the  base  of  every  incipient  bud  ;  then  in  the  canibiiun 
rejj^ion  a  copious  store ;  next  in  the  medullary  rays  a  due  portion, 
some  carried  outward  for  the  supply  of  the  cortical  layer,  and  some  in- 
ward for  solidifying  the  wood  ;  and  lastly,  the  residue,  often  the  richest 
Ici^acy  of  all,  falls  to  the  root,  and  fills  every  branch  and  fibei',  liowever 
vast  its  (!xtent.  This  last  deposit  is  that  which  is  first  met  and  dissolved 
by  the  rising  tide  of  fluid  in  the  following  spring. 

799.  Growth  progkesses  downward.  Since  tlie  flowing  of  the 
tr-ie  elaborated  sap  is  downward,  it  scarce  admits  of  a  doubt  that  the 
progress  of  the  growth  is  also  downwar<],  from  the  leaves  to  the  root^^. 
And  on  no  other  supposition  can  we  account  for  the  results  of  the  fol- 
lowing 

800.  Experiment.  Girdle  an  exogenous  tree  by  removing  an  entire  rinjr  of  ita 
hark.  It  will  flourish  still  dviriiig  one  growing  season,  and  form  a  new  layer  of  wood 
and  bark  everywhere  above  the  wound,  as  before,  but  not  at  a'l  below.  The  next 
season  the  tree  will  die.  Wiiy  ?  Because  tlio  true  sap  rt.'turning  can  not  descend 
to  nourisii  the  roots. 

801.  Exp.  If  a  ligature  be  bou»id  firmly  around  a  stem  (se.  of  silver-leaf  poplar) 
its  growth  is  checked  below,  while  the  part  just  above  will  exhibit,  after  a  year  or 
two,  a  circular  swelling  evidently  caused  by  thi>  interruption  of  the  descending  sap. 

802.  Exp.  If  a  chip  be  cut  from  the  trunk,  the  wound  heals  evidently  from  the 
upper  side. 

80:{.  Exp.  Cut  off  the  top  of  a  branch  just  below  a  leaf.  The  upper  remaining 
internode  will  perish.     It  has  no  leaf  above  it  to  sonil  down  its  fond. 

804.  Exp.  Girdle  carefully  the  stem  of  a  potato-plant.  No  tubeis  will  be  formed 
helow.  And,  again,  girdle  a  fruit  tree,  and  th"  fruit  will  for  onct  be  increaseil  in 
amount. 

805.  In    \   FEW   INSTANCES  TREFS   HAVE   SURVIVED   THE   (ilRnLlNf}   PUOCKSS.       In 

such  cases  the  medullary  rays  complete  the  broken  currents.  The  descer\ding  sap, 
on  n.Tiving  at  the  ring,  flows  inwardly  by  the  medullary  rays,  making  a  circuit,  and 
.•ijipcars  again  in  the  bark  below  the  interruption. 

806.  Rotation.  Beside  this  general  ciniulation  of  fluids  rising  and 
fulling  from  extremity  to  extremity,  there  is  also  a  special  circulation 
going  on  pretty  constantly  in  each  new  cell,  cf.lled  rotation. 

807.  Rotation  is  a  flowing  of  the  protoj>lasm  in  slender  and  devious 
currents  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  primordial  utrich',  rcndcreil  per- 
ceptible by  the  opa<jne  particles  floating  ip.  it.  The  cytoblast  also  i>;ir- 
takes  of  the  movemtnit.  It  is  well  observed  in  the  hairs  of  Tradcscaiitin, 
leaves  of  Vallesneria,  and  especially  in  the  stems  of  Chara,  where  the 
current  expands  into  an  entire  revolving  layer  of  proto})lasm.  It  is  a 
vital  movement. 


*i- 


%\ 


Is 'I 


iri 


wm 


T 


156 


RESPIRATION. 


TRANSPIRATION. 

808.  Transpiration  relates  to  that  important  oflSce  performed  by  the 
leaves  and  other  green  organs,  whereby  pure  water  is  separated  from  the 
crude  sap  and  given  otF  into  the  air.  It  takes  place  chiefly  through  the 
8to.inata,  and  is  greatest  by  day  and  in  a  warm,  dry  atmospliere. 

800.  Upon  the  activity  of  transpiration  depends  also  the 
amount  of  absorption.  It  not  only  makes  room  for  tlie  fluids  from  be- 
low to  enter,  but  by  disturbing  their  equilibrium,  it  creates  an  upward 
tendency,  as  the  flame  of  a  lamp  draws  the  fluid  up  the  wick.  All  the 
mineral  and  organic  constituents  of  the  sap  are  of  course  left  in  the 
plant. 

810.  The  quantity  of  pure  water  transpired  by  plants  is  immense.  A 
forest  iiiaktis  a  damp  atmosphere  for  miles  around.  Dr.  Hales,  in  a  series  of  instruc- 
tive experiments  in  transpiration,  ascertained  tiiat  a  sunflower  three  and  a  half  feet 
higii,  with  a  surface  of  5,616  square  inches,  transpired  from  20  to  30  oz.  in  twelve 
hours;  a  cabbage,  15  to  25  oz.  in  the  same  time^-equal  to  the  transpiration  of  a 
dozen  laboring  men.     We  may  easily 

811.  Experiment  with  a  single  leaf  recently  plucked,  say  of  Podophyllum.  In- 
sert its  p'tiole  in  a  narrow-mouthed  goblet  of  wjiter,  and  around  it  fill  the  mouth 
witli  dry  cotton  to  restrain  evaporation.  Over  the  whole  place  a  bell-glass  and  ex- 
pose to  the  sunshiiiL'.  The  vapor  transpired  will  condense  on  the  bell-glass,  equal- 
ing (save  the  solid  matters)  the  loss  in  the  goblet. 


m  J 


RESPIRATION. 

612.  Reispiration  in  plants  refers  to  their  rc/ations  to  the  atmos- 
phere. So  in  animals.  These  relations  are  in  either  case  vitally  impor- 
tant. 

813.  Experiment.  Place  a  small,  healthy  potted  plant  (sc.  Geranium,  Mimosa) 
un( U'T  the  receiver  of  an  air-pump,  and  thoroughly  exhaust  the  air.  At  once  every 
vital  process  ceases — no  absorption,  no  assimilation,  no  irritability,  but  speedily  de- 
cay ensues.  A  vacuum  would  be  no  more  fatal  to  a  sparrow.  Air  is  quite  as 
necessary  to  the  one  as  to  the  other. 

814.  Illustration.  So  also  when  only  the  roots  are  excluded  from  the  air  by 
being  buried  deeply  in  an  embankment,  the  tree  suffers  injury  and  perhaps  perishes. 

815.  Kfspiration  in  plants,  or  aeration  (as  sometimes  called) 
consists  of  all  those  operations  by  wliich  the  sap  is  brought  into  con- 
tact witii  the  air  or  subjected  to  its  influence.  It  occurs  in  the  inter- 
cellular passages,  in  the  spiral  vessels  everywhere,  but  especially  in  the 
leaves  and  all  other  organs  whicli  have  chlorophylle  and  stomata. 

816.  The  vital  importance  of  respiration  is  seen  in  the  vast  ex- 
tent of  the  respiratory  apparatus,  consisting  of  millions  of  leaves  and 
billions  of  breathing  pores  (stonuita)  and  trachea)  (vessels)  ! 

817.  The  facts  connected  with  respiration,  which  seem  to  have  been 
well  cstablishcil  by  the  experiments  of  Saussure,  Garreau,  Mono,  Draper, 
etc.,  are  these  : 


le- 
as 


er- 
he 

Ind 


RESPIRATION. 


157 


1.  Tarbonic  acid  (C  O.^)  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tis- 
sues, under  the  direct  solar  light. 

-.  Oxygen  (O)  is  {d)sorbed  by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tissues  in  the 
absence  of  direct  solar  light,  and  by  the  roots,  flowers,  fruits,  and  ger- 
minating seeds  at  all  times. 

8.  The  oxygen  thus  absorbed  unites  with  some  of  the  free  (or  nas- 
cent) carbon  already  in  the  tissues,  and  forms  carbonic  acid. 

4.  By  a  process  of  assimilafion  (§  747)  carbonic  acid  within  the 
gn^en  tissu(^s,  from  whatever  source  derived,  is  decomposed  under  the 
direct  sunshine,  and  its  carbon  is  retained  ;  but 

o.  Its  oxygen  is  set  free  and  exhaled. 

G.  (.';irhonic  acid  is  exhaled  by  the  leaves  anu  all  the  green  tissues 
in  tlie  absence  of  the  sunshine,  and  by  all  other  parts  (root,  flowers, 
fruit,  and  germinating  seeds)  at  all  times.  Hence  it  appears  that  there 
ai'e 

81 S.  Two  PHASES  of  aerial  action  constantly  performed  and  seem- 
ingly opposed  to  each  other.  One  dependent  wholly  upon  the  clear 
sunshine,  in  wliich,  by  the  leaves,  etc.,  C  Oj  is  absorbed,  decomposed,  and 
O  returned  to  the  atmosphere  ;  the  other,  in  which  O  is  absorbed,  and 
C  (\i  exhaled,  by  the  leaves  in  the  absence  of  sunshine,  and  by  all  other 
|»arts  (roots,  flowers,  etc.)  at  all  times.  Both  arc  equally  and  vitally 
im|)ortant. 

819.  TuE  FORMEti  PROCESS  BEroMES  VISIBLE  to  tlio  oyc  by  the  rapid  development 
of  chlorophylle  accompanying  it,  tlie  latter  by  its  gradual  loss.  Hence,  during  a 
protracted  season  of  cloudy  weatlier  vegetation  grows  sensibly  paler ,  but  a  few 
hours  of  sunshine  restores  the  green  to  its  wonted  depth  and  richness. 

820.  Blancued  pi.axts.  llence,  also,  plants  growing  in  constant  darkness  and 
shade,  as  potatoes  in  tlie  cellar,  are  very  pale,  and  manifest  their  affinity  for  light 
liy  stretching  themselves  with  famishing  eagerness  towards  the  slender  sunbeam 
which  gains  admittance.  Analysis  shows  structures  thus  grown  to  be  deficient  in 
carbon.     "\Vo  may  easily  repeat  the 

821.  Experiment  op  saussure.  riace  a  quantity  of  freslily  gathered  lenfv  stems 
under  a  bell-glass  full  of  rain-water,  and  thus  expose  them  to  the  sun.  Soon  bub- 
bles of  gas  arise  anil  slowly  collect  above,  pure  oxygen  giis,  as  long  ago  proved  by 
Or.  rrieslly. 

S'22.  Repeat  the  experiment  with  Ijoiledor  distilled  water,  and  no  oxygen  will 
appe.ir.  Rain-water  contains  (ji\  in  solution,  boiled  water  does  not.  The  0  irust 
tiii'refore  have  come  from  the  CO.^  as  would  appear. 

82:5.  Experiment.  Inclose  air-tight  in  a  gla.ss  globe  the  end  of  a  leafy  branch, 
witiiout  severing  it  fVom  the  tree.  Tims  it  has  been  found  by  carefiil  analysis  after 
!i  day  <if  sinisliiiM*  that  the  iiroportion  of  O  was  iiiereaseil  at  th"  expense  of  V,  0, 
wiliiin  ti:e  globe;   and  vire  rrr.sa  by  night  or  in  the  shade. 

H'J4.  The  rksflts  of  both  transpiration  and  respiration,  as  concerns 
the  plants,  tend  to  coiu'entrate  the  diluted  sn\)  by  the  elimination  of  the 


f^d 


r 


i  'W 


158 


REVIEW    OF   THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    NUTRITION. 


water,  which  served  merely  for  its  couveyaiiee,  and  to  assimilate  it  intu 
food  capable  of  being  organized  into  cells  and  their  various  contents. 

And  it  is  proper  in  this  place  also  to  notice  the  effectn  of  this  va.5t 
machinery  upon  the  constitution  of  the  atmosphere  and  its  relation  to 
the  animal  kingdom. 

825.  Carbonic  acid  gas  is  dissolved  in  the  atmosphere  and  some- 
what uniformly  diffused  throughout  its  whole  extent  in  the  pi-oportion 
of  about  4  parts  in  10,000,  or  ■^'^jq.  This  gas  flows,  and  is  ever  flow- 
ing into  the  air  from  decaying  animal  and  vegetable  substances,  from 
combustion,  and  from  tlie  breath  of  all  living  animals.  The  quantity 
thus  added  to  the  atmosphere  annually  is  estimated  at  100  billions  lbs., 
or  nearly  one  tenth  of  the  whole  amount  of  carbon,  and  yet  it  does  not 
accumulate. 

826.  The  demand  and  supply.  Were  we  able  to  compute  in 
pounds  the  annual  growth  of  the  entire  plant  world,  and  the  proportion 
of  solid  carbon  which  enters  into  that  amount,  we  should  doubtless  And 
that  the  grand  total  of  the  demand  equals  this  grand  total  su])ply. 

A  POISONOUS  ATMOSPHEHE.  And  further ;  not  only  are  the  necessi- 
ties of  the  plant  met  by  this  wonderful  circulation,  but  the  necessities 
of  animal  existence  also.  Carbonic  acid  is  poisonous,  and  should  it  be 
left  to  accumulate  unchecked,  it  would  gradually  corrupt  the  air,  and 
within  a  few  centuries  extin  -'I'^h  all  animal  life. 

828.  Animals  and  plan  -iutuallv  dependent.  Thus  are  the 
two  kingdoms  of  the  organic  world  mutually,  through  tlic  itiorganic, 
dependent  upon  each  other.  The  plant  furnishes  the  oxygen  which 
the  animal  consumes,  the  animal  the  carbonic  acid  which  the  plant 
consumes,  while  each  would  perish  in  an  atmosphere  of  its  own  pro- 
duction. "  Great  and  marvelous  are  thy  works,  O  Lord  of  Hosts  I  in 
wisdom  hast  thou  made  them  all." 


I »  ♦  ♦■»- 


CHAPTER    VII. 


REVIEW   OF   THE   PRINCIPLES   OF    NUTRITION. 


829.  Thk  four  organoqens.  It  has  already  appeared  in  the  pre- 
ceding chapters  that  plants  {i)'i«ist  t'l'iefly  of  four  simple  organic  de- 
ments, viz. :  carbon,  oxygen,  livdrog'^n,  parogen.  Tlu^  Hrst  exists  in  ,'i 
larger  proportion,  the  last  ''n  ,'i  sn:  vdlrr  llian  either  of  the  others. 
Unitedly  these  four  <iements  wnstit'ito  about  04  per  cent,  of  all  vcge 
table  matter. 


tttiVltlVV    OF    TUli    PRINCIPLES    OF    NUTRITION. 


1.59 


830.  Carbon  (esseiitliiHy  charcoal)  enters  so  largely  into  the  composition  of 
plants  that  it  retains  gtaierally  the  exact  form  and  texture  of  the  wood  aftL-r  the 
other  elunioMls  have  been  expelled  by  heat.  On  this  element  chiefly  dqjenils  the 
solidity  and  strength.  Its  proportion  is  from  40  to  60  per  cent.  Nitrogen,  although 
e(iually  essential,  is  less  abundant  in  tlie  tissues,  and  exists  largely  only  in  certaui 
vegetable  products,  as  gluten,  albumen,  casein,  theine. 

831.  Oxygen  and  hydhooen  exist  in  plants  combined  with  other  elements,  and 
also  combined  with  each  other  forming  water,  especial/  in  all  fresh  green  vege- 
table r.iattor.  The  water  is  expelled  by  drying,  and  the  following  table  shows,  in 
a  few  cases,  the  proportion  for  each  100  lbs. 

Peas  lose  of  water 8  lbs.  !  Apples  and  pears 83  lbs. 


Wheat 14  lbs. 

Rye  and  oats 15  lbs. 

Wheat  straw 26  lb.'*. 

Potatoes  about 75  lbs. 


Red  beet 85  lbs. 

Strawberries  and  gooseberries.  90  lbs. 

Turnips 93  ll)s. 

Watermelons  ....    95  lbs. 


832.  Eakthy  elements.  Besides  these  four  universal  elements, 
many  ot.lier  substances,  oartliy  and  mineral,  are  found  in  quantities 
greater  or  less,  in  different  species.  Thus  forest-trees  and  most  inland 
plants  contain  potassa;  marine  plants,  soda,  iodine;  the  grasses,  silex, 
phosphate  of  lime ;  rhubarb  and  sorrel,  oxalate  of  lime ;  leguminous 
plants^  carbonate  of  lime  ;  the  Crucifera3,  sulphur,  etc. 

833.  TiiE  PROPORTION  OF  EARTUY  MATTER  is  small  and  may  bo  estimated  from 
the  ashes.  As  drying  expels  the  water,  so  burning  expels  all  other  organic  ele- 
ments, and  the  inorganic  earthy,  whatever  they  be,  remain  in  the  form  of  ash.  The 
ibllowiug  table  Irom  Bousingault  is  instructive  on  this  point. 


Whoat 
Grain.     Straw. 

Oa 
Orain. 

S  .    1     -  .    1       .            s 
Straw,      k"^     i    S*     j      "       ^      ^           -*^ 

> 

Carbon 

1  lydrogen. . . 

O.vygen 

Nitrogen. .  . . 
.Vsh 

46.1 
6.8 

43.4 
2.3 
2.4 

48.4 
5.3 

38.95 
.35 

7. 

50.7 
6.4 

36.7 
2.2 
4. 

50.1 
5.4 

39.0 

.4 

5.1 

46.5 
6.1 

40.1 
4.2 
3.1 

49.4 
5.8 

35.0 
7.0 
2.8 

45.8 
5.0 

38.7 
1.5 
9.0 

42.9 
5.6 

42.2 
1.7 

7.6 

44.0 

5.8 
44.7   1 

1.5 

4.0 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100    j     100        100        100        100 

834.  Agricultural  oiiemihthy.  Since  all  these  elements  are  found  in  plant-', 
we  infer  them  to  be  essential  ingroilionts  iu  the  food  which  they  require  for  healthy 
vegetation  ;  and  an  inquiry  Into  the  sources  from  which  they  may  bo  supplied  ron- 
stitutt's  tho  chief  ooject  of  Agricultural  Chemistry. 

83.").  TiiK  FOOD  OF  PLANTS  is  air,  earth,  and  water.  Tt  is  evident 
that  plants  do  not  create  a  particle  of  matter,  and  therefore  do  not 
./ '  ,*inate  in  themselves  any  of  the  elements  which  compose  them. 
Con-<cqucntIy  thev  must  obtain  them  from  sources  without.  (Jarbon  is 
derived  from  tlie  carbonic  acid  contained  in  the  atmosphore,  an<!  from 
the  decaying  vegotabK  maUer  of  the  soil.     Oxygen  is  derived  from  the 


I"    tj 


m^' 


1 

.%f^ 

ftal 

i 
i 

111 

n 

m 

r.^'3 


^\ 


100 


REVIEW    OF    THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    NUTRITION. 


t  ■; 


water  and  from  llio  carboi  acid  of  the  atrnospliere ;  liydrogeii  from 
water  and  ammonia,  and  m  -oircn  from  ammonia  and  nitric  acid,  drawn 
cither  from  the  atmosphere  or  the  soil. 

8:!6.  The  atmospiikre  contains  about  2I0  o  pfirt  of  carbonic  add,  difTiised  throujrh- 
oiit  its  wliole  extent ;  and  an  this  gas  contains  27  per  cent,  of  carbon,  it  is  demoii- 
*<lriil)le  tiiat  tiie  whole  atmosphere  eontams  more  than  600  billions  (000,000,000,000) 
of  tons  of  solid  carbon,  derived  from  tlie  sources  already  mentioned  {§  835), — 
an  amount  fully  adequate  to  the  demands  of  the  vesretablo  kingdom. 

H37.  Soil  consists  of  two  classes  of  materials,  viz.:  mineral,  and  organic.  The 
former,  called  earths,  consists  of  disintegrated  and  pulverized  rocks,  including  all 
the  various  mineral  substances  which  are  found  to  enter  into  the  composition  of 
plants,  as  potassa,  soda,  silica,  lime,  etc.,  all  of  which  are  more  or  less  soluble  in 
Water  The  onjanic  materials  consist  of  the  remains  of  former  tribes  v?f  plants  and 
animals  mingled  with  the  earths ;  and  which,  having  access  to  the  air,  aro  decom- 
posed, evolving  carbonic  acid  and  ammonia  both  to  the  air  and  the  water. 

h;{8.  AVatkr  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  (II  I))  in  the  proportion  of  8 
to  I  by  weight,  or  one  atom  of  each  to  each.  Hiiving  pervaded  the  atmosphere  in 
the  state  of  vapor  and  rain,  and  percolated  thnnigh  the  soil,  it  holds  in  solu- 
tion cai'bonic  and  nitric  acids,  ammonia,  and  many  of  the  various  miinTals  abovo 
mentioned. 

.":)9.  Ammonia  consists  of  nitrogen  and  hydrogen  combined  in  the  proportion  of 
one  atom  of  ♦he  former  to  three  of  the  latter  (N  II 3).  It  arises  from  decaying  ani- 
niid  and  vegetable  matter,  as  above  stated,  and  is  dillused  through  the  atmosphere 
in  the  proportion  of  about  1  part  in  10,000. 

840.  NiTiuc  Acin  is  also  believed  to  yield  nitrogen  to  plants.  It  consists  of  one 
atom  of  nitrogen  to  five  of  oxygen  (NOfj).  During  thunder-storms  iL  is  generated 
in  the  air  by  lightning  and  brought  down  by  rain.  When  combined  with  the 
hdnes,  as  potassa,  soda,  etc.,  it  Ibrms  nitrat>'.s — substances  known  to  be  edicieut  fer- 
tilizers in  soils. 

841.  A,:i  i>LAN""='.  Thus  it  appears  that  wafer,  carbonic  acid  and  ammonia  (or 
nitric  acid)  may  yield  to  pl'ints  their  four  essential  organic  elements.  And  since  all 
of  tliem  are  contained  in  the  atmosphere,  some  plants  aro  capable  of  subsisting  on 
air  alone  (long  moss,  lichens) ;  but  most  species  aro  dependent  on  water,  earth,  and 
air,  and  demand  a  copious  supply. 

84:.*.  TiiK  EXTKHNAL  CIRCUMSTANCES,  thcroforo,  fii'st  requisite  to 
healthy  vetjjetation  are, — 1,  free  access  to  an  atmosphere  whicli  is  often 
a;j;itate<l  by  winds;  2,  a  proper  supply  of  rain  or  river  water;  3,  a  soil 
[•ossessinjjj  the  })ecnliar  minerals  required  by  the  species  to  he  grown 
upon  it,  touvthcr  with  a  <M'rtain  ju'oportion  of  vetrctable  mold. 

84;{.  TiiK  .siiM'LV.  The  first  of  these  is  everywhere  abundantly 
supplie(|  by  nature,  and  asks  no  aid  from  man.  The  second  and  third 
fire  often  deficient,  and  are  to  be  sui)[>iied  by  the  labors  of  a<jfri  uiltnre. 
.I>y  irrii/otloii  streams  of  water  are  turned  from  their  natural  (channels  to 
add  to  the  scanty  moisture  of  fields  j)ar(;lied  with  drought;  by  ilrain- 
ti(j<'  f)i(»  inundated  bog  is  converted  into  a  luxuriant  lawn. 

sit.  TiiK  oiUKCT  ov  TILLAGE  is  to  pulvenze  and  lighten  the  too  compact  soil; 
and  tiius  expose  every  part  to  the  oxygen  of  tin  uir  in  order  to  hasten  i's  decompo- 
sition.    SahsoUiivj,  or  deep  ploughing,  is  an  operation  whereby  that  stiatum  of  earth 


^•-.._ 


REVltW    OF    THE    I'RINCIPLKS    OF    NUTRITION. 


161 


whieJi  lii'Sjuat  lu'low  tlie  ordiuarj' soil  is  moved  and  subjected  to  atmoxplioric  in- 
lluonce.  Tiio  subsoil,  with  less  organic  matter,  contains  often  soluble  fcrtiliziiis^ 
earths  whicli  may  thus  bo  rendered  available  for  the  use  of  plants. 

845.  The  oiUKCT  of  JiANUKixa  is  mainly  to  increii.se  tlio  quantity  of  ortranic 
matter,  or  to  restore  to  tlie  soil  tiioso  qualities  which  have  been  taiven  away  by  tho 
crops.  By  various  umendnitnts  (as  gypsum,  lime,  eliarcoal)  ammonia  is  stron^'ly 
attrat'ted  from  tlie  air  and  yielded  again  to  vegetation.  Marl  promotes  tlie  deeoni- 
position  of  tho  soil,  and  ashes  add  to  the  potassa — a  substance  which  also  exists 
naturally  in  soils,  being  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  tlio  rocks  which  contain 
it,  as  granite,  clay-slate,  basalt,  etc, 

846.  Bone  manure  is  rich  in  the  phosphates  indispensable  in  tl.o  formation  of 
albumino,  gluten,  and  other  blood-making  qualities  of  fruits.  Tlio  ininoral  phos- 
phate of  lime,  bono-chalk,  etc,  are  of  the  same  nature. 

847.  (JuANO  is  a  manure  whose  prr^at  value  depends  upon  ?ts  abundant  nitrates 
and  amtnoniacal  salts.  It  is  the  excrement  of  sea-fowl  which  has  for  ages  accumu- 
lat'd  iu  vast  deposits  on  certain  coasts  and  islands  t)t"  South  America  and  Africa. 

848.  Fallow  ground.  Soils  i\\\i  often  improved  by  lyiiij^  fallow  for 
a  season,  thus  allowino;  time  to  form,  l»y  tleeomposition,  ii  fresh  supply 
of  that  particuliir  ingredient  wliich  liad  Iteen  exhausted  by  previous 
crops.  On  the  same  principle  is  explained  tiie  benefi<;ial  effects  of  a 
rotation  of  such  crops  as  require  different  mineral  substances  in  tlieir 
composition. 

849.  Light  and  hrat.  After  all  these  materials  have  Ix.'cii  supplied 
to  the  plant,  still  two  other  agents  are  requisite,  without  which  th(>  great 
work  of  vegetation  will  not  go  on.  These  life-giving  prin(;i[)les  are  light 
and  heat,  both  of  which  emanate  in  floods  from  the  sun.  Under  their 
influence  tlie  raw  material  is  received  into  the  vessels  of  the  plant  and 
assimilated  to  its  own  substance — a  process  which  can  \h\  fully  comj>ru- 
liended  only  by  IIim  whose  power  is  adequate  to  carry  it  on. 

8r)0.  Digestion.  Under  the  inHucnco  of  solar  ligiit  and  a  tomperaturo  ai)ovo  the 
freezing  point,  water  holding  various  earths  in  solution  is  imbibed  by  the  roots  and 
raised  into  tho  tissues  of  the  stem,  dissolving  as  it  passes  small  portions  of  gum  or 
sugar  previously  d(!posited  there.  In  this  state  it  is  crude  sap.  Passing  on  it  niters 
tho  leaves,  and  is  there  subjected  to  tho  action  of  tho  cliloropliylle  (5^  CSV)  which 
chieHy  constitutes  tho  apparatus  of  digestion.  Here  it  is  concentrated  by  transf)i- 
ration,  sending  off  quantities  of  pure  water.  Meanwhilo  the  leaves  are  imbibing 
carljonic  acid  from  tho  air,  decomi.iosing  it,  retaining  tho  carbon,  and  returning  pure 
oxygen.     Thus  elaborated,  the  sap  is  now  called 

H51.  The  i'roi'KR  ji-in:,  consisting  evidently  of  carbon  and  water, 
with  a  little  nitrogen  and  minute  portions  of  tho  mineral  substances 
mentioned  above.  From  this,  the  vital  fluid,  are  elaborated  the  build- 
ing material  of  the  vegetable  fabric,  and  all  its  various  products  and 
se(;retions. 

8r)2.  PuoTRlN,  OK  PROTOi'LASM,  tho  subslancc  of  the  primordial  utrielo,  analogous 
in  composition  to  tho  living  tissues  of  animals,  and  containing  nitrogen,  is  organized, 
first  of  all,  from  this  vital  Huid.  CeUulone  (or  ligniu)  next,  tho  peculiar  principle  of 
vegetable  tissue,  whether  colliilal,  vascular,  or  woody,  consisting  of  carbon  with  tho 

11 


h 


)      ! 


;ra 


I  ■■. 


T^ 


162 


REVIEW    OF    THK    PKINCIPLE3    OF    NUTRITION. 


w.. 


exact  elementg  of  water,  viz.,  Cii  IIio    Oio.     Then,  through  the  action  of  light,  chlo- 
rophyUc  springs  into  behig,  clothing  tlie  plant  in  living  green.     Meanwhile 

853.  GCM,  STARCH  AND  SUGAR,  nutritive  products  common  to  all  plants,  are  also 
developed  from  the  proper  juice — not  all  to  be  immediately  employed  iu  building  up 
the  tissues,  but  mostly  to  be  stowed  away  in  reserve  for  future  use.  Such  deposits 
are  made  in  the  root  of  the  beet,  tuber  of  the  potaio,  and  in  the  fruit  generally. 
These  three  products,  witli  cellulose,  are  all  composed  of  carbon  and  the  elements 
of  water,  often  iu  identical  proportions  ;  thus  cane  sugar  is  Gu  \\n  On ;  grape  sugar, 
C\i  Hii  On ;  gum,  Cu  ilio  Oio;  starch,  C14  IIio  Oio;  cellulose,  Ch  IIio  Oio. 

854.  Sugar  is  somktimes  produced  directly  from  the  proper  juice,  as  in  the 
root  of  beet,  stalk  of  maize,  and  sugar-cane ;  but  oftener,  during  germination,  from 
the  starch  deposited  in  tiio  seed.  Its  couiposition,  as  seen  above,  differs  from  that 
of  .'Starch  only  in  containing  a  larger  proportion  of  the  elemetits  of  water  or  (what 
is  the  same)  a  smaller  proportion  of  carbon.  As  starch  is  insoluble,  its  transforma- 
tion into  soluble  gum  or  sugar  is  needful  to  render  it  available  for  the  nutrition  of 
tlie  growing  embryo. 

855.  The  facility  with  which  these  fite  general  products  are  con- 
verted INTO  each  other,  both  iu  the  growing  plant  and  in  the  laboratory  of  the 
cliemist,  is  accounted  for  by  the  similarity  of  their  chemical  condition.  Thus  starch, 
gum  and  cellulose  may  reconvert  merely  by  some  change  in  the  arrangement  of  their 
constituent  atoms,  or  they  may  become  sugar  by  the  addition  of  one  or  two  atoms 
of  water. 

856.  Among  the  numerous  secretions  of  plants,  which  our  limits  forbid  us  to 
consider,  are  the  vegetable  acids  containing  more  oxygen  proportionately  than 
exists  in  water ;  the  oily  acids,  resins  and  oils,  containing  less  oxygen  than  existti 
iu  water,  or  none  at  all.  These  substances  vary  iu  the  different  species  almost  to 
inlinity,  taking  into  their  constitution,  in  addition  to  the  four  organogens,  minute 
portions  of  the  mineral  substances  introduced  by  rain  and  river  w^^er.  Their  pecu- 
Taritios  of  odor,  flavor,  color,  properties,  etc.,  although  so  obvious  to  the  senses,  are 
occasioned  by  dilferences  of  constitution  often  so  slight  as  to  elude  the  most  delicate 
ti'j^ts  of  the  chemist. 

857.  TiiH  FOLLOWING  TARLE  CONTAINS  examples  of  the  various  classes  of  secre- 
tions, arranged  in  reference  to  their  relative  proportion  of  oxygen: — 


CLASS. 


M 


—  -J 


NAME    AND   SOURCE. 


FORMULA. 


Oxalic,  Leaves  of  rhubarb,  sorrel,  etc.,. 

Citric,  Fruit  of  the  Orangeworts, 

Malic,    Apples  ami  many  fruits, 

Tartaric,  Tuico  of  grapes, 

Gallic,  Nutgalls 

Tannic,  Astringcmt  barks,  nutgalls, .... 
ileconic,  Juice  of  the  Poppy  worts, .... 


C2HO4 
Cl-2  Hs  Ol4 

C3  He  Oio 
Cs  Ho  O12 
Cu  ire  Oio 
C18  lleOg? 

Cl4  H4  Ol4 


r  3  3 


Grape  sugar.     ( rrapi^s,  raisins,  Ikhjc^  ,  •  •  •  • 

Cane  sugar,     ^r.iple,  maize,  sorghum, 

.St.arch.     In  all  plants, 

Gum.  mucilage.     Common, 

Cellulose.    Substance  of  celluliir  membrane, 


C]2  II12  O12 
C,2  Till  On 
C12  nio  Oio 
C12  Hio  Oio 
C12  Ilio  Oio 


Tho  propor- 
tion of  oxy- 
gen to  hy- 
drogen is 
grcatcrtliaii 
in  water.      i 


Tlie  oxygen 
proportion- 
ed  to    liy-. 
(Irogfiii     [ 
equally,    as 
in  water.  1 

I 
I 


REVIEW    OF    THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    NUTRITION. 


16a 


CLASS.                                              NAMK    AN1>   bOUKUE. 

rOKMULA.             1 

=  5^  Pliloridein.     Burk  of  clierry,  apple,  etc.,..  .  C12  H;  Og            Osy^L■n    in 

El  §   Salicine.    Bark  of  willow, 'Ci3  Hg  O7             proportion 

•5    1   Populiue.     Bark  uf  aspen  (Populus), C20  Hii  Os 

^^-i  jMecouine.     Juic.i  ol"  poppy, Cio  Up  O4            slightly  less 

5^  ft  ;Aliza"ino  (Turkey  red;.     Madder, C37  Ui-2  Oio         umn  wnter. 

1 

S-^     Oil  of  anise.     Piiapinella  aiiisutn, 'Cic  Hg  O4 

1^     Oil  of  cinnamon.     Laurus  cinnainoniura, .  .  |Cis  Hg  O2 
',  p^     Oil  of  clover.     Caryopliylliis  aroniaticus, .  .  C04  U15  U5 

■2  j;-     Oil  of  sassafras.     Lauras  sassafras, Cio  H5  O2 

1  ^.     Oil  of  peppermint.     Mentha  piperita, JC24  H2()  O2 

y  1     Oil  of  valerian.     Valeriana  officinalis, JC12  Hio  O2 

Dxygen     in 
(liiniubhed 
proportion. 

i        Valeric  acid.     Root  of  valerian, 

^  4     Enanthylic.     Castor-oil  nut, 

"3  =     Pelargonic.     Rose  geranium, 

''•  c     Laurie.     Lanrus  nobilis, 

Cio  Hio  O4 

C,4  Hl4  O4 

Cis  His  O4 
C24  H24  O4 

C28  H28  04 

C44 1144  04 

[n   this   se- 
ries the  pro- 
;)3rtion     of 
oxygen 

regularly 

»-^     Myristit.     Nutmegs, 

«  ::      Behni'c, 

diminishes. 

^        Melissic, 

Ceo  Heo  O4 

very     little 

oxygen    re- 

nmining. 

£=     jColophony,  or  resin  of  pine,  etc., 

C20  Hl4  O2 
C40  H31  O4 

S  irf      Resin  of  Copaiva.     Copaifera, 

Si|.^.   Resin  of  Mastic.     Pistacia  lentiscus,    

_^„J  J   Resin  of  Copal.     Hymmaea,  etc., 

.5  ,'  ^  Camnhor.     Laurus  camohora    

C40  H31  O2 
C40  H31  03 
C20  H16  O2 

C20  His  O2 

i 

;2'7  5   Borneo  camphor.     Dryobalanops, 

1 

J^  =      Oil  of  turpentine.     Pines, 

'  ^     iBergumot.     A  variety  of  orange, 

s  :  .  Black  pepper.     Piper  nigrum, .    

■«  -  ^  Juniper,  savine.     Juniperus, 

05  H4 
Co  IT4 

C5  H4 
C5H4 
C5H4 

Curbo-hy- 

driigcns, 

isomeric, 

destitute  of 

oxygen. 

^""^    Pars  ey,  cubi'b.i,  etc., 

c'5  'i   Quinine.     Peruvian  biirk, 

C2S  H22  O4  Na      ^Oxygen  less 

y     =    Morphine.     Ouium.  dol^dv 

C34  Hio  On  N 

thun  hydro- 
gen. 

c  1 J   Tlieine.     Leaves  of  the  tea-plant, 

Cgc  Hio  O4  N4 

-  /)     Nicotine      Tobacco  (Nicotiana") 

C20  Hl4  N2 
Ci6  Hi5  N 

Oxygen 
none. 

^  J     !Coneine.     Hemlock  (Gonium), 

0       Oil  of  TniistinTl      Sinnnis  nitrra 

'Cio  H5  N  S2 
'C16  H5  N  S2 
Cg  Hs  S 

Oxygen 
none. 

J       Oil  of  horse-radish.     Cochlearia, 

■"        Oil  of  crarlic      Allium  sativum 

^4    iProtein.     Primordial  utridf;, 

c  5      (T-iiitpn       Tli(>  cpreal  trraina 

|C36  TT25  Oio  N4  =Pr. 
'10  Pr-hS 

^'  I    Casein.     Leguminous  seeds, 

~  X     !  -Vlbumen      Manv  seeds 

10  Pr+P  +  S 
10  Pr4-P  +  2S 

i 

PART      THIRD. 


SYS  r  K  M  A  r  1 C    BOTANY. 


CHAPTER     I. 

OF    THE    CLASSIFICATION   OF   PLANTS. 

858.  Systematic  botany  relates  to  the  arraiii;oinent  of  plants  into 
groups  and   families,  according  to  their  characters,  for  the  purpose  of 
facilitating  the  study  of  their  names,  affinities,  habits,  history,  proper 
ties  and  uses. 

859.  In  this  department,  the  principles  of  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany 
are  applied  and  brought  into  practical  use  in  tlie  discrimination  of  the  difteront 
groups,  and  the  limitation  of  their  characters.  Besides  tlio  immediate  uses  of  Sys- 
tematic Botany  in  the  determination  of  species  and  kinds,  aa  above  stated,  it  ac- 
complishes 

860.  Another  purpose  of  still  higher  import.  It  aids  us  in 
studying  plants  as  related  to  each  other,  and  constituting  one  gn.'at  and 
glorious  system.  It  shows  us  the  Almighty  Creator  at  once  employed 
in  the  minutest  details  and  upon  the  boundless  whole,  e  pially  attentive 
to  the  perfection  of  the  individual  in  itself,  and  to  the  completeness  of 
the  granil  system,  of  which  it  forms  a  necessary  part. 

861.  The  subject  op  great  extent.  The  study  of  dassiflcation  introduces  the 
botanist  into  an  extensive  Held  of  inquiry.  The  subjects  of  his  research  meet  him  at 
every  step.  Tliey  clotho  the  hill  and  plain,  the  mountain  and  valley.  Tiiey  spring 
uj)  in  the  hedges  and  by  the  way  side.  They  border  the  streams  and  lakes  ami 
sprinkle  over  their  surfaces  ;  they  stand  assem'iled  in  vast  forests,  and  cover  witii 
verdure  even  the  depths  of  the  ocean.  Now,  with  each  individual  of  this  vast  king- 
dom the  botanist  proposes  to  acquaint  hiraselfj  so  that  ho  shall  be  able  readily  to 
recognize  its  name,  and  all  that  is  either  instructive,  interesting,  or  useful  concern- 
ing it,  whenever  and  wherever  it  is  presented  to  his  view. 

8G2.  The  wrong  way  to  study.  Now  it  is  obvious  that  if  the  student  should 
attempt  the  accomplishment  of  this  labor  by  studying  each  and  every  individual 
plant  in  detail,  whether  with  or  without  the  aid  of  books,  the  longest  life  wo\ild 
scarcely  suffice  him  for  making  a  good  beginning.  But  such  an  attempt  would  bo 
as  unnecessary  as  fruitless.  The  Author  of  Nature  has  grouped  these  myriads  of 
mdividuals  into 


OF    THE    CLASSIFICATION    OF    PLANTS. 


165 


8G:{.  Species  (§  70).  When  lie  .  jiIUhI  phiuts  into  oxisttMn  f,  in 
their  specitic  I'onns,  lie  entlowecl  each  wit  i  the  jiowei  of  jxrpttnathnj 
its  own  kind  and  no  other,  so  tliat  they  have  deseendeil  lu  us  -iistin- 
guislied  bv  the  same  <;haraeters  and  ]»roperties  as  ;vt  the  l>t'i£inniiig. 
When,  therefore,  the  student  has  tortne<l  at'<juaintan<'e  with  any  itidivi- 
dual  plant,  he  is  als  >  ai'<piainteil  with  all  other  iadividaaU  hclonijinff  to 
the  same  aperies. 

864  For  example  :  ;v  single  plant  of  ichite  clover  is  a  true  repre-sontativo  of  all 
the  millions  of  its  kind  that  grow  on  our  liills  and  in  our  meadows  ;  and  a  siiiirlo 
description  of  the  ivhi!-  pine  will  answer  in  all  essential  points  for  every  individual 
tree  of  tli  it  noble  species,  in  all  lands  where  it  is  f()und. 

865.  Genera.  Althono^h  the  spceies  are  st^parated  from  caeli  other 
by  clear  and  dctinite  distinctions,  still  they  are  found  to  exhii)it  also 
constant  affinities,  wlicrcby  they  stand  associatcil  into  larger  groups 
called  genca  (§  80).  .1  (fenus,  tliercfore,  is  an  assemblage  of  related 
species,  ha\  ng  more  marked  affinities  with  each  other  in  general  struc- 
ture and  appearance  than  they  have  with  other  apecies. 

8r>6.  For  exxmple:  tlie  wliito  clover  and  the  red  (Trifolium  repens  and  T.  pra- 
tense)  are  univc-rsally  reco;^iiized  as  dilVerent  species,  but  of  the  same  genus;  and  a 
single  generic  description  of  one  plant  of  the  genus  Trilbliuni  will  convey  intelli- 
gence to  a  certain  extent  concerning  every  other  plant  belonging  to  its  130  species. 

867.  Thus  are  the  individual  plants  of  the  globe  grouped  by  descent  and  resem- 
blan/,'e,  and  comprehended  under  species;  and  the  species  associated  into  iiigher 
groups  called  genera.  "An  indi\idual,''  says  Prof.  Forbes,  "  is  a  positive  reality; 
a  species  is  a  relative  reality;  a  genus  is  an  idea — but  an  idea  impressed  on  nature, 
and  not  arbitrarily  dop'udent  on  man's  conceptions.  An  individual  is  one:  a  spe- 
cies consists  of  many  resulting  from  one;  a  genus  consists  of  more  or  fewer  of  these 
mawiVs  resulting  from  one  linked  together,  not  by  a  relationship  of  descent,  but  by 
an  affinity  dependent  on  a  Divine  idea." 

868.  Orders.  But  natural  affinities  do  not  end  j-.ero.  The  genera  aiv  yet  too 
numerous  for  the  ready  and  systematic  study  of  tlie  naturalist.  He,  then  "fore,  would 
generalize  still  further,  and  reduce  the  genera  to  still  fewer  and  broader  groups. 
On  comparing  the  genera  with  each  other,  he  finds  tliat  tiicy  also  pos-vjss  in  com- 
mon certain  important  characters  which  are  of  a  more  general  nature  than  tlioso 
which  distinguish  them  from  each  other.  By  tliese  general  characters  tlie  genera 
are  associated  into  orders. 

869.  For  example:  comparing  sucli  genera  as  tiio  mustard,  radisli,  ciibl)agc, 
cress,  wall-flower,  etc.,  it  is  seen  that,  wiiile  they  dill'er  sulliciently  in  tlieir  generic 
characters,  yet  they  all  have  certain  marked  resemblances,  in  their  didynamous 
stamens,  siliquous  fruit,  whereby  tiiey  are  obviously  associuteil  into  tlie  same  order 
— the  Cruciferae.  So,  also,  the  pines,  the  spruces,  tlie  cedars,  the  larches,  and  the 
cypress,  while  as  genera  tiiey  are  obviously  distinct,  yi.>t  all  bear  roni-s  of  some 
form,  with  naked  seeds;  hence  they  are  naturally  grouiieU  mto  one  Order — tiio 
Coniferae. 

870.  Classks.  In  like  manner  tao  Orders,  by  characteristics  of  resenblaiioe  still 
more  general,  are  associated  into  a  few  groups,  each  of  great  extent,  calL-il  (..'lasses, 
whether  natural  or  artiticiaL 


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THE    ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM. 


871.  iNTEBMEniATE  GROUPS,  formed  on  the  same  principles,  are  recognized  aa 
Subgenera,  Suborders  or  Tribes,  and  Subclasses  or  Cohorts,  which  will  be  further 
noticed  and  described  in  another  place. 

872.  Methols  of  classification.  Two  independent  and  widely  different 
meliiods  of  cUissitying  the  genera  have  been  generally  approved,  the  Artificial  Svs- 
tein  of  LinnfBus,  and  the  Natural  System  of  Jussieu.  Tiie  former  is  founded  solely 
on  clir.racters  relating  to  the  organs  of  fructiflcation,  leading  all  other  natural  affini* 
tics  out  of  view.  The  latter,  on  the  contrary,  takes  for  its  basis  all  those  natural 
aQinities  and  resemblances  of  plants  whereby  Nature  herself  has  distinguished  them 
into  groups  and  families. 


««  ♦  »■ 


CHAPTER     II. 


THE   ARTIFICIAL   SYSTEM. 


873.  A  SYSTEM  OF  CLASSIFICATION  IS  SAID  TO  BE  ARTIFICIAL  WHEN,  disregard- 
ing the  real  nature  of  the  subjects  classified,  it  rests  merely  on  some  obvious  exter- 
nal circumstance.  As  when  the  books  of  a  library  are  arranged  on  shelves  accord- 
ing to  their  size,  octavo,  duodecimo,  etc.,  or  as  when  the  words  in  a  language  are 
arranged  in  dictionaries;  alphabetically,  forming  thus  class  A,  class  B,  etc.  In  either 
case  the  books  or  the  words  constituting  any  group  may  be  quite  diverse  in  charac- 
ter, having  nothing  in  common  e.x:cept  their  octavo  size  or  initial  letter.  The  only 
use  of  such  an  arrangement  is  convenience  of  reference. 

874.  Carl  von  Linnk  (Linnseus)  of  Sweden,  born  in  1707,  everywhere  honored 
as  the  fatlier  of  systematic  and  descriptive  botany,  was  the  author  of  that  renowned 
artificial  system  which  bears  his  name.  For  well  nigh  a  century  it  contmued  in  al- 
most universal  use,  and  was  regarded  by  his  followers  with  far  more  respect  than  by 
Linuc'cus  iiiiuself)  who  designed  it  simply  as  an  index  or  clue  to  the  vegetable  king- 
dom. For  ho  says  (Philosophia  Botanica)  "  Methodi  Naturalis  fragmenta  studios^ 
inquirenJa  sunt.     Primura  et  ultimum  hoc  in  Botanicis  desideratum  est." 

875.  Considered  as  a  system,  the  Linnaean  arrangement  totally  fails  to  exhibit 
those  true  relations  and  affinities  of  plants  which  render  the  knowledge  of  each  kind 
a  guide  to  that  of  the  others,  and  combine  all  into  one  consistent  whole.  It  can  not, 
therefore,  properly  be  regarded  as  a  system. 

876.  Considered  as  an  tndex  or  key  to  the  vegetable  kingdom,  it  is  by  no 
means  reliable,  for  the  stami'iis  and  stylos  often  vary  numerically  in  the  same 
plant ;  and  secondly,  the  species  of  the  same  genus  often  vary  in  these  respects,  thus 
obliging  us  to  violate  even  specific  affinities ;  and  again,  when  the  stamens  or  pistils 
are  at'cidentully  marred,  or  lost,  or  immature,  the  index  must  also  fail  of  its  purpose. 
For  these  reasons  this  arrangement  has  fallen  into  disuse,  having  been  superseded 
by  tiie  Natural  System,  and  by  other  arrangements  better  adapted  to  tlie  present 
advanced  state  of  tlie  science.  Yet  being  intimately  connected  with  the  history  of 
ltot:iny,  and  having  largely  contributed  to  its  early  progress,  its  outlines  at  least  de- 
mand a  record  in  our  pages. 

877.  The  Linnaean  System  proposes  to  arrange  all  the  known 
genera  of  plants  under  tiventy-four  classes,  each  based  on  some  special 
charactor  derived  from  the  essential  floral  organs,  as  follows  : 


THE    ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM. 


l(M 


§  1.  The  fikst  thirteen  classes  comprehend  all  such  plants 
as  have  their  flowers  all  perfect,  their  stamens  unconaocted  and 
and  of  equal  length,  or  at  least  neither  didynamous  nor  tetra- 
dvnamous. 
Class        I.  MoNANDRiA, — ono  Stamen  to  eac>h  flower  (Salt'vort,  otc). 
Class       II.   DiANDRiA, — two  stamens  (Circ  ea,  Veronica). 
Class     III.  Triandkia, — three  stamens  (Iris.     Nearly  all  the  Grasses'. 
Clags     IV.  Tetrandhia, — four  stume  .s  (iialium,  Plantago). 
Class       V.  PE.'fTANURiA, — five  stamens  (Vitis,  Conium). 
Class     VI.  Hexanuria. — six  stamens  (Lily,  Tulip,  Luzula). 
Class    VII.  Heptanuria, — seven  stamens  (Trientalis). 
Class  VIII.  OCTANDRiA,— eiijht  stamens  (Eriua,  (Eiiothera). 
Class      IX.  Enneanuria, — nine  stumens  (Rheum,  Sassafras) 
Class       X.  Decandria, — ten  stamens  (Diantlius,  Rhododendron). 
Class     XI.  Dodecandria, — twelve  to  nineteen  stamens  (Asarum). 
Class    XII    IcoSANDRiA, — twenty  or  more  stamens,  perigynous  (Rosa). 
Ck«s  Xlll.  PoLVAXDRiA, — twenty  or  more  stamens,  hypogynous  (Ranunculus, 
Papaver). 
§  2.  The  next  two  classes   are  founded  on   the   relative 
length  of  the  stamens,  the  flowers  being  perfect  and  stamens 
generally  unconnected. 
Class     XIV.  DiDYNAMiA, — four  stamens,  two  long  and  two  short,  by  pair?,  as  in 

Autirriiinum,  Prunella. 
Class       XV.  Teiradynamia, — six  stamens,  four  long  and  two  short,  as  in  the 
wall-flower  and  the  Cruciilrae  generally. 
§  3.  The  next  four  classes  are  determined  by  the  con- 
nection or  union  of  the  stamens. 
Class      XVI.  MONADEiiFiriA, — stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set,  as 

in  Malva,  Geranium. 
Class  XVII.  DiADELPHiA, — stamens  united  by  their  filaments   into  two  sots 

(Polygala  pea,  Lathyrus). 
Class  XVIII.  POLYADELHHIA,— stamens  united  by  their  filaments  ia(.v>  three  or 

more  sets  (Hypericum). 
Class     XIX.  Syngekesia,  stamens  united  by  their  anthers,  as  in  the  Asters  and 
other  Compositte. 
§  4.  The  next  class  depends  for  its  character  upon  the  ad- 
hesion of  the  stamens  with  the  pistil. 
Class       XX.  Gynandria, — stamens  and  ^tyle3  united,  forming  a  column,  as  In 
Orchis,  Asclepias. 
§  5.  The  next  three  classes  include  all  plants)  with  diclin- 
ous flowers,  some  with  pistils,  some  with  stamens  only. 
Class     XXI.  Moncecia, — staminate  and  pibtillat^  flowers,  both  upon  the  same 

plant  (Pinus,  Arum,  Hnzel). 
Class    XXII.  Dkkcia, — staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  plants  (Wil. 

low,  Hemp,  Hop,  Smilax). 
Class  XXIII.  PoLYOAMiA. — staminate,  pistillate  and  perfect  flowers  either  on  the 
same  or  on  diffbront  plants,  as  in  Acer,  Acacia,  "V  eratrum). 
§  6.  The  last  class  includes  flowerless  plants. 


V 


I; 


M 

I:  VA 


1(38 


TliU    AKrXFIClAL    »V8TUM. 


Class  XXIV.  Cryptooamia, — plants  in  which  the  organfi  of  fructification  aro 
concealed  (aa  the  name  implies)  as  iu  ferus,  mosses,  seaweeds. 

878.  The  Linn^an  okdeus.  Each  class  is  subdivided  irto  orders,  and  these 
also  are  founded  on  some  condition  of  the  essential  organs.  The  orders  of  the  tinst 
thirteen  classes  are  determined  by  the  number  of  styles  (or  stigmas  when  the  styles 
are  wanting)  in  each  flower. 


Order  1.  Monogynia, 
Order  2.  Digynia. 
Order  3.  Trigynia, 
Order  4.  Tetragynia, 
Order  5.  Pentagynia, 
Order  6.  Iloxagynia, 


Order    T.  Heptagynia^ 
Order    8.  Octogynia, 
Order    9.  Enneagynia, 
Order  10.  Decagynia, 
Order  11.  Dodecagynia, 


T  styles. 

8  styles. 

0  style-'. 
10  stylos. 
12  styk-s. 


Order  12.  Polygynia,  more  than  12. 


1  style. 

2  styles. 

3  styles. 
i  styles. 
6  styles. 
6  styles. 

879.  Thk  orders  op  class  XIV.  depend  upon  their  seed  vessels. 
Order  1.  Gymnospermia — Fruit  four  achenia,  as  in  the  Labiatse. 

Order  2.  Augiosperraia — Fruit  inclosing  several  seeds. 

880.  The  orders  of  CLAgis  XV.  also  depend  on  the  fruit. 
Order  1.  Siliculosa — Fruit  a  silicle,  as  in  pepper-grass. 

Order  2.  Siliquosa — Fruit  a  silique  as  in  wall-flower. 

881.  The  orders  op  classes  XVI.,  XVII.,  XVIII.  are  distinguished  by 
the  number  of  stamens  and  named  like  the  first  classes. 

Order  1.  Triandria — three  stamens  united  by  their  filaments. 
Order  2.  Pentandria — live  stamens  united  by  their  filaments. 

382.  The  orders  op  class  XIX.  are  five,  as  follows  : 
Order  1.  Equalis — Florets  of  the  head  all  perfect  ( ^  )• 
Order  2.  Superflua — Florets  of  the  disk  9 ,  of  the  ray  $  . 
Order  3.  Frustranea — Florets  of  the  disk  \i ,  ray  abortive. 
Order  4.  Necessaria — Florets  of  the  disk  $,  of  the  ray   S  . 
Order  6.  Segregata — Each  floret  with  a  separate  involucre. 

883.  The  orders  op  classes  XX.,  XXL,  XXII.  distinguished  in  the  sam© 
way  as  the  first  thirteen,  the  XVI.,  XVII.,  XVIII.  classes ;  as 

Order  1 .  Monandria— one  stamen.     Order  2.  Diandria — two  stamens.     Order  3.  Tri- 
andria— three  stamens,  etc. 

884.  The  orders  op  class  XXIII.  are  founded  on  the  position  of  the 
flowers  relatively,  thux : 

Order  1.  Monoecia— Flowers  tf  ,  ^,  ?  on  the  same  plant  (Acacia). 

Order  2.  Dioecia — Flowers  8  on  one  plant,  £,  ?  ,  on  another  (Ohamerops). 

Order  3.  Trioecia— Flowers  ^  .  ^,  and  «  ,  each  on  separate  plants. 

885.  The  orders  op  class  XXtV.  are  the  same  as  in  the  Natural  Sya- 
tem,  and  can  no:  be  defined  by  a  single  character. 


Order  1.  Pilices,  ferns. 
Order  2.  Musci,  mosses. 
Order  3.  Hepaticae,  liverworta 


Order  4.  Lichens,  lichens. 
Order  6.  Fungi,  mushrooms. 
Order  6.  Algie,  seaweeds. 


THE    NATURAL   SYSTEM. 


109 


CHAPTER     III. 


THE      NATURAL     SYSTEM, 


886.  The  aim  of  the  Natural  System  is  to  associate  plants  into 
groups  and  families  acoording  to  their  true  natural  likenesses  and  af- 
finities, and  thus  to  make  an  expression,  so  far  as  possible,  of  the  Di- 
vine plan  in  the  System  of  Nature. 

887.  It  differs  from  the  artificial  arrangement :  while  that  em- 
ploys only  a  single  cht*raeter  in  classification,  the  natural  systeuj  regar<ls 
the  total  organization,  and  seizes  upon  every  character  wherein  plants 
cigree  or  disagree,  and  forms  her  associations  only  upon  the  principle  of 
natural  affinity.  Hence  each  member  of  any  natural  group  resembles 
the  others,  and  a  fair  description  of  one  will  serve,  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent,  for  ail  the  rest. 

888.  The  species  and  genera  are  formed  on  this  principle  of  clas- 
sification, as  above  stated,  and  are  truly  natural  associations.  Indi- 
viduals alt<  iLjether  similar,  cast  as  it  were  in  the  same  mold,  constitutt; 
a  species.  Species  agreeing  in  nearly  all  respects  and  differing  but  in 
few  constitute  a  genus.  Thence  the  genera,  associated  by  their  re- 
maining affinities  into  groups  of  few  or  many,  by  this  same  method  ans 
organized  into  Natural  Orders  and  other  departments  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom. 

889.  Uflativk  valuk  ok  characters.  Althouijrh  the  natural 
method  employs  every  cliar.icter,  yet  it  does  not  regard  all  o(  equal 
value  or  importance.  As  a  J'ule,  the  higher  the  pliysiological  import- 
ance of  any  organ,  tlie  higher  will  be  the  value  of  the  characters  which 
it  aft'ords. 

890.  Becausr,  (1)  the  less  will  it  be  subject  to  variation,  and  (2)  the  more  gen- 
eral ill  respect  to  otlier  orgaus  will  bo  the  reseniblauco  of  those  plants  which  agree 
in  respect  to  that  organ.  Tliiis,  Jirst  in  vuluo  are  tiioso  characters  drawn  from  tlio 
cellular  tissue ;  second,  from  the  vessels,  the  stomata,  the  embryo,  and  albumen ; 
third,  from  the  axis  and  leaves,  the  stamens,  pistils,  and  fruit ;  fourth,  from  the  pe- 
riantli ;  fifth,  from  tiie  inflorescence  and  bracts. 

891.  History  of  the  natural  metuod.  Its  foundation  wjis  first  laid  1GS2, 
by  Jolm  Hay,  of  Kngland.  lie  separated  the  Flowering  from  the  Flowerless  plants, 
and  divided  the  former  into  Dicotyledons  and  Monocotyledons.  Linnaeus,  about  50 
years  later,  i-onstructed  a  fl'agnieiit  of  the  system,  consisting  of  the  names  of  G7 
natural  orders,  wilhout  descriptions.  But  to  Aiitoino  do  .Tussieu  is  duo  the  honor  ol 
the  final  estalilishment  of  this  Method  upon  the  true  principles  of  natural  nflftnity. 
Ho  arranged  the  genera  then  known  (A.  D.  1780)  into  100  natural  orders,  defining 
them  v.-ith  so  mucli  exactness,  that  nearly  all  have  withstood  the  test  of  time  ;  and 
have  been  adopted  into  our  present  systems.  Robert  Brown  contributed  largely  to 
its  completion  and  introduction  into  England,  by  the  publication  of  his  Flora  of 


V 


1 


14 


J!Bi 


170 


THE    NATL'RAL    SYSTEM. 


New  Holland  in  1810;  and  liimlly  Do  CaiidoUe,  by  the  publicution  of  his  great 
work  "  Prodronius  Systematis  Naturahs  Kegni  Vegelabilis",  couiiiieuced  iu  1816, 
and  designed  as  the  universal  Flora^  brought  this  system  into  general  use. 

892.  Many  systems.  But  the  aim  of  tlie  natural  system  as  an  expression  of  tlie 
Divine  Order  of  Nature  is  not  yet  consummated.  The  lower  divisions  of  the  System 
— species,  genera,  and  orders, — are  well  defined  and  settled  as  truly  natural  groups. 
The  grand  divisions  also, — Cryptcgatnia,  Phenogamous  Exogens  and  Kndogens 
(§  897), — are  fully  cstabhshed.  But  in  the  midst,  between  these  extremes,  there  is 
a  region  of  uncertainty,  respecting  the  arrangement  of  tlie  orders  into  gioupn  sub- 
ordinate to  the  grand  divisions,  viz.,  into  Classes  and  Subdiusses.  In  this  matter, 
authors  have  maintained  different  views,  and  proposed  a  variety  of  systems. 

893.  The  difficulty  lies  in  this.  We  attempt  necessarily  a  linear  arrangement 
of  the  orders,  placing  one  after  another  in  8Ucc:}ssion,  tlius  regarding  the  affinities  ot 
each  in  two  directions  only,  viz.,  toward  the  preceding  and  the  succeeding ;  whereas 
eacii  order  should  be  regarded  as  ^,  center  of  affinities;  being  related  immediately  to 
all  others  lying  around  it,  as  a  province  on  a  geographical  map  is  related  equally  to 
ail  those  which  touch  upon  its  borders.  Hence  any  linear  arrangement  of  the  orders 
must  be  in  some  degree  artificial. 

894.  One  natural  system.  Altliouffh  there  be  but  one  tnilv  na- 
tur;il  system,  yet  wliile  any  portion  of  it  remains  imperfectly  unclersttK,J, 
so  far  anthors  may  be  expected  to  hold  different  views,  and  to  atti^mpt 
by  different  methods  to  express  that  trne  .system.  Still  the  discrepan- 
cies observed  in  the  several  "Natural  Systems,"  proposed  by  different 
writers,  are  slight  compared  with  the  number  and  importance  of  the 
principles  now  common  to  them  all  and  universally  admitted. 

895.  The  first  and  highest  division  of  the  Vegetable  Kingilom, 
viz.,  into  the  Phsenogamia  or  Flowering  I'lants,  and  the  Cryptogamia 
or  Flowerless  Plants,  has  already  been  noticed  and  defined.  These 
grand  divisions,  or  sub-kingdoms,  lie  at  the  foundation  of  both  the  sys- 
tems of  Linnajus  and  of  Jussien,  and  have  in  substance  been  adopted  by 
every  subsequent  author.  It  is  a  division  founded  in  nature,  that  is, 
marked  by  nature  herself,  for 

The  PafiNOGAMiA  {(jiaivu,  to  appear,  yufiog,  nuptials), 
a.  Consist  of  a  regular  axis  of  growth  with  leafy  appendages, 
6,  They  possess  a  woody  and  spiro-vascular  structure, 

c,  They  develop  stamens  and  pistils  constituting  flowers. 

d,  They  produce  seeds  containing  an  embryo.     On  the  other  hand 
The  Cryptogamia  (kiwittu),  to  conceal,  yu/iof). 

a,  Are  generally  destitute  of  a  regular  axis  and  of  true  leaves, 

b,  They  possess  mostly  a  cellular  structure  only, 

c,  They  do  not  develop  true  flowers, 

d,  They  produce  spores  having  no  embryo. 

896.  Natural  divisions  indefinite.  The  above  diagnosis  does  not  mark  the 
absolute  limits  between  tJie  two  sub-kingdoms,  for  the  higher  Cryptogamia,  as  the 
mosses  and  ferns,  give  indications  of  approach  to  the  Phasnoganiia,  both  in  form  and 
structure,  while  the  lower  Phflenogamia  can  scarcely  be  said  to  produce  flowers. 
And  universally,  so  gradual  is  tlie  transition  fVora  group  to  group,  that  it  is  dillirult 


THE    NATURAL    SVSTKM. 


171 


or  impossible  to  fix  npon  characters  so  definite  a»  to  circurascribo  completely  any 
one  group,  while  at  the  same  time  they  exclude  every  member  of  the  Murrouudinx 
allied  groups. 

897.  Second  division.  The  Flowering  plants  are  next  resolved  into 
two  gra'At  provinces ^  indubitably  marked  by  nature's  own  hand,  and  em- 
ployed in  every  natural  method.     The  following  is  their  diagnosis. 

ExoGEN^  (tiw,  without,  yffvuoj,  to  generate),  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants. 

a,  Growing  by  layers  external  to  the  wood,  internal  to  the  bark, 

b,  Leaves  net-veined, 

c,  Flowers  4  or  5-parted,  rarely  .^-parted, 

d,  Seeds  with  two  or  more  cotyledons,  and 

e,  The  radicle  producing  an  axial  rtx)t. 

ENDOGENjE,  {ivihv^  within,  yewiltj),  or  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

a,  Growing  by  scattered  internal  wood-bundles, 
6,  Leaves  parallel-veined, 

c,  Flowers  very  generally  3-partod, 

d,  Seeds  with  one  cotyledon,  and 

e,  The  radicle  never  producing  an  axial  root, 

898.  Third  division; — classes.  The  provinces  are  next  broken 
into  classes — groups  of  the  third  rank  in  extent.  Two  are  constituted 
of  the  Exogens,  viz. : 

AXGIOSPERM.E  {ayyeinc,  a  vessel,  anipfin,  seed)  (oak,  rose), 
a.  Flowers  more  generally  perfect  or  complete, 
6,  Pistils  complete,  inclosing  the  ovules, 

c.  Seeds  inclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

d,  Embryo  with  only  two  cotyledons. 
GYMNOSPERMiE  {yvfivh^,  naked,  aiTEpfia)  (pine,  yew). 

o.  Flowers  imperfect  and  incomplete, 
ft.  Pistils  scale-like,  witliout  a  stigma, 

c.  Seeds  truly  naked,  that  is,  destitute  of  a  pericarp^ 

d,  PJmbryo  mostly  with  several  whorled  cotyledons. 
Two  classes  are  formed  from  the  Endogens,  viz. : 

Petalifer^  (TTETrt^ov,  petal,  t^ipu,  to  bear). 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  with  flowers  constructed  on  the  usual 
plan ;  perianth  cf  one  or  more  whorls  of  petaloid  organs,  or  wanting  (lily, 
Orchis,  rush) 
GLUMiFERiE  {gluma,  husk,  few,  to  bear). 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  the  flowers  invested  with  an  im- 
bricated perianth  of  glumes,  instead  of  petals  and  sepals  (grasses,  grains, 
sedges). 

899.  Divisions  of  the  crvptogamia.  Tliis  sub  kingdom  is  na- 
turally divided  into  two  provinces,  the  Acrogens,  and  Thallogens, — 
terms  founded  upon  their  mode  of  vegetation.  The  former  include 
those  tribes  which  make  some  approrunation  towards  the  Pheenogamia, 
the  latter  include  the  lowest  tribes  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

AOROOEN^  {aKfwv,  the  summit,  yevvuu). 

Flowerless  plants  having  a  regular  stem  or  axis,  which  grows  by  the  ex- 
tension  of  the  apex  only,  without  increasing  at  all  in  diameter,  generally 


;■  ^ !- 1 


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0 


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M- 


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172 


THE    NATURAL    8V8TKM. 


witli  leaves,  and  composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalaritbrra  ducts  (Foras, 
mosses,  club-mosses,  horsetails,  etc.) 
THALi.O(JKNiK  (WciX/o/-,  green  branch,  yFvvu(.i). 

Flowerless  plants  producing  in  vegetation  a  thalUi.%  with  no  distinction 
of  stem  and  leaij  or  root,  and  composed  of  cellular  tissue  only  (Lichens, 
fungi,  etc.) 

900.  Classes  of  the  flowkkless  plants.  For  the  sake  of  analogy 
and  an  advantageous  comparison  with  the  ]*hainogams,  wo  may  also 
regard  these  two  provinces  of  tlie  Cryptogams  in  the  liglit  of  Classes 
founded  upon  their  different  modes  of  fruitbearing.  Thus  the  Acro- 
gens  constitute  the  class 

AxaiOSI'OU-K   (nj)ftof,  OTTopu). 

Acrogenous  plants,  producing  their  spores  in  sporangia  (vessels)  which 
burst  when  the  spores  are  mature. 
Cymnospor.*;  {yvfivhc,  aTiopu). 

Thallogenous  plants  reproduced  by  spores,  which  are  produced  m  parent 
cells,  either  forming  a  part  of  the  vegetating  thallus,  or  growing  upon  the 
surface  of  some  definite  region  of  the  thallus. 

901.  Fourth  division — cohorts.  The  six  classes,  as  above  constituted,  are 
still  eacii  of  great  extent, — too  great  for  the  comprehension  of  the  learner,  or  prac- 
ti'jal  use.  A  further  division  is  therefore  necessary.  To  effect  this  on  strictly 
uiitural  principles  botanists  have  labored  hitherto  in  vain.  The  truth  is,  the 
members  of  these  several  classes  are  united  by  atAnities  so  equable  as  to  render 
it  impjssiblo  to  subdivide,  except  by  distinctions  more  or  less  arbitrary.  S<) 
adjacent  territories,  where  rivers  or  other  natural  boundaries  are  wanting,  must  bo 
separat  d  by  artificial  lines. 

902.  The  axgiospekms  are  divided  by  De  Candolle,  in  his  great  descriptive 
work  *•  ProJromus  Systeniatis  Naturalis  Kegrii  Vegetabilis"  into  four  sub-classes 
fouadeil  upon  the  conditions  of  the  floral  envelops,  viz.  : 

1.  Tlialataijionv,  petals  distinct,  and  (with  the  stamens)  hj'pogynous. 

2.  CalyciflonH,  petals  (with  the  stamens)  perigvnous. 

3.  Corol'if}or(f,  petals  united,  hypcgynous,  stamens  epipetalous. 

4.  Mori(>chla)nyileai,  petals  wanting. 

903.  The  plan  of  Endlicher  in  his  "Genera  Plantarum"  is  more 
simple  and  convenient,  and  has  been  followed  by  American  writers 
generally.     He  separates  the  Angio.sperma)  into  three  "cohorts,"  thus: 

1.  Dialypdahe  (fJt«^/'w,  to  dissolve).  Exogenous  plant.s,  having  both  calyx 
ami  corolla,  the  latti'r  cjinposed  of  distinct  petals  (polypetalous),  sometimes 
slightly  coliering  by  the  base  of  the  stauiens,  rarely  abortive. 

2.  Cfainop'.take  {ya/uy;  union).  E.vogenous  plants,  having  both  calyx  and 
corolla,  the  latter  compo*<ed  of  petals  more  or  less  united. 

3.  Apetakv  (o,  privative).  E.vojrenous  plants  witli  flowers  having  a  calyx 
only,  or  neither  calyx  nor  corolla  (ach'amydeous). 

904.  The  class  pbtalifer.«  may  be  conveniently  separated  int'> 
two  cohorts,  as  follows. 

1.  Spadicijicrce.  Endogenous  plants  with  flowers  having  no  perianth,  or  a 
scaly  one,  end  borne  qu  a  thickened  spadix,  which  is  often  enveloped  in  a 
spathe. 


THB    NATURAL    8T8TKM.       ); 


173 


2.  FloridecB.  Endogenoua  plants  with  the  flowers  usually  perfect  and  com- 
plete, the  perianth  double,  3-parted,  the  outer  often  and  sometimes  both  green. 

905.  The  class  glumifer^  is  equivalent  to  the  cohort  Grami' 
notdece,  including  the  sedges,  grains,  and  grasses — a  truly  natural  as- 
semblage. 

906.  The  class  ANoiosPORiC:  consists  of  three  cohorts  defined  as 
follows. 

1.  Sporogamia.  Angiosporous  plants,  producing  spores  in  which,  when  ger- 
minating, antheridial  cells  and  archegonal,  or  ovulary  bodies,  are  formed 
(Lvcopodiaceae,  Isoetacoje,  Marsileaceic). 

2.  Thallogamia.     Angiosporous  plants  producing  spores  of  one  kind  in  spor- 
angcs  on  the  surface  of  tlie  leaf  or  stem,   the  spore  germina.ti;ig  into  a 
green  prothallus  ^629)  on  which  are  developed  antlieridia  and  an  hegonia 
the  latter  giving  origin  to  a  leafy  embryo  (Equisetaceu),  Filices). 

8.  Axogamia.  Angiosporous  plants  producing  anthoridia  and  arohegonia  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  in  buds,  the  fertilized  archegonia  giving  birth  to 
spoi'anges  filled  with  spores,  all  reproducing  the  plant  (Mosses,  llepaticye, 
Characeifi). 

907.  The  class  gymnospor^  consists  of  three  cohorts,  viz. : 

1.  Aerophyta.  Thallogens  growing  and  fructifying  in  tlio  air,  reproduced  by 
spores  formed  in  asci,  and  by  green  gonidia  formed  in  the  medullary  layei 
of  the  tliallus  (Lie' ona). 

2.  Uysterophyta.  Thallogens  growing  in  or  on  decaying  organic  substances 
and  fructifying  in  vho  open  air,  destitute  of  cliloropliylle  and  starch,  re- 
produced by  spores  formed  in  asci,  by  archegonal  spores  and  by  gonidea 
(Fungi). 

3.  Ilydrophyta.  Thallogens  with  a  branching  or  foliaceous  tliallus;  mem- 
branous, gelatinous,  or  cartilaginous  in  texture,  containing  either  cldoro- 
phyllo  or  a  red  coloring  matter  ami  often  starch  grains ;  growing  in  water, 
salt  or  fresh,  or  in  moist  substances  in  damp  air  (Algre). 

908.  The  following  synoptical  arrangement  of  the  above  divisions  and  sub- 
divisions will  exhibit  at  a  glance  the  relative  position  and  mutual  relations  of  each. 


«v;. 


THE    VEGETABLE   KINGDOM. 

The  Rub-kingdom,  Ph^engoamia,  or  Flowering  Plants, 
Province  1st.     Exogenoe,  or  Dicotyledons. 
Class  I.  Angiospermae. 

Cohort  1.  Dialypetalae,  or  Polypetalse. 
Cohort  2.  Gamopetalae,  or  Monopetalae. 
Cohort  3.  Apetalae,  or  Monochlamydese. 
Class  II.  GymnosperuiaB. 
Cohort  4.  Conoideae. 
Province  2.  EndogencB^  or  Monocotyledons. 
Class  Til.  Petaliferae,  or  Alguroacese. 
Cohort  6.  Spadiciflorss  (Aroidcse,  etc.) 


v^**! 


fW 


174 


NOMENCLAIUUE. UOTANICAL    ANALYSIS. 


! 


Cohort  6.  FloridesB  (Liliacea',  etc.). 
Class  IV.  Glumiferse,  or  Gluraaceje. 

Cohort  7.  Graininoidcse  (Sedges,  grasses). 
The  sub  kingdom  Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants. 
Province  3.  Acrogence. 
Class  V.  Angiosporaj. 

Cohort  8.  Sporogamia  (Marsileaceae,  Lycopodiace»), 
Cohort  9.  Thallogamia  (Filices,  etc.). 
Cohort  10.  Axogamia  (Mosses  and  Hepaticae). 
Province  4.   ThallogencB. 
Class  VI.  Gymnosporse. 

Cohort  11.  Aerophyta  (Lichens). 
Cohort  12.  Hysterophyta  (Fungi). 
Cohort  13.  Hydrophyta  (Algae). 


-»« ♦  >» 


CHAPTER   IV. 

§  1.      NOMENCLATURE. — BOTANICAL   ANALYSIS. 


I      ii 


909.  The  names  of  the  Orders  are  Latin  adjectives  (feminine,  plural,  to  agree 
with  plantvB,  plants,  understood),  usually  derived  from  the  name  of  the  most  promi- 
nent, or  leading  genus,  in  each,  by  changing  or  prolonging  the  termination  into 
acece,  as  Rosacea,  the  rose  tribe,  Papaveracece,  the  poppy  tribe,  from  Rosa  and  Pa- 
paver.  Earlier  names,  however,  derived  from  some  leading  character  in  the  order, 
and  with  various  terminations,  are  still  retained.  Thus,  Composites,  with  compound 
flowers ;  Labiatve,  with  labiate  flowers. 

910.  Generic  names  are  Latin  substantives,  arbitrarily  formed,  often  from  some 
medicinal  virtue,  either  supposed  or  real,  or  from  some  obvious  character  of  the 
genus ;  sometimes  from  the  native  country  of  the  plants,  or  from  +,he  name  of  some 
distinguished  botanist,  or  patron  of  botany,  to  whom  the  genus  is  thus  said  to  be 
dedicated.  Also  the  ancient  classic  names,  either  Latin  or  Greek,  are  often  retained. 
Examples  of  all  these  modes  of  construction  will  be  hereafter  seen. 

911.  Specific  names  are  Latin  adjectives,  singular  number,  and  agreeing  in  gen- 
dor  with  the  name  of  the  genus  to  which  they  belong.  They  are  mostly  founded 
upon  some  distinctive  character  of  the  species;  as  Gerardia  glauca,  glaucous- 
stemmed  Gerardia ;  G.  purpurea,  purple-flowered  Gerardia ;  G.  tenuifolia,  slender- 
leaved  Gerardia.  Frequently  the  species  is  named  after  some  other  genus,  which, 
in  some  respect,  it  resembles;  as  Gerardia  quercifolia,  oak-leaved  Gerardia.  G 
delphinifolia,  larkspur-leaved  Gerardia. 

912.  Commemorative  specific  names.  Species,  like  genera,  are  also  some- 
times named  in  commemoration  of  distinguished  persons.  The  rules  given  by  Lind- 
ley,  for  the  construction  of  such  namos,  are,  Ist,  If  the  person  is  the  discoverer,  the 
speciflo  name  is  a  substantive  in  the  genitive  case,  singular  number ;  as,  Lobelia 
Kalmii,  Ealm's  Lobelia ;  Pinus  Praseri,  Eraser's  pine.  2d,  If  the  name  is  merely 
eoaferred  in  honor  of  the  person  to  whom  it  iu  dedicated^  it  is  an  adjective  ending 


NOUGNCLATUKE. UOTANICAL    ANALYSIS. 


176 


tn  nus,  na,  num;  as  Erica  Linneana,  iunu^us  heath;  Rosa  Lawrenciana,  IWea 
Lawreuco's  rose. 

913.  Rules  fob  the  use  of  capitals.  The  names  of  the  order,  the  sub-order 
or  tribe,  and  of  the  genus  should  always  commence  with  a  capital  letter.  The 
name  of  the  species  should  never  commence  with  a  capital  except  in  the  following 
cases;  (1.)  when  it  is  derived  from  the  name  of  a  person  or  of  a  country,  as  Phlox 
Drummondii,  Aquilegia  Canadensis ;  (2.)  when  it  is  a  substantive,  as  Delphinium 
Consolida. 

914  Synonyms.  Very  frequently,  the  same  species  has  been  described  by  differ- 
ent (or  even  by  the  same)  authors,  under  different  names.  In  such  cases  it  become*i 
a  question,  often  of  difficult  solution,  which  name  is  to  be  adopted.  Obviously,  tlie 
prior  name,  that  is,  the  original  one,  if  it  can  be  ascertained,  is  entitled  to  the  most 
respect ;  and  it  is  a  rule  with  botanists  to  adept  this  name,  unless  it  had  been  pre- 
viously occupied,  or  be  strongly  objectionable  on  some  other  account  All  other 
names  are  synonyms. 

915.  BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS.  The  application  of  the  rules  of  Systematic 
Botany  to  the  natural  plant,  in  order  to  ascertain  its  affinities,  place,  name,  Ac.,  in 
called  botanical  analysis.  This  exercise,  whether  for  pleasure  or  improvement,  is  the 
constant  pursuit  of  the  practical  botanist.  A  more  accurate  and  useful  knowledge 
of  a  plant  can  be  acquired  in  a  few  minutes,  by  a  careful  examination  of  the  living 
specimen,  or  even  of  the  dried,  than  by  committing  to  memory  the  most  elaborate 
description  found  in  books. 

916.  During  the  flowering  months,  the  learner  will  often  in  his  walks  meet  with 
plants  in  blossom,  with  which  he  is  yet  unacquainted.  And  he  who  is  duly  inter- 
ested in  his  pursuit,  will  by  no  means  fail  to  seize  and  analyze  each  specimen  while 
the  short  hour  of  its  bloom  may  last,  and  to  store  his  memory  with  the  knowledge 
of  its  names,  habits,  and  \ises.  Thus,  in  a  few  seasons,  or  oven  in  one,  he  will  have 
grown  familiar  with  nearly,  or  quite,  every  species  of  plants  in  his  vicinity. 

917.  Let  us  suppose  the  pupil  in  possession  of  a  specimen  of  an  unknown  plant 
in  full  blossom.  In  order  to  study  it  by  the  aid  of  authors,  a  point  immediately 
requisite  is  its  name.  Now,  having  learned  by  examination  the  organic  and  physi- 
ological structure  of  the  flower,  leaves,  stem,  etc.,  the  experienced  botanist,  who 
has  at  his  command  the  characters  of  all  the  Natural  Orders,  will  at  once  determine 
to  wlii.h  of  them  the  plant  belongs. 

9 1 8.  But  this  is  not  to  be  expected  of  the  pupil  who  is  supposed  to  be  yet,  in  a 
measure,  unacquainted  with  the  characters  of  tlie  orders.  He  must  be  guided  to 
the  place  which  his  specimen  holds  in  the  classification,  by  a  longer  course  of  inquiry 
and  comparison.  For  the  assistance  of  the  learner,  therefore,  and  for  the  conve- 
nience of  all,  we  are  happy  to  be  able  to  add  a  full  series  of  Analytical  Tables, 
which,  with  proper  use,  will  seldom  fail  of  conducting  tliem  almost  immediately  to 
the  object  of  their  search. 

919.  Th»  Analytical  Tables  which  accompany  the  present  edition  of  our  Flora, 
are  in  many  respects  novel  in  form,  and  remarkable,  at  least,  for  their  simplicity. 
A  dichotomal  division,  that  is,  of  the  whole  into  two  parts,  is  the  principle  on  which 
they  are  constructed ;  and  since  those  divisions  are,  each,  characterized  mainly  by  a 
single  character,  the  tables  are  technically  artificial  But  they  are  also  natural  to  a 
considerable  extent,  at  least  so  far  as  the  divisions  and  sections  which  they  make 
arc  in  accordance  with  the  natural  method.  We  subjoin  a  few  examples  of  the  analy- 
sis of  particular  species  by  the  aid  of  these  tables.  If  the  exercise  be  conducted  in 
Uie  class-room,  the  successive  steps  in  the  process  (indicated  by  the  numbers,  1,  2, 
S,  ice,  below)  may  be  assigned,  in  order,  to  each  pupil  in  the  class. 


<** .. 


3k;,    :| 


i/,i 


'^m 


I-    'i 


FP 


176 


ANALYSIS    OK    A    HOLVPKTAL0U8    HERB. 
ANALYSIS   OF    A    POLYPETALOUS   HERB. 


920.  To  DETERMINE  THE  COHORT.     A  good  sppoimen  of  a  little  yellow-flowered 

herbaceous  plant,  common  in  the  grassy  tielrls  of  cool  regions,  is  supposed  to  be  now 
in  the  hands  of  each  pupil  of  the  class.  (1.)  The  first  pupil,  reading  (if  necessary) 
the  characteristic  of  each  sub-kingdom,  pronounces  the  plant  one  of  the  Phteno- 
gamia,  and  refers  the  next  pupil  to  the  Provinces,  1  or  2. 

(2.)  Tho  next  reads  the  characters  of  tiioso  Provinces,  and  comparing  the  speci- 
men (which  has  net-veined  leaves  and  b-mtrous  flowers),  concludes  that  it  is  an  Exo- 
gen.     Refer  next  to  tho  Classes,  1  or  2. 

(3.)  "  Fluwers  with  stigmas,  and  pistils,  &c. 

"  Flowers  with  open  scales  instead  of  pistils  (or  no  pistils  at  all),"  4c.  Our 
plant  has  pistils,  &c.,  and  is  (moreover,  not  a  pine,  spruce  or  cedar).  It  is,  there- 
fore an  Angiosperm.     Refer  next  to  Coiiort  1,  2,  or  3. 

(4.)  "Corolla  witii  distinct  petala" — This  characterizes  our  plant,  and  it  is  pro- 
nounced "  Polypetalous."     Refer  then  to  (A). 

921.  To  DKTERMiN'E  THE  NATURAL  Orher,  tho  (5th)  pupil  reads  the  first  aUernor' 
tive,  or  triplet,  noted  by  a  star  (*),  and  comparing  his  plant,  finds  it  to  correspond 
with  the  first  line,  for  it  is  an  "  herb  with  alternate  leaves."     Pass  now  to  (11). 

(6.)  "  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.     Fruit  never  a  legume." 

"  Flo\ve-;j  irregular,"  &c.     Tlie  flower  is  regular.     Pass  to  (13). 

Again  a  pupil  reads : — 

(7.)  "  Stamens  3 — 10  times  as  many  as  the  petals." 

"  Stamens  few  and  definite." — The  stamens  are  many.  Pass  to  (15).  The 
next  (8)  pupil  reads,  compares,  and  determines  that  the  stamens  are  "  perigynoua  on 
tho  base  of  tho  calyx,"  and  announces  the  letter  (d)  as  the  reference  to  the  next 
alternative.  (9.)  Next,  the  pupil  reads  and  compares  his  specimen  with  the  triplet 
(d),  and  concludes  that  the  sepals  are  5.  Refer  then  to  the  dash  ( — ).  (10.)  Lastly- 
the  pupil  determines  that  the  petals  are  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  consequently 
belongs  to  tlio  Nat.  Ord.  Rosace.e, 

922.  To  determine  the  Genus.  After  a  careful  comparison  of  his  specimens  with 
tho  brief  diagnosis  of  the  Roseworts  (page  325),  in  order  to  verify  the  analysis  thus 
far  (11),  the  learner  consults  the  Table  of  the  Genera,  and  inquires  the  character  of 
the  carpels,  styles,  &c.,  in  order  to  learn  tho  suborder  of  tho  plant.  As  the  carpels 
are  many,  and  free,  he  concludes  that  it  is  of  the  Suborder  Rosefe.  Next  learn  its 
tribe.  (12.)  As  the  "carpels  are  l-soedod  in  an  open  calyx,"  we  infer  that  its 
tribe  is  Fragarideaj.  Refer  to  e.  (13.)  Are  the  "  styles  persistent,"  etc.,  or"  decid- 
uous," etc,  ?  They  are  deciduous ;  refer  now  to  the  dash  ( — ).  (14.)  Inquire,  "  Calyx 
bractless  ?"  or  "calyx  bracteolate ?"  As  the  calyx  is  bracteolate  (having  five  little 
leaves  close  to  the  calyx  beneatli,  as  if  a  double  calyx),  we  refer  again  to  the  dash 
(_).  (15.)  "Receptacle  pulpy"  or  "spongy,"  or  "dry?"  The  latter  is  true, 
carrying  us  to  the  next  dash  ( — ).  (16).  Finally,  are  the  "stamens  oo»"  or  "5?" 
They  are  numerous,  and  Potentilla  is  tho  genus  sought. 

923.  To  determine  the  Species.  Having  compared  the  generic  description  of  Po- 
tentilla with  our  specimens,  and  assured  ourselves  of  its  agreement  thereto,  (17  )  we 
next  inquire,  are  the  "  leaves  palmately  3-foliolate,"  "  palmately  5-foliolate,"  or 
"pinnate?"  They  are  palmately  3-foliolate,  and  our  plant  is  now  referable  to  the 
1st,  2d,  or  3d  species.  (18.)  Lastly,  the  italicized  words  alone  in  the  description  d 
these  species,  at  once  mark  our  plant  as  belonging  to  the  first,  for  it  is  hirsute,  and 
th«  skoals  exceed  the  petals.    The  name  is,  therefore,  P.  Norvbqioa. 


ANALYSIS    OF    AN    AFETALOUS    HBKB. 


ANALYSIS   OF    A    POLYPETALOUS    SHRUB. 


177 


924.  Again,  snppuso  tbo  class  of  pupils  iu  botany  to  bo  furnished  with  specimens 
of  a  certain  tiowering  siirub.  The  cohort  of  the  plant  is  ascertained,  by  the  process 
already  noticed,  to  bo  Dialypetaiaj,  the  Poiypetalous  flowers  (.%),  and  we  refer  to 
the  (*),  reading: — 

"  *  Herbs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical. 

"  *  Herbs  with  the  leaves  opposite  on  the  stern. 

"*  Shrubs,  trees  or  undershrubs." — It  is  decided  that  our  plant  is  a  shrub,  and 
referred  to  the  dash  ( — ).     We  next  read : — 

"  —  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

"  —  Flowers  irregular  (or  the  fruit  a  legume)." — The  flowers  are  quite  regular, 
and  referred  to  (2).     Wo  then  read : — 

"  Polyandrous,"  4c.  "Oligandrous,"  &c. — The  stamens  are  numerous,  and  the 
plant  referred  to  (3),  where  wo  again  read : — 

"  Leaves  opposite."  "  Leaves  alternate." — They  are  Opposite,  and  we  refer  to  the 
letter  («»),  and  read : — 

"Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  in  several  sets."  "Stamens  on  the  calyx." — The 
latter  is  truo.     R(.'fer  to  the  dash  ( — ).     Lastly : — 

"  —  Leaves  with  a  marginal  vein."  "  —  Leaves  with  no  marginal  vein." — As  the 
latter  is  true  of  our  specimens,  wo  conclude  it  to  belong  to  the  Order  Saxifbaqaoeji, 
and  thither  next  refer,  in  order 

925.  To  DETERMINE  THE  GENUS.  After  reading  and  comparing  as  before,  we 
read  the  characters  of  the  tribes ;  and  as  our  specimens  are  "  shrubs  with  opposite 
leaves,"  we  readily  conclude  that  it  belongs  to  the  Tribe  Hydrangese.  We  next 
read: — "  Corolla  valvate  iu  the  bud."  "  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud." — It  is  the 
latter.  Refer  the  next  reader  to  the  dash  ( — ) ;  "  Stamens  20  to  40.  Petals  4." 
"  Stamens  10.  Petals  5." — In  our  specimens  there  are  20  or  more  stamens  with  4 
petals,  and  they  must  be  referred  to  the  Genus  Philadelphus.  Next  turn  to  that 
genus  and  compare  characters. 

926.  The  species  is  next  found  summarily  by  the  italicized  diagnosis  in  the  de- 
scriptions, thus : — 

"  Leaves  entire.     Sepals  scarce  longer  than  the  tube. 

"  Leaves  sharply  denticulate.     Styles  united. 

"  Leaves  subdentate.  Styles  distinct." — Our  specimens  agree  well  with  the  2d, 
and  we  conclude  that  the  species  for  which  we  have  sought  is  P.  grandiflorus,  a 
fine  flowering  shrub,  native  of  woods  in  the  Southern  States,  and  also  cultivated  iu 
shrubberies. 


it 

J 


4,v 


ANALYSIS   OF    AN    APETALOUS   HERB. 


927.  Specimens  of  a  weed  common  iu  cultivated  grounds  are  now  supposed  to 
be  before  us.  It  has  small,  homely  flowers,  not  easily  discernible  except  under  a 
lens.  As  the  leaves  are  net-veined,  and  the  flowers  5-parted,  with  a  calyx  only, 
the  learner  readily  pronounces  it  a  member  of  the  Cohort  Apetal^,  and  refers  us  to 
(C).  The  two  lines  marked  with  the  paragraph  (^),  although  placed  (for  obvious 
reasons)  at  some  distance  apart,  are  to  be  read  together,  thus : — 

"  T[  Plants  herbaceous,  the  flowers  not  in  aments." 

"  ^  Plants  woody,  shrubs  or  trees." — Our  plant  is  an  herb.  Refer  to  the  tw« 
lines  marked  with  a  star  (2). 

"  2  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx,  or  a  calyx-like  involucre. 

12 


^i 


[It 


178 


ANALYSIS    UF    AN    K.VUOGliN. 


"  2  Flowers  achlamydeous, — with  neither  calyx  nor  corolla"— Our  specimens 
have  a  regular  calyx.     Refer  to  the  lines  marked  (8). 

"  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed  or  toothed. 

"  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  sometimes  enclosing  it." — The  latter.  Refer  to  the 
five  lines  marked  (4).  The  3d  of  these  linos  reads,  "Ovary  one,  1-3-ovuled, 
with  2-5  styles  or  stigmas."  Our  w«ed,  having  a  1-ovulod,  2-styled  ovary,  well 
agrees  with  this  description.     Refer  to  («). 

"  Fruit  o  seeded,  with  3  (often  cieft)  stigmas." 

"  Fruit  l-seeded." — It  is  the  latter,  and  refers  us,  next,  to  the  dish.  ( — ). 

—  Stipules  sheathing  the  stem." 

—  Stipules  none.     Calyx  scarious-bracteolate." 

—  Stipules  none.     Calyx  naked.     Leaves  alternate." 

—  Stipules  none.  Calyx  naked.  Leaves  opposite." — In  our  specimens,  the  sti- 
pules are  wanting,  bracteoles  are  wanting,  and  the  leaves  are  alternate.  Hence 
tlioy  belong  to  Chenopodiace^  "We  turn  and  consult  that  order,  as  before,  to 
verify  our  analysis  thus  far,  and  to  learn  the  genus. 

928.  To  ascertain  the  suborder,  we  must  examine  the  embryo  contained  in  the 
httle  shining  black  seed.  By  a  good  lens  (or  even  with  good  eyes),  we  learn  that 
the  embryo  is  not  coiled,  but  merely  bent  into  a  ring.  The  leaves  also,  are  thin  (not 
fleshy)  and  expanded.  Hence  its  suborder  is  Cyclolobese.  Refar  to  the  starred  (*) 
lines  and  determine  the  tribe.  As  the  inflorescence  is  normal  (that  is,  of  the  usual 
form,  or  nothing  unusual),  with  perfect  flowers  and  continuous  (not  jointed)  stems, 
we  conclude  that  it  belongs  to  Tribe  Chenopodieae.  Refer  to  (c).  As  the  seed  (or 
the  plane  of  its  ring)  is  horizontal,  the  pericarp  thin  and  the  calyx  not  bordered  we 
decide  that  its  genus  is  Cuknopodium. 

The  species  remains  now  to  be  determined.  "We  first  read  :— 
"  Plant  smooth,  never  glandular,  ill-scented.  Embryo  a  complete  ring." 
"  Plant  glandular-puberulent,  green,  aromatic.  Embryo  half  a  ring."  The  latter 
character  applies  to  our  plant  Road  the  starred  (*)  lines,  respecting  the  herbage, 
whether  green  or  glaucous,  &c.  It  is  glaucous  in  6ur  plant,  and  covered  with  meali- 
ness. Refer  to  species  5-7.  Seeing,  next,  the  italicized  diagnosis,  we  finally  de- 
termine that  the  species  sought  is  No,  6.  C.  album  ;  for  the  leaves  are  rhombic-ovate, 
siniiate-toothed,  etc.,  etc. 

ANALYSIS   OF   AN   ENDOGEN. 


929.  A  grase-like,  yellow-flowered  plant  is  now  supposed  to  be  found  and  fur- 
nished to  the  pupils  for  analysis.  Having  determined  that  it  is  an  Endogen  (for  it 
lius  parallel-veined  leaves  and  3-parted  flowers),  the  pupils  next  seek 

930.  To  DETERMINR  ITS  CLASS,  whether  the  3d  or  4th.  They  read  the  diagnosis 
of  these  clases,  as  follows : — 

"  Class  3d.  Flowers  with  no  glumes." 

"  Class  4th.  Flowers  with  greenish,  alternate  glumes,"  &c.  The  flowers  of  our 
plant  have  no  glumes,  but  a  regular  perianth.  It  is,  therefore,  decided  to  be  one 
of  the  PETALiFERffi,  or  Claaa  3d.    Refer  to  Cohorts  5  and  6,  and  the  next  pupil  reads : — 

"  Cohort  6.  FloweiB  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  incomplete  " 

"  Cohort  6.  Flowers  complete,  with  a  double  perianth."  The  latter  is  true  of 
our  plant,  and  it  therefore  belongs  to  the  cohort  of  the  Florideil  Next  refer  the 
pupil  to  (F),  on  page  107,  in  order 

931.  To  DETSRUiNB  THH  Natural  Order.    IIo  roads: — 


ANALYSIS    OF    AN    £NUOOEN. 


179 


"^  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  dense,  involucrate  bead." 
"t  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  solitaiy,  racemed,  spicate,  4a"    The  latter  is  tni« 
here.    Refer  to  (3). 

"  3  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  wholly  or  partly." 
"3  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary."    It  is  adherent     Refer  to  (*6).     The  next 
pupil  reads: — 

"  *  5  Flowers  dicBcious  or  polygamous.     Low  aquatic  herbs." 
"*5  Flowers  dicecious,  G-androus.    Shrubby  climbers." 

"  *  Flowers  perfect."    The  last  is  true  of  our  specimens.     Refer  to  the  dash  ( ), 

and  read,  " — Gynandrous." 
"  —  Monandroua." 

"  —  3-6-androu8."    It  is  6-androu$).    Refer  the  next  pupU  to  (6). 
"  6  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  out-aide." 

"  6  Perianth  glabrous  out-side."     The  latter  applies  to  our  specimens.     Refer  to 
the  dash  ( — ).     "  —  vStamens  3,  anthers  introrse." 
"  —  Stamens  3,  anthers  extrorse." 

"  —  Stamens  6."     The  last  is  true  of  our  plant.     It  must,  thertlore, 
belong  to  the  Nat.  Ord.  Amaryllidace^.    Turn  to  that  order,  and 
032.  Determine  the  Genus  by  the  table,  page  692,  thus  : 

1st.  The  perianth  being  "destitute  of  a  crown,"  refers  to  •*. 
2d.  The  segments  being  "distinct  down  to  the  ovary,"  etc.,  refers  to  b. 
3d.  The  "  perianth  re^-ular,"  directs  to  the  — . 

Lastly,  The   "sepals  and  petals  equal,"  etc.,  indicates  that  our  plain 
belongs  to  the  genua  TTypoxis. 


)':l 


ANALYSIS  OF    A   GRASS. 

Having  determined  that  this  clegunt  and  common  grass  is  an  Endogen  (for  iLa 
leaves  are  parallel- veined),  und  that  it  is  a  member  of  the  7th  Cohort,  the  Gram- 
inoids,  the  pupil  refers  to  G,  and  at  once  perceives,  from  its  hollow  culm,  split 
sheaths,  &c.,  that  it  is  of  the  156th  Order,  Graminese.  He  turns  to  that  Order,  and 
bj  the  several  successive  steps  in  the  table  determines  the  genus,  thus ; — 

First  aa  to  the  spikelets,  since  each  one  is  "2  —  oo-flowered  (as  seen  in  fig.  727), 
with  several  perfect  flowers,"  he  refers  to  9. 

Second,  he  determines  the  inflorescence  to  be  "  in  panicles,"  and  next  refers  to  I O. 

Third,  aa  to  the  awn,  he  concludes  that  the  "  pale  is  awnless,"  and  refers  to  ii. 

Then  as  to  the  glumes,  he  observes  that  there  are  "  definitely  2"  (as  in  flg.  7,  a,  a), 
and  refers  to  o. 

Fifthly,  as  the  pales  are  "  not  at  all  awned,"  he  refers  to  ».  * 

Next,  as  to  the  flowers,  ho  observes  that  there  are  several,  about  4  or  5,  in  each 
■pikelet,  and  all  perfect ;  therefore,  refers  to  ll. 

Seventh.  Of  the  five  lines  in  this  set,  he  selects  the  second  r^  uoai  describing  his 
specimen,  viz.,  the  "lower  pale  keeled,  5-veined."  Therefore  it  belongs  to  the 
genus  Poa.     Then  we  turn  to  genus  40,  and  determine  the  species,  thus  ; — 

1.  As  to  the  "branches  of  the  panicle"  they  are  "about  in  58,  half-whorled." 
Pass  to  b. 

2.  The  "spikelets"  being  "3  to  6-flowercd,  subsessile,  in  rather  dense  panicloa," 
we  refer  to  species  13,  14. 

Lastly,  tho  "smooth  stem,"  and  s?u)rt,  truncate  ligules  of  tlfis  specimeii  prove  it  to 
be  Poa  prateusis,  or  Spear  Grass. 


-   if. 


ir'i' 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


\.  (a,    privative),   prefixed  to  a  Greek 

word  signifies  without,  as  aphyllous, 

without  leaves. 
Abbreviations,  page,  1«9. 
Abortion,  nondevelopment  of  a  part. 
Absorption,  770,  775,  791. 
Acaulescent,  apparently  stemless,  169. 
Accessory,  something  superadded. 
Accrescent,  growing  after  flowering. 
Accumbent,  lying  against  a  thins;',  .'iOO. 
Acerose,  needle-shaped,  277. 
Acheniutn,  plural,  achenia,  556. 
Achlamydeous,  without  floral  envelopes. 
Acicular,  finely  needle-shaped. 
Acotyledonous,  without  cotyledons. 
Acrogens,  summit-growers,  899. 
Aculeate^  armed  witli  prickles. 
Acuminate,  drav/n  out  into  a  point,  283. 
Acute,  ending  in  a  sharp  angle,  283. 
Adherent,  growing  to,  466. 
Adnate,  growing  fast  to,  496. 
Adventitious,  growing  out  of  tlio  usual 

or  normal  position,  as  roots,  1 34. 
Aeration,  same  as  Respiration.  815. 
Acr.jphyta,  includes  the  Lichens,  907. 
yEstivitiou,  383. 

Affinity,  resemblance  in  essential  organs. 
Ago  of  trees,  97. 

Aggregate,  assembled  close  together. 
Agluiuaceous,   witliout  glumes,  the  same 

as  Petaliferae,  898. 
Agricuii  iml  Chemistry,  834. 
Air  bladders,  311. 
Air  cells  or  vessels,  790. 
Air  plants,  841. 
Ala,  wing;  Alae,  wings,  474. 
Albiimen,  590.     Albfiminous,  589. 
Alburnum,  sap-woe  1,  697. 
Algie,  sea-weeds,  '.'07.     Fig.  645-550. 
Alternate,  222. 
Alteniato  generation,  6"{4. 
Alveolato,  with  pits  like  the  honey-comb. 
Amont,  a  deciduous  spike,  348. 
Ammonia,  839. 

Amorphous,  without  definite  form. 
Ainphigastria,  626. 
Auiphitropous,  539. 
Ample.vic.iul,  stojfclasping,  245. 
Analyses,  liotiinicai,  915. 


Analytical  tabl&s  explained,  919. 

Anastomosis,  union  of  vessels  or  veiii& 

Anatropous,  537. 

Ancipital,  two-edged. 

Androecium.  491. 

Androgeuous,  stamens  and  pistils  on  the 

same  peduncle. 
Angiosperma3,  angiosperms,  898. 
Angiospores,  900. 
Annual,  yearly,  89. 
Annular  cells,  652. 
Anterior,  parts  (of  a  flower)  adjacent  to 

the  bract. 
Anthelmintic,  expelling  or  killing  worms. 
Anther,  494. 

Ant'.iesis,  the  opening  of  the  flower ;  flow- 
ering. 
Antheridia,  629. 

ApetaliB,  903.    Apetalous,  without  petals. 
Aphyllous,  without  leaves. 
Apophysis,  a  swelling,  c.  j/    under  the 

thecae  of  some  Mosses. 
Apothecia,  631. 
Appendicular  organs,  433. 
Appressed,  closely  applied  but  not  adhor> 
,  ing  to ;  the  same  as  adpressed. 
Apterous,  without  wings. 
Aquatic,  living  in  water. 
Arachnoid,  resembling  cobwebs. 
Arboreous,  arborescent,  tree-like. 
Archog6nia,  629. 

Arcuate,  arched  or  curved  like  a  bow. 
Areolate,  having  the  surface  divided  into 

little  spaces  or  areas. 
Aril,  an  extra  seiid-covering,  586. 
Aristate,  with  an  arista  or  awn  (barley). 
Armed,  bearing  prickles,  spines,  etc. 
Articulated,  jointed,  as  the  culm  of  wheat. 
Artificial  classes,  877. 
Artificial  orders,  878. 
Ascending,  arising  obliquely;  assurgent, 
Ascidia,  leaves  holding  water,  308. 
Attenuate,  becoming  slender  or  thin. 
Auriculato,  ear-bearing,  267. 
Awn,  the  beard  of  barley,  and  the  like. 
Axial  root,  122. 
Axil  (arm-pit),  the  angle  between  the 

pt-tiolu  and  the  branch  on  the  uppei 

side. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


181 


Axillary,  growing  out  of  the  axils. 

Axia,  ascending,  14G,  148 ;  erect,  148 ; 
procumbent,  prostrate,  trailing,  decum- 
bent, 148  ;  excurrent,  173 ;  f,olvent, 
174;  descending,  114. 

fiaccate,  berry-like ;  covered  witli  pulp. 

Banner,  same  as  Vexillum,  474. 

Banyan  tree,  137. 

Baobab  tree,  100. 

Bark,  700. 

Basidia,  631.     Fig.  539, 

Basilar,  basal,  attached  ;o  tl'.e  base. 

Bast  cells,  wood-cells  of  bark,  701. 

Beaked,  ending  in  an  extended  tip. 

Bearded,  with  tufts  of  long,  weak  hairs. 

Berry,  566. 

Bi,  Bis,  twice  (in  compound  words). 

Bicolor,  two-colored. 

Bicuspidate,  with  two  points  or  cusps. 

Bidentate,  with  two  t<.  eth. 

Biennial,  of  two  years,  90. 

Bifid,  cleft  into  two  parts. 

Bifoliate,  with  two  leaflets. 

Bifurcate,  twice  forked,  or  merely  forked. 

Bilabiate,  two-lipped. 

Binate,  288. 

Bipiunate,  289. 

Bipinnatifld,  twice  pinnatifld.    Fig.  142. 

Biternate,  twice  ternato,  291. 

Bivalved,  two-valved. 

Blade.     See  Lamina,  239. 

Blanched  (plants),  whitened  for  the  want 

of  light,  820.     See  Etiolated. 
Bloom,   a  fine,  white  powder  on  some 

plants. 
Botany  defined,  38. 
Botany,  elementary,  40. 
Botany,  physiological,  41,  636. 
Botany,  systematic,  42,  858. 
Brachiate,     with     opposite,      spreading 

branches  (arma). 
Bract,  319,  333. 
Bracteate,  having  bracts. 
Bracteoles,  or  bractlets,  333. 
Branches,  107,  152. 
Bristles,  stifif,  sharp  hairs. 
Bryology,  the  science  of  Mosses. 
Bud,  106.     Budding,  215. 
Buds  axillary,  202  ;  accessory,  206. 
Buds,  adventitious,  207. 
Buds,  suppression  of,  205. 
Bud-scales,  197,  305. 
Bulb,  191  ;  tuiiicatL'd,  193;  scaly,  193. 
Bulblota,  216. 

Caducous,  dropping  off  early. 
CalyciH6ra3,  902. 
Caespitous,  forming  tufts  or  turC 
Calceolate,  slippor-shaped. 
C&iycine,  calyx-like. 


Calyculate,  having  an  outer  calyx  or  calyx- 
like involucre. 

Calyptra,  the  hood  of  the  sporange  (cip 
sule)  of  a  mo3.s.     Fig.  514,  619. 

Calyx,  the  outer  floral  envelope,  400, 

Cambium,  709. 

Campanulate,  bell-shaped,  477. 

Campylotropous,  538. 

Canaliculate,  channeled. 

Canescent,  grayish  white. 

Capillary,   capillaceous,  hair-shaped. 

Capitate,  head-shai)ed,  growing  m  close 
clusters,  or  heads. 

Capitulum,  a  little  head,  354. 

Capreolate,  bearing  tendrils. 

Capsule,  576. 

Carbon,  830.     Carbonic  Acid,  825. 

Carina,  474.  Carinate,  bo:it-shaped,  hav- 
ing a  sharp  ridge  beneath. 

Carpel,  carpellary,  516. 

Carpophore,  553*  557.     Fig.  432. 

Cartilagmous,  Arm  and  tough  in  tex- 
ture. 

Caruncle,  586. 

Caryophyllaceous,  472. 

Caryopsis,  560. 

Catkin,  348.     See  Ament. 

Caudex,  176. 

Caulescent,  169.     Caulis,  169. 

Cauline,  relating  to  the  stem. 

Cellular  tissue,  664.     Cell,  639. 

Cell-growth,  762 ;  life,  743. 

Cellular  bark,  702. 

Cellulose,  654,  744. 

Centrifugal  inflorescence,  343. 

Centripetal  inflorescence,  342. 

Cephalous,  same  as  Capitate. 

Cereal,  relating  to  grains,  corn,  etc. 

Cernuons,  nodding  (less  iucliued  thaB 
pendulous). 

Chaff",  chaffy.     See  Paleaceous. 

Chalaza,  535. 

Channeled,  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter. 

Characters,  relative  value  of,  889. 

Chart^ceous,  witli  the  texture  of  paper. 

Chlorophylle,  657,  733,  747. 

Chorisifl,   432. 

Ciliate,  fringed  with  marginal  hairs. 

Cienchyma,  671. 

Cion  or  Scion,  1 58. 

Cinereous,  ash  gray,  ash-color. 

Circinate,  rolled  inward  from  the  top,  21& 

Circulation  of  the  sap,  748. 

Circumscissile,  562. 

Cirrhous,  furnished  with  a  tendril. 

Cirrhous  roots,  I'M). 

Classes,  artificial,  877,  etc. 

Classesa,  natural,  898. 

Classification,  artificial,  873. 

Clavate,  club-shaped. 

Coarctate,  contracted,  drawn  together. 


■  H 


f 


3  i: 


182 


IMDKZ   AND    OL088ART. 


S"i:i 


Coccus,  a  berry.  Also  (in  the  pL  coed) 
the  l*8eeded  carpels  of  separable  fruits. 

C6ch)eate,  spiral  like  the  suail-shell. 

Cohesion,  438. 

Cohorts,  901. 

Collateral,  placed  side  by  side. 

Collum,  118. 

Color  of  flowers,  .369. 

Colored,  of  any  color  except  green,  which 
in  botany  is  not  a  color,  while  white  is. 

Column,  the  combined  stamens  and  styles. 

Coma,  585. 

Commissure,  the  joined  faces  of  the  car- 
pels of  the  cremocarp. 

Conunou,  belonging  alike  to  several. 

Complete  flower,  412. 

Complicate,  folded  up  upon  itself. 

Compound  leaf,  285. 

Compound  flower,  355. 

Compressed,  flattened  on  the  sides. 

Conceptacle,  631. 

Conduplicate,  folded  on  itself  lengthwise. 

Cone,  578,  579. 

Confluent,  uniting,  same  as  Coherent. 

Conglomerate,  clustered  or  crowded. 

Conjugate,  coupled,  joined  by  pairs. 

Connate,  294. 

Connectile,  connective,  494,  498. 

Connivent,  converging,  coming  together. 

Continuous,  the  reverse  of  Jointed. 

Contorted,  twisted,  389. 

Convolute,  393. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped,  267. 

Coriaceoua,  leather-like,  295. 

Corm,  189. 

Corneous,  horn-like  in  texture. 

Corniculate,  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 

Corolla,  401.     Corollillorae,  902. 

CoroUine,  pertaining  to  the  corolla. 

Cordna,  crown,  435,  407. 

Cortical  bark,  703. 

C6rymb,  corymbous,  350. 

Costate,  ribbed,  with  rib-like  ridges. 

Cotyledons,  306,  594. 

Crassula  (a  genus  of  plants),  415. 

Crateriform,  of  the  form  of  a  goblet. 

Creeper,  creeping  stems,  181. 

Cremocarp,  557. 

Crenate,  bordered  with  rounded  teeth. 

Cronulate,  279. 

Crested  or  cristate,  with  an  elevated 
ridge. 

Crispato  or  Crisped,  282. 

Crown  of  the  root,  186. 

Cruciform  (corolla),  470. 

Crude  sap,  794. 

Crustaceous,  hard,  thin  and  bril  tie 

Cryptjgamia,  cryptogams,  621,  895. 

Ciitiullale,  rolled  up  into  u  hood-shape. 

Culm,  the  straw  of  grasses,  170. 

Oilueate,  cuneiform,  wedge-shaped,  266. 


CApule,  a  little  cup  (sc.  aoom),  562. 
Ciispidate,  with  a  sharp,  stiff  poink 
Cuticle,  680. 
Cydnic,  370. 
Cyathiform,  cup-shaped. 
Cycle  (in  Phyllotaxy),  228. 
Cyddsis,  same  as  Rotation,  801. 
Cyme,  cymous,  357. 
Cymbiform,  boat-shaped. 
Cypsela,  567. 
Cytoblast,  655. 

Deca,  (in  Greek  composition),  ten. 

Deciduous,  falling  at  the  end  of  the  seasoa 

Declinate,  bent  downwards. 

Decompound,  much  compounded  or  dip 
vided. 

Decumbent,  148.    Fig.  39. 

Decurrent,  244,  286. 

Decussate  (leaves),  227. 

Definite,  503. 

Deflexed,  bent  downward. 

Defoliation,  the  casting  off  of  leaves. 

Dehiscence,  496. 

Deliquescent  (axis),  same  as  Solvent,  174. 

Deltoid,  form  of  the  Greek  letter  A,  265. 

Dendroid,  tree-like  in  form. 

Dendron  (in  Greek  compounds),  a  tree. 

Dentate,  279     Denticulate,  279. 

Denuded,  become  naked. 

Depauperate,  less  developed  than  usual. 

Dependent,  hanging  down. 

Depressed,  flattened  from  above ;  low. 

Dextrine,  762. 

Dextrorse  (twining),  turning  to  the  right. 
Fig.  50. 

Di  (in  Greek  numerals),  two. 

Diadelphous,  506. 

Diagnosis,  a  brief  statement  of  the  dis- 
tinctive character  of  a  plant  or  group. 

Dialypetalous,  Polypetalous,  903. 

Diaphanous,  transparent  or  translucent. 

Diandrous,  with  two  stamens,  503. 

Diastase,  762. 

Dichotomous,  forked  or  two-forked. 

Diclinous,  421. 

D'cotyledons,  Dicotyledonous,  421. 

Dictyogens,  727. 

Di(lyinou.s,  double. 

Didynamous,  Didynamia,  877,  §  2. 

Digitate,  with  several  distinct  letifleta 
palmately  arranged  (as  iti  the  \ei\i  <A 
the  Horse-chestnut). 

Dilluse,  much  divided  and  spreading. 

Dimidiate  (anther),  halved,  499. 

DiiKcia,  dloecioiis,  877,  §5. 

Dipterous,  having  two  wings. 

Dischidia,  310. 

Dink,  446.     Discoid,  no  rays.    Hg.  21L 

Dissected,  cut  into  deep  lobes. 

Dissepiment,  625. 


INDBX    AND    OLOSSART. 


183 


Distichous,  anranged  in  two  rows. 
Distiuct,  separate,  not  uaited. 
Divaricate,  wide-spread,  straggling. 
Divei^nt,  spreading  witti  a  less  angle. 
Dorsal,  on  or  relating  to  tlie  baclc. 
Double  terms,  301. 

DoA'uy,  clothed  with  short,  weak  hairs. 
Drupe,  663.     Drupaceous.    See  Tryma. 
Ducts.     See  Tracbenchyma,  668. 
Duplicate,  in  pairs,  double. 
Duramen,  heart-wood,  698. 
I»warflug,  140. 

E,  ex  (in  composition),  without;  as, 

Ebractette,  without  bracts. 

Earthy  elements,  832. 

Echinate,  prickly  with  rigid  hairs. 

Effete,  sterile,  exhausted.  . 

Elaters,  spiral,  elastic  tiireads  accompanjo 

ing  certain  spores.     Fig.  506. 
Elliptic,  elliptical  (leaf),  265,  a. 
E16ngated,  lengthened,  extended. 
Emarginate,  284. 
Embryo,  591,  103. 
Embryonic  vesicle,  764. 
Bndocarp,  563. 
Eudoclirome,  the  coloring  matter  of  plants. 

See  Cblorophylie.      « 
Endogenous  structure,  713. 
Endogens,  70,  897. 
Endopleilra,  same  as  Tegmen,  583. 
Endospores,  631. 
Ens.lbrm,  sword-shaped,  275. 
Entire,  even-edged,  278. 
Ephemeral,  enduring  for  one  day. 
Epi  (in  Greek  composition),  upon ;  as, 
Epicarp,  563. 
Epidermis,  676. 

Epigynous,  upon  the  ovary,  465,  504. 
Epipetalous,  on  the  petals,  504. 
Epiphytes,  plants  on  olhor  plants,  143. 
Episperm,  the  skin  of  the  seed. 
Equitant  (astraddle),  214. 
Erose,  eroded,  as  if  gnawed,  281. 
Etaerio,  665. 

Etiolated,  colorless  for  want  of  light. 
Exalbumiuor.s,  without  albumen. 
Excurrent,  173. 
ExogensB,  Exogens,  69,  897. 
Exogenous  structure,  691. 
Exosmose,  flowing  out,  781. 
Exospores,  631. 

Exaerted,  projecting  out  of,  or  beyond. 
Extra  (in  composition),  beyond ;  as, 
Extru-axiliary,  same  as  supra-axillary. 
Ex.stipulate,  without  stipules,  240. 
Extra  Flour  (of  wheat),  750. 
Kxtrorse,  turned  outward,  497. 

Falcate,  scythe-shaped,  curved. 
Fariuilceous,  tloui'-like  in  textura 


FArinous,  mealy  on  the  surfiMie. 
Fascicle  (a  bundle),  361. 
Fasciculate  (leaves),  222. 
Feather-veined,  259. 
Ferruginous,  of  ne  color  of  iron  rust 
Fertile  (flower)  seed-producing,  421. 
Fertilization,  'i61,  etc. 
Fibrillas,  fibrils,  119,  724. 
Filament,  the  stalk  of  a  stamen,  493. 
Filiform,  slender  like  a  thread. 
Fimbriate,  fringed,  having  the  edge  bor- 
dered with  slender  processes. 
Fistular,  hollow,  as  the  leaf  of  onion. 
Flabelliform,  fan-shaped,  276. 
Flagelliform,    whip-shaped;    long,   taper 

and  supple. 
Flavescent,  yellowish,  turning  yellow. 
Flexuous,  zig-zag,  or  wavy. 
Floccous,  with  hairs  in  soft  fleecy  tufts. 
Flora,  (a)  the  spontaneous  vegetation  cK 

a  country ;  (b)  a  written  description  of 

the  same. 
Floral,  relating  to  flowers. 
Floral  calendar,  366. 
Floral  clock,  368. 
Floral  envelopes,  399 
Florets,  the  flowers  of  a  compound  flc^  e», 

355. 
Flower,  372,  etc.;  origin  of,  110. 
Flower,  the  standard  of  beauty,  372. 
Flowering,  364. 
Flower-bud,  195,  374,  etc. 
Foliaceous,  leaf-like  in  texture  or  form. 
Foliation,  the  act  of  leafing. 
Follicle,  571. 
Food  of  plants.  835. 
Foramen,  same  as  Micropyle,  535. 
Forms,  accommodated,  17. 
Forms,  arrested,  21. 
Forms,  graduated,  14. 
Forms,  typical,  11. 
Free,  not  adherent  nor  adnate,  462. 
Fringed,     See  Fimbriate. 
Frond,  an  orgaii  which  is  both  stem  and 

leaf,  as  in  duck-meat,  fern,  626. 
Frondescont,  bursting  into  leaf. 
Fructification,  flower  and  fruit  as  a  whole. 
Fruit,  112,  541 ;  growth  of,  765. 
Fruit,  ripening  ofj  766. 
Frutescent,  shrubby,  becoming  shrubby. 
Fulcra  (roots),  136. 
Fuliginous,  smoky  brown,  blackisli. 
Fulvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 
Funicuhis  (a  little  rope),  535. 
Funnel-form.     See  Infundibuliform. 
Furcate,  forked. 
Furfur.iceous,  scurfy. 
Furrowed,  maikod  witi  channels  length* 

wise. 
Fuscous,  grayish  or  blackish  brown. 
Fusiform,  spindle-shaped,  137. 


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184 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Galea,  galeate,  483. 

Gamopetalae,  monopetalse,  903. 

Gamopetaloua,  with  the  petals  united. 

Gariiophyllous,  of  united  leaves. 

Gatnosepalous,  with  the  sepals  united. 

(Jominate,  twin,  two  together. 

Gemmation,  state  of  budding  (Latin, 
gemma,  bud). 

Geniculate,  bent  as  the  knee  (genu). 

Genus,  80.     Genera,  888. 

( Jerm,  the  ovary  (obsolete). 

Gunniniition,  G08,  761. 

Giljbous,  more  tumid  in  a  certain  place. 

Glabrous,  smooth  or  not  hairy,  29G. 

Gladiate,  sword- shaped,  ensiform. 

Gland,  glandular,  682. 

Gluns,  562. 

Glaucous',  sea-green,  bluish,  usually  with 
a  bhom  or  whitish  powder. 

Globous,  in  form  nearly  spherical. 

Glomerate,  collected  into  close  heads. 

Glomerule,  :i62. 

Glossology,  the  same  as  Terminology. 

Glumes,  339,  459. 

Glumifbrse,  898.  \' 

Gluten,  750. 

Gonidia,  635. 

Granular,  composed  of  grains. 

Grafting,  158. 

Gramiiicidejc,  905. 

Grand  Divisions,  65. 

Growth  is  downwards,  799. 

Gymuos  (a  Greek  prelix),  naked ;  as, 

Gymnospermous,  witli  naked  seeds. 

Gymnospermjc,  gyiunosperms,  898. 

Gymnospone,  gymuospores,  900. 

Gynandrous,  504. 

Gyaeecium,  405. 

Gyiiobase,  a  process  of  the  torus  on  and 
around  which  the  carpels  are  sus- 
pended ;  sc.  Geranium,  Fig.  428. 

Gyr.opliore,  a  produced  torus  bearing  the 
ovary  on  its  summit.     Fig  29*0. 

Gyrate,  same  as  Circinate,  213. 

Gyrous,  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Habit,  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant. 

Habitat,  the  natural  locality,  or  place  of 
growth  of  a  wild  plant. 

Hairs,  681.     Hairy,  hirsute. 

Halborl-shaped,  hastate.     Fig.  155,  I. 

Halrod,  one  half  apparently  dertcient.       i 

Hastate,  with  the  base  lobes  abruptly 
spreading,  as  in  ahalbert.     Fig.  155,  L 

Heart-shaped.  Fig.  155, /;.  Heart-wood, 
697. 

Herb,  herbaceous,  89,  90. 

Herbac  cms,  green  aud  cellular  in  tex- 
ture. 

Herbarium,  54. 

Hesperidium,  567 


Hermaphrodite  (flower),   with  both  stai 

mens  and  pistils. 
Heteroceplialous,  heads  of  two  sorts  in 

the  same  plant,  some  $  and  some  $  . 
lleterogamous,   two  sorts  of  Hewers  ia 

the  same  head,  some  $  and  some  $ . 
[fexa  (Greek  numeral),  six;  as  in. 
Hexagonal,     6-sided.     Hexamerous,    6- 

parted. 
Ilexandrous,      6-stamened.     J  lexandria, 

877,  §  1. 
Hilum,  537,  6S8. 

Ilinsute,  hairy  with  rather  long  hairs. 
Hispid,  bri.stly  with  still'  hair.s,  298. 
Hoary,  frost-colored,  grayisli-whito. 
Homogamous,  head  with  al!  the  flowers 

alike,  as  to  the  stamens  and  pistils. 
Honey,  767.'  Honey-bee,  768. 
Hooded.     See  OucuUate. 
Horny,  of  the  te.vture  of  horn. 
Hortua  siccus,  herbarium,  54. 
Humifuse,  .spreading  on  the  ground. 
Hyaline,  transparent  or  nearly  so. 
Hybrid,    a    cross-breed    between    two 

species. 
Hydrogen,  831. 
llydrophyta,  907. 
Hymenium,  631. 

Hyperborean,  inhabiting  northern  regions. 
Hypo  (in  Greek  compounds),  under;    is, 
Hypocrateriform,  salver-form,  480.     Fig. 

322. 
Hypogi'an,  growing  under  ground. 
Hypogyiious.  463,  604. 
llystorophyta,  907. 

Icosandrid,  877,  Class  XII. 

Imbricate,  imbricated,  390. 

Immarginate,  having  no  rim  or  border. 

IminerHed.     See  Submersed. 

Inaxial  root,  123. 

Incised,  divided  deeply  as  if  cut. 

Included,    inclosed    within,    or    shorter 

than;    as  the  stamens  in  the  corolla 

tube. 
Incrassate,  thickened. 
Incumbent,  sc.  embryo,  599. 
Indehiscent,  not  opening,  549. 
Indigenous,  native  of  a  country. 
Induplicate,  388. 
Indusiuni,    the    shield  of   the    fruit-dot 

(sorus)  of  a  fern.     Fig.  500,  501. 
Inferior,  lower  in  position,  465. 
Inflorescence,  320. 
Infundibuliform,  funnel-shaped,  479. 
Innate  (sc.  anther),  495. 
Innovations,  635. 
Inserted,  Insertion,   refer  to  the  point  ol 

junction  or  apparent  origin. 
Integument,  a  coat  or  covering. 
Internode,  161. 


INDEX    ANU    QLUSSAKT. 


186 


Intemiptedly  pinnate,  287.  Fig.  159. 
Introrae  (anthers),  turned  inward,  497. 
Involucre,  337. 

Involute,  rolled  inward,  213.  Fig.  81. 
Irregular  flowers,  441. 


Jointed,  liaving  joints,  separable  pieces. 
Jugum,  a   pair;    a^,  bijugous,  witli   two 
pairs  of  leaflets ;  trijugous,  three  pairs. 


Keel,  Keeled.     See  Carinate. 
Kidnoy-shaped.     See  Roniform,  271. 
Kingdoms  of  Nature,  31-33. 

Labellum,  the  odd  petal  of  an  orchid,  484. 

Labiate,  lip-shaped,  483. 

Lacerate,  torn  irregularly  by  deep  inci- 
sions. 

Laciniato,  slashed,  with  deep  incisions. 

Lactescent,  containing  lac,  or  milk. 

Laciinous,  with  largo  depressions  or  pits. 

Lacustrine,  growing  in  lakes. 

Lamina,  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  453. 

Lanceolate,  lance-shaped.     Fig.  116. 

Lanuginous,  wc'^'ly,  297. 

Latex,  the  turbid  or  milky  juice  of  plants. 

Laticiferous  tissue.     See  Cienchyma,  G71. 

Latin  names  of  plants,  75. 

Layer.     See  Stolon,  157. 

Leaf,  217,  etc. ;  structure  of,  729. 

Leaf-bud,  195,  etc. 

Leaflet,  the  pieces  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Leaf-stems,  16G. 

Legume,  572. 

Lenticulate,  shaped  like  a  double  convex 
lens. 

Liber,  the  inner  bark,  701. 

Lichens.  Fig.  530-536.  See  Aero- 
phyta,  907. 

Ligneous  system,  685. 

Ligulate  strap-shaped,  482. 

Ligule,  the  stipules  of  grasses,  251. 

Liliaceous  flower,  473. 

Limb,  the  border,  453. 

Linear,  long  and  narrow,  276. 

Livid,  clouded  with  bluish,  brown,  and 

Lobate,  lobed,  270. 

Loculicidal,  opening  into  the  cell,  550. 
Lociista,  a  spikelet  of  the  grasses. 
Loment,  a  jointed  legume,  573. 
Lorate,  thong-shaped. 
Lunate,  crescent-shaped. 
Lyrate,  pinnatifld  with  the  upper  lobes 
ranch  larger  than  the  lower. 

Macros  (in  Greek  compounds),  long  or 

large. 
Maculate,  spotted  or  blotched. 
Mangrove  tree,  188. 
Male  (flowers),  same  aa  Staminate. 


Marcescent,  witherin*?,  but  persist  ml 

Marginal,  belonging  to  the  border. 

Marginate,  iiaving  the  border  diflerent. 

Medulla,  pitii.     Medullary  rays,  705. 

Medullary  yiieatli,  093. 

Membranaceous,  membranuus,  tiiin  and 
pellucid. 

Mericarp,  one  of  tho  carpels  of  a  cremo- 
carp  of  Tin  Uniblitlr  i'if/.. 

Micropyle,  535 ;  same  as  Foramen. 

Microscope,  60. 

Midrib,  tho  central  vein  of  a  leaf. 

Mid  vein  (u.sed  in  this  work),  256. 

Mitriform,  formed  like  a  conical  cap. 

Monos  (in  Greek  compounds),  one  only;  as, 

Monadelphous,  506. 

Monandrous,  one-stamened,  503. 

Moniliform  (roots),  132. 

Monocarpic  herbs,  91. 

Monochlamydeiu,  902. 

Monochlaniy deous  (flowers),  420. 

Monocotyledonous,  596,  897. 

Monoecious,  877,  §  5. 

Monogynous,  with  one  style,  513. 

Monopetalie.     See  Gamopetalae,  903. 

Monopetalous,  458,  469. 

MonophyUou.s,  one-leaved. 

Monosepalous,  458,  459. 

Monstrous  flowers,  380. 

Morphology,  39  ;  of  the  flower,  372. 

Morpliology  of  the  leaf,  239. 

Mucro,  a  sharp,  small,  abrupt  point. 

Mucronate,  283. 

Multi  (in  composition),  many. 

Multitid,  cut  half-way  into  many  seg- 
ments. 

Muricate,  bearing  short,  hard  points. 

Muriform,  like  a  wail  of  mason-work. 

Muscology,  a  treatise  on  mosses. 

Muticous,  pointless,  not  pointed. 

Mycelium,  628. 

Naked  seeds,  548. 

Napiform  (root),  28. 

Natant,  swimming ;  under  water. 

Naturalized,  growing  spontaneously  but 

not  native. 
Natural  System,  886. 
Natural  System,  history  of,  891. 
Nectar,  noney :  I\  ectary,  433,  456. 
Nepenthes,  309. 
Nerve,  the   veins   (254)  are  sometimes 

so-called. 
Netted  or  ne'  -veined.  See  Reticulate,  258. 
Neutral  flov/er,  422. 
Nodding,  tho  summit  bent  over  (sc.  snow 

drop). 
Node,  a  joint  of  the  stem,  161. 
Nodous,  knotted;  large-jointed. 
Nodulous  (root),  132. 
Nomenclature,  909. 


J 1 


iiF« 


I!f^ 


186 


INDEX    AUD   GLOSSAttY. 


Normal,  according  to  rule,  regular. 
Nucltbrm,  nut-like. 
Nucleus,  kernel  (bc.  ovule),  635. 
Nut.    See  Glans,  562. 

Ob  (in  composition),  denotes  inversion ;  as, 
O'icoinpressed,  flattened  back  and  front. 
Oboordate,  284,     Oblanceolate,  266. 
Oblique,  unequal-aided  (se.  leaves). 
Oblong,  265.    Obovate,  266.   Obtuse,  283. 
Ob  volute  (in  sestivation),  214. 
Ochrcta,  sheathing  stipules,  249. 
Ocliroleiicous,  cream-color,  pale  yellow. 
Octo  (in  Greek  composition),  eight. 
Octandria,  877.    Octandrous,  8-stamened. 
Oct6gynous,  8-styled,  878. 
Offset,  a  sho't  lateral  shoot,  1 59. 
Oligos  (in  Greek  composition),  few;  as, 
Oligandria,  with  few  stamens. 
Olivaceous,  olive-green,  brownish-green. 
Opaque,  dull,  not  shining. 
Opercular,  with  a  lid,  496. 
Opposite,  two  at  a  node,  153,  222. 
Orbicular,  Orbiculate,  circular,  265. 
Orchidaceous,  484. 
Organogens,  829. 
Organography,  39. 

Organic  world,  30.     Organic  soil,  837. 
Ortliotropous  (ovule),  erect,  536. 
Osseous,  bony,  as  the  peach-stone. 
Oval,  265.     Ovate,  265. 
Ovary,  515.     Ovule,  532. 
Ovoid,  egg-shaped  as  in  fruits. 
Oxygen,  831. 

Palese  or  Pales,  339,  489. 

Paleaceous,  chaffy,  having  pales. 

Palmi-veined,  260.     Palmate,  272. 

Panduriform,  fiddle-shaped. 

Panicle,  352.     Paniculate,  panicled. 

Papiliotiaceous,  474 

Pappus  the  calyx  of  Composites,  485. 

Parallel-veined,  258. 

Paraphyses,  jointed  threads  arouna  the 

antheridia  of  mosses.     Fig.  522. 
Parasites,  144. 
Parenchyma,  664,  730. 
Parietal,  on  the  wall  (paries),  526. 
Parted,  deeply  divided  into  parts. 
Patent,  wide  open.     Patulous,  half  open. 
Pear-shaped,  obovoid,  larger  above. 
Pectinate,  combed,  finely  pinnatifid. 
Podate,  shaped  like  a  bird's  foot,  273. 
Pedicel,  328.     Peduncle,  327. 
Peltate,  shield-form,  271. 
Pen  lent.  Pendulous,  hanging,  drooping. 
Peuicillate,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  if  a 

camel's-liair  pencil. 
I  jute  (in  Greek  composition),  five ;  as, 
Pentamerous,  6-parted. 
Pentandrous,  503.     Pentandria..  877. 


Pepo,  a  fruit  like  a  melon,  568. 
Pereunial,  living  several  years,  92. 
Perfect  fiower,  with   both    stamen  and 

pistil. 
Perfoliate  (through  the  leaf),  293. 
Peri  (in  Greek  composition),  around. 
Perianth,  402 ;  forms  of,  469. 
Pericarp,  547. 
Perigynium,  488. 
Purigynous,  464. 
Period  of  flowering,  365. 
Perisperm,  same  as  Albumen,  590. 
Peristome,  632. 

Persistent,  remaining  lon^  in  place. 
Personate,  483. 
Petals,  401 ;  forms  of)  455. 
Petaliferae,  898. 
Petaloid,  with  the  form  or   texture  of 

petals. 
Petiole,  243.     Petiolate,  239. 
Petiolule,  246. 
Phaenogamia,  893,  895. 
Phyllodiura,  plur.  PhyUodia,  307. 
Phyllotaxy,  leaf-arrangement,  220. 
Physiolog}-,  41,  736. 
Phytology,  43  (Greek,  phytos,  a  plant). 
Pileorhiza,  cap  of  a  rootlet,  725. 
Pileus,  cap  of  some  Fungals.     Fig.  537,  c. 
Pilous,  with  erect,  thin  hairs,  298. 
Pine,  size  ofj  101, — Californian,  101. 
Pinnate,  287.     Pinnatifid,  268,  269. 
Pistil,  405,  511. 

Pitchers  (leaves).     See  Ascidia,  308, 
Pith,  692.     Pitted  cells,  650,  667. 
Pitted,  with  depressions  or  excavations. 
Placenta,  520  ;  free  axile,  528. 
Pleurenchyma,  666. 

Plicate,  plaited  lengthwise  as  a  fan,  394. 
Plumous,  feathery. 
Plumule  (a  little  plume),  103,  593. 
Pollen,  508.     Pollen  tube,  756. 
PoUinia,  masses  of  pollen,  510. 
Poly  (in  Greek  compounds),  many. 
Polyadelphous,  506.— 877,  §  3. 
Polygamous,  Polygamia,  877,  §  5. 
Polypetalae.     See  Dialypetalie,  903. 
Polypetalous,  Polysepaloua,  458. 
Pome,  a  fruit  like  an  apple,  569. 
Posterior,  next  the  axis. 
Potato,  manner  of  its  growth,  188. 
Precocious,  flowering  before  the  leaves. 
Praefoliation,  vernation,  209. 
Premorse,  ending  abruptly,  185. 
Press  for  drying  plants,  57. 
Prickles,  18,  684. 
Primme,  same  as  Testa,  535. 
Primordial  utricle,  645. 
Prismatic,  prism-shaped,  having  seveiv' 

parallel,  longitudinal  angles. 
Procumbent  (stem),  148.     Fig.  38. 
Produced,  extended  more  than  usuaL 


INDEX   AND    OLOSSART. 


187 


Proliferous,  reproducing,  as  cymes  firom 
tlie  midst  of  a  cyme,  Howers  from  the 
midst  of  a  flower. 

Protein,  744.     Protoplasm,  744,  655. 

Protothallus,  629. 

Priiinous,  powdered,  as  if  frosted,  300. 

Prdriens,  causing  an  itching  sensation. 

Pseudo  (in  Greek  composition),  spurious. 

Pubescent,  downy  with  short,  soft  liaira. 

Puberulent,  minutely  downy,  297. 

Purailua,  pumilous,  dwarfed  in  size. 

Punctate,  seeming  as  if  perforate,  682,  or 
marked  with  minute  dots. 

Pungent,  piercing,  sharp-pointef" 

Putainen,  the  bony  nucleus  of  a  drupe. 

Pyramidal,  form  of  a  cone  or  pyramid. 

Pyrilbrra,  of  the  form  of  a  petir. 

Pyxis,  a  pericarp  with  a  lid,  570. 

Quadri  (in  composition),  four ;  as, 
Quadrifuliate,  four-leaved. 
Quadrangular,  four-angled. 
Quadrijugate,  with  four  pairs  of  leaflets. 
Quadrilateral,  four-sided. 
Quinque  (in  composition),  five. 
Quinate,  growing  in  fives,  292. 
Quincuncial,  391.     Fig.  248. 
Quintuple,  five-fold. 

Race  (Latin,  stirps),  a  permanent  variety, 
as  red-cabbage. 

Raceme,  349. 

Rachis,  a?  's  of  the  inflorescence,  286,  330. 

Radiate,  diverging  from  a  common  center. 

Radiate  (in  the  Composites),  the  outer 
row  of  florets  ligulate.    Fig.  170. 

Radiant,  outer  flowers  enlarged  (and  often 
neutral).  Fig.  271 ;  or  (in  the  Compos- 
ites), all  the  florets  ligulate. 

Radical,  from  the  root,  103. 

Radical  of  the  flower,  408. 

Radicle,  rootlet  (of  the  embryo),  592. 

Ramial,  of  a  branch,  221. 

Raphe  (of  the  ovule  or  seed),  637. 

Raphides,  660. 

Receptacle,  331,  397,  443,  631. 

Recurved,  bent  (not  rolled)  backward. 

Refiexed,  curved  backward  excessively. 

Refracted,  bent  suddenly  as  if  broken. 

Regma,  fruit  as  of  Greranium,  577. 

Regular,  like  parts  similar,  412. 

Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  271. 

Repand  (margin),  280. 

Repent,  creeping. 

Respiration,  812. 

Resupinate,  reversed,  upside  down. 

Reticulate,  netted,  258. 

Retr6rso,  backwards,  downwards. 

Ret^lso  (apex),  284.     Fig.  155,  c. 

Revolute,  rolled  backwards,  213. 

Rbizoma,  Rhizome,  183. 


Rhombic,  Rhomboidal,  in  the  figure  of  a 

rliomb,  or  approaching  it. 
Ribs,  the  chief  veins  of  a  leaf,  ridges. 
Ring  elastic  (of  the  fem-sporange).     ¥ig. 

489. 
Ringent  (corolla).  483. 
Root,  114.     Root..<toek,  183. 
Rosaceous  (corolla),  471. 
Rostrate,  beaked,  with  a  beak. 
Rosulate  (leaves),   arranged  around  tbe 

biise  of  the  stem  as  rose-leaves. 
Rotate,  wheel-shaped,  475. 
Rotation,  circulation  in  the  cell,  806. 
Rfibicund,  blushing,  rosy  red. 
Rudiment,  the  beginning  of  a  thing. 
Rugous,  wrinkled,  295. 
Ruminated  (albumen),  full  of  chinks  as  if 

composed  of  numerous  folds. 
Runcinate,  hooded  backwards,  269. 
Runner,  160. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  267. 

Salver-shaped.   See  Hypocrateriform,  480. 

Samara,  561. 

Sap,  the  crude,  794 ;  the  true,  796. 

Sarcocarp  (of  the  drupe),  563. 

Scabrous,  rough,  296. 

Scalariform  (cells),  ladder-shaped,  653. 

Scales,  435.     Scale-stems,  167. 

Scandent,  climbing. 

Scape,  329.     Scarious,  295. 

Scattered,  sometimes  used  for  alternate. 

Scorpoid  (inflorej«ceiice),  358. 

Scrobiculate,  pitted,  with  little  depres- 
sions. 

Screw-pine,  136. 

Sea-g  *een,  light  bluish  green,  glauoescent. 

Secucd,  all  on  one  side,  or  turned  one 
wr.y. 

Sectindine,  same  as  Tegmen,  535. 

Sfjed,  582.    Seed  coverings,  583. 

?eed,  longevity  of)  602 ;  dispersion  ofj 
604. 

Semi  (in  composition),  half;  as, 

Semicordate,  half  of  cordate. 

Semilunar,  half-moon-shaped. 

Semisagittate,  and  Semiterete. 

Sepals,  400.     Sepaloid,  sepal-liko. 

Septum,  a  partition  between  two  spaces. 

Septicidal  (dehiscence),  550. 

Septifragal  (dehiscence),  550. 

Sericeous,  silky,  297. 

Serotinous,  occuring  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  Serrulate,  279. 

Sessile,  sitting,  not  stalked,  239. 

SetsB,  299,  487.     Setaceous,  bristle-forav 

Setous,  SetigeroUvS,  bearing  bristles. 

Sheath,  Sheathing,  as  the  leaves  of  tiM 
grasses. 

Shrub,  95. 

SiUque,  574    SLUde,  675. 


i*** 


:...ii 


1        "^ 

*^ 

'* 

k1 

kkN 

^ 

■  '1 

nfl'l 

II 


188 


INDEX    AND    OLOSSART. 


1. 


.    :ll 


•^'Mi 


Siliqiio^s,  bearing  siliques  (as  tho  Cruci 

furs^. 
Silver-graiti  (of  wood),  707. 
Simple,  of  ono  piece,  not  compound. 
Sinistrurao,   tviniug   from   riglit  to 


left. 


Fig.  4!>. 


Sinu  ite,  270      blips,  158. 

Soil,  837. 

Solitary,  growing  alone,  or  singly. 

Son,  patches ot  fruitin  forna,  6:J2.  Fig.  488. 

Spadicitlorju,  904.     Spadix,  347. 

pSpathe,  Spathaceous,  336. 

Spatulate  (leaf),  206. 

Species,  76,  888.     Specific  name,  75. 

Specimens  (of  plants),  53,  56. 

Spermatozoid,  633.     Fig.  497,  563. 

Spike,  Spicate,  346. 

Spikelet,  a  little  spike,  as  in  a  grass. 

Spine,  a  woody  thorn,  316. 

Spindle-shaped  (root),  127.     Fig.  27. 

Spiral  arrangemeiit  (of  leaves),  228. 

Spiral  cells  or  vessels,  651. 

Spongelet,  Spongiole,  118. 

Sporaiige,  632.     Spores,  630. 

Sporidia,  630.     Sporules,  635. 

Sporogamia,  906. 

Spur,  a  projecting,  slender  appendage,  434. 

Squarrous,  spreading  widely,  as  the  in- 

volucral  scales  of  some  Composites. 
Stamens,    4(t4,   491.      Stuminate  flower, 

421 
Staininodia,  436,  502. 
Starch,  058,  748,  750. 
Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis,  146. 
Sterile,  not  bearing  seeds,  421. 
Stigma,  Stigmatic,  515. 
Stipe,  the  stalk  of  the  ovary  or  ovaries , 

also,  the  stem  of  a  musliroora, 
Stipels,  Stipellate,  251. 
Stipules,  Stipulate,  240,  247. 
Stolon,    157.      Stoloniferous,    producing 

stolons. 
Stomata,  678,  732.     Figs.  582-586. 
Strap-shaped,  flat,  narrow  and  straight. 
Strict,  erect  and  very  straight. 
Strigous,  with  sharp,  close,  rigid  hairs. 
Strobile  (fruit),  578. 
Strophiolate.  having  an  appendage  (stro- 

phiole  or  caruncle)  about  the  hilum. 
Style,  515.     Styloid,  style-like. 
Sub  (in  composition),  302. 
Siiberous,  corky  in  texture. 
Subulate,  awl-shaped,  277. 
Succulent,  very  juicy  and  cellular. 
Sucker,  156. 

Suflrutescent,  woody  at  the  base  only. 
Sulcate,  furrowed. 
Superior,  465,  468. 

Superior  calyx,  calyx  adherent  to  ovary. 
Superior  ovary,  calyx  fie©  from  ovary. 
Sup  Tvolute.  394. 


Supra-axillary,  situated  above  the  axil. 

Supradocompound,  very  much  divided. 
Suspi'uded  (ovule),  534.     Figs.  414,  419 
Suspensor  (of  the  embryo),  758.    Fig.  608; 
Siiturul  (dehiscence),  550. 
Sword-sliaped,  as  the  vertical  leavesof  Iria 
Syconus,  fruit,  such  as  the  Fig  580. 
Symmetry  (of  the  flower),  410,  412. 
Syn    (in   Greek    compounds),   together, 

union. 
Synoarpium,  579. 

Syn>,'enfsia,  Syngenesious,  877,  508. 
Synonyms,  914. 

Taper-pointed.     See  Acuminate.  283 

Tap-root,  124,  142. 

Tawny,  fulvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 

Taxonomy,  the  science  ot  classification. 

Tcgmen,  the  iimer  seed-coat,  536,  583. 

Tendril,  313,  178. 

Teratology,  380. 

Terete,  cylindrical  or  nearly  so. 

Term  of  Plant  Life,  83,  etc. 

Terminal,  situated  at  the  end  or  apex. 

Terminology,  44. 

Turnate  (leaves),  in  threes,  288. 

Tesselated,  checkered,  as  a  pavement. 

Testa,  the  outer  seed  coat,  535,  583,  4. 

Tetra  (in  Greek  composition),  four. 

Tetradynamous,  505.   Tetradynamia,  877, 

Tetragonid,  with  four  corners. 

Tetragynous,  with  four  pistils. 

ThalamiHorae,  902. 

Thallogamia,  906. 

Thallogens,  722,  899. 

Thallus,  627. 

Thecasports,  630.     Theca^  Thecae,  632. 

Thorn,  317. 

Throat,  the  orifice  of  a  monopetalous  cor- 
olla. 

Thyrse,  353. 

Tomentous,  with  short,  dense,  woolly 
hairs. 

Top-shaped,  inversely  conical. 

Toms,  same  as  Receptacle,  331,  397. 

Trachenchyraa,  668. 

Tree,  96. 

Tri  (in  Greek  compounds),  three. 

Triadelphous,  the  stamens  in  three  sets. 

Triandria,  Triandrous.  877. 

Trigynous,  three-styled,  513. 

Tricoccous  (fruit),  with  three  one-seede<J 
carpels. 

Tricolored,  with  three  colors. 

Triennial,  lasting  three  years. 

Trifid,  split  half-way  into  three  parta. 

Trifoliate,  with  three  leaflets. 

Trilobate,  having  three  lobes. 

Trimerous,  3-parted,  418. 

Tripartiblo,  separable  into  three  parta 

Triple-veined,  261.     Fig.  118. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


180 


Trfquetroua,  three  angled, 
Tripiimate,  thrice  pinnate,  289. 
Triternate,  thrice  ternate. 
True  sap,  796. 
Truncate,  284.     Fig.  155,  d. 
Trunk  (of  a  tree),  171. 
Tryma,  fruit  as  the  hickory-nut,  564. 
Tube,  459.     Tubular  corolla,  481. 
Tuber,  187. 

TubtTculate,  covered  with  warts  (tuber- 
cles). 
Tumid,  swollen  or  inflated. 
Tunicate,  coated,  as  the  bulb,  19.3. 
Turion,  young  shoot,  as  of  asparagus. 
TypicjU  Flower,  412,  419.    Figs.  260,  262. 
Typical  Forms,  11,  12. 

Umbel,  .351.     Umbellct,  a  partial  umbel. 

Umbellate,  bearing  umbels. 

Umbilicate,  with  asliarp  depression  at  <»nd. 

Unarmed,  with  no  stings,  thorns,  etc. 

Underslirub,  a  low  shrub,  95. 

Undulate,  wavy,  280, 

Unequally  pinnate,  287. 

Unguiculatc  (petal),  having  a  claw,  453. 

Uni  (in  compounds),  one. 

Unifoliate,  with  one  leaf  or  leaflet. 

Uniform,  of  one  form. 

Unilstoral,  one-sided. 

Unilocular,  one-celled. 

tlnivalved,  witli  but  one  valve. 

tlrceolate,  urn-shaped,  478. 

Utricle  (fruit),  559. 

Vaginate,  sheathing,  the  flattened  petiole 

involving  the  stem. 
Valvate,  387. 
Valves,  Valvular,  550. 
Varieties,  78. 
Vascular  tissue,  608. 


Vaulted,  arched.  [736. 

Vegetation,  or  Physiology  of  Plant  Life^ 

Veins,  253.      VeinletB,  Veinulets,  257. 

Venation  (of  the  leaf),  255. 

Ventricous,  swelling  out  on  one  side. 

Vernal,  appearing  in  ^lie  iSpring  tifue. 

Vernation  (of  the  leaf  bud),  213. 

Ventral,  belonging  to  the  front  side,  t.  c, 
the  side  to\vard.s  the  axis. 

Verrucou.s,  covered  with  warts  (verrucae). 

Versatile  (anther),  495. 

Vertex,  the  summit,  same  as  Apex. 

Vertical,  in  tlie  direction  up  and  down, 
or  parallel  with  the  axi.=<. 

Verticillate,  whorled,  222. 

Verticlla.ster,  362. 

Ve'spertine,  appearing  in  the  evening. 

VexlUary  (iestivation).     Fig.  251. 

Vexillum,  standard,  474.     Fig.  3IG,  :U7. 

Villous,  clothed  with  long,  weak  liairs, 
297. 

Vimineous,  with  long  flexible  nhoots,  osier- 
like, [slender. 

Vino,    178.     Virgate,  twiggy,   long  and 

Viscid,  Viscous,  sticky  or  glutinous. 

Vitta,  Vittie,  the  minute  oil-tubes  in  the 
fruit-coat  of  tlie  Umbeliferie. 

Volva,  membrane  enclosing  the  young 
Fungus.     Fig.  537,  e. 

Wedge-shaped,  gradually  tapering  to  tha 

base. 
"Water,  838. 

Whorl,  a  circle  of  similar  organs. 
Wifch-grass,  181. 
Wooa,  694.     Wood-cells,  649. 

Yeast  Plant,  745. 

Zoology,  37. 
Zoospores,  633. 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS 


OFTEN  USED   IV  DESCRIPTIVE   BOTAATY. 


ach.  achenia. 
cest.  airttivation, 
alier.  alteruate, 
ajnplex.  araplexicaul, 
anth.  anther, 
axill.  axillary. 
cal.  calyx. 
caps,  capsule. 
cor.  corolla. 
decid.  deciduous. 
diam.  diameter. 
eliip.  elliptical. 
«marg.  emarginate. 
epig.  epigynoua. 
/.  or  ft.  feet. 


fil.  filaments. 

fl.  flower;  fls.  flowers. 

fr.  fruit. 

hd.  head  ;  hds.  heads. 

hyp.  I'.ypogynous. 

inibr.  imbricate. 

inf.  inferior. 

invol.  involucre. 

irreg.  irregular. 

leg.  legume. 

If.  leaf;  Ivs.  leaves. 

IfUi.  leaflets. 

hm.  loinent. 

opp.  opposite. 

ova,  ovary. 


ped.  peduncle. 
•pet.  petals. 
perig.  perigynoua. 
perig.  perigynium. 
recep.  receptacle. 
reg.  regular. 
rhiz.  rhizom* 
rt.  root. 
ids.  seeds. 
seg.  segraeuf 
Sep.  sepals. 
si.  stem. 
sta.  statnen» 
stig.  .st[gma& 
sty.  styles. 


I' I 


f 


1 


w 


3.; 


m 


I  1   . 


190 


ABBRBVIATIONS    AND    8ION8. 


h  A  plant  with  a  woody  stem. 
g   A  staminate  flower  or  plant 


The  names  of  the  montha,  and  of  skUea  and  countries,  are  often  abbreviated,  and 
always  in  the  same  manner  aa  in  other  works ;  thus,  Apr.  April ;  Jn.  June ;  Man. 
Massachusetts ;  N.  T.  New  York ;  la.  or  lud.  Indiana ;  Car.  Carolina ;  La.  Loa- 
isiana;  etc. 

The  following  Signs  are  also  in  general  use : — 

(2)  An  annual  plant 

(§;  A  biennial  plant. 

21  A  perennial  herb.  ?    A  pistillate  flower  or  plant 

\f  A  perfect  flower,  or  a  plant  bearing  perfect  flowers. 

8  Monoecious,  or  a  plant  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

$  $   Dioecious ;  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  plants. 

9  ^  $  Polygamous;  the  same  species  with  stammate,  pistillate,  and  peiibot 
flowers. 

0  AVanting  or  none. 

CO  Indefinite,  or  numerous. 

0=-  Cotyledons  accurobent      ) 

Oj  Cotyledons  incumbtmf..  >■  Used  only  in  the  Cruciferse. 

0»  Cotyledons  conduplicate.  ) 

§  A  naturalized  plant 

j  A  plant  cultivated  for  ornament. 

1  A  plant  cultivated  for  use.  This,  with  the  two  last,  are  placed  at  the  end  of  a 
description.  In  other  situations  they  have  their  usual  signification  as  marks  of 
division  or  reference.  In  measure  of  length,  or  other  dimensions,  the  following  signs 
are  adopted  in  this  work : — 

f  (without  the  periol)  A  foot. 

'  (a  single  accent)  An  inch. 

"  (double  accent)  A  line  (one  twelfth  of  '). 

I  The  note  of  exclamation,  common  in  botanical  works,  is  used  in  contrariety  to 
tlie  note  of  interrogation  (?).  It  denotes,  in  general,  certainty  from  personal  observa- 
tion. Affixed  to  a  locality,  it  denotes  that  the  writer  has  examined  specimens  either 
la  or  from  that  place.  Affixed  to  the  name  of  an  individual,  it  denotes  that  the 
writer  has  examined  specimens  supplied  by  him.  Its  use  in  the  present  work  is 
discoLtinuei,  except  ri  the  case  of  coatrov3rted  facts. 


Authors'  names  are  usually  abbre-riatod,  as  follows : — 


Atlans  Adanson. 

A.  DC.  Alphunse  De  Candolle. 

Ait.  Alton. 

Am.  Arnott. 

Aubl.  Aublet 

Bart.  Barton. 

Beauv.  Beau  vols. 

Benth.  Benthain. 

Borl.  Berlandier. 

BiM'iih.  Bernhardl. 

Brongn.  Brontrniart 

Bi^l.  or  Bw.  Bigelow. 

Boehtn.  Boehmer. 

Rong.  Bongard. 

Br.  Brown. 

Cms.  Cassini. 

Cav.  Cavanilles. 

Cham.  Chamisso. 

DC.  De  Candolle. 

Desf.  Desfontaines. 

Dfsv.  Desvaux. 

Dew.  Dewey. 

DiU.  Dillonius. 

Dull.  Duhatnel. 

Dumort.  Dumortlei 

Endl.  Endlicher. 

Ehrh.  Ehrhart 

Ell.  Elliot. 

Engol.  Engelmann. 

FroBl.  Froelich. 

GiPvt.  riwvtner. 

Ginel.  Gtimliik 


Grev.  Orevillo. 

Griseb.  Grisebacb. 

Gron.  Gronovius. 

Fledw.  Hedwig. 

HoflFm.  Hoflfman. 

Hook.  Hooker. 

Htids.  Hudson. 

Juss  Ju.ssieu. 

Lag.  Lagasca. 

Lam.  Lam  ark. 

Lamb.  Lambert. 

Lehm.  Lehmann. 

Lindl.  Lindley. 

L.  0/'  Linn.  Linneens. 

Lk.  Link. 

Mart.  Mai-tius. 

Mentz.  Mentzel. 

Miclix.  Michaux. 

Miciix.  f.  [alius),  Miohaux  the 

younger. 
Mill.  Miller. 
Mirb.  Mirbcl. 
Moench.  Moenchansen. 
Muhl.  Muhlenberg. 
Nees.  Nees  von  Esenbeok. 
Nutt.  Nuttall. 
Pay.  Pavon. 
Pars.  Persoon. 
Pall.  Pallas. 
Pluk.  Plukcnet 
Plum.  Plumier. 


Polr.  Poiret. 

Ph.  Pursh. 

R.  Br.  R<)bert  Brown. 

Eaf.  Raflnt'squc. 

Rich.  Richard. 

Richn.  Richardson. 

Roem.  Roemer. 

Salisb.  Salisbury. 

8chw.  Schwonitz. 

Schrad.  Schrader. 

Schult.  Schultes. 

Scop.  Scopolt. 

Ser.  Seringe. 

Schk.  Schkuhr. 

8m.  Smith. 

Soland.  Solander. 

Spr.  Sprcngel. 

Steud.  Sti-udel. 

Sw.  Swartz. 

T.  &  G.,  Torr.  A  Gr.,Torr«T* 

Gray. 
Torr.  Torrey. 
Tourn.  Tournefort. 
Trln.  Trinius. 
Traut  Trautvetter. 
Vaill.  Vaillant 
Vent.  Yentenat. 
Wahl.  Wahlenbergi 
Willd.  Wllldenow. 
Walt.  Wf.lter, 
WulC  WuUbd. 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS, 

FOUNDED     UPON    THE     MOST    OUVIOU.S     OR    ARTIFICIAL     CHARACTERS,    DB' 

SIGNED  AS  A  KEY  FOR  THE  READY  DETERMINATION  OF  ANY  PLANT, 

NATIVE,  NATURALIZED  OR  CULTIVATED,  GROWING  WITHIN 

THE    LIMITS    OF    THIS    FLORA. 


PROVINCES,  CLASSES  AND  COHORTS. 

SvB-KiNODoif  I.    Phacnogamia  or  Flowering  Plants.    (Pbovimob.) 
Pbovincb  1.    Bark,  wood  and  pitli  distinct,  the  two  former 
a»  concentric  layers  around  the  latter.    Leaves  net-veined. 
lUnver,  at  least,  never  completely  Z-merous,  its  parts  mostly 
in  4s  and  5b.  DICOTYLEDONS  or  EXOGENS.  (Clam.) 

Class  1.    FUywers  with  stigmas,  and  pistils  enclosing  the 
ovules,  becoming  seed-vessels  enclosing  the  seeds.    ANGIOSPERMS.  (Cohort.) 
Cohort  1.    Corolla  with  the  petals  distinct.  POLYPETALOUS.  (A) 

Cohort  2.     Corolla  with  the  petals  united.  GAMOPETALOUS.  (B) 

Cohorts.    Corolla  (and  often  the  calyx,  also,)  wanting.        APETALOUS.  (C) 
Class  2.    Flowers  with  open  scales  inntead  of  pistils  (or  no 
pistils  at  all),  the  ovules  naked.    (Pine,  Cedar,  Fir,  Yew, 

Cypress,  etc.)  GYMNOSPERMS.  (Cohort.) 

CoHOBT  4.    The  cone-bearing  plants  (same  as  Class  2).  CONOIDEiE.  (D) 

Province  2.   Bark,  wood  and  pith  commingled.  Lvs. parallel- 
veined  (rarely  netted).    Fls.  S-merous.     MONOCOTYLEDONS  or  ENDOGENS. 
Clasb  8.    Fls.  with  no  glumes.      PETALIFER^  or  AGLUMACEOUS.  (Cojiobt.) 
Cohort  5.    Fls.  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  incomplete.     SPADICIFLORiE.  (E) 
Cohort  6.    Flowers  complete,  witli  a  double  perianth.  FLORIDE^.  (F) 

OtAss  4.    Flowers  invested  with  green,  alternate  glumes 
instead  of  the  perianth  which  is  wanting  or  minute.  GLUMIFERiE.  (Cohort). 
Cohort  7.  The  Grasses  and  Sedges  (same  as  Class  4).    GRAMINOIDEiE.  (G) 
SvB-KiNODoH  IL    Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants.  (Province.) 
I*BOViNCk;  1.     With    stem    and   leaves  distinguishable,  and 

containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels.  ACROGENS  or  ANGIOSPOR^E.  (H) 

Pbovinok  2.    With  a  thallus,  often  stem-like,  but  contain- 
ing cellular  tissue  only.  THALLOGENS  or  GYMNOSPORiE.  (IC 


h!i 


I': 


&.S3 


A     Cohort  1.     POLYPETALOUS. 

♦  Herbs  with  the  leaves  altertiate  or  all  radical  (11). 

•  Herbs  witli  the  leaves  opposite  on  the  stem  (7). 

*  Shrubs,  trees  or  nndershrubs. — Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.  (2) 

— Flowers  irregular  (or  fruit  a  legume),  (r) 
2  Polyaiodroua, — stamens  8  to  10  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more.  (3) 
2  Oligandrous, — stamens  1 — 2  times  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer.  (4) 
3  Leaven  opposite,  (i) 

3  Leaves  alternnte.— Stamens  on  the  torus   or  the  hypogynous  corolla,  (t) 
— Stamens  and  petnls  on  the  cnlyx-tnbe.  (v) 


Iff 

I- 


Hi 


192 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS. 


■    : 


1  'f  i 


fj 


4  Ovaries  simple,  distinct  or  solitury.    Vines  or  erect  sliruba.  (w) 
4  Ovary  compound, — wholly  adherent  to  tlie  calyx,  (x) 

— free  from  the  calyx  or  nearly  so.  (5) 
5  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number,  (y) 
5  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  ditferent  number.  (6) 
6  Leaves  opposite  on  the  stems,  (z) 
6  Leaves  alternate, — compound,  (yy) 
— simple,  (zz) 
7  Polyandrous, — stamens  3  to  10  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more,  (m) 
7  Oligandrous, — stamens  1 — 2  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  fewer.  (8) 
8  Pistils  separate  and  distinct,  few  or  solitary,  simple,  (n) 
8  Pistils  united, — ovary  compound,  free  from  the  calyx.  (9) 

— ovary  oompouud,  adherent  to  the  calyx,  (o) 
9  stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number,  (p) 
9  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  greater  nuinbe'*   (q) 
1 1  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.    Fruit  never  a  legume.  ( 13) 
\1  Flowers  irregular  (rarely  regular  and  the  fruit  a  legume).  (13) 
12  Stamens  numerous,  3  or  more  times  as  inany  as  the  petals,  (k) 
12  Stamens  few  and  definite,  5 — 12.  (I) 
13  Stamens  3  to  10  times  as  many  as  the  petals.  (15) 
13  Stamens  few  and  definite. — !Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  (14) 

— Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.  ( j) 
14  Pistils  one,  or  indefinite  (1 — 15),  distinct,  simple,  (e) 
14  Pistils  definitely — 2  united,  the  short  styles  combined  into  one.  (f) 
— 3  or  4  united,  styles  or  stigmas  3,  4  or  6.  (g) 
— 5,  distinct  or  united,  with  5  distinct  styles,  (h) 
— 5  united  and  the  styles  combined  in  one.  (i) 
15  Stamens  hypogynous, — on  the  receptacle.  (10) 
15  Stamens  perigynous,— on  the  corolla  at  base,  (c) 

— on  the  calyx  av  the  base,  (d) 
10  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  styles),  (a) 
16  Pistils  (and  styles  if  any)  completely  united,  (b). 
a  Petals  5  or  more,  deciduous.     Leaves  not  peltate. 
a  Petals  3,  persistent,  withering.     Floating  leaves  peltate. 
a  Petals  numerous,  deciduous.    Leaves  all  peltai«^. 
b  Sepals  4 — 6,  equal.     Petals  CO,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Sepals  5,  equal,  I'etals  5,  imbricate.    Leaves  tubular. 
Sepals  5,  unequal.    Petals  5,  convolute.     Flowers  ot  2 
Sepals  2,  with — 5  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

—4  or  8  petals  usually  crumpled  in  the  bud. 
c  Filaments  united  into  a  tube.    Anther  1-celled. 
Sepals  2,  persistent,  capping  the  pyxia. 
Sepals  3 — 5,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Pod  long,  2-carpelod. 
Sepals  3 — 5. — Petals  imbricate  in  bud.    Fruits  simple. 

— Petals  convolute  in  bud.    fruit  compoand. 
e  Stamens  opposite  to  tno  imbricated  petals.     Pistil  1  only. 
c  Stamens  alternate  with  tlie  petals  or  more  numerous. 
f  Stamens  6  (tetradynamous).    Pods  2-celled. 
f  Stamens  4,  or  8—39.    Pod  1-celled. 


b 
b 
b 


d 
d 
d 


g  Sepals  and  petals  in  3s.    Stamens  0.    Small  herb. 

g  Sepals  and  petals  in  4s.    Stamens  8.    Climbing. 

g  Sepals,  etc.,  in  58. — Stam.  5,  monadelphous.    Climbing. 

— Stam.  5,  distinct.    Greeuisli.  Climbing. 

— Stam.  5,  distinct.    Yellow.     Erect. 


RxNtnJOrLAOEJB.    ] 
CABOMBACEae.   7 

Nf.luubiaoe^.  8 
Nymph^ace^.  9 

SABRACENIACEiG.    10 

sorts.  ClSTACEiE.   17 

PoUTULAOACKiK.    22 

Papavehaoejb.  11 

Malvacej!.  24 

pobtulacace^.  22 

TlLIACEJ!.    26 

KosACE^.  47 

LOASAOE^B.    53 

BERBKUIOAOEii:.    6 

BANUMOULAOBiE.    1 

CRUCIFBRje.    13 

Cappar:daoe>e.  14 

LiUNANTHAOE.C.    36 

Sapindace^.  41 

PaSSIFI.ORACE.1I!.   57 

Obdbb.  104 

TuRNBBACEiB.    56 


— Stam.  5,  distinct.    Cyanic.    Erect.  DRosERACBii,  19 

— Stain.  3 — 15. — Fls.  ^  ,  very  many,  minute.     Cibtacejc.  17 

— Fls.  monoecious.  Ouubb.  ll!j 


ANALYSIS    UV    THE    NATllllAL    OUUKU8. 


193 


h 
h 


LlNAOEJC 

Order. 

OXALIDACEiE. 

Grassulack^. 

Droseracej:. 

Order. 

KuTACiC^. 
PORTDLACAOEiE. 

Onaorage^e. 

Saxifraoace.*;. 

UMBELLIFEi;.a!, 

Araliace^. 

RANUNCL'LACEiE 

Kesedace^e. 


h  Stamens  5,  alternate  witli  the  5  petals.    Seeds  00. 
h  Stamens  5,  opposite  to  the  5  petals.    Seed  1. 
Stamens  10,  the  tilaments  united  at  the  base. 
Stamens  6 — 24  (twice  as  inuuy  as  tl^e  petals),  distinct. 
i  Ovary  one-celled.    Leaves  radical,  irritable. 
i  Ovary  2 — 5-celled.— Leaves  dotless,  mostly  radical. 

—Leaves  dotted.    Cauline,  pinnate 
j  Styles  5  or  more.    Ovary  1-celled,  hulf-adherent.    Sepals  2. 
j  Style  1,  carpels  as  many  as  the  petals  (2 — 6). 
j  Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals.    Seeds  several. 
j  Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals.    Seeds  two, 
j  Styles  3 — 5,  ovary  3 — 5-celled,  3 — 5-seeded. 
k  Ovaries  many,  or  few,  rarely  1,  always  simple. 
k  Ovary  compound,  3-carpeled,  open  before  ripe. 

1  Sepals  2.  Petals  4  (2  pairs).  Stam.  6.  Spurs  1 — 2,  blunt.  FuMAniACEiK. 
1  Sepals  5,  very  unequal.  Petals  3.  Stam.  6 — 8.  No  spur.  PoLYOALACEiE. 
1  Sepals  4,  petals  2,  all  colored  alike.    Spur  slender.  Balsauinace^. 

1  Sepals  and  petals  each — 4,  not  very  irregular.     No  spur.      CAPPARiDACHiE. 

— 5.  Stamens  8.    Spur  slender.  TROPiEoLACKJ?. 

— 5.  Stamens  5.    Spur  blunt  or  none.        Violace^. 

— 5.  Stam.  10  (or  more).  Fr.  a  legume.  Leguminos^. 

m  Pistils  many,  entirely  distinct,  simple.  RanunculackjE 

m  Pistils  3 — 5,  united  more  or  less  completely.  HTPERicAOEiG. 

m  Pistils  5 — 10,  united,  with  sessile  stigmas  and  many  petals.     Meskmbryace^. 

n  Pistil  solitary,  simple.    Petals  6 — 9.    Stamens  12 — 18.  6erberioace£ 

n  Pistils  3  or  more,  distinct,  simple.    Flowers  all  symmetrical.    CRAsscLAOEiS. 

n  Pistils  2,  consolidated  with  the  5  stamens.    Juice  milky.  Order. 

o  Cnrpels  as  many  as  the  sepals.     Anthers  open  at  the  top.    Melastomaoe^. 

o  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals.     Anthers  open  laterally. 

o  Carpels  fewer  than  the  sepals, —  00-sceded.    Styles  2. 

— 1 -seeded.    Styles  2  or  3, 
— 1-aeeded 
p  Style  3  cleft  at  the  summit. 
p  Style  and  stigma  1,  undivided. 
q  Leaves  pinnate,  with  interpetiolar  stipules. 
q  LvB.  simple,  toothed  or  lobed.    Flowers  cruciform.    Stamens  6. 
q  Lvs.  simple,  toothed  or  lobed.    Flowers  S-merous.    Stamens  10. 
q  Leaves  simple,  entire,  (qq) 
qq  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
qq  Pet.  hypogyuous. — Fls.  irregular,  unsymmetrical. 

— Fls.  regular — 2  (or  3)-parted  throughout. 
— 5-parted. — Leaves  punctate 

— Lvs.  dotless.      CARYOPHYLLACKiK. 

r  Pistil  a  simple  carpel,  becoming  a  legume.    Stamens  10 — 100.        LEouMiNOSiE. 
r  Pistil  compound, — 3-carpeled.    Fls.  perfect.     Lvs.  digitate. 

— 3-carpeled.    Fls.  monoecious.    Cultivated. 

— 5-carpeled. — Stipules  present.     Cultivated. 
— Stipules  none.    Native. 
R  StamenB  on  the  receptacle,  in  several  sots.    Leaves  dotted. 
8  Stamem    on    calyx.— Ovaries  many,  free,  but  enclosed. 


ONAORAOEiE. 

Saxifrauace^. 
Araliace^. 
Stylo  1  (double).    Cornacejs. 

PoRTULACAOI'.*. 

Order. 

ZYGOPHYLLACEiE. 

Crucifer^. 
Geramagejc. 


30 

80 

32 

60 

19 

73 

37 

22 

52 

61 

63 

64 
1 

15 

12 

45 

34 

14 

35 
Ifc 

40 

,  1 
18 
23 

.  6 
60 
97 
50 
52 
61 
64 
65 
22 
78 
33 
13 
31 


Lttiiracea. 
polygalace-*. 

ELATINACEiE. 
HYPERICACEiE. 


SaPTNDACE/G. 

Beooniacba. 
Oeraniace^. 

ERICAOEiE. 

Hypericaceac. 
Calycantiiace^. 


— Ov.  compound,  free  in  the  bell-shaped  cal.   Lythbace^. 

— Ov.  adherent. — Fruit  fleshy,  baccate.  Myutm  e^e. 

—Fruit  dry,  capsular.  Saxifraoaokji. 
t  Petals  imbricate  or  valvate  in  eestivation.  (u) 

t  Petals  convolute. — Anthers  1-celled,  turned  inwards.  Malvaoeji. 

— Anthers  2-celled,  turned  outwards.  Stc:bculiace«. 

13 


51 
46 
20 
18 
21 
46 
41 
59 
31 
78 
18 
48 
61 
49 
61 

24 
26 


I  I 


t?r;' 


TM      'i?i  !1 


194 


AMALTBIS    OF   THE    NATURAL    ORDERS. 


r^ 


n  Ovaries  distinct.    Petals  6,  valvate.    Erect  shrubs.  Anonaokjc.  S 

u  Ov.  distinct.    Petals  8 — 9,  imbricate.    Trees  or  erect  sbrabs.    MAONOLiACBiB.  3 
u  Ov.  distinct,  few.    Petals  6 — 9,  imbricate.    Climbing  BbrubB.MxMiBP£RMACEiB.  5 


28 
26 
27 
54 
47 


u  Ov.  compound. — Lvs.  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  Aukamtiack£. 

— Lvs.  opaque. — Sepals  valvate.    Fls.  small.  TiLiACEiC. 

— Sepals  imbricate.    Fls.  large.  CAH£LLiAC£i£. 

T  Style  1  with  many  stigmas.    Green,  fleshy  shrubs.  CAOTACKiS. 

T  Styles  several,  or  1  with  1  stigma.    Woody  trees  or  shrubs.         Bosaoeji;. 

w  Pistils  many,  spicate  on  the  Blender  torus.    Climbing.  SoHizANOi  aue^.  4 

«r  Pistils  2 — 6,  capitatate  on  the  short  torus.    Climbing.  Menibpermack^.  5 

«r  Pistil  one  only.    Flowers  6-parted.    Stam.  opposite  the  petals.    Bebberidacejc.  6 

X  Floweni  4-parted.    Stamens  8.    (Flowers  red  or  roseate.)  ONAORACEiG. 

X  Flowersi  4- parted.    Stamens  4.    Flowers  whitish.  Cornace^b. 

X  Flowers  S-parted. — Ovary  5-curpeled,  5  strled.  Araliace^. 

— Ov.  2-carpeled. — Leaves  palmate-veined.    Obobsulacs^. 


— Leaves  pinnate-veined.  Sazieraoaoe^. 


y  Leaves  opposite,  stem  climbing  with  tendrils. 
y  Leaves  alternate.    Erect,  or  vine  without  tendrils. 
B  Carpels  3 — 5,  styles  short.    Leaves  simple, 
s  Ctirpels  8,  styles  long,  slender.    Leaves  pinnate,  serrate, 
s  Carpels  2,  with  2  slender  styles.    Samara  double. 
t,  Carpels  1 — 2,  with  1  short  style.    (Drupe  or  single  samara.) 
yy  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  tube.    Leaves  bipinnate. 
jry  Fils.  5,  distinct. — Leaves  pellucid  punctate. 

— Lvs.  opaque. — Ov.  8-carpeled,  1-seeded.  Anaoabdiace^. 

— Ov.  of  8  one-seeded  carpels.  SAPiNDACEiB. 

zz  Petals  4,  yellow.    Ovary  2-carpeled,  2-8eeded.  Hauahblaoeje. 

U  Petals  4—7,  cyanic. — Drupe  l-seeded,  but  with  3  stigmas.  ANACABDiAOEiB. 

— Drupe  4 — 6-8eeded,  stigmas  4 — '       Aquifoliacejd. 

— Capsule  OO-seeded.    Ericinese,  7.  .   PrrrospoRACEiB. 

— Cap.  8-seeded  (scarlet).    Seeds  ariled.  Celasibaoej!. 


52 
65 
64 
55 
61 
44 
43 


Vitack^. 
Bhaicnace^. 

Celastraoejc.  42 
Sapindack^.  41 

AcERAGEJi.   40 

Oleacejs.  9D 
Meliace^.  29 

BCTACB^.   87 

S8 
41 
62 
38 
74 
39 
42 


— Capsule  2 — 3-seeded.   Ovules  pendulous.    §  3,  Obd.  73 


B     Cohort     2.     GAMOPETALOUS. 

S  Stamens  (6 —  00)  more  numerous  •ihan  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  (a) 
S  Stamens  (2 — 12)  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes  or  of  the  same  number.  (*!l) 
*3  Ovary  inferior,  adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  (3) 
3  Stamens  cohering  by  their  anthers,  (c) 
3  Stamens  entirely  distinct.  (»J) 
*2  Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  (6) 
0  Flowers  regular  and  the  stamens  synmietrical.  (7) 

7  Stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (and  fVee).  (e) 
7  Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes  (rarely  connate).  (9) 
9  Shrubs,  trees,  with  the  carpels  or  stigmas  8 — 6.  (f ) 
9  Herbs  1 — 10-carpelled  or  shrubs  2-earpeled.  (g) 
G  Flowers  regular  and  the  stamens  reduced  to  2.  (n) 

6  Flowers  irregulat .    Stam.  (except  in  3  or  4  species)  unsymmetrical.      (o) 
a  Filaments  6,  united  into  2  equal  sets.    Herbs.  Ord.  12 

a  Filaments  00,  united  into  1  tube  enclosing  the  styles.  Ord.  24 

a  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  split  tube  around  the  1  style.  Ord.  4C 

a  Filaments  QO,  united  only  at  the  base  into  1  or  6  sets,  (b) 

b  Calyx  of  5  leafy  imbricated  sepals.    Shrubs,  trees.  Ord.  27 

b  Calyx  tubular,  5  toothed  or  truncate.    Shrubs,  trees.  Sttbaoaoe^.  16 

a  Filam.  entirely  distmot.— 8  or  10  in  number.    Flowers  perfect.      Ericaoe.*.  78 

■ -8  uud  16  iu  numb.    Fls.  polygamous.    Ebmnaoeji.  70 


ANALYSIS    OF   THE    NATURAL    ORDERS. 


195 


e  Flowers  in  a  compact  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre.      Cohpositje.  7C 

G  Flowers  eeparate,  irregular,  perfect.    Plui-its  erect.  Lobeliaoeje.  71 

c  Flowers  separate,  regular,  imperfect.    Weak  vines.  Oku. 

d  Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  5-parted,  regular,  separate.      Caupanulackj:. 

d  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between,  or  veiticiilatc.  BuBiAcEjfi. 

d  Lvs.  opp.    Stipules  none. — Stum.  5 — 4.    Ov.  2 — 5-celled.  Capbifoliace^. 

— Stam.  2 — 3.    Ov.  1-celled.        Valebianacejc. 
— Stamens  4.    Flowers  capitate.         Dii'3aoe^, 


,,..■  >^i 


O  Herbs.  Ovary  with  6  styles  and  but  1  seed, 
e  Herbs.  Ovary  with  1  style  and  many  seeds, 
c  Trees  or  shrubs.    Ov.  1-styled,  5-celled,  1-sceded. 

f  Style  none.    Drupe  4 — 6  seeded. 

f  Style  one.    Drupe  4-seeded. 

f  Style  one.    Capsule  8 — 5-celled,  QO-seeded. 
g  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  acheniu. 


58 
72 
67 
66 
68 
69 
80 
78 


PlUMBAGIN  ACE  JE 
FBIMULACEiE 

Sapotace^.  77 

Aquifoliace^.  74 

Vbbbenace^.  88 

EuiCACE.*.  73 

BoRRAOINACEiE.   90 

(h) 
(k). 


Apoctnacej!.  96 

ASCLEPIAUACKiE.    97 
CoNVOLVnLACEJC.   93 

Ord.  101 
Hydrophtllace^.  91 
9") 

79 
79 

85 

P0LEM0NI4CK£.  93 


Ovaries  2,  distinct  (often  covered  by  the  stamens). 
g  Ovary  1,  compound,  1-celled  (placenta  often  large) 
g  Ovary  1,  compound,  2 — 6-celled.  (m). 

h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  convolute. 
h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  valvate  ? 
h  Stigmas  distinct.    Flowers  minute,  yellow, 
k  Ovula  solitary.      Corolla  limb  entire. 
k  Ovules  several.    Leaves  cleft  and  lobed. 

k  Ovules  several.    Lvs.  or  Ifts.  entire, — Fls.  not  spicato.   GENTiANACEiE. 

— Fls,  spicate.      Plantaoinai;e^. 
m  Leaves  all  radical.    Flowers  spiked.  Plantaoinacejb. 

m  Leaves  opposite. — Ovary  2-celled.  Looaniace^. 

— Ov.  3-celled.    Not  twining,  i 
m  Leaves  alternate.— 0 v.  3-celled.    Not  twining,  j 

— Ov.  2-celled.    Twining.  Convolvulacejs.  93 

— Ov.  2-celled,  4-8eeded.  Erect.  Bohragina<;e.e.  90 
— Ov.  2-celled,  qc -seed.— Styles  2.   llYt)R(>PHYL.  91 

— Stylo  1.     Solanace^.  94 

II  Shrubs.    Corolla  5-parted,  imbricated  in  bud.  JasminaceuK.  98 

n  Shrubs.    Corolla  4-parted,  valvate,  or  none.  Oleace^.  99 

O  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  (or  fewer)  achenia.  (p) 

o  Ov.  entire,  4-ovuled,  4  or  fewer-seeded.     Lvs.  opposite.    VEBBKNActiii.  88 

o  Ovary  entire,  GO-ovu'ed,  OO  or  several-seeded,  (s) 

p  Leaves  opposite.     Stems  square.    Stamens  2 — 4.  LABiATiE.  89 

p  Leaves  alternate,     Stems  round.    Stamens  5.  BoRRAOiNAtE^.  90 

a  Trees  or  climbing  shrubs.    Seeds  winged.  Biononiaci  ,«.  83 

8  Trees.    Seeds  not  winged.         Sopoph.  86.    Erect  shrubs.      Ebicace.e.  73 

8  Herbs. — Leafless  parasites.  OROBANouACEiS.  82 

— Lvs.  at  base.  Fruit  l-celled.  Fls.  spurred.  Lentibulace^.  81 

—Leafy. — Fruit  4 — 5-ceiled.    Leaves  opposite.  Pedaliace^.  84 

—Fruit  2-celled.  (t) 

t  Corolla  convolute  in  bud.    Seeds  exalbuminous.  AcanthacEjI!.  87 

t  Corolla  imbricate  in  bud.    Seeds  albuminous.      SonoPiiuLARUOEii!.  86 

t  Corolla  plicate  in  bud.    Seeds  albuminous.  Soi.ANAci:.fi.  94 

C     Cohort  3.     APETALOUS. 

1  Plants  herbaceous,  the  flowers  not  in  aments  (except  Humulus,  115).  (3) 
1  Plants  woody,— shrubs  or  trees.  (5) 

3  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx  (or  a  calyx-like  involucra).  (3) 
S  Flowers  aohlamydeous, — neither  oolyx  nor  corolla,  (f) 

3  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed,  toothed,  or  entire,  (a} 
3  Calyx  free  fVom  tbo  ovary,  sometimes  enclosing  it.  (4) 


i\    wl 


I 


I 


U 


^i-*^.; 


nil 


t96  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERa. 

4  Ovaries  several,  entirely  distinct,  each  1-styled,  l-o\  uled.  Ordxb  1 

4  Ovary  one,  1-ovuled,  l-seeded,  stylo  or  stigma  1.  (b) 

4  Ovary  one,  1 — 3-ovuled,  with  2 — 5-style8  or  stigmas,  (c) 

4  Ovary  1,  with  many  ovules  and  1  stylo  or  stigma,  (d) 

4  Ovary  one,  with  ^—  OO  ovules  and  2 — 12  styles  and  stigmas,  (e) 

a  Stamens  1 — 8,  symmetrical  with  the  stigmas.  Ord.  6S 

a  Stamens  8 — 10,  the  stigmas  2.     Ovary  OO-seeJed.  Ord.  61 

a  Stamens  6  or  12,  symmetrical  with  the  6  ovary-cells.  Aristolochxace^.  100 

SANTALACEiE.    109 

Ord.  47 

NTCTAGIUACEiE.    101 

Uktioaoe^. 

EcPHORBIAOEiG. 

poltqonace^. 

Amarantaoe^. 

Basellack^k. 


a  Stamens  5,  the  stylo  1.    Ovary  2-ovuled,  l-seeded. 
b  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  4-lobed,  stamens  1 — 4. 
b  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  entire,  funnel-shaped,  colored. 
b  Flowers  diclinous.    Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  green. 
e  Fruit  3-8eeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  stigmas. 
C  Fruit  l-seeded. — Stipules  sheathing  the  stems. 
— Stip.  0.   Calyx  ccarious-bracted. 
— Stip.  0.   Calyx  double.   Climbing. 


115 

112 

102 

106 

104 

KO 

g  3,  Obd.  21 

Ord.  51 

Ord.  78 

Ord.  22 

Ord.  21 

Ord.  go 


— Stip.  0.   Calyx  naked.  Lvs.  alternate.  CHENOPODiACJi,E. 
— Stip.  0.   Calyx  naked.   Lvs.  opposite 
d  Stamens  (4)  opposite  the  sepals. 
d  Stamens  (5)  alternate  with  the  sepals. 
e  Leaves  opposite.     Fruit  circumscissilo  (utricle). 
e  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  4-r-5-valved  (capsule). 
e  Leaves  alternate. — Fruit  5-horned,  5-celled  (capsule) 
— Fruit  a  fleshy  4 — 10-seeded  berry, 
— Fruit  circumscissile  (utricle). 
f  Flowers  on  a  spadix  with  a  spathe.    Monocotyledons. 
f  Flowers  in  a  long  naked  spike.    Stamens  6  or  7. 
f  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  minute.    Aquatic  plants,  (g) 
f?  Stamen  1,  styles  2.    Leaves  opposite. 
g  Stamens  2,  styles  2.    Leaves  alternate,  dissected. 
g  Stamens  12 — 24,  style  1.  Lvs.  verticillata,  dissected.  Ceratophyli^acej!.  128 
5  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  opposite,  (h) 
5  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  alternate,  (k) 
5  Flowers  (diclinous),  the  sterile  only,  in  aments.  (n) 
5  Flowers  (diclinous),  both  the  fertile  and  sterile  in  aments.  (_o) 
h  Fruit  a  double  samara  (2-winged). 

h  Fruit  a  single  samara  (1-winged),  or  a  drupe.    Stamens  2, 
h  Fruit  not  whig(  i , — 3-seeded.    Stamens  4. 

— l-seeded.    Stamens  4  or  8. 


Phttolacoace^. 

Aharantaceo:. 

Ohd. 

Savrubace^. 

CALLITBICHACE-S!. 
PoDOSTEMIAOEiS. 


103 

106 
131 
123 

124 

125 


Obd.  40 
Oleaoe^.  99 
euphobbiace^ 
Elbaonageji: 


— l-soeded.    Stamens  3.    Parasites.       Lobanthace^. 

Style  or  stigma  one.     Fruit  l-seeded.  (m) 

m  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. — Anthers  opening  by  valves.      LacraokiE. 

m  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. — Anthers  opening  by  slits.    Thymelace  js. 

m  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. — Ovules  2 — 4.     (Shrubs.)    SANTALACEiC. 


iia 

111 

108 


—Ovule  1.    (Trees.) 
k  Styles  or  stigmas  2. — Stamens  numerous. 

— Stamens  as  numy  as  the  calyx  lobes. 
k  Styles  or  stigmas  8  (rarely  2— 4).— Fruit  dry,  3-partible. 

— Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe. 
k  Styles  or  stigmas  6 — 9.    Ileath-like  undershrubs. 
k  Styles  and  ovaries  6,  scarcely  united.    Leaves  pinnate. 
II  Nut  or  nuts  in  a  cup  or  involucre.    Leaves  simple. 
n  Nut  drupaceous,  naked.    Leaves  pinnate. 
o  Fruit  fleshy,  aggregated  (sorosis).    Juice  (or  sap)  milky. 
O  Fruit  dry.    Plants  with  a  watery  juiue  or  sap.  (p) 


107 
110 
109 
66 
62 
113 


Obd 

Obd 

Ulmaokj:. 

ecphokbiaoej;.  112 

Obd.  43 

£lCPBTRAO£JB.    116 

Obd.  87 
CvrvurzHM.  119 

JrQI,ANDAOK.«.    113 
ABTUtiABTAOSiB.    114 


• 

ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS. 

r 

197 

p  Amenta  globular,  racemed.    Nutlets  2-celled,  woolly. 

Oru.  62 

p  AmentH  globular,  solitary.    Nutlets  1-celied,  1  seeded. 

PLATANAOKiS.    117                                                       ' 

p  Ainents  cylindrical  or  oblong,  (s). 

8  Ovary  1-celled,  1-aeeded.    Fruit  ofl«u  fleshy. 

Mtrigaokjc.  121 

8  Ovary  2.ceiled,  2-ovuled,  l-seedod.    Fruit  often  winged 

BETULACKiB.    120 

8  Ovary  many-ovuled,  mauy-aeeded.    Seeds  comous. 

Salicack^.  122 

D     Cohort  4.     CONOIDE^. 

H  Leaves  simple.    Fertile  flowers  in  cones.    Stems  branching,  woody, 

jointless.  CoNiFERiE.  127 

If  Leaves  simple.     Fertile  flowers  solitary.    Stems  branching,  woody, 

jointless.  TAXACKiS.  128 

^  Leaves  pinnate.    Fertile  flowers  solitary  •    Stems  simple,  palm-like.  Cycadacejb.  128 


;s^>l 


E     Cohort  5.     SPADICIFLOR^. 

If  Trees  or  shrubs  with  palmi-cleft  leaves  all  from  one  terminal  bud,  and 

a  branching  "  spadix"  from  a  spathe. 
1  Herbs  with  simple,  rarely  ternate  leaves.    Spadix  simple.  (2) 
2  Plants  frond-like,  minute,  floating  loose  on  the  water. 
2  Plants  with  stem  and  leaves,  rooting  and  flxed.  (3) 
3  Spadix  evident,  in  a  spathe  or  on  a  scape. 
3  Spadix  obscure  or  spike-like.    Stems  leafy.  (4) 
4  Flowers  with  no  j  jrianth,  densely  spicate  or  capitate. 
4  Flowers  with  a  perianth  or  not.    Plants  submersed. 


Palmaoea. 

180 

LEHNAOEiC. 

132 

ARACEiE. 

181 

TTPHACEiE. 

133 

Naiadaoe^. 

134 

)\ 


(     "a-ff 


F     Cohort  6.     FLORIDE.^. 

^  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  small,  dense,  involucrate  head,  (k) 
\  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  solitary,  racemed,  spicate,  etc.  (3) 
3  Periantli  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  wholly  or  partly,  (a) 
3  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary.  (4) 

4  Petals  and  sepals  differently  colored  (except  in  Medeola,  147).  (c) 
4  Petals  and  sepals  similarly  colored,  (e) 
a  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.    Low,  aquatic  herbs.  IlTDBocHARiDACEjf 


Flowers  dioecious,  6-androus.    Shrubby  climbers 
a  Flowers  perfect, — gynandrous  (stamen  on  the  pistil). 
— monandrous  with  half  an  anther. 
— 3 — 6-androu9.    Stamens  distinct,  (b) 
b  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  outside.    Ovary  half-free. 
b  Perianth  glabrous  outside. — Stamens  3,  anthers  introrse. 

— Stamens  8,  anthers  extrorse. 
— Stamens  6. 
c  Carpels  many,  distinct,  acheniate  in  fruit. 
c  Carpels  3,  united,  with  the  stigmas  distinct  or  not.  (d) 
d  Leaves  verticillate  in  1  or  2  whorls.    Stigmas  8. 
d  Leavas  alternate. — Stigmas  3.    Scurfy  epiphytes. 
— Stigmas  united  into  1. 
e  Leaves  net'veined,  dilated. — Flowers  perfect,  4-pnrted. 

— Flowers  diojcious,  6-parted, 
a  Leaves  parallel- veined,  (f ) 

f  Style"-,  and  often  the  stigmas  also  united  into  1.  (g) 

g  Flowers  colored,  regular.    Stamen*  6  (4  in  1  speoies),     Liliaoba. 
g  Flowers  colored,  irregular  or  else  triandrouB.  PontediiRiack^. 

g  Flowers  greenish,  glume-like  or  toarious.  Jumcaueji. 


DiOSCUREAOEii. 

Orchidaoe.e. 

MARA.NTACKiE- 

II^MODORACIE.B. 
Bi;KMANMACE.fi. 

1ru)aoe*. 

AuARVLLIDArEA. 

Alismaoe^. 

TRILLIACErf:. 

Bromeliace^. 

CoMMELYNACEJC. 

RoXBUROUIAOEiE. 

6HILACE.C. 


136 

144 

138 
139 

142 
137 
143 
140 
135 

147 
141 
15a 
146 
145 


14-5 
150 
161 


'\1 


K^-    !*■'  11 


f 


•!» 


5  ■ 


198 


ANALYSIS    OF   THB   NATURAL    OHDERS. 


f  Styles  and  stigmas  3,  distinct,  (h) 

h  Leav<'s  rush-like.    Ovary  of  3  one-seeded  carpels.  Jcncaoine^.  135 

h  Leaves  linecr,  lanceolate,  etc.    Ovury  6 — GO  -seeded.      MELANxuACEiE.  149 

k  Petals  yellow,  small  but  showy.    Plant  acaulescent.  Xtiuoac£2b.  153 

Ic  Petals  white,  minute,  fringed.    Plant  acaulescent.  EsiooAULONAoKiS.  154 


I'l 


G    Cohort  7.     GRAMINOIDE^. 

1  Flower  with  a  single  bract  (glume).    Culm  solid,  sheaths  entire.     CTPERACEiS.  155 
i  Flower  with  several  bracts  (glumes  and  pales).    Culm  hollow.    Sheaths 

split  on  one  side.  Gbajumbjc.  156 

H     Province,  ACROGENS. 

S  Plants  with  well  developed  foliage.  (H) 
Y  Leaves  few,  mostly  ample  and  from  subterranean  rhizomes,  (a) 
a  Fruit  borne  on  the  leaves  which  are  often  more  or  loss  contracted.  Filicxs. 
a  Fruit  borne  at  the  baoo  of  the  radical,  entire  or  lobed  leaves.  Mabsileaoe^. 
T  Leaves  numerous,  small,  mostly  spirally  imbricated  on  the  stem,  (b) 
b  Fruit  axillary,  sessile,  openirij  by  a  slit.  Lycopodiace^. 

b  Fruit  mostly  terminal  and  usually  stalked,  opening  by  a  lid.  Musci. 

If  Leaves  numerous,  small,  imbricated  on  the  stem  in  2  rows,  j 
S  PUnts  with  the  leaves  and  stem  confounded,  thallus-like.  ) 
S  Plants  with  verticillate  branches  instead  of  leaves,  (c) 

c  Fruit  in  terminal  spikes,  and  of  one  kind  only.  Equisetacej:. 

c  Fruit  lateral,  scattered  on  the  branches,  and  of  two  kinds.  Chabackjb. 


160 
167 

158 
162 

HEPATICil.    163 


159 

IGl 


K     Province,  THALLOGENS. 

Plants  aquatic,  with  a  colored  thallus.    Fruit  immersed  in  the  frond.  Alg^.  164 

Plants  on  dry  rocks,  logs,  or  bark  of  trees,  thalloid  or  granular.  Lichens.  165 

Plants  growing  on  decaying  organisms.    Thallus  cotton-like,  the  fruit  very 

different,  all  without  ohlorophylle  or  starch.  Fungi.  166 

NoTi,->Slx  Orders  of  the  Crypiogamla,  Nof.  161-16i\  are  necessarily  excluded.    In  the  ful. 
fltuent  of  our  plan,  these  extensive  Orders  will  constitute  a  separate  and  independent  volume 


PART    FOURTH. 


DESCRIPTIVE  BOTANY;  OR,  PHYTOLOGY. 

COMPRISING 


THE  FLORA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 


(WITHIIi  THB   LIMITS   MENTIONED   IN  THE   PREFACE). 


Sub-Kingdom,  PHiENOGAMIA  or  FLOWERING 
PLANTS. — Vegetables  having  an  axial  development,  leafy 
appendages  and  true  flowers,  their  substance  composed  of  cel- 
lular, spirovascular,  and  woody  tissue  ;  their  flowers  with  mani- 
fest stamens  and  pistils,  and  prr  lucing  seeds  with  an  embryo. 
(For  sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia  or  Flowerless  Plants,  see  page 
810). 

Province,  EXOGEN.E  or  DICOTYLEDONOUS 
PLANTS. — Phaiuogamous  plants  havinjj  a  stem  composed 
of  a  central  column  of  pith  enclosed  with  wood  and  bark, 
the  latter  exterior ;  growing  by  the  addition  of  concentric 
layers  external  lo  the  wood,  internal  to  the  bark.  Leaves 
mostly  net-veined.  Flowers  veiy  generally  5-merous,  rarely 
3-merous.  Embryo  with  two  or  more  opposite  cotyledons. 
(Province  Endogena3  or  Monocotyledonous  plants,  see  page 
666.) 

Class  I,  ANGIOSPERM^.— Exogenous  plants  with  net- 
veined  leaves.  Pistils  complete,  having  stigmas  for  the 
reception  of  the  pollen,  enclosing  the  ovules  within  an 
ovary  which  becomes  at  maturity  a  seed-vessel  enclosing 
the  seeds.  Cotyledons  only  two.  (Class  II.  Gymno- 
spdrmaB,  with  no  stigmas,  naked  seeds,  and  leaves  not  net- 
veined,  see  page  659.) 

Cohort  1,  DIALYPETALiE  or  POLYPETALOUS 
EXOGENS. — Plants  having  a  double  perianth,  consist- 
ing of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  r'omposed  of 
distinct  petals,  rarely  abortive.  (Cohort  2.  Gamope- 
talae  or  Monopetalous  Exogens,  page  393.  Cohort  3. 
Monochlamydett3  or  Apetalous  Exogens,  page  601.) 


u 


200 


Obdeb  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 


Ordeb  I.     RAXUNCULACE.fi.     Crowfoots. 

Herbs  (or  woody  climbers)  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice.  Leaves  mostly  divided, 
exstipulate,  with  half-clasping  petioles.  Calyx. — Sepals  3-15,  green  or  petaloid, 
distinct,  hypogynoua.  CoroUa. — Petals  3-15,  distinct,  hypoe^ynous,  sometimes 
irregular  or  none.  Stamens  qo,  distinct,  hypogynoua.  Anthers  >^dnale,  opening 
lengthwise.  Guari's  OO  or  few,  simple,  distinct,  the  cell  1 — oi  -ovulef,.  Fruit 
either  dry  achenia,  or  follicles,  or  baccate,  1 — CO  -seeded.  Seeds  auatropous  with  a 
straight,  minute  embryo  i.i  horny  albumen. 

Illustrated  in  Figs.  10,  24, 182,  iW,  162,  241,  242,  283,  291,  294,  8C7,  8S6,  41.'5,  458,  2S6,  28S.  Ac. 
Oriier.i  48,  species  aWut  1000,  mostly  natives  of  cool,  (lamp  climates,  those  of  the  trojiical 
resrions  jrrowMig  only  upon  the  moiinttiins,  and  in  thoir  proper  localities  nliiindant. 

Piioi'KiiTiES.  Nearly  all  the  genera  possess  acrid  and  more  or  less  narcotic  properties,  soma 
of  them  being  highly  prejudicial  to  animal  life.  These  qualities  are  dissipated  by  a  boiling  heat 
or  by  drying,  or  heightened  by  spirits  and  sugar.  The  species  of  llolleborus  and  Aconituin  are 
highly  poisuDous,  but  medicinal  when  rightly  used.  This  order  is  rich  in  ornamental  cultivated 
I)laut8. 

TRIBES  AND  GENERA,. 
Sepals  4,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Achenia  tailed.    (Tribe  I.) 
Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.— Ovaries  1-  seeded,  acheniate.  (2). 

— Ovaries  2 — x -''ceded.  (3.) 
2  Corolla  o,  or  undistlnguishable  from  the  colored  (iilyx.    (Tribe  II.) 
2  Corolla  and  calyx  distinct  eitbcrin  color  or  form.     (Tribe  III.) 
3  Sepals  as  permanent  as  the  stamens.    Fruit  folliculiir.    (Tribe  IV.) 
3  Sepals  caducous  sooner  than  the  stamens.    (Tribe  V.) 
3  Sepals  persistent  with  the  follicular  fruit.    (Tribe  VI.) 
i.  CLKMATIDEA    Petals  0,  or  stamen-like.    Leaves  all  opposite.  Clbhatib.  1 

II.  ANEMONEiE. — Sepals  deciduous  with  the  stamens.  Stem-leaves  opposite.    Anemonb.       3 
— 8ei>als  deciduous  with  the  stamens.  Leaves  all  radical.  IlKPATrcA.  3 

—Sepals  caducous.    Flowers  usually  imperfect.  Tiialiotrum.        4 

—Sepals  caducous.     Flowers  perfect.  Tbautvettrkia.  5 

III.  RANUNCULEJJ. — Sei)als  not  appendaged.    Flowers  scarlet  or  yellow.  Adonis.  6 

— Sepals  not  appendaged.  Petals.xanthic,  ascaleat  base.  Uanunoulus.        7 
— Sepals  appendaged.     Plant  minute.    Leaves  radical.   Mvosurus.  8 

IV.  HELLEBOEEJi;,  Perianth  regular. 

— Petals  0.    Sepals  white.                                                Isopyrum.  9 

— Petals  0.    Sepals  6  to  9,  yellow.                                   Caltiia.  10 

— Petalsslonder,  tubular  at  apex.  Roots  bright  yellow.  Coptis.  11 

— Petals  minute,  tubular  at  base,  1-lipped.                     Tkollius.  12 

— Petals  small,  tubular,  2-lipped.    Sepals  persistent      IlELLKBORtrs.  18 

— Pet.  small,  concave,  2-lobed.  FIs.  racemed.  roots.yel.ZANTiiORiitZA.  14 

— Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals, 8-lobed.             Nioella.  16 

— Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  spur-like,  equal.  Aquileuia.  16 

IV.  HELLEBORE.ifi,  Perianth  irregular. 

— Upper  sejtal  spurred,  containing  two  spurred  petals.  Delphinium.  17 

—Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  deformed  petals.    Aconitu.m.  18 

V.  CIMICIFTTGEA — Flo wers  numerous,  in  long  spieatc  racemes.               Cimicifuoa.  19 

— Flowers  many,  in  short  racemes.     Fruit  fleshy.          Act.«a.  20 

— Flower  1  only.    Plant  2-leaved.    Berry  compound.  IIvnKASTis.  21 

VI.  P^ONIE.dE.— Pet.  plane,  large,  showy.    Disk  sheathing  the  ovary.        P.bonia.  22 

1.  CLEMATIS  L.  Virgin's  Bower.  (Gr.  wATy/za,  a  vine  or  tendril.) 
Calyx  of  four  colored  sepals,  in  aestivation  valvate-induplicate.  Petals 
none,  or  if  present  more  like  sterile  filaments.  Stamens  qo,  shorter 
than  the  sepals,  the  outer  or  all  sometimes  sterile.  Ovaries  oo,  in  a 
head.  Achenia  caudate  with  the  lengthened  plumous  or  pubescent 
style.  U  Herbs,  or  vines  a  little  woody,  climbing  by  twining  petioles. 
Leaves  opposite.     The  herbage  is  acrid  and  caustic. 

I  Atbaoene.    Outer  stamens  petal-like.    Lvs.  verticillate.     FIs.  eolitary.   Vine.. ..  ....Ne.  1 

I  Clematis  proper.    Petals  none.    Leaves  opposite.  (•) 

•  Vines. — Flowers  in  cymous  panicles Nos.  2 — A 

— FIs.  solitary  .—Sepals  nandurlform,  wavy-edged Nos.  5,  6 

— Sepals  lance-ovate  with  a  reflexed  point Nos.  7,  8 

•  Erect  herbs,  near  1  f.  high.    Flowem  ■olitary Nos.  9—11 

Exotic,  eulUvated  ipeoiea Nos.  12 — IS 


Ordek  1.— RANUNCULACEiE. 


201 


1  C.  verticilliria  DO.  Stem  ascending  trees  15  ft.  by  means  of  its  twisting? 
petioles.  At  each  node  is  a  whorl  (arising  from  two  buds)  of  fonr  ternate 
leaves,  and  two  large  purple  flowers.  Leaflets  acute,  1 — 2'  by  h — 1',  ovate, 
sligiilly  notched.  Sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  15"  by  5".  Filaments  about  24, 
outer  ones  (petals  ?)  dilated,  spatulate,  tipped  with  imperfect  anthers. — A  hand- 
some climber  in  highland  woods,  Vt.  (Dr  Phelps)  to  N.  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 
May,  Jn.  (Atragene  Americana  Sims). 

2  C.  Virgini^na  L.  Lvs,  ternate ;  Ifts.  smooth,  lohed,  and  cut-dentate. — A  common, 
hardy  climber  in  hedges  and  tiiickets.  Can.  to  (i:i.  and  tiio  Miss.  Stem  8-15  f.  in 
length,  supporting  itself  on  fences  and  brushwood  by  means  of  tlie  long  petioles. 
Leaflfts  2 — 3'  by  \\ — 2',  with  mucronate  teeth.  Sepals  4,  white,  obloiig-oi)ovate, 
obtuse.  Stamens  28 — 36.  Panicles  large,  axillary,  dichotomous.  Fruit  liirnislad 
with  long,  plumous  tails  (caudie),  appearing  in  large,  downy  tutls.     Aug.f 

3  C.  holosericea  Ph.  Lvs.  ternate ;  Ifti.  puhesccit  both  sides,  entire,  oblong- 
lanceolate. — In  Carolina.  Plant  climbing,  ilowny  or  silky  in  all  its  par';s. 
Panicles  corymbous, trichotomous,  few  flowered.  Flowers  dioecious,  small,  white; 
the  linear  petals  loiigor  than  thy  stamjna.     Aclienia  long-plumed. 

4  C.  Catesby^na  Ph.  Lvs.  biternate;  Ifts.  ovate,  small,  mostly  .'Globed,  the 
lobes  entire — In  Georgia.  Plant  cliinbing,  minutely  pubescent.  Flowers  in  axil- 
lary, divaricately  forked  cymes,  small,  mostly  $  J .  Sepals  linear  oblong.  Fila- 
ments in  the  ?  flowers,  linear-margined,  without  anthers.  Acheniii  sliort- 
pl  limed. 

6  C.  crispa  L.  Lvs.  either  ternate,  pinnate,  or  decompound;  Ifts.  ovate  (very 
variable),  acute,  smooth,  membranous. — Virginia  to  Ga.  anil  La.  Stems  climbing, 
but  not  extensively,  smooth.  Leaves  exceedingly  various.  Leaflets  3-15,  giab- 
rou.s,  simple,  often  lobed  or  3-parted,  rendering  the  leaf  decompound.  Peduncle 
terminal,  bearing  a  large,  nodding,  bell-sliaped,  bluish  purple  flower.  Achonia 
with  short  (6 — 9")  pubescent  tails.  Apr.  May. 
li.    cylindrica.       Lfts.    5 — 9,     broadly-ovate,   obtuse  or  subcordato   at   base. 

Sepals  above  much  dilated  and  crisped,  spreading  or  reflexed. — Ga.     Varying 

imperceptibly  into  a. 
y.  Walter i.     Slender  throughout.     Leaflets  3 — 5,  very  narrow,  acute  at  each  end. 

Sepals  narrow  and  scarcely  wavy.     Stamens  sometimes  sterile. — Ga.    Perhap.s 

distinct.     (E.  Waited,  Ph.) 
J.  linsariUba.    Lfts.   about    15,  lance-linear,  acute   or   acuminate   at  each  end. 

Flower  more  or  less  cylindraceous  below. — Quincy,  Fla.,  La.      (C.  lineariloba, 

DC.) 

6  C.  reticulata  Walt.  Leaves  pinnate  or  ternate.  Lfts.  obtuse  at  each  end,  at 
length  rigid  and  prominently  net-veined. — Fla.  Lfts.  3 — 6,  stalked  as  in  the  other 
species,  oblong,  ovate  or  oval,  entire,  simple  or  lobed.  Flower  terminal,  nodding, 
bell-shaped,  pale-purple,  much  resembling  that  of  No  5.  Sepals  1 — 1^-'  long. 
Achenia  with  long  silky  tails.     Apr. 

7  C.  Viorna  L.  Leather-Flower.  Lfts.  ovate,  acute,  smooth.  Sepals  ovate,  th'ck 
anl  leathery  ;  ach.  with  long  plun.ous  tails. — Woods,  Ohio  to  Ga.  Stems  10 — 15t 
in  length,  striate.  Lvs.  pinnate,  those  of  tho  branches  (bracts)  simple,  ovate, 
subsessile.  Lfta.  ovate  or  laice-ovate,  simple  or  3-lobed.  Flower  terminal,  nod- 
ding, dark  purple.  Sepals  o/ate-lanceolato,  1'  long,  cuspidate  point  reflexed. 
Tails  H'  long.     Jn.  Jl. 

8  C.  Pitcheri  T  &  G.  Lfts.  rough  with  prominent  veins,  coriaceous.  Sepals 
lance-ovate,  thick,  achenia  with  filiform,  naked  tails. — Iowa,  111.  to  Ark.  Leaves 
pinnate,  those  of  tho  peduncles  simple,  subsessile.  Leaflets  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
often  subcordato  at  base.  Sepals  of  the  nodding  flower  ovate-lanceolate,  dull 
purple,  8 — 10"  in  length,  the  cuspidate  point  reflexed.  Jn.  (Very  distinct 
from  tiio  precediog.) 

9  C.  ochroleiica  Ait.  Lvs.  simple,  ovate,  silky,  pubescent  beneath. — Mts.  and 
river  banks,  N.  Y.  toGa.  Rare;  stem  12 — 18  high,  sericious.  Leaves  sessile, 
entire,  simple,  2-4'  long,  J  as  wide,  with  prominent  veins,  upper  surface  at  length 
smooth.  Flower  terminal,  nodding,  ovate-cainpanulate.  Sepals  silky  outside, 
yellowish-white  within.     Plumes  of  the  fruit  long,  straw-colored.    May. 


]^ 


t  >%   K'i 


202 


Obdkb  l— RANUNCULACE^. 


10  C.  OV^ta  Pb.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  ylabroits,  glaucous  and  neiny  beneaih. 
— N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Stem  simple,  1 — 2f  high,  glabroud  uh  well  as  tliu  whole  plant 
Leaves  entire,  simple,  on  short  petioles,  tlie  lower  subcordate.  The  stem  termi- 
nates in  a  short,  nodding,  purple  Hower,  with  ovate-acuminate  sepals.  Achenia 
with  long  plumou.s  tails. 

11  C.  Baldwinii  T.  &  G.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong  to  lance-linear,  the  lower 
3-lobed  or  cleft. — Tampa  Bay,  Fla.  (Baldwin.)  Slender,  1 — 2f  high.  Lv>».  acute 
at  base,  about  J'  by  2  ,  petiolato.  Flower  cylindrical-campanulalo,  purplish,  on  a 
long  terminal  peduncle.     Plumous  tails  2'  long. 

12  C.  Flcimmula  L.  Flowers  paniculate ;  Ivs.  pinnate :  Ifts.  nblung,  acute  at 
each  end. — S.  Europe  and  N.  Africa,  often  cultivated.  Its  long,  half  woody, 
angular,  climbing  stems  form  shady  masses,  covered  with  small,  white,  cymous, 
extremely  fragrant  flowera  Lfts.  very  variable.  Fioiit  tipped  with  long  shaggy 
tiiils.     Jl.,  Oct.f 

13  C.  fldrida  L.  Floioers  solitary ;  sepals  acuminate,  smooth ;  lfts.  ovale,  acute. 
— From  Japan.  Vine  12f  long.  Lvs.  ternate  and  decompound;  lfts.  entire. 
Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  eacii  a  large,  white-yellow  tlower. 
Jn.,  Septf 

14  C.  Viticella  L.  Flower  solitary ;  sepals  obovate. — From  Spain.  Vine  long 
and  climbing,  with  ternately  decompound  leaves.  Lfts.  entire,  ovate  or  oval. 
Flower  large,  purple,  the  sepals  broad,  obtuse  at  end,  often  double.     Jn, — Sept.f 

15.  C.  lasiantha  Nutt.  Fis.  solitary,  dioecious,  on  clustered  2-leaved  branch- 
lets;  sepals  oblong-cuneate,  spreading,  villous  on  both  sides;  Iva.  ternate,  lfts. 
broadly  ovate,  iacisely  toothed,  the  terminal  3-lobed  or  cleft. — Vine  delicate, 
climbing  many  feet,  pubescent  or  villous.  Lfts.  about  1^'  by  1'.  Peduncles  3' 
long,  the  pale  blue- purple  fl.  1^'  broad,  f     Rocky  Mts. 

2.  ANEMONE,  L.  Fig.  361.  (Gr.  dvefxog,  wind.  Most  of  the 
species  grow  in  elevated  or  windy  places.)  Involucre  remote  from  the 
flower,  of  3  divided  leaves;  caly.\  regular,  of  5 — 15  colored  .sepals; 
corolla  0 ;  stamens  oo,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals ;  ovaries  oo,  free, 
collected  into  a  roundish  or  oblong  head ;  achenia  with  a  short,  rarely 
lengthened  beak;  seeds  suspended. — 1(.  Lvs.  radical,  stem  lvs.  2  or  3 
opposite  or  whorled,  forming  the  involucre. 

I  PtTLSATiLLA.    Carpels  many  (60 — 75)  with  lonar,  plumous  tails No.  1 

§  Ankmonb  proper.    Carpels  not  produced  into  tails.  (•) 

♦  Pistils  many  (50—70)  in  a  head,  densely  woolly  in  fruit,    (a) 

a  In volucrato  leaves  sessile,  with  a  single  flower Nos.  2 — ♦ 

a  Involucrato  leaves  petiolate,  with  2 — 3  flowers. Nos.  5—7 

♦  Pistils  fewer  (16— 20),  merely  pubescent  in  fruit Nos.  S.  9 

♦  Pistils  few  (10— 15),  glabrous.    Flowers  umbeled Nos  10.  H 

Exotic,  cultivated  species.... Nos.  12,  Vi 

1  A.  Nuttalliina  DC.  Pasque-flower.  Plant  clothed  with  silky  hairs.  St.  in 
liower  very  short,  in  fruit  8 — 12'  high.  Lvs.  long-stalked,  many-cleft,  segmerts 
linear  or  cuneiform,  incised.  Involucre  below  the  middle  of  the  stem,  sessile, 
Bubulately  dissected,  concave  or  cup-shaped  in  position.  Sop.  of  tlie  single 
showy  flower  5  or  6,  1'  long,  pale-purplo.  silky  outside,  appearing  before  the 
leav'es,  in  Apr.  Tails  of  the  caipols  1^'  long. — Dry  hills,  '.Viae,  111.,  W.  to  R. 
Mts.     (A.  patens  L.     Pulsatilla,  Gray.) 

2  A.  Carolinidna  Walt.  Lvs.  3-parted  into  cuneate-linear,  twice  trijid  segments  ; 
invol.  similarly  cleft  halfway,  hand-shaped;  sep.  15 — 20,  obtuse;  head  of  carpels 
cylindracjous-oblong. — A  delicately  beautiful  plant.  Oar.  to  Ark.  and  Nebr. 
Rhizome  tuberous,  sending  up  many  stalked,  multifid  leaves  and  a  scape  6-^10' 
hii^h,  bearing  the  2  or  3-leavod  itivolucro  below  the  middle,  and  the  single  large, 
fragrant,  white  or  rose-colored  flower  at  top.  Scape  pubescent  above.  Outer 
sepals  dottwd  with  purple,  oblong,  the  inner  (or  petals)  narrower,  all  nearly  per- 
sistent. InvoL  similar  to,  or  less  deeply  cleft  tiian  the  leaves.  Apr.  (A.  tenella, 
Ph.) 

3  A.  heteroph^lla  Nutt.  Lvs.  of  roundish-oval,  crenate  segments;  invol. 
line.ir-cileft  to  the  bise;  sep.  acute,  5 — 13;  head  of  carpels  cylindrical. — Ga.  (near 
Macon,  Mettauer)  to  La.  (Hale)  and  Ark.  Rhizome  tuberous.     Radical  lvs.  one  or 


Orokb   1.— RANUNOULACE^. 


208 


few,  Iong-8talked  (3 — 6  ),  temate,  tlie  segments  stalked,  simple,  or  incisely  3-lobed  or 
parted.  Scape  8 — 16  liigh,  silky  pubesceut  above.  Lva  of  the  iuvoL  totally  uulike 
the  others,  the  segments  1 — 1^'  by  1",  placed  (in  tlower)  above  the  middle  of  the 
scape.  FL  greenish,  sceutleas:  sepals  commonly  8,  all  linear-oblong,  5 — *j  long, 
soo'n  falling.     Heads  of  carpels  Ij   long;  ach.  flattened.     Mar. — Apr. 

4  A.  parvifldra  Mx.  Invol.  2-leaved;  sep.  5-6,  oval;  head  of  carpels  globi^r  — 
Canada  and  northward.  Stem  2—12'  high,  pubescent.  Lvs.  :{-partod,  st-gments 
cuneiform,  3-cleft,  crenate  lobed,  those  of  the  involucre  similar,  subsessile.  Flowor 
whitish.     (A.  cuneifoliu.  Ph.) 

5  A.  multifida  DC.  Red  wind-flower.  Invol.  short-petiol^d ;  lateral  peduncles 
involucellate:  heads  of  carpels  oval. — Rocks,  northern  Vt.  and  N.  Y.,  W.  to  Lake 
Superior;  rare.  Plant  hairy,  about  If  high.  Radical  Ivs.  ternately  divided,  sogm. 
cuneiform,  gashed  into  3  linear  acute  lobes,  petioles  2 — 4'  long,  luvol.  2 — 3-leaved, 
similar,  subtending  2  or  3  peduncles.  Involucels  2-leavod,  sessile.  Fls.  of  5 — 8 
obtuse  sepals,  small,  purple,  varying  to  white.     Jn.     (A.  Hudsoniana  Rich.) 

6  A.  Vlrgini^na  L.  Invol.  long-petioled;  lateral  peduncles  involucellate ;  heads 
of  carpels  oblong. — A  tall  species  in  dry  woods  and  hilly  pastures,  Can.  to  Car. 
Scape  erect,  2-3  f  high,  hairy,  dividing  above  into  about  3  long  parallel  l-flowered 
peduncles,  middle  one  naked,  lateral  ones  each  with  an  involucel  of  two  bracts. 
Lvs.  2-3' by  3-4',  3-parted;  Ifls.  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed  and  lobed;  petioles 
6 — 10'  long,  petioles  of  the  bracts  much  shorter.  Sepals  5,  yellowish  green.  Fruit 
woolly,  in  beads  |'  long.    July. 

/3.  ALBA.    Fie.  larger;  sep.  white. — Ledges,  Vt.  (Dr.  Robbina.) 

7  A.  cylfndrica  Gray.  ln\o\.  long-petioled;  peduncles  all  naked;  head  of  carpels 
cylindrical. — Dry  soils,  Mass.,  N.  II.  to  Iowa,  Plant  silky  pubescent,  1 — 2f  high. 
Lvs.  2 — 3'  wide,  3-parted;  segra.  cuneate,  deeply  gash-lobed  and  cut-toothed,  petioles 
3 — 6'  long;  ped.  3 — 6,  l-flowered,  6 — 10'  long,  umbellate,  sometimes  one  or  two 
with  involucles ;  sep.  5,  silky,  greenish-wiiito,  obtuse ;  heads  of  fruit  1^'  long.    May. 

8  A.  nemordaa  L.  Wood  Anemone.  Low,  smooth,  l-flowered ;  invol.  petiolate. — 
A  common  and  interesting  little  plant,  6 — 9'  high,  found  in  old  woods,  hedges,  and 
in  open  fields.  Radical  leaf  1,  tcrnate,  segm.  cleft  or  lobed.  Invol.  of  3  petiolate 
leaves,  placed  in  a  whorl  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  its  bracts  cut-toothed  and 
lobed,  the  lateral  segments  clofl,  somotiiues  quite  to  tlie  base,  so  as  to  render  the 
leaf  quinate.  At  the  top  of  the  stem  is  a  single  white  flower,  purplish  outside. 
Apr.,  May. 

9  A.  Pennsylvtoica  L.  Hairy :  invol  sessile :  ped.  one,  at  length  2  or  3,  lateral 
ones  involucellate. — Shores  and  wet  prairies.  Can.  to  Penn.  "W.  to  Ind.  and  Wis. 
Stem  12  to  20'  high;  lvs.  large,  veiny,  those  of  the  root  5-parted,  segm.  cuiioate, 
3-lobed,  pointed.  Lvs.  of  the  involucre  3-parted,  aouminate-lobed  and  toothed. 
First  flower  on  a  naked  stalk.  From  its  base  arise  two  branches,  each  2-leaved 
(involuceled)  and  l-flowered.     Sep.  5,  obovate,  large,  white.     Jn. — Aug. 

10  A.  narcissifldra  L.  Vilhus ;  involucre  sessiU ;  achenia  flattened. — In  Canada 
and  northward.  Plant  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs.  Lvs.  palmately  3 — 5-paited, 
segm.  cuneiform,  incisely  many  clefl  into  linear  acute  lobes.  Invol.  somewhat 
similar,  the  sessile  leaflets  3 — 5-cleft.  Flowers  several,  umbelate,  white,  on  leafless 
stalks. 

11  A.  thalictroides  L.  Rue  Anemone.  (Fig.  361.)  Glabrous,  low;  invol. 
petiolate:  ach.  grooved. — In  woods,  Cani  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Iowa,  common.  A  fln« 
little  plant  of  early  spring.  Root  consisting  of  several  oblong  tubers ;  lvs.  bitor- 
nate  or  triternate,  the  common  petiole  2 — 4'  long.  Lfls.  like  those  of  the  invoL 
6 — 12"  lo^g,  f  as  wide,  oval,  subcordate,  3-lobed.  Invol.  of  two  temate  leaves 
appearing  as  a  whorl  of  6  petiolulate  Ifts.  Flowers  several,  white  ^  aryiug  to 
pale  purple.     Hight  6 — 8'.     Apr.,  May.     (Thalictrura  anemonoides  Mx.) 

12  A.  corondria  L.  Lvs.  temate,  with  multifld  segments  and  linear  mucrontU 
lobes :  sep.  6,  oval,  close. — From  Levant.  A  haidy,  flowering  plant,  with  larga 
single  or  double  variegated  flowers.     May.f 

13  A.  hort^nais  L.  Lvs.  3-parted,  with  erenate,  cut-dentatel  obes :  invol.  sessile, 
of  oblong,  entire  or  cut  leaflets.  Sep.  10 — 12,  oblong. — From  Italy.  A  fln« 
garden  species,  with  double  and  seiri-double  varieties  of  red,  white,  and  bliM 
flowers.     May.f 


■H:!: 


T 


w 


204 


Order  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 


Observation. — Many  other  foreign  species  are  ornamental,  and  perhaps  rarely 
cultivated.    They  all  preter  a  I'resl),  louniy  soil 

3.  HEPATICA,  L>ill.  Liverwort.  Fig.  132,  190.  (Gr.  ^naro^, 
of  the  liver;  from  the  fancied  reseuiblance  of  the  leaf.)  Involucre  of 
3  entire,  ovate,  obtuse  bracts,  resembling  a  calyx,  situated  a  little  below 
the  flower;  calyx  of  6 — 9  petaloid  sepals,  disposed  in  2  or  3  rows; 
corolla  0;  achenia  awnless. 

H.  triloba  Chaix  (and  acutiloba  DC).  Lva.  trilobate,  the  lobes  entire ;  scape 
l-flowered,  hairy. — Woods,  Can.  to  (ia.,  and  Wise.  This  little  plant  is  one  of  iho 
earliest  harbingers  of  spring,  often  putting  forth  its  neat  and  elegant  flowers  in 
the  neighborhood  of  some  lingering  snow  bank.  The  root  consists  of  numerous 
and  strong  fibers.  Lvs.  all  radical,  on  long,  iiairy  petioles,  smooth,  evergreen, 
coriaceous,  divided  into  tiiree  lobes,  which  suggest  all  its  names.  Fls  on  scapes 
3 — i'  long,  solitary,  numerous,  generally  blue,  but  frequently  in  varieties  of  white 
and  flesh  color.  In  cultivation  they  become  double.  In  respect  to  the  form  of 
leaves  there  are  two  varieties : 
a.  OBTUSA,  lobes  obtuse,  rounded. — Prefers  the  south  side  of  hills. 
p.   ACUTA,  lobes  acute. — Prefers  the  north  side  of  hills.  (H.  acutiloba,  D.  C.) 

4.  THALJCTRUM,  Tourn.  Meadow  Rue.  (Said  to  be  from 
fla/lAo),  to  be  green.)  Calyx  colored,  of  4 — 5  roundish,  concave, 
caducous  sepals ;  corolla  0 ;  filaments  oo,  compressed,  dilated  upward, 
longer  than  the  calyx;  ovaries  numerous  (4 — 15);  achenia  sessile  or 
stipitate,  ribbed  or  inflated,  pointed  with  the  stigma  or  short  style. — 
U  Lvs.  ternately  compounded,  with  stalked  leaflets.  Fls.  paniculate, 
often   ?   ^  or   2   ij  <? . 

*  Carpels  mostly  10  or  12,  beaked  witli  a  style Nos.  1,  2 

*  Carjiels  few  (4—6),  with  sessile  stigmas Nos.  3,  4 

1  T.  dioicum  L.  ?  J  ;  stem  leaves  on  a  short  common  petiole ;  Ifts.  obtusely 
5-7  lobed;  ach.  about  8,  sessile. — Hilly  woods,  Brit.  Am.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  A 
slender  and  delicate  plant,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  1 — 2f  high.  Lvs.  ternately 
decompound,  the  caulino  on  petioles  1 — 3'  long,  shortening  upward.  Lfts.  roundish, 
about  f '  diameter,  with  5 — 7  obtuse  lobes,  paler  beneath.  Filaments  filiform,  longer 
than  the  5  obtuse  sepals.  Tiio  slender  terminal  panicle  is  often  purplish,  gener- 
ally pale  green.     Fruit  strongly  ribbed  and  distinctly  pointed.     May» 

2  T.  cornClti  L.  9  $  ;  stem  iv:..  all  sessile  (no  common  petiole) ;  lfts.  roundish 
obovate,  rather  acutely  3-lobcd;  ach.  about  12,  substipitate,  ribbed. — Common 
in  meadows.  Stem  3-4f  high,  smooth,  lioliow,  jointed,  furrowed  Lvs.  rf  seni- 
bling  those  of  the  columbine  (Aquilegia),  green  above,  smootli,  several  times 
compounded.     Lfts.  1-2'  long,  f  as  wide.     Panicles  large  and  diffuse.     Jn.,  Jl. 

fi.  purpurXsckns.  Steins  purp'.isii,  tall ;  stem-lvs.  se.ssile  or  the  lovrer  with 
short  8tall<s ;  fl-i.  purp'ish-green,  with  drooping  capillary  fll. ;  lfts.  tliickish, 
the  sides  revolute.     Dry  hills,  N.  H.  to  Ga.  (T.  purpurascens  L.) 

3  T.  clavatum,  D  C.  Fls.  perfect ;  lvs.  cauline :  panicle  corymboiis :  ach.  stiped. — 
N.  Car.  (Curtis).  Plant  very  smoooth,  2f  or  more  in  hight.  Lvs.  biternate,  on 
petioles  1'  in  lengtli ;  lfts.  roundish,  obtusely  3 — 5-lobed,  glaucous  beneath. 
Panicles  loose  and  capillary.  Fruit  inflated,  obovate,  striate,  each  as  long  as  its 
slender  stipe,  acute.     Style  0. 

4  T.  alpinum  L.  Lvs.  mostly  radical :  fls.  ^  in  a  simple  raceme :  ach.  ovate, 
sessile. — Can.  and  northward.  Plant  about  6'  higii,  glabrous.  Lvs.  petiolate, 
biternate;  lfts.  roundish,  about  4'  diam.,  crenately  toothed.  Stems  few-leaved, 
terminating  in  a  cluster  of  a  few  nodding  flowers  on  slender  pedicels.  Fila- 
ments filiform.     Stylo  0. 

5.  TRAUTVETTlRIA,  Fisch.  and  Meyer.  (Named  in  honor  of 
Trautvetter,  a  German  botanist.)  Sepals  4 — 6,  colored,  caducous ; 
petiils  0 ;  stamens  ou,  petaloid ;  carpels  15 — 20,  membranous  and  in- 


Oiu>EU   I.— IIANUKCULACE^:. 


205 


dehisceut,  angular,    1 -seeded,  tipped   with  the  short,  hooked   style. — 
U  Lvs.  palinately  lobed,     FIs.  eoryinbous. 

T.  palmdta  Fiach  and  Me3'cr.  A  coarse  plant  of  tho  prairies  and  wooils,  Va.  lo 
Can.,  \V.  to  111.  Stem  slender,  2 — 5f  liigli,  terete,  sniootli,  terminating  in  a  hirge 
branching  corymb.  Radical  lv.><.  4 — 6'  wide  by  3 — 5  long,  rugous  and  reticulate- 
veined,  5 — 1>  lobed,  long-.«taiked ;  stem  Ua.  few,  remote,  the  upper  sessile.  FIs. 
many,  white.  Sepals  orbicular,  concave,  tailing  as  soon  as  expjuiding.  Jl,  Aug. 
(Cimicifuga,  Hook.) 

6.  ADdNIS,  L.  rHE.\8.\NT's-EYE.  (Feigned  to  liave  sprung  from 
the  bloo  I  of  Adonis  when  wounded  by  the  boar.)  Sepals  5,  appiessed  ; 
petals  5 — 15,  with  a  naked  (scahless)  claw.  Achenia  spiked,  ovate 
and  pointed  with  the  hardened,  j»ersistent  style. — Herbs  with  dissected 
lvs.  and  terminal,  solitary,  red  or  yellow  flowers. 

1  A.  autumndlis  L.  Petals  5 — 8  {rrimson),  concave  and  connivent. — A  fine 
hardy  annual,  fror  i  Europe,  naturalized  in  some  parts  of  tlie  country.  Stem 
thick,  branching,  If  high  Lvs.  pinnalely  parted,  with  numerous  linear  seg- 
ments. FIs.  li'  diam.  Cat  pels  crowned  with  a  very  short  style,  and  collected 
into  an  ovate  or  sub-cylindric  head.  Seeds  to  be  sown  iu  autumn  iu  a  light 
soil. 

2  A.  vernEklls  L.  Petals  10 — 12  (yellow),  oblong,  spreading. — A  handsome 
perennial,  from  Europe.     Stem  branching,  I  i.  high.     Lvs.  sessile,  multitid. 

7.  RANUNCULUS,  L.  Crowfoot.  Buttercups.  Fig.  24,  241, 
242,  294,  369,  458,386,415.  (Lat.  nm«,  afiog;  from  the  aquatic 
habitat  of  some  species.)  Calyx  of  6  ovate  sepals  ;  coiolla  of  5  round- 
ish, shining  petals,  each  with  a  nectariferous  scale  (Fig.  294)  or  pore  at 
the  b.ise  inside ;  tilaments  oo ;  achenia  Go,  flattened,  pointed,  crowded 
in  a  roundish  or  oblong  head. — Herbs,  mostly  ^4,  with  alternate  leaves 
and  yellow  flowers. 

i  Seeds  (car(>els)  rouph  with  points  or  prickles Nos.  1,  2 
Seeds  (fiirpel.s)  smooth  and  even,  or  merely  rupius  ca). 

a  Leaves  in  fine,  numerous,  thread-iilie  divisions,  under  water Nos. .%  4 

a  Leaves  all  undivided  and  simple.— Stems  creeping Nos.  5,  6 

— Stems  erect Nos.  7 — 9 

a  Root-lvs.  simply  crenate  or  lobed,  stem  leaves  divided Nos.  10,11 

a  Leaves  all  more  or  less  divided,  not  subniersed  (b). 

b  Sepal^preading  in  flower,  siiortcr  than  the  sliowy  petals Nos.  Vi — 14 

b  Sepals  reflexed  in  flower.— Head  of  carpels  obions; Nos.  15, 16 

— Heads  of  carpels  glolxms Nos.  17, 18 

1  R.  muricatUB  L.  Ghhrous ;  carpels  aculeate,  strongly  margined,  and  ending 
in  a  stout,  ensi/orm,  recurved  beak.  Va.  to  La.  Stem  branched,  erect,  If  high. 
Lvs.  roundish  (IJ'  dinm.),  cordiite,  3-lobed,  lobes  coarsely  crenate-toothed,  all 
similar,  and  on  petioles  1 — 5  long.  Bracts  close  to  the  flower,  simple.  FIs. 
small,  few.  Pet.  obovate,  yellow.  Carpels  large  (3"  long,  including  beak). 
^  Eur. 

2  R.  parvifldruB  L.  Villous;  carpels  roundish,  granulated,  tipped  with  a  rery 
ffwrt  btak. — Va.  to  La.  Stem  <) — 12'  high,  slender,  branched.  Lvs.  all  petiolate, 
small,  roundish  (9 — 16  "  diam.),  cordate,  3-lobed  or  parted,  the  segments  acutely 
toothed.  FIs.  quite  small,  the  yellow  petals  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  Seeds 
scarcely  1'  in  length,  in  a  globular  head.     §  Eur. 

3  R.  aqu^tiliB  L.  /?  capillacecs.  Lvs.  all  fiiliformly  dissected ;  pet.  white ; 
carpels  transversely  rvgous. — Ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  Arctic  Am,  to  S.  Car., 
W.  to  Rocky  Mts,  The  whole  plant  is  submerged  except  the  flowers,  and  per- 
haps a  few  "of  the  upper  leaves.  Stem  1 — 2f  or  more  in  length,  slender,  weak, 
roimd,  smooth,  jointed.  Leaves  divided  dichotomously  into  numerous  hair-like 
segments,  in  outline  roundish  and  J — 1'  diara.  Ped.  thick,  1  —  1^'  long.  FIs. 
smaller  than  in  R.  acris.     Petals  rather  narrow,  white,  except  the  yellow  claws. 

H.,  Aujf. 


I- 

if- 


f 


m 


200 


OttUER  1.— KANUNCULACE^. 


4  R.  multifidus  Ph.  Floating;  st.  long;  submerged  Ivs.,  cleft  into  nuineroiu 
capillary  segments,  emersed  ones  rtniform,  3 — 5  parted,  tlie  lobes  \ariou8i\-  di- 
vided ;  8ep.  reflexcf',  j,  as  long  as  the  yellow  pttaln ;  carpek  smouth,  with  a  short, 
straight,  ensiform  style;  hds.  globous. — Ponds,  sluggish  streams,  and  muddy 
places,  Can.,  U,  S  Stem  1 — 2f  or  moie  in  length,  fistulous.  Lvs.  pentangul'.ii 
in  outline,  § — IJ'  diam.,  tliose  below  more  finely  divided ;  petioles  ^ — 2'  in  length. 
Fls.  bright  yellow,  emerging  on  forked,  striate  peduncles.     May,  Jn. 

0.  FLUviATiLis.     Lvs.  all  capillaceous-multifld ;   fls.  as  large  as  in  R.  acris.     (R. 
lacustris  Beck.) 

5  R.  Cymbaldria  Ph.  St.  filiform,  creeping,  rooting ;  lvs.  reniform-cordate,  en'- 
nate-ckntate ;  ped.  solitary,  mostly  2-flovvered ;  petals  spatulate ;  ach.  oblong. — 
In  salt  marshes  on  the  sea-coast,  and  at  Sallna,  N.  Y.  Stem  round,  sending  out 
runners  from  the  joints.  Lvs.  radical,  ^ — 1'  diam.  on  long  petioles.  Scapes 
2 — 6'  high,  eacii  with  2  small,  bright-yellow  flowers,  and  a3  many  obtuse  bracts. 
Nectary  naked  (not  covered  by  a  scale).     Jn. 

6  R.  r6ptanB  L.  Stem  creeping,  geniculate,  rooting ;  nodes  1-Jlowered ;  lvs.  lin- 
ear, entire,  remote. — A  slender  species,  creeping  on  river  banks  and  other  wet 
places.  Can.,  N.  IT.,  W.  to  Oregon.  Stem  6 — 8'  long,  round,  rooting  at  tiie 
joints.  Lvs.  flesiiy,  6 — 12"  in  length,  mostly  very  narrow  and  acute  at  each 
end.  Fls.  small  (3 — 4"  wide).  Sepals  spreading,  obtuse.  Petals  obovate,  yel- 
low, fading  to  white.  Nectary  covered  by  a  scale.  Ach.  very  smooth.  .11.  (R, 
liliformis  Mx.) 

j9.  ovALis.     Lvs.  oval  and  lanceolate ;  pet.  5 — 1 0. 

7  R.  ambigeus  Watson.  Glabrous,  decUnate  at  base,  erect ;  lvs.  all  lance- 
shaped,  on  sheathing  petioles. — An  aquatic  herb,  growing  in  ditches  and  swamps, 
Can.  to  N.  Car.,  W.  to  111.  Root  fibrous.  Stem  6 — 18'  long,  more  or  less  de- 
cumbent, succulent.  Lvs.  3 — 6'  in  length,  entire,  or  with  a  few  teeth,  thick- 
ened at  the  acute  summit.  Fls.  solitary,  of  a  gollen  yellow,  on  peduncles  ^  as 
long  as  the  leaves.  Fruit  roundish,  twice  longer  tiiaa  its  beak,  in  a  globular 
head.     Jn.,  Aug.     (R.  alismaefolius  Gray,  nee  Geyer.) 

8  R.  pusfUus  Poir.  Erect;  lvs.  all  petiolate,  Imver  ones  ovate,  upper  ones  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  pet.  mostly  hut  3  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx ;  stam.  8 — 10  ;  carpels 
ovate,  scarcely  pointed. — In  wet  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Stems  slender, 
weak,  6 — 12'  high,  dichotomously  branched.  Lower  lvs.  subcordate,  ^ — 1'  long. 
J  as  wide,  petioles  1 — 3"  long,  upper  ones  1 — 1^"  long,  \  as  wide,  with  minute, 
remote  teeth.     Fls.  very  small,  yellow,  on  long  peduncles.     May. 

9  R.  oblongifdliuB  Ell.  Erect  or  ascending,  diffuse,  branched;  lvs.  lance-ovate  and 
lanceolate;  fls.  viinute,  stain,  about  20. — Car.,  Ga.,  and  W.  Glabrous,  or  stem 
puberuleni,  12 — IS'  liigh,  dividing  above  in  numerous  slender  branches  and  pe- 
duncles. Lvs.  petiolate,  denticulate,  upper  linear.  Fls.  numerous,  petals  yellow, 
less  than  1"  long.     Carp,  minute,  pointless,  in  round  heads.  -  (R.  Tuxeusis  Engl.) 

10  R.  abortivuB  L.  Smooth ;  radical  lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  crenate,  petiolate ;  cal. 
a  little  longer  than  petals,  reflexed.  A  very  pretty  species  in  woods,  Can.  to 
Ark.,  remarkable  for  the  dissimilarity  of  the  root  and  stem  leaves.  Stem  8 — 16 
high,  nearly  naked.  Root  lvs.  8 — 18  "  diam,,  quite  regularly  margined  with  cren- 
ate divisions,  and  on  petioles  2 — 5'  long.  Lower  stem  lvs.  peclate,  with  a  pen- 
tangular outline;  upper  in  3  deep,  linear  segments,  sessile.  Fls.  sninll,  yellow. 
Fi'uit  in  globous  heads.     May,  Jn. 

(3  MICHANTHUS.     Hairy,  low  ( : — 5);  lower  lvs.  scarcely  cordate,  a-lobed  or  3- 
clelt.     Fls.  1  or  2.     Mass.  (Sprague)  to  Ga.  I     (R.  niicranthus,  Nutt.) 

11  R,  rhomboideuB  0 oldie.  Hirsutely  pubescent,  mtich  branched;  root  lvs, 
rhomboid-ovate,  crenate- dentate,  on  long  petioles;  sep.  spreading,  shorter  than  tho 
petals ;  ach.  smooth,  with  very  short  beaks. — Wis.  (Lapliani)  and  Can.  W.  A 
low,  bushy,  hairy  species,  G — 10'  high.  Root  lvs.  about  1'  by  ^',  often  roundish 
or  elliptical,  tiio  petioles  about  2'  long.  Segments  of  tho  stem  leaved  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse,  oftener  entire.  Petals  yellow,  oblong- obovate.  Heads  of  carpels 
globous.     (R.  ovalis  and  brevicanlis.  Hook.) 

12  R.  faaciculilriB  Muhl.  Early  Crowfoot.  Erect;  root fasciculatp ;  radical 
lvs.  appearing  pinnate ;  peduncles  terete ;  carpels  scarcely  margined. — Hoeky  woods 


Ui : 


Ohulk   1.— RANUN(JULACE/E. 


207 


aud  hills.  Root  a  cluster  of  fleshy  fibres.  Root  Ivs.  on  petioles  3 — o  long,  ter- 
Date,  with  the  middle  segment  long-stalked  and  again  pinnately  ternate ;  lateral 
segm.  mostly  sessile,  all  3 — 5  cleft  into  acute  lobes.  Stems  never  creeping. 
Pubescence  silky,  appressed.  Fls.  bright  yellow,  1  brttad.  Petals  sfiatulattj- 
obovate,  with  a  broad  scale.     Beak  of  tlie  carpels  slender.     Apr.,  May. 

13  R.  rdpens  L.  Root  fibrotis ;  radical  Ivs.  te)-nate  with  stalked  leaflets ;  pedun- 
cles furrowed;  carp,  broadly  margined  and  pointed. — In  moist  and  sliady  places. 
Early  flowering  stems  erect ;  later  branches  from  the  base  prostrate,  1 — 3 — 4f 
long,  generally  hirsute  at  the  ba^ie.  Petioles  iiairy,  long.  Lvs.  hairy  on  tlio 
veins,  dark  green,  ternate.  the  Ifts.  ovate  or  broadly  crenatc  variously  lobed  and 
cleft,  all  (or  at  least  the  middle  ones)  petiohilato.  Fls.  middle  size,  bright  yel- 
low. Fr.  in  a  round  head.  May, — Jl.  Varies  exceedingly  in  ditl'erent  localities 
and  stages  of  growth.     Some  of  its  more  striking  forms  are: 

/3.  liiNEARiLoBUS.  St.  very  long,  floriterous,  smoothish ;  lobes  of  lvs.  very  nar- 
row.    Fruit  not  strongly  margined. 

y.  HiSPiDUS.  Stem  and  petioles  densely  hirsute  with  soft-spreading  hairs ;  Ills. 
all  distmctiy  stalked,  deeply  parted.    Fr.  short-pointed. 

i.  NiTiDUS.  Mostly  erect,  glabrous;  fls.  large,  sep.  reflexed;  fr.  strongly  mar- 
gined.   Common  South.     Probably  a  distinct  species. 

14  R.  palmitus  Ell.  Lvs.  palmately  ?i — 5  cleft  or  divided,  loith  the  sinus  at  base 
closed,  the  segm.  all  sessile  and  cut-toothed  or  lohed;  carp,  few,  margined,  avd 
straight-beaked. — In  wet  barrens.  Car.  to  Fla.  St.  12 — 18'  high,  with  a  few 
slender  branches,  pubescent.  Lvs.  all  petiolate,  '^entaugular  in  outline,  1 — 2' 
wide,  with  appressed  pubescence.  Upper  lvs.  of  3  linear  segments.  Fls.  few, 
yellow,  small  (6 — 8"  diara.)     Fr.  compressed. 

15  R  dcria  L.  Butter-cups.  St.  erect,  many-flowei  o<\ ;  lvs.  more  or  less  pu- 
bescent, deeply  trifld,  with  the  hose  segm.  divaricate,  all  laciniale,  upper  ones  with 
linear  segments ;  ped.  terete;  cul.  hairy,  spreading ;  carp,  roundish,  smooth,  com- 
pressed ;  beak  short,  recurved. — This  is  the  most  common  species  in  N.  Eng.  and 
Can.,  in  meadows  and  pastures,  rapidly  and  extensi\oly  spreading.  St.  1 — 2f 
high,  round,  hollow,  mostly  hairy.  Lvs.  l\ — .'{'  diam.,  upper  ones  in  3  linear  seg- 
ments.    Fls.  large  (I'  diam.),  golden  yellow      Jn.,  Sept. 

(i.  PLENA.     Fls.  double,  the  petals  excessively  multiplied,     'wardens. 

16  R.  Pennsylv^icuB  L.  Hirsute,  with  stiff,  spreading  Jiairs ;  lvs.  ternate,  Ifts. 
sub-petiolate,  deeply  3-lobed,  incisely  serrate ;  cal.  reflexed,  rather  longer  than  the 
roundish  petals ;  carp,  tipped  with  a  short,  straight  style. — A  very  hairy  species 
in  wet' grounds.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  1.^ — 3f  high.  Lvs.  2 — 3' diam.,  Ifts. 
strongly  veined  and  with  spreading  segments.  Fls.  numerous,  small,  bright 
yellow.  Fruit  in  dense  oblong  or  c^  lindrical  heads. — Jn.,  Aug.  (R.  liispidus 
Ph.) 

17  R.  BCelerdtUB  Ph.  Smooth;  lower  lvs.  3-parted,  segm.  '^•lobed,  rrenately 
incised,  or  entire;  carp,  minute,  jtointkus. — (J rows  in  wet  places.  Can.  to  Ga. 
St.  rather  thick,  hollow,  much  branched,  1 — Uf  high.  Lower  petioles  3 — 5' 
long,  with  rather  large,  palmately  3 — 5-pHrted  leaves.  Floral  lvs.  or  bracts 
mostly  simple,  lanceolate  and  entire.  Fls.  small,  yellow.  Cal.  reflexed,  iis  lont; 
as  the  minute  petals.  Hds.  of  carpels  only  2 — 3  "  long.  This  is  one  of  the  mr.st 
acrid  of  the  tribe,  and  wili  raise  blisters  upon  the  skin.     Jn.,  Jl. 

18  R.  recurvdtus  L.  Hirsute  with  thin,  spreading  hairs ;  lvs.  all  similarly  ^-parted, 
segm.  oval,  unequally  incised,  the  lateral  ones  2-lobe  I ;  cal.  recurved,  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  petals ;  acli.  with  allocked  beak. — About  If  high,  in  damp 
wools.  Lab.  to  Fla.  Pale  given,  branching  above.  Lvs.  1^ — 2'  long,  2— 3^' 
wid''  on  petioles  3 — G'  long.  Upper  lvs.  sub.sas-»ile  and  ."l-parted  quite  to  tlie 
base.  F's.  small,  with  inconspicuous,  pale  yellow  petals.  Carp,  ovate,  tipped 
with  long,  hooked  beaks.     May — Jl. 

19  R.  bulbdBUS  L.  Hairy ;  st.  erect,  bulbova  at  the  base  ,•  radical  lvs.  ternate, 
Ifts.  petiolate,  incisely  dentate,  each  about  3-cleft ;  ped.  furroined,  cal.  reflexed. — 
This  is  another  acrid  species,  very  common  in  pastures,  iMOW-lands,  Ac.  Rt. 
fleshy.  St.  leafy,  fUrrowed,  G — 18'  high,  hollow,  thickened  at  the  base  into  a 
sort  of  bulb,  and  dividing  above  into  upright  peduuc.ea,  with  golden  yell(>,y 


3'fjl 


|»i '  f 


208 


Ordek  L— RANUNCULACF'E. 


•»   <:  *  * 


,ii 


iJ>^p.l. 


flowers.  It  is  well  distinguished  from  R.  acris  by  its  refiexed  sepals  and  its  fur- 
rowed pedimcles.  Tlie  lobes  of  the  root-leavea  are  also  rounded  rather  than 
acute  lit  apex.     May,  Jn.     §  Eur. 

8.  MYOSORUS,     Dill.      Mouse-tail.      Fig.  286,  287.      (Gr.  fiv^, 

uvbg,  mouse,  ovpa^  tail;  alluding  to  the  long  spike  of  carpels.)     Sepals 

5,  produced  downwards  at  base  below  their  insertions;  petals  5,  with 

slender,  tubular  claws:  stamens  5 — 20;  achenia  very  closely  spicate  on 

the  elongated  torus. —  ®  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  radical.     Scapes  1-flowered. 

1  M.  minimus  L.  Prairies  and  bottoms,  Va.  to  III.  and  La.  A  diminutive 
plant,  remarkable  for  its  little  terete  spikelet  of  fruit,  which  is  often  more  than 
an  Inch  long.  L.'s.  1 — 3'  long  and  1 — 2"  wide.  Scape  a  little  taller,  with  a 
single  minute,  pale  yellow  tlower  at  top.     Carp,  very  numerous,  blunt.     Apr. 

9.  ISOPYRUM,  L.  False  Rue  Anemone.  Fig.  288.  Sepals  5, 
petaioid,  deci<iuous ;  petals  6,  small,  tubular,  sometimes  0  ;  stamens 
lO — 40;  ovaries  3 — 20;  follicles  subsessile,  acuminate  with  the  stylo, 
2 — several-seeded. — Delicate  herbs,  with  leaves  2 — 3-ternate,  segments 
2 — 3-lobed.     FIs.  pedunculate,  axillary  and  terminal,  white. 

1  I.  biternitum  Torr.  &  Gr.  Low,  erect,  glabrous ;  pet.  none ;  <>arp.  ".-  -0, 
broadly  ovate,  divaricate,  sessile,  strongly  veined,  2-seeded ;  sds.  cvaio,  *^oiu- 
pressed,  smooth,  and  shining. — 1(  Damp  shades.  Lake  Erie  to  Ark.,  rare.  Rt. 
fibrous).  Stems  several,  4 — 10'  high.  Lvs.  mostly  biternate,  tlie  radical  on  long 
petioles,  segin.  cuneate-obovate,  4 — 6  "  long,  on  stalks  of  equal  length.  FIs.  on 
slender  peduncles  1 — 2'  long.     May.     Looks  like  the  Rue  Anemone. 

10.  CALTHA,  L.  Marsh  Marioold.  (Gr.  Kd^aOog,  a  goblet ;  the 
yellow  calyx  may  well  be  couipared  to  a  golden  cup.)  Calyx  colored, 
of  6 — 9  sepals,  resembling  petals ;  corolla  6;  stamens  oo,  shorter  than 
the  sepals;  follicles  6 — 10,  oblong,  compressed,  erect,  many  seeded. — 
U  Aquatic  and  very  glabrous. 

C.  paMstris  L.  Lvs.  reniform  or  orbicular,  cronate  or  entire. — ^Wet  meadows, 
Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Oregon.  Root  large,  branching.  Stem  about  If  high,  some- 
times trailing,  hollow,  round,  dichotomous.  Lower  lvs.  2 — 4'  wide,  on  long  semi- 
cyliiidric  petioles,  upper  ones  sessile,  all  of  a  dark,  shining  green,  veiny  and  smooth. 
FIs.  of  a  golden  yellow  in  all  their  parts,  1^'  diam.,  few  and  pedunculate.  Outer 
row  of  fllainonts  clavate,  twice  longer  than  the  inner.  The  young  leaves  are  in 
great  request  in  spring  for  greens.     May. 

11.  COPTIS,  Salisb.  Goldthread.  (Gr.  kotttm,  to  chop  or  cut; 
referring  to  the  parted  leaves )  Sepals  6—7,  oblong,  concave,  colored, 
deciduous ;  petals  5 — 7,  small,  clavate,  tubular  at  apex  ;  stamens  20 — 26; 
follicles  5  — 10,  s'ipitate,  rostrate,  diverging  in  a  stellate  manner, 
4 — 6  seeded. — Low  herbs  with  radical  lvs.,  and  a  long,  slender,  peren- 
nial,  creeping  rhizome. 

C.  trifdlia  Salisb.  Lvs.  3-foliate;  scape  1 -flowered;  petals  much  smaller  tlian 
the  sepals. — Penn.,  N.  to  Arctic  Am.  St.  subterranean,  extensively  creeping, 
golden  yellow,  very  bitter  and  tonic.  Lvs.  all  radical,  Ifts.  sessile,  4 — 8  "  long, 
cret  ate-mucronate,  smooth,  coriaceous,  common  petiole  1 — 2'  long.  Pcd.  3 — 4 
high,  with  a  single  minute  bract  above  the  middle,  bearing  a  single  white,  star- 
lik'j  flower.  The  yellow  petals  are  barely  distinguishable  by  their  color  among 
the  white  stamens.     May.     Medicinal. 

12.  TROLLIUS,  L.  Globe  Flower.  (Germ,  frol  or  trollen,  globu- 
lar ;  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  flowers.)     Sepals  5 — 10 — 16,  roundish 


Order  1.-RANUNCULACE^. 


•J09 


ovate,  colored,  deciduous ;  petals  5 — 26,  small,  linear,  tubular  at  biisa  ; 

stamens  Qo,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals;  follicles  oo,  subcylituiric, 

sessile,  many-seeded. —  4  Smooth,  with  palmately  parted  leaves. 

1  T.  lazus  Salisb.  Sep.  5,  oblong,  spreading;  petals  15 — 25,  ahorttr  than  the 
stamens. — lu  swamps,  Can.  to  Peiin.  Not  common.  About  1  f.  high.  Lvs. 
deeply  cleit  into  5  segments,  which  are  lobed  and  cut-dentate.  Fls.  1^  diam., 
not  globular,  Sep.  yellow,  greenisli  outside.  Petals  very  small,  orange-colortMl, 
Follicles  about  10,  crowned  with  the  persistent  styles.  This  is  the  only  American 
species.     Jn.     (T.  Amcricanus  Muhl.) 

2  T.  EuropadilB  L.  Sep.  15,  incurved  petals  5 — 10.  as  long  as  the  stamens. — 
From  Europe.  St.  2 — 3f  high.  Fls.  of  a  rich  yellow.  A  very  ornameuial 
plant,  of  easy  culture  from  seeds  or  roots.     May,  Jn.f 

3  T.  AsidticuB  L.  Sepals  10,  spreading;  petals  10,  longer  than  the  stamens. — 
From  Asia.  Plant  about  2f.  high,  with  ample  foliage,  and  largo,  deep  orange- 
colored  flowers — ^j'cUow  in  some  of  its  varieties.     Jn.f 

13.  HELLEBORUS,  L.  Helleuope.  ('Ea«v,  to  cause  death,  fiopa, 
food;  the  poisonous  qualities  are  well  known.)  Sepals  5,  mostly 
greenish,    persistent  ;    petals    8 — 10,   very    short,    tubular,    2-lippe(l  ; 


stamens   oo 


stigmas 


3 — 10,  orbicular ;  foUicles  cohering  at  base, 
many-seeded. —  H  Lvs.  coriaceous,  palmately  or  pedatcly  divided.  Fls. 
large,  nodding. 

H.  viiidis  L.     Glabrous ;  radical  lvs.  podately  divided,  segm.  lanceolate,  atuite, 

serrate;  cauline  lvs.  few,  palmately  parted,  nearly  sessile ;  peds.  often  in  pairs; 

sep.  roundish  ovate,  acute,  green. — A  European  plant,  §  ou  Long  Island.  Stem 
2— 3f  higli,  thick.     Apr.f 

14.  ZANTHORHlZA,  L.  Yellow  Root.  ((ir.  ^avOo^,  yellow  ; 
pi^a,  root.)  Sepals  5 ;  petals  5,  of  2  roundish  lobes  raised  op.  a 
pedicel  ;  stamens  5 — 10  ;  ovaries  5 — 10,  beaked  with  the  styles, 
2 — 3-ovuled;  follicles  mostly  1 -seeded,  seed  suspended. — Suttruticous, 
stem  and  btirk  yellow,  and  bitter.  Lvs.  j)innately  <livided.  Jlacenies 
axillary,  compound.     Fls.  small,  dark  purple,  often   ?  ^  6  • 

Z.  apiifolia  L'Her.  River  banks  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Rt.  thick.  St.  short,  woody, 
leafy  above.  Lvs.  glabrous,  about  8'  long,  including  tiie  long  petioles.  Lfls.  t>, 
2 — 3'  long,  sessile,  incisoly  lobed  and  dentate.  Rac.  many-llowerod,  appejiriiig 
with  the  leaves.  Follicles  spreading  1.}"  long.  March,  Apr.  (Z.  simpiicissinia 
Mx.) 

15.  NIGtLLA,  L.  Fennel-flower.  Fig.  143.  (Lat.  «/</fr,  biaek ; 
the  color  of  the  seeds,  which  are  used  in  cookery.)  Calyx  of  3  sepals, 
colonid;  corolla  of  6,  3-cleft  petals;  styles  5;  capsules  5,  follieuljir, 
convex. — 0  Oriental  herbs.  Lvs.  in  many  linear  and  subulate  stg- 
nients. 

1  N.  Damascdna  L.  Fk.  in  a  kafy  involucre ;  carp.  5,  smooth,  2-celle(l,  niiit(;d 
as  far  as  tlie  ends  into  an  ovoid-globose  capsule.  A  hardy  annual  of  tiio  gardens,  to 
which  have  been  applied  the  gentle  names  of  "ragged  lady,"  "devil  in  a  bush,' 
&c.  Lvs.  twice  and  thrice  pinnatitid,  as  finely  cut  as  those  of  the  fennel.  Kis. 
terminal,  solitary,  encompassed  and  over-topped  by  a  circle  of  leaves  divideil  like 
the  rest.     They  are  often  double,  white  or  pale  blue.     Jn. — Sepl.f 

2  N.  sativa  L.  Nutmec-floweh.  St.  liairy,  erect  ;/.s.?jaAef/;  capsules  muri- 
cate,  not  united.     From  Egypt.     Rather  smaller  tlian  the  last.     Jn. — Sept.f 

16.  AQUILEGIA,  L.  Columbine.  (Lat.  a<pii/<i,  the  eagle;  the 
spurred  petals  resemble  the  talons  of  a  bird  of  prey.)  Sepals  5,  e<|ii;il, 
ovate,   colored,  spreading,   caducous;   petals  6,  tubtilar,  dilated  at  llio 

14 


■  ■■■'•  m- 


iv 


r  mi 


v.   1 


210 


Obuek  1.— RANUNCULACE^ 


moutli,  the  outer  margin  erect,  the  inner  attached  to  the  torui»,  extend- 
ing behind  into  a  long  spurred  nectary ;  stame  ,s  30 — 40,  the  innei 
ones  longer  and  sterile ;  styles  5,  follicles  6,  n)any-seeded.  Lvs.  2 — 3- 
teniato.     Fls.  nodding. 

1  A.  Canadensis  L.  Glabrous ;  spurs  straight,  longer  than  the  limb ;  sta.  and 
sty.  exserted. — This  beautiful  plant  grows  wild  in  most  of  the  States,  in  dry 
polls,  generally  on  the  sunny  side  of  rocks.  It  is  cultivated  with  the  greatest 
ease,  and  is  much  more  delicate  in  its  foliage  and  in  the  hues  of  its  flowers  than 
the  common  blue  columbine.  St.  branching,  a  foot  high.  Lfts.  3 — 9,  cuneate, 
lobed.  Fls.  terminal,  scarlet  without  and  yellow  within,  pendulous,  much 
embellished  by  the  numerous  descending,  yellow  stamens  and  styles.  Fruit 
erect.     May. 

2  A.  vulgaris  L.  Spurs  incurved;  lvs.  nearly  smooth,  glaucous,  biternate; 
sty.  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens. — Grardens.  St.  1 — 2f  liigli,  with  a  profu- 
sion of  handsome,  smooth  foliage  and  large  purple  flowers.  Lfts.  bifid  and  trifid, 
with  rounded  lobes.  In  cultivation  the  flowers  become  double,  by  the  multipli- 
cation of  the  hollow,  spurred  petals.  They  also  vary  in  color  through  all  shades 
from  purple  to  white.     Jn.f    §  Eur. 

17.  DELPHINIUM,  L.  Larkspur.  Fig.  280.  (Gr.  (JeA0fv,  a  dol- 
phin, from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower.)  Sepals  6,  colored, 
irregnlui-,  the  upper  one  spurred  behind ;  petals  4,  very  irregular,  the 
two  upper  ones  protracted  into  a  tubular,  nectariferous  spur,  enclosed 
in  the  spur  of  the  calyx ;  styles  1 — 5  ;  follicles-  1 — 5. — Showy  herbs. 
Lvs.  palmately  divided.     Fls.  of  the  cyanic  series,  never  yellow. 

S  Leaves  niany-cloft  into  linear  or  subulate  divisions Nos.  1,  2 

S  Leaves  3 — S-parted.  the  segments  lobed.  (*) 

*  Spur  a^  long  as  the  sepals,  ascending,  straight Nos.  B,  4 

*  Spur  longer  than  the  sepals,  deflexed  at  end Nos.  5,  G 

1  D.  Consdlida  L.  Glabrous,  with  spreading  branches;  fls.  few,  loosely 
racemed,  ped.  longer  than  the  bracts:  sty.  solitary,  smooth. — The  common  lark- 
spur of  the  gardens,  sparingly  naturalized,  fields  and  roadsides.  Lvs.  in  nume- 
rous linear  divisions.  Jn.,  Jl.  It  has  numerous  varieties  of  double  and  semi- 
double  flowers  of  various  colors,     f  §  Eur. 

2  D.  azdreum  Mx.  Pubescent  or  nearly  smooth ;  st.  erect;  lvs.  3 — 5-parted, 
many-cleft,  with  linear-stalked  lobes;  petioles  some  dilated  at  base;  rac.  strict; 
petals  shorter  than  sepals,  lower  one  densely  bearded,  2-cleft ;  spur  ascending ; 
ovaries  3 — 5. —  2f  Native  in  Wis.  and  Ark.  A  very  variable  species  cultivated 
in  gardens.     St.  2 — 4f  liigh.     Fls.  azure  colored.f 

3  D.  ezalt^tum  L.  Petioles  not  dilated  at  base ;  lvs.  flat,  3-cleft  below  tlio 
middle,  segm.  cuneiform,  3-cleft  at  the  end,  acuminate,  the  lateral  ones  often 
2-lobed;  rac.  strict,  many-flowered;  spur  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx;  pods 'A, 
erect. — 1(.  Native  of  the  Middle  States,  rarely  of  the  Northern.  St.  3 — 4f  high, 
straight,  erect.  Fls.  of  a  brilliant  purplish  blue.  It  is  deservedly  esteemed  in 
(lie  llower  garden,  and  is  of  the  easiest  culture.     Jl.,  Aug.f 

4  D.  tric6rne  Mx.  Petioles  sligiitly  dilated  at  b;ise;  lvs.  5-parted,  divisions 
:i — 5  cleft,  lobes  linear,  acutisli;  rac.  few-flowered,  loose;  petals  shorter  than 
sepals,  lower  ones  2-cloft,  densely  bearded  inside ;  spur  ascending,  straight,  as 
long  as  the  calyx;  pods  3,  spreading  in  fruit. —  li  I'^plands,  Penu.  to  Mo.  and  Ark. 
Plant  6 — 18  high,  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  roundish  in  outline,  on  long  petioles. 
Fls.  6 — 8,  light  blue,  in  a  ratlier  loose  panicle. 

5  D.  vir^scens  Nutt.  Pubescent;  rac.  loose,  few-flowered;  spur  longer  than 
the  sepals,  ascending,  straight,  or  but  slightly  deflexed ;  lower  petals  deeply  2- 
cleft ;  fls.  greenish  white ;  ovaries  3. — N.  Car.  to  Ga.  W.  to  Kansas.  Plant  8 — 
12'  high.  Lvs.  3— 6-parted,  lobes  lanceolate,  2— 3-cleft,  the  middle  one  mostly 
entire.     Petals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  the  lower  densely  bearded. 

6  D.  el^tum  L.    Bee  Larkspur.    Lvs.  downy,  5-lobed,  lobes  cuneate  at  base, 
trilid,  cut-dentate ;  spur  curved  downwards. — 1^  Gardens.     St.  6  or  6f.  high.     Fla 


Okueu  1.— K  an  UNCL  L  ACK^E. 


211 


blUf,  iiiid  wbeii  viewed  at  a  little  ciistatiuo  the  stamens  and  bearded  petals  re- 
semble a  bee  nestliug  withiu  the  calyx,     f  Siberia. 

7  D.  graudifldrum  L.  Lvs.  palmately  5 — 7 -parted,  lobes  linear,  distant; 
sessile.  :'.-cleft  pedicels  longer  than  bract ;  petals  shorter  than  calyx. — A  superb 
perennial.  Fls.  double  or  single,  in  racemes,  of  brilliant  dark  blue,  with  a  tinge 
of  purple,     f  Siberia. 

OhservaUon. — A  few  other  species  may,  perhaps,  be  found  in  gardens.  All  are 
showy  plants,  of  tiie  easiest  culture. 

18.  ACONITUM,  Tourn.  Wolfsbane.  Fig.  283.  (Gr.  a«ovfToc,  with- 
out dust ;  because  the  plants  grow  on  dry  rocks.)  Sepals  5,  irreguhir, 
colored,  upper  one  vaulted ;  petals  5,  the  3  lower  miimte,  the  2  upper 
ou  long  claws,  concealed  beneath  the  upper  sepal,  recurved  and  nectar- 
iferous at  the  apex;  styles  3 — 5;  follicles  3 — 5. —  U  Lvs.  digitate  or 
palmate.     Fls.  in  terminal  spikes. 

1  A.  uncin^tum  JJ.  Stem  flexuous ;  pan.  rather  loose,  with  divergent  branches ; 
lvs.  palmate,  3 — 5-parted,  with  rhoviboidal-lanceolate,  cut-dentate  divisions;  helmet 
(upper  sepal)  exactly  conical,  short-beaked  in  front ;  ova.  villous. — A  cultivated, 
poisonous  plant,  also  native,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  St.  2f  high.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  dark 
greon.  4 — 5'  wide.  Fls.  large,  purple,  3  or  4  near  tl>e  sumnut  of  each  branch. 
Jl.,  Aug. 

2  A.  reclin^tum  Gray.  St.  trailing  (3 — 8f  long) ;  lvs.  deeply  3 — 7-cleft,  petl- 
olate,  divisions  crenate,  incised  or  lobed  ;  fls.  white,  in  very  loose  panicles ;  hel- 
met soon  horizontal,  elongated  conical,  with  a  straight  beak  in  front. — Alleghany 
Mts.,  Va.  and  Southward.     Aug. 

3  A.  Nap^Uus  L.  Monkshood.  St.  straight,  erect ;  lvs.  deeply  5-cieft  cut 
into  linear  segments,  furrowed  above ;  uppei  sep.  arched  at  the  back,  lateral  ones 
hairy  inside;  ova.  smooth. — A  poisonous  plant  cultivated  among  flowers.  It  is 
a  tall,  rank  perennial,  making  quite  a  consequential  appearance.  St.  4f  higli, 
with  a  long  spioato  inflorescence  at  its  termination.  Pis.  dark  blno,  surmounted 
by  the  vaulted  upper  sepal,  as  if  hooded  in  a  monk's  cowl.  Aug.  There  are 
varieties  witii  flowers  white,  rose-colored,  etc. 

• 

19.  CINICIFUGA,  L.  Bi  ghane.  (Lat.  cimex,  a  bug,  fugo^  to  drive 
away  ;  alluding  to  its  offensive  odor.)  Sepals  4  or  5,  caducous  ;  petals 
stamen-like,  1 — 8,  sjnall,  clawed,  2-horned  at  apex  ;  sta.  numerous,  with 
slender  white  filaments ;  follicles  1 — 8,  dry,  dehiscent. —  'U  Lvs.  ternately 
dee(»uipouud.     Flowers  white,  in  long,  slender  racemes. 

$  M  voKOTva.     Pistil  1,  with  a  broiul  stigma,  and  seeds  in  two  rows No.  I 

§  <  fMioiFiroA  vera.     Pistils  !i — S,  with  u  minute  stigma,  seeds  in  ono  row i\o».  'J,  8 

1  C.  racemdsa  Ell.  Black  Snakeroot.  Lfts.  ovatc-oblong,  incisely  serrate ; 
vvr..  very  long;  ciips.  follicular,  ovoid,  sessile. — I'laut  resembling  a  tall  Aetata, 
tdund  in  upland  woods  Can.  to  Ga.  St.  4  — 8f  liigii,  witii  long,  paniclcd  racemes 
of  white-sepaled  and  nionogynous  flowers.  Petals  4 — G,  small.  Sta.  about  100 
t/)  eacli  flower,  giving  tiio  raceme  the  appearance  of  a  long  and  slender  plume. 
J-'Is.  very  letid.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Actiea,  L.     Macrotys,  Raf.) 

2  C.  Americana  Mx.  Glabrous;  /w.  infernal,  scgrw  ovate,  terminal  one  cunei- 
form at  base,  3-parted  or  3-cleft,  and  incised ;  petals  concave,  sessile,  2-lobed, 
nectariferous  at  btuse ;  ova.  2—6,  stiped,  obovate  and  pod-shaped  in  fruit ;  sds. 
(i— 8,  flattened  vertically.— Mts  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.  St.  3— 6f  high.  Lfls. 
2—4  long,  with  coarse,  unequal,  mucronate  serratures.  Fls.  smaller  tiian  in  C. 
racemosa,  in  a  long  panicle  of  racemes.  Aug.  (C.  podocarpa  EH.  Acttea  podo- 
carpa  DC.) 

3  C.  cordifdlia  Ph.  Lvs.  biternate ;  Ifts.  broadly  cordate,  ^—5-lobed ;  ot-o.  1— 3; 
fiilUclt."  sessile.  8 — 1 0-seoded.— Mts.  Carolina.  St.  C--6f  high,  terminating  in  a  long 
glabroii<  panicle  of  racemes.  Sep.  6,  roundish,  petals  spathulate,  bifld,  few  or 
wanting. 


iiy 


:  i 


212 


Ordkb  I.— RANUNOULAOE^. 


20.  ACT^A,  L.  Baneberkv.  (Gr.  ukxtj^  the  Elder ;  which  plant 
these  herbs  resemble  in  foliage.)  Sepals  4 — 6,  caducous ;  petals  4 — 8, 
spatulate,  loiig-clawed ;  filaments  about  30,  slender,  white,  pistil  1, 
with  a  sessile  2-lobed  stigma  ;  berry  globous,  with  a  lateral  furrow,  1- 
celled  ;  seeds  many,  smooth,  compressed. —  U  with  ternately  divided 
leaves.     FIs.  white,  in  a  short,  oblong  laceme. 

A.  apicdta  L.  [3  rubra.     Red  Bweberry.     Rac.  hemispherical ;  petals  acute; 
pedicels  slender;  berries  red,  ovoid-oblong. — Not  uncommon  in  rocky  woods, 
Can.  ic  Penn.  W.  to  the  R.  Mts.     Plant  glabrous,   1^ — 21"  high,  bearing  2  or  ;i 
ample  bi  or  triteruate  lv3.  and  a  terminal  short  raceme  of  white  fls.     Lfts.  ovate, 
1 — 3'  long,  half  as  wide,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed.     Petioles  4 — 7'  long,  some- 
what glaucous.     Rac.  as  broad  as  long.     May.     (A.  rubra.  B\v.) 
/?.  ALBA.  Mx.    Rac.  oblong ;  petals  truncate ;  pedicels  of  the  fruit  thicker  than  the 
peduncle ;  berries  white. — Common  in  rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Ga.     The  ample 
leaves  are  precisely  similar  to  those  of  a.  and  the  distinctive  characters  given 
above  are  not  quite  constant.      Specimens  from  Castleton,  Vt.,  have  bright 
red   berries  on  thickened   pedicles;   from    N.  Y.  (Torn. J  hfive  white  berries 
on  slender  pedicles.     The  European  variety  has  purplish  black  berries.     May. 

21.  HYDRASTIS,  L.  Turmeric  Root.  F\<r.  359.  (Or.  i"fiwp, 
water;  tne  plant  grows  in  watery  places.)  Sepals  3,  petaloid,  cadu- 
cous; petals  0  ;  stamens  oo,  a  little  shorter  than  the  sepals;  ovaries  12 
or  more,  becoming  a  baccate  fruit  composed  of  1 -seeded  acines  aijgre- 
gated  into  a  head. —  U  Rhizome  thick,  knotty,  yellow,  with  long 
fibrous  roots,  sending  up  a  single  radical  leaf  and  a  stem  which  is  2- 
leavcd  and  1 -flowered. 

H.  Canadensis  L.  The  only  species.  It  grows  in  bog  meadows.  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Ky.  Stem  6 — 12'  high,  becoming  purplish,  hairy  above.  St.  \eaves  2  only, 
alternate  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  petiolate,  palmate,  with  'A — .'>  lobes. 
Ped.  terminal,  solitary,  1 -flowered.  Sep.  reddish  white,  of  short  duration.  Fr. 
red,  juicy,  resembling  tuo  raspberry.     Sds.  nearly  black.     May,  Jn. 

22.  PVEONIA,  L.  r.EONY.  Fig.  10—23,  30,  291.  (The  physi- 
cian  Pa>on,  according  to  mythology,  first  used  this  plant  in  nu^dicine, 
and  cured  Pluto  with  it.)  Se{)als  5,  unequal,  leafy,  persistent ;  petals 
5  ;  stamens  oo  (mostly  changed  to  petals  by  cultivation) ;  ovaries  2 — 5, 
surrounded  by  an  annular  disk;  stigmas  sessile,  double,  persistent;  fol- 
licles many  seeded. — U  Rt.  fasciculate.  Lvs.  biternate.  Fls.  largo, 
terminal,  solitary. 

*  stems  nnnuul,  horbacooiis.     Carpels  2 — 5 Nos.  1 — :l 

♦  Stems  perenniftl,  .slirubby.     Oiirpels  5 Nos.  4,  5 

1  P.  ofiBcindlis  L.  Commox  P.fioxy.  Lower  lvs.  bipinnately  divided; 
Ills,  ovate-lanceolate,  variously  incised;  carp,  2,  downy,  nearly  fitruujht. — Tiie 
splendid  Pieony  has  long  been  cultivated  throughout  the  civilized  world.  This 
species  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  Switzerland.  It  is  a  liardy  perennia'  requiring 
very  little  pains  for  its  cultivation.  Among  its  varieties  the  double  red  is  most 
common.  The  white  is  truly  beautiful.  The  flesh-colored  and  the  pink  are  also 
favorites.     May,  Jn.f 

2  P.  albifldra  L.  Lfts.  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  smooth ;  follicles  2  or 
3,  recurved,  smooth, — Native  of  Tartary.  Whole  [)lant  dark,  shining  gj-oen  and 
smooth.  Pis.  smaller  tlian  the  last,  but  truly  elegant  and  fragrant  Petals  white. 
Cal.  brown,  with  3  green,  sessile  bracts  at  base.  Nine  or  ten  varieties,  with 
flowers  single  or  double,  white,  rose-colored,  &c.,  are  now  mentioned  in  the  cata» 
logues  of  American  gardener.^.f 

3  P.  an6mala  L.  Lfts.  with  many  lanceolate  segments,  smooth ;  follicles  5, 
depressed,  smooth;  cal.  brncteolnto.  From  Siberia.  Distinguished  by  the  long 
narrow  segments  of  the  leaflets.     Fls.  concave,  rose  colored     Many  vari"  iis.f 


Order  2.— MAUNOLIACEJS. 


213 


4  P.  Mout^n  L.  Chinese  Tree  P^ony.  St.  shrubby ;  Ifta.  oblong-ovate 
glaucous  and  somewhat  hairy  bt^neatb,  tcrtuiual  1 — 3-lobt'd  ;  ova.  5,  di-'ittnct,  sur 
rounded  by  the  very  large  disk. — From  China.  The  woody  steuj  branches  into  f, 
bush  3 — 4f  high.  Lvs.  large,  on  long  stalks,  FLs.  very  large,  always  double 
in  cultivation,  ti-agrant  and  truly  splendid.  This  plant  is  remarkable  lor  produc- 
ing the  largest  form  of  disk  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

5  P.  papaver^cea  L.  St.  shrubby ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  glaucous  and  slightly 
hairy  beneath,  terminal  one  lobed ;  ova.  about  5,  closely  united  into  a  gluhous  head. — 
From  Chi  a.  Resembles  the  last  in  foliage,  but  is  remarkably  distinguished  from 
all  the  other  species  by  its  united  carpels.  Flowers  white,  with  a  purple  centre, 
often  single  in  cultivation.  Other  species  and  varieties  are  cultivated,  rarely  in 
this  country,  amounting  to  about  150  in  all. 


Order  II.     MAGNOLIACE^E.     Mag  noli  ads. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  coriaceous,  simple,  entire  or  lobed  (never  toothed) 
leaves.  Leaf  buds  sheathed  with  membranous  stipules  whic^h  soon  fall  otf.  Fls. 
large,  polypetalous,  polyandrous,  polygynons,  hypogynous,  perfect.  Calyx  and 
corolla  imbricated  in  bud,  colored  alike,  in  3  or  more  3-merous  circles.  Ovaries 
several  or  many,  compactly  covering  the  elongated  torus.  Fruit  of  numerous  dry 
or  fleshy  carpels,  aggregated  into  a  sort  of  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  with 
a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.     (See  Figs.  68,  72,  131.) 

An  order  of  12  ffenera  and  OS  xpevieH,  including;  .some  of  the  most  splendid  of  flowerinsr  trees 
an(l  slinibs.  Most  of  them  beloni^  to  the  Southern  States,  some  to  tlie  Western,  and  ii  few  to 
Japan,  China  and  India. 

Properties. — The  burlt  is  aromatic,  containing  an  inten.sely  Idtter  principle,  wliicl'  is  tonic 
and  siimulating.    Tlie  flowers  are  fragrant  and  aromatic  in  a  higli  degree. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

I'ribe  ILLICIE.E.     Carpels  arranged  into  a  single  circle Ii.i.inr.M.  1 

Tribe  MAONOLIE.*;.    Carpels  imbricaterl  into  a  cone-like  fruit.* 

♦  Anthers  opening  inwards.     Lvs.  folded  lengthwise  in  bud MA(iMii.i\,         2 

*  Anthers  opening  outwards.    Lvs.  folded  crosswise  in  bud LnuoDKNituoN.  8 

1.  ILLfCIUM,  L.  Star  Anise.  Sepals  3 — 6,  colored  ;  ix'tals  G — 30  ; 
carpels  capsular,  dry,  arraiiijed  circularly,  dehiscent  on  the  upper  side, 
each  with  one  smooth  shining  seed. — Shrubs  with  very  smooth,  ever- 
green lejivcs;  exhaling,  when  bruised,  the  odor  of  Anise. 

1  I.  fioridinum  Ellis.  Petals  21 — 30,  purple;  lvs.  acuminate. — Swamps,  Fla. 
to  La.  Shrub  4 — 8f  high.  Lvs.  on  short  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly 
acuminate,  entire,  smooth,  thick,  3 — G'  by  1 — 2'.  Fls.  about  l.\  broad,  on 
slender,  nodding  pedicles.  Cal.  deciduous.  Petals  purplish  crimson,  linear 
obtuse,  in  3  whorls.  Sta.  30  or  more.  Ova.  about  12  in  one  regular  circle, 
with  short,  recurved  styles.     Seed  polished,  as  largo  as  that  of  the  apple.     May. 

2  I.  parvifldra  Mx.  Petals  (5 — 12,  yellowish;  lvs.  oblong,  obtusish. — River 
banks,  Fla.  and  Ga.  Shrub  6 — lOf  high.  Lvs.  thick  and  leathery,  entire,  on 
short  petioles.  Fls.  smaller  than  in  the  last,  nodding,  dull  yellow.  Petals  ovate 
or  roundish,  concave.  Mav.  The  bark  and  leaves  of  these  plants  are  strongly 
aromatic  and  spicy,  in  their  properties,  much  resembling  Anise.  The  root  of  tho 
latter  has  the  properties  of  Sassafras. 

2.  MAGNOLIA,  L.  (Named  for  Prof.  MacfHoI,  a  French  botanist 
of  the  1 7th  century.)  Sepals  3;  petals  G — 9;  anthers  longer  than 
the  filaments,  opening  inwards;  carpels  2-valv(!d,  1 — 2-seeded,  aggre- 
gated into  a  hard,  cone-like  fruit;  seeds  berry-like,  and  suspended  from 
the  opening  carpels  by  a  long  funiculus. — Trees  and  shrubs  with  large, 
fragrant  flowers.  Lvs.  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  embracing  and  cm- 
braced  by  the  sheathing  stipules. 


"A 
,i  * 


^A 


214 


nuniiu  2.  -MAOXOLIACK^. 


lllf 


♦  Loii vos  .-  inliito  or  niiriciiliito  nt  llio  base.      Ti-ees  80 — 40f  high No8.  S,  ft 

*  Li'iivcs  acute  at  tho  buao, — forriigimius  itr  glaucous  beneath,  thick Nog  1,  2 

— green  (not  shining)  both  sides,  thin    Nos.   8,  4 

£xotic  Bpccits  cultivated.  Nos.  8 — 10 

1  M.  grandifldra  L.  Big  Laur  l.  Tref, ;  I 's.  ru^t-clowny  hemath,  evergreen ; 
petals  obovate. — In  swampy  woods,  N.  Car.  to  V\a.  an  1  Miss.  A.  stately  and  beau- 
tiful tree,  attaining  the  hight  ot  70 — 90t;  with  a  diame  er  of  2  or  3f  at 
base.  Its  form  in  open  ground  is  pyramidal.  Bark  smooth,  gray,  resembling 
tliat  of  the  beech,  Lvs.  G — 8'  long,  tliick  and  firm,  oval-oblon,',  entire,  dark 
green  and  shining  above,  clothed  with  a  rust-colored  tomentura  bjneatli.  Fls. 
pure  wiiite,  strongly  fragrant,  8  or  9'  broad.  The  seeds  after  quitting  tho 
cells  of  tho  ovoid  fruit  remain  several  days  suspended  on  a  white  thread. 
May. 

2  M.  glaiUca  L.  White  B.\y.  Beaver  Tree.  Shrub  or  small  tree ;  lvs.  oval, 
obtuse,  gaucous-ivhile  beneath ;  petals  ovate  or  roundish,  erect. — Native  in  marsiiy 
grounds,  Mass.  to  La.,  chiefly  found  near  the  coast.  It  is  a  fine  shrub,  5 — 20  f. 
high,  with  a  grayish  bark,  crooked,  divaricate  branches.  Lvs.  beneath  remark- 
ably pale,  silky  when  young,  3 — 4'  long,  8'  on  the  young  shoots,  entire,  nearly 
persistent  southward.  Fls.  2'  broad,  cup-shaped,  with  white,  concave  petals, 
very  fragrant.     May  (South) — Jl. 

3  M.  acuminata  L.  Cucumber  Tree.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath : 
])etah  obocate,  obtusish. — Groves  near  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  but  more  abundant  in  the 
Soutliern  States.  It  is  a  noble  forest  tree.  Trunk  perfectly  straight,  4 — 5f 
diam..  60 — 80f  high,  l>earing  an  ample  and  regular  summit.  Lvs.  very  acumi- 
nate Fls.  5 — G  diam.,  bluish,  sometimes  yellowish-white,  numerous,  and  finely 
contrasted  with  tlie  rich,  dark  foliage.  Cones  of  fruit  about  3'  long,  cylindric, 
bearing  so; no  resemblance  to  a  small  cucumber.     Ma; 

4  M.  umbrella  Lam.  Umbrella  Tree.  Lvs.  deciduous,  cuneate-lanceolate, 
silky  lohtn  young ;  sop.  3,  reflexed;  pet.  9,  narrow-lanceolate,  acute. — A.  small  tree 
20 — 30f  liigli,  common  in  the  soutliern  States,  oxten:iing  north  to  southern  N.  Y. 
and  0.  Branches  irregular.  Lvs.  16 — 20'  by  6 — 8',  appearing  whorled  at  the 
end  of  tho  branches  in  tiie  form  of  an  umbrella.  Fls.  terminal,  white,  7 — 8' 
diam.     Fr.  conical,  -4 — 5'  long,  rose-colored  when  ripe.     May,  Jn. 

5  M.  macroph^Ua  Mx.  Lvs.  obovate-spatnlaJe,  cordate  ;  pet.  rhomb'ovate,  white, 
purple  inside  at  base. — River  banks,  ("hattuhoochee  to  Rod  R.  (Dr.  Hale),  north  to 
the  Tenn.  (Miss  Carpenter),  and  to  the  Ky.  R.  A  small  tree  30 — SOf  liigli,  8 — 10' 
diam.  Lv.s.  witii  a  strong  midvein,  oflen,  on  young  shoots,  3f  in  length  by  If  in 
breadth,  glaucous-white  beneath.  Fls.  magnificent,  the  separate  petals  measuring 
6 — 8'  in  length.     Sepals  erect,  lance-linear.     June. 

6  M.  Frdseri  Walt.  Lvs.  obovate-spatiilate,  auriculate  at  the  narrowed  base, 
glabrous ;  pet.  pure  white. — A  slender  tree,  25 — 35f  high,  Fla.  northward  to  Va. 
and  Ky.  Bark  smooth,  light-gray.  Lvs.  6 — 9'  long,  4 — 6'  broad  above,  much 
narrowed  below,  and  ending  at  base  in  peculiar  ear-siiaped  lobes.  Sep.  3,  greenish 
on  the  back.    Pet.  6,  lance-ovato,  thick,  2^ — 3'  long,  strongly  aromatic.    A[)r.  May. 

7  M.  cord^ta  Mx.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  subcordate,  acute,  whitish  and  pubescent 
beneath ;  pet.  6 — 9,  oblong,  yellow. — Tlie  yellow  flowered  species  inhabits  the 
upland  regions  of  G-a.  and  Car.  Trunk  straight,  40 — aOf  high,  covered  with  a 
deeply  furrowed  bark.  Lvs.  long-petioled,  4 — 6'  by  3 — 4',  smooth,  and  entire.  Fls. 
about  4'  diam.,  marked  within  with  fine  red  lines.    Fr.  cylindrical,  3'  long.    May. 

8  M.  fuBcita.  Lvs.  evergreen,  elliptic  or  oblong,  clothed  with  fuscous  down 
when  young,  at  lengtli  glabrous;  branches  also  fuscous*tomeutous ;  fls.  erect. — 
From  China.     Shrub  3f  high.     Fls.  brownish. 

9  M.  obov^ta  L.  Lvs.  deciduous,  obovate,  acute,  strongly  veined,  glabrous ; 
fls.  erect ;  sep.  3 ;  petals  6 ;  obovate. — From  China.  Shrub  6f  high,  opening  its 
erect,  cup-shaj>ed,  rose-purple  fls.  in  May. 

10  M.  conspicua  L.  Yulan.  Lvs.  deciduous,  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate, 
the  younger  pubescent;  sep.  none  or  very  small;  pet.  6 — ^9,  white  or  rose  color. — 
From  China.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  10 — 30f  high,  with  numerous  white,  fragrant 
flowers  appearing  early  in  spring. 


Okdku  ;{.— aNOXCAK^. 


215 


3.  LIRIODENDRON,  L.  Tulip  Tree.  (Gr.  Xeii^'ov,  a  lily  ;  dtvdpov, 
a  tree.)  Sepals  3,  reflexed,  caducous ;  petals  6,  erect ;  carpels  imbricated 
in  a  cone,  1 — 2-seeded,  indehiscent  and  attenuated  at  apex  into  a  lance- 
olate wing. — T"ee,  with  showy,  bell-shaped,  upright  flowei-s.  Vernation 
induplicate.  Stipules  large,  oval,  caducous.  In  the  bud,  each  leaf 
b 'uds  inward  to  an  inverted  position.,  infolds  all  that  is  within  it  and  is 
in  itself  infolded  by  its  pair  of  stipules  and  by  the  next  lower  leaf,  and 
so  on   as  seen  in  Figs.  68,  72. 

Ii.  tulipifera.  Tclip  Tree.  White-Wood.  Poplar.  A  flue  tree,  one  of 
:4iost  remarkable  of  tlio  American  fore.at.s,  Can.  to  La.,  especially  abundant  in 
tiie  W(!StL'rn  States.  It  is  ordinarily  about  801"  hij^h,  with  a  diam.  of  2  or  3f, 
l)Ut  along  tiio  Ohio  and  Mis.s.  rivers  it  grows  much  larger.  Near  Bloomington, 
Tnd.,  we  measured  a  tree  of  this  species  which  had  been  recently  felled.  Its  cir- 
cumference 4f  from  the  ground  was  23f;  30f  from  tlie  ground  its  diam.  was 
Sf;  the  whole  hight  TiSf.  The  trunk  is  perfectly  straight  and  cylindric.  At 
top  it  divides  abruptly  into  coarse,  crooked,  ratlier  unsightly  branches.  Lvs. 
dark-green,  smooth,  truncate  at  the  end,  with  2  latoral  lobes,  3 — 5'  in  length  and 
breadth,  on  long  petioles.  In  May  and  Juno  it  puts  forth  numerous  campanulate 
flowers,  greenish  yellow,  orange  within,  solitary,  broader  than  the  tulip,  and 
erect.     Tlie  wood  is  extensively  used  as  a  substitute  for  pine. 

Order   III.     ANONACE^.     Anon  ads. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  naked  buds,  entire,  alternate  lvs.  destitute  of  stipules.     Fls. 

usually  green  or  brown,  axillary,  hypogynous,  vilvate  in  aestivation.     Sepals  3 ; 

petals  6,  in  two  circles,  sometimes  coherent.     Stamens  oo,  with  an  enlarged  con- 

nectile,  short  fllament,  and  large  torus.     Ova.  several  or  co,  separate  or  coherent, 

flesiiy  or  not,  in  fruit.     Embryo  minute  in  tlie  end  of  rumiri  ted  albumen. 

Genera  20,  speeien  800.  chiefly  nutives  within  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres.  Four  8i>ecies 
4irc  found  within  the  limits  of  the  United  :^ta  es,  nil  of  the  tVdIowing  (;enus.  The  Anonnds  are 
);(>ni'raily  aromatic  in  all  their  parts.  Their  pulpy  fruit,  as  the  custard  applen,  are  sweet  and 
«.sculent. 

ASININA  Adans.  I*apaw.  Fig.  113.  Sepals  3,  petals  6,  the  outer 
row  larger  than  the  inner;  stamens  densely  [»acked  in  a  spherical  mass; 
pistils  several,  distinct,  ripening  but  few,  vvliich  become  large,  oblong, 
pulpy  fruits  with  many  flat  seeds. — Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  brown- 
ish, axillary,  solitary  flowers. 

*  Flowers  appearing;  before  the  loaves Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Flowers  appearing  witli  the  leave,s Nos.  3,  4. 

1  A.  triloba  Dvmal.  Lvs.  obnvafe-ohlong,  acuminate ;  pet.  dark  purple,  exterior 
orbicular,  3  ori  times  as  long  as  the  sep. — A  small  and  beautiful  tree,  15 — 20f  high, 
on  banks  of  streams.  Mid.,  Southern  and  Western  States.  Branches  and  lvs.  nearly 
glabrous,  the  latter  8 — 12'  by  3 — 4',  very  smooth  and  entire,  tapering  to  very  short 
petioles.  Pis.  I'  broad,  precocious.  Fr.  about  1'  thick  atul  3'  long,  ovoid-oblong, 
about  8-seeded,  yellowish,  fragrant,  eatable,  ripe  in  October.  Fls.  in  March,  Apr. 
(Uvaria,  Torn  and  Gr.     Anona,  L.). 

2  A.  parvifldra  Dunal.  Lvs.  obovate-oval,  acuminate;  p-t.  greenish-purple,  the 
outer  oval,  hardly  twice  tlie  length  of  the  sep. — Woods  near  tlio  coast,  from  Car.  to 
Fla.  and  La.  Shrub  2 — 3f  iiigh,  smaller  every  way  tlian  No.  1.  Lvs.  about  liaif 
as  hrge,  glabrous,  obtuse-pointed,  tapering  to  the  base.  Fls.  less  tlian  lialf  as 
large,  opening  while  the  brandies  are  naked.     Fr.  roundish,  about  1'  long.     May. 

3  A.  grandifldra  Dunal.  Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  obtme,  grayish-tomentous  both 
sides ;  outer  pet.  very  large,  yellowish  white. — Pine  woods,  Ha.,  and  Fla.  Shnib 
2 — 3f  high,  its  young  branches  also  tomentous.  Peduncle  and  calyx  woolly,  of 
about  equal  length.  Outer  petals  about  2'  in  length,  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
a — 8  times  longer  than  the  oblong,  brownish, .  inner  petals.     Apr. 


I 


m 
mm 

i 

m 


i^iii  i ' 


216 


Order  5.— MKNISPERMACK/E.— Menispermads. 


4  A.  pygmsea  Dunal.  Dwarf  Pahaw.  Lva.  coriaceous,  evergreen,  linear 
lanceolate  or  lintar-obliinceulate,  or  lin. -oblong  or  yputulate,  etc.,  glabrous;  pet 
reddinh- brown,  obovaie-oblong. — Shrub  6 — 12  high,  saudy  plains,  Ga..  acd  Fla. 
Lvs.  very  variable  in  form,  3 — 6  long,  usually  very  narrow,  often  oliova'e  or 
elliptical.  Pet.  about  1'  in  length.  Carp,  ripening  ab^ut  3,  1  long  in  I'ruit, 
erect.     Apr. 

Okdeb  IV.     SCIIIZANDRACE.^. 

Scrambling  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  exstipulate,  punctate  leaves  ;  with  Fls. 
diclinous,  axillary,  small,  hypogynous  and  polygynous ;   with  Oal.  and  cur.  3-meroufe 
in  two  or  several  rows,  imbricated;  with  Stam.  few  or  many,  on  very  short  filaments, 
condensed  on  a  roundish  torus.  Ova.  few  or  coherent,  becoming  baccate,  1 — 2-seeded 
in  fruit.     (Seeds  suspended ;  embryo  minute,  in  .solid  albumen. 

Genera  5,  itpeeien  12,  bulongins;  to  India,  J-;p.in,  and  the  United  States. 

SCHIZANDRA  M.\.  (Gr.  trxi^o),  to  cut,  dv3pa,  stamens ;  the  stam- 
ens are  cleft.)  8  Sepals  and  petals  9 — 12,  similar,  roundish,  concHve  ; 
stamens  5,  anthers  connate  ;  carpels  at  first  agjjrcgated  in  a  roundi.sh 
head,  becoming  in  fruit  scattered  on  the  elongating,  filifoini  torn.s. — A 
trailing  shrub  with  entire  or  repandly  denticulate  leaves,  and  small 
crimson  flowers. 

S.  coccfnea  Mx  A  handsome  plant  in  damp  woods,  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  to  La.  St.  10 
or  ]2f  long.  Lvs.  alternate,  ovate  or  oval,  tapering  at  each  end  or  somewhat 
cordate  at  base.  Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  on  slender  stalks,  the  upper  ones  stami* 
nato.     Carp,  and  torus  red  when  mature.     May,  Jn. 


Order  V.     MENISPERMACE.E.     Menispermads. 

Shrubs  climbing  or  twining,  with  alternate,  palmate-veined,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Fls.  dioecious,  rarely  ?  or  ?  ^  ^,  hypogynous,  3 — 6-gynous.  (Sepab  and  petals  simi- 
lar, iu  3  or  more  circles,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stam.  equal  in  number  to  the  petals 
and  opposite  to  them,  or  3  or  4  times  as  many.  I'ruit  a  1 -seeded  drupe  with  a  hirge 
or  long  curved  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.     (Ulust.  in  Fig.  147.) 

Tills  cnrloiis  order  consists  of  44  genera  and  302  «/><'t,7e.«,  most  of  them  nntive.s  of  tropical  .\sia 
and  America,  where  tliev  becomi%  in  the  forests,  woody  climbers  of  great  t^ize. 

/Vo/;«»•<^f«.— A  few  plants  of  this  order  contain  .a  bitter  principle  in  tlieir  roots.  A  foreign 
spi'cies  of  .Menispermuni  yields  the  f.olnmho  ol  t\w  shops,  wliicl.  is  a  valnc.ble  tonic;  another 
genus,  Anamirta  cocculus  of  India,  furnishes  the  Iiuliaii  lockle,  so  iiito.xieating  to  lislies. 

GEXERA. 

u  Stamens  12 — 20,  sep.  4 — 8,  nut  moon-shaped      Lvs,  peltate Mk.mspkrmum.     1 

i  Stamens  (J ;  sepals  G ;  nut  moon-shaped.     Lvs,  sinuate,  3-Iol>ed C'o<  <  ti.l's.  2 

t  Stamens  6 ;  sepals  6 ;  nut  cup-shaped.     Lvs.  deeply  5-lobed Calvcocauitm.  * 

1.  NENISPERMUM,  L.  Moon-seed.  {Gr. h^vtj,\]w  moon',  antpfia, 
seed ;  from  the  crescent  form  of  the  seed.)  Fls.  9  $  ;  sepals  4 — 8 ; 
petals  4 — 8,  minute,  retuse  ;  $  .stamens  12 — 20,  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
anthers  4-celled  ;  9  ovaries  and  styles  2 — 4  ;  drupes  1 — :i-seeded ; 
seeds  lunate  and  compressed. — Fls.  white,  in  axillary  clusters. 

M.  Canadense  L.  St.  climbing;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  angular,  peltate,  the 
petiole  inserted  near  the  base  ;  rac.  compound ;  petals,  6 — 7,  small. — In  woods 
and  hedges  near  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Miss.  Sts.  round,  striate, 
8 — 12f  long.  Lvs.  4 — 5'  diam.,  generally  5-angled,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  on 
petioles  3 — 6'  long.  Pis.  in  axillary  clusters,  small,  yellow.  Drupes  about  4" 
diam.,  black,  resembling  grapes.  TJie  root  is  perennial,  and  in  medicine  has  the 
properties  of  a  tonic.     Jl. 

d.  LOBATUM,  has  the  leaves  lobed. 


Order  6.— liKUBKlllDACK^.. 


217 


2.  COCCULUS,  DC.  (Diminutive,  from  Lat.  rornim,  a  berry.) 
FIs.  $  i  .  Sepalft,  petals  and  stamens  6  ;  anthers  4 -celled  ;  $  ovaries 
JMo  6  ;  drupe  globular-compressed,  nut  curved  as  in  Menispermum. 
— FIs.  in  axillaiy  panicles. 

C  Carolini^nua  DC. — In  woods  alonj?  rivers,  S.  Til.  to  Oa.  St.  round,  slomlor. 
trailinif.  Lvs.  pubescent,  at  leiifftli  j,'labroiH  abovo,  broadly  ovate  or  cordate, 
mucronate,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed,  soinotitnes  liastiitely  .'{-lobed,  2'  to  .T  diaiii., 
petioles  half  as  lonjy.  FIs.  very  small,  pfroonish.  I'et.  of  the  sterile  Hs.  with 
inflected  auricles  at  the  ba.se  of  each.  Drupes  red,  1 — '?  toiother,  '2"  wide,  tiie 
nut  curved  almo.st  into  a  circle  and  finely  crouated.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3.  CALYCOCARPUN,  Nutt.  C'up-seed.  (Or.  kuXv^,  a  cup; 
/fop-TOf,  fruit.)     Sepals  6  ;  petals  0;    <^   stamens  12,  anthers  2-eelled  ; 

$  stamens  6,  abortive  ;  ovaries  3  ;  stigma  fimbriate-radiate  ;  drupe 
oval  with  the  putamen  deeply  excavated  in  front  and  cup-shaped. — FIs. 
greenish  white,  in  long  axillary  panicles. 

C  Lydni  Nutt.  Cra.  (Mettauer)  to  Ky.  A  slender  vino,  very  smooth,  ascend- 
ing many  feet.  Lvs.  large,  thin,  4 — 8'  diam.,  the  lobes  dilated  above  and  acumi- 
nate. Petioles  long,  slender.  Rac.  slender,  3 — 12  long.  FIs.  small,  2"  diam., 
nearly  white,  about  5  on  each  ped.  Drupe  1'  long,  oval.  Jl.  (Menispermuin 
Lyoiii  Ph.) 


I-  >A 


Okder  VI.     BEKBERIDACE^.     liERnERins. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  usually  exstipulato,  simple  or  compound  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  G.di/x  of  2 — 6  deciduous 
sepals,  in  I  or  2  rows,  often  with  petaloid  scales  at  base.  Corolla  of  as  many 
or  twice  as  niatiy  petals  as  sepals,  in  one  to  several  rows.  Slam,  as  many  as  the 
petals  ami  opposite  to  them,  rarely  more  numerous.  Anthers  opening  mostly  by 
recurved  valves  lunged  at  the  top.  Pistil  one,  style  short  or  none.  F/\  a  berry  or 
capsule,  seeds  several,  albuminous.    (Figs.  168,  182,  253,  304,  346,  347,  444.) 

An  order  hard  to  define,  including  12  ge.nera  and  lori  spiteies^inma  of  tliem  of  widely  different 
Imtiit  and  very  doubtful  atflnities.  They  intiabit  tlie  teinpcrato  zones.  Some  genera,  as  I'odo- 
plivlluni  and  ileffersonia,  possess  catharic  properties.  Others,  as  Berberis,  contain  in  their  fruits 
inulic  and  oxalic  acids. 

TRIHES   AND   GENERA. 

Tkibe  BERBKlMT)':.r;— ssiiruhs.    Embryo  long  as  albumon.    Antli.  liaived Bkrbkris.      1 

TitiKB  NANDINE.E. — Herbs.     Embryo  shorter  minute.  (*) 

*  Antliers  opening  by  2  valves  hinged  at  the  top.  (a) 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  2  drupe-like,  soon  naked  seeds CAi'LOPiiYi.i.irM.  2 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  a  2 — \  seeded  berry Diimiyi.lkia.        .S 

a  Stamens  8.    Fruit  a  cupBule  o|)ening  by  a  lid JEKPKRSONrA.       4 

♦  .\nthers  opening  by  2  .slits  lengthwise.    Stain.  6 — IS Podopiivlhim.    5 

i.  BlRBERIS,  L.  Berberry.  (Name  from  the  Arabic.)  Calyx 
of  6  obovate,  spreading,  colored  sepals,  with  the  3  outer  ones  smaller ; 
corolla  of  6  suborbicular  petals,  with  two  glands  at  the  base  of  each  ; 
filaments  6,  flattened  ;  anthers  2  separate  lobes  on  opposite  edges  of 
the  connectile  ;  style  0  ;  berry  oblong,  1-celled ;  seeds  2  or  3. — Fine, 
hardy  shrubs. 

1  B.  vulgaris  L.  Spines  (reduced  lvs.)  3-forked ;  lvs.  simple,  aerratures  termi- 
Dated  by  soft  bristles ;  rac.  pendulous,  many-flowered ;  pet.  entire.— A  well- 
known  bushy,  ornamental  shrub,  in  hard  gravelly  soils.  Northern  States.  Grows 
3 — 8f    high.     Lvs.  IJ — 2'  long,   half  as  wide,  round-obtuse  at  apex,  tapering 


|»     ^^ 


.l\ 


ai^^Wm  h'i 


Hi  y 


218 


Ordku  ti.— HKUbKlUDACK.K. 


'ilk 


at  base  into  tlie  petiole,  and  remarkably  distinguished  by  their  bristly  serr-turca. 

Pis.  yellow,  ii  dozen  or  more  in  each   hanging  cluster.      Sta.  irritable,  sprit. gin>»- 

violently  against  the  stigma  when  touched.      Berries  scarlet,  very  acid,  foriiiiiix 

an  agreeable  jelly  wheu  boiled  with  sugar.     The  bark  of  the  root  dyes  yellow. 

Jn.  g?     Eur. 

/?  Canadensis  Willd.    Rac.  few  (6 — 8)-flowerefl;  berries  oval. — Can.  (Pursh)to 

Va.  and  (la.,  along  the  Alloglianies.     Apparently  a  reduced  form  of  a,  with 

narrower  leaves  and  smaller  Howers  and  clusters.     (B.  Canadensis  Ph.) 

2  B.  Aquifdlium  Ph.  Lvs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  3 — 6  pairs,  leathery,  with  spinulose 
teeth;  fll.  with  2  slender  teeth. — In  woods,  Oregon  (Rev.  (1,  Atkinson),  now  often 
cultivated.  A  firm  bushy  ahrul),  3 — 5f  high,  with  shining,  dark  green  leaHets, 
resembling  the  leaves  of  the  holly.  Fls.  yellow,  in  short,  upriglit  clusters,  openin;.^ 
early.f     (Mahonia  Nutt.) 

2.  CAULOPHtLLUM,  Mx.  Cono.sn.  (Gr.  KavXog,  stem ;  <t>6X?Mv, 
leaf;  the  stem  appearing  as  tlie  btnlk  of  tlie  compound  leaf.)  ('aly.x 
of  6  green  sepals  3-bracted  at  base ;  corolla  of  6  short,  gland-like 
thickened  petals,  opposite  the  sepals  ;  stamens  6  ;  ovary  2-oviiled, 
becoming  a  thin  pericarp,  which  soon  breaks  away  after  flowering,  and 
the  2  round  drupe-like  seeds  ripen  nake<l. —  2^  Glabrous  and  glaucous, 
arising  from  a  knotted  rhizome.     Lvs.  compound. 

C.  thalictroides  Mx.  Pappoose  Root.  A  curious  plant  in  woods,  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Ky.  Plant  glaucous,  purple  when  young.  St.  1 — 2Jf  high,  round,  dividing 
above  into  2  parts,  one  of  whicli  is  a  short  common  petiole  of  a  triternate  leaf,  the 
other  bears  a  2-ternate  leaf  and  a  nvcoinous  panicle  of  greenisli  flower  Lfts. 
paler  beneath,  2 — 3'  long,  lobed  like  those  of  the  Thalictrum  or  Aquileg  oeiis 
2  (mostly  1  by  abortion),  naked  after  having  burst  the  caducous,  thin,  irj,, 
deep  blue,  resembling  berries  on  thick  stipes.     May.     (Leontice,  L.) 

3.  DIPHYLLEIA,  Mx.  Umbrella-leaf.  (Gr.  dig,  twice  ;  <j>vXXov, 
leaf.)  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  caducous ;  cor.  of  6  oval  petals  larger  than 
the  sepals ;  stamens  6  ;  ovary  eccentric ;  stigma  subsossile ;  berry  few- 
seeded,  seeds  attached  laterally  below  the  middle. —  If  Glabrous,  arising 
from  a  thick,  horizontal  root-stock.     Lvs.  simple,  peltate. 

D.  cymdsa  Mx.  Along  streams  or  Mts.,  Va.  to  Ga.,  and  Tenn.  Sterna  1 — 2f 
high,  stout,  some  of  them  bearing  a  single  large  (1 — 2f  broad)  orbicular,  cut- 
lobed,  centrally  peltate  leaf;  others  with  two  alternate,  smaller,  roundish  reni- 
form  leaves,  which  are  peltate  near  the  base,  deeply  2-lobed,  the  lobes  cleft,  and 
a  terminal  cyme  of  white  flowers  in  June. 

4.  JEFFERSdNIA,  Bart.  Twin-leaf.  (In  honor  of  President  Joffor- 
son,  a  patron  of  science.)  Sepals  4,  colored,  deciduous ;  petals  8, 
spreading,  incurved;  stamens  8,  with  linear  anthers;  stigma  peltate; 
capsule  obovate,  stipitate,  opening  by  a  circumscissile  dehiscence. 
Rhizome  thick,  blackish,  with  a  mass  of  matted  fibers.  Scape  simple, 
l-flowercd.     Lvs.  2-parted  or  binate.     (Figs.  168,  253,  304,  444.) 

J.  diph^Ua  Barton.     A  singular  plant  8 — 14'  high.  Middle  and  Western  States, 

5.  to  Ga.  Rhizome  horizontal.  Each  petiole  bears  at  the  top  a  pair  of  binate, 
obliquely  ovate  leaflets,  which  are  placed  base  to  base,  and  broader  than  long, 
ending  in  an  obtuse  point,  glaucous  beneath.  Scape  as  long  as  the  petioles.  ¥h. 
large,  regular,  white.  The  capsule  opens  only  half  round,  and  has,  therefore,  a 
persistent  lid.  Apr.  This  plant  has,  in  Ohio,  the  reputation  of  a  stimulant,  and 
anti-spasmodic,  and  is  there  significantly  termed  rheumatism  root. 

5.  PODOPHYLLUM,  L.  May  Apple.  (Gr.  Trovf,  -nodbg,  a  foot, 
i/>i^AAov,  a  leaf ;  alluding  to  the  long,  firto  petioles.)     Sepals  3,  oval, 


Order  8.— NELUMBIACK^E. 


211> 


ohtuso,  oon(?a^  e,  cadncons ,  petals  6 — 9,  obovate,  concave ;  stainenH 
9 — 18,  with  linear  antlici's;  berry  large,  ovoid,  1-celled,  crowned  with 
the  solitary  stigma. —  U  Low,  rather  poisonous  herbs.  Flowering  steM)s, 
2-leaved.     Fl.  solitary. 

P.  peltitum  L.  Wild  Mandrakb.  In  woods  and  fields,  common  in  tho  Mid.  and 
Western  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  S.  to  La.  Height  about  If.  It  is  among  our 
more  curious  and  interesting  pla.its.  St.  round,  slieathed  at  base,  dividing  into 
2  round  petioles,  between  whicli  is  tlie  flower.  Lvs.  broadly  cordate,  in  5 — 7 
lobes,  each  lobe  6'  hmg  from  the  insertion  of  the  petiole,  2-lobed  ana  dentate  at 
apex.  Barren  stems  with  one  centrally  peltate  leaf.  Fl.  pedunculate,  drooping, 
white,  about  2'  diam.  Fr.  ovoid  oblong,  large,  yellowish ;  with  the  flavor  of  the 
strawberry.     The  root  is  cathartic.     May. 

• 

Order  VII.     CABOMBACE.E.     Water  Shields. 

Hej-bs  aquatic,  with  the  floating  lvs.  entire,  centrally  peltate,  the  submersed  ones 
dissected.  Fls.  small,  erect,  one  on  each  peduncle,  hypogynous.  PefMls  3 — 4, 
alternate  with  the  3  or  4  sepals  which  are  colored  inside,  all  persistent.  S(a.  twice, 
or  4  or  6  times  as  many  as  the  petals.  Anthers  adnate.  Ovt.  2  or  more,  distinct. 
Stig.  sitnplo.  fV.  indehiscent,  tipped  with  the  hardened  style.  Sd^.  globular, 
pendulous.     Embryo,  minute,  2-lobed,  external  to  an  abundant,  fle.sliy  aibumen. 

GtAxera  2,  Hpee'iM  8.  America n  water  plants,  extonding  from  Cayenne,  S  AmeriiM,  N.  to 
N.  Eng.     /V(V)«;A"<te«,  slightly  astmigent. 

1.  BRAS^NIA,  Schreb.  Water  Takokt.  Calyx  of  3—4  sepals, 
colored  within,  persistent;  corolla  of  3 — 4  petals;  stamens  12 — 24; 
ovaries  6 — 18  ;  carpels  oblong,  2  (or  by  abortion  l)-seeded. — 1(  Aquatic. 
The  stems  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  are  covered  with  a  viscid 
jelly.     Lvs.  all  floating,  entire. 

B.  peltita  Ph.  It  inhabits  muddy  shores  and  pools,  often  in  company  with  tho 
water  lily.  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  Lvs.  peltate,  elliptical,  entire,  2 — 8'  by  1 — U', 
with  the  long,  flexible  petioles  inserted  exactly  in  tho  center,  floating  on  the 
surface  of  the  water,  smooth  and  shining  above.  Fls.  arising  to  the  surface,  on 
long,  slender,  axillary  peduncles.  Petals  purple,  about  3 '  long.  Jl.  (Ilydro- 
peltis  purpurea  Mx.) 

2.  GABON B A,  Aublet.  Sepals  3,  petaloid ;  petals  3  ;  stamens  6  ; 
pistils  3  (rarely  2  or  4),  nearly  the  length  of  stamens,  atid  half  as  long 
as  the  petals  and  sepals ;  carpels  few-seeded. — Lvs.  opposite,  mostly 
submersed  and  filiformly  dissected. 

C.  Carolini^na  Gray.  In  stagnant  waters,  N.  Car.  tv^  Ga.  and  La.  Stoma 
branched.  Floating  lvs.  small  (6"  long,  1"  wide)  and  few,  oblong-linear,  cen- 
trally peltate ;  submersed  lvs.  many,  reniform  in  outline,  1 — 2'  broad,  repeatedly 
di  and  tri-chotomous  into  threadlike  segments.  Ped.  2'  long,  1-flowered.  Fls. 
white,  5 — 6"  broad,  strictly  ^Z.  (sometimes  ^),  with  oval,  obtuse  petals  yellow  at 
base.    May. 


% 


'1 


Order  YIIL     NELUMBIACE^.     Water  Beans. 

Herbs  aquatic,  large,  with  prostrate  rootstock  and  radical,  peltate  leaves,  with 
flowers  large,  solitary,  on  long,  upright  scapes,  4 — 5-sepaled;  petals  numerous, 
arranged  in  many  rows,  as  are  also  the  stamens,  ovaries  separate,  each  with  a  simple 
style  and  stigma,  becoming  in  fruit  1-seeded  nuts  lialf  sunk  in  the  hollows  of  the 
fory  large  torus,  the  seeds  with  largely  developed  embryo,  and  no  albumen. 


iB** 

TO 


220 


Ordkb  U  — XY'MPliAEA«;EJi. 


This  order  coinprisfs  but  a  single  tjeuun  witli  2  npe<-ien,  v:z.,  N.  .spcciosiun,  suppusuil  to  be 
the  siicrt'd  Egyptian  bean  of  the  h.  Indic-s,*  the  other,  us  follows.  The  nuts  are  nutritive,  and 
also  at  certain  reasons,  the  farinaceous  rhizomes. 


Nelvmuo.     Characters  of  tho  gonus  the  same 


NELOIBIUM,  Jiiss. 
as  those  «'("  the  oilier. 

N.  lliteurn  L.  A  magiiiiieont  floweriiip  plant,  frequent  in  the  stagnant  wuturs  of 
the  Souvh  and  West;  in  iSodus  Bay,  N.  Y.  (Williams);  Lyme,  Ot. ;  near  Pliiladel- 
piiia,  eto.  Rliizome  creeping  in  mud  in  depths  of  water  from  2  or  3  to  6f!  From 
tliis  arine  the  simple  scapes  and  petioles  to  the  surlace.  Lvs.  10 — 18'  diam,, 
orbicular,  entire,  concave,  the  petioles  inserted  at  the  center.  Fls.  jeveral  times 
larger  than  those  of  Nympluea  odorata,  fragrant.  Petals  concave,  obtuse,  light- 
yellow,  3 — i'  in  length.  The  nuts  imbedded  in  the  torus  are  about  the  size  of 
aoorns,  and  remarkable  for  the  large,  leafy  embryo.     Juno  (S.) — Aug. 


Okueh  IX.     NVMP1IAEACE.^^:.      Water  Lilfes. 

Jferls  aquatic,  with  peltate  or  cord>\te  leaves  from  a  prostrate  rhizome.  Fls.  large, 
showy,  often  sweet-scented.  Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated,  gradually 
passing  into  each  other.  Sep.  persistent.  Petals  inserted  upon  the  disk  which  sur- 
rounds the  pistil  Sta.  numerous,  in  several  rows  upon  tlie  disk,  often  passing  into 
petals.  Anthers  atlnate,  introrse.  Pistils  many,  united  into  a  many -celled,  many- 
seeded,  compound  ovary  with  a  radiate  stigma.  Sils.  embryo  inclosed  in  a  sack  at 
the  end  of  a  copious  Jbumen  next  the  hilum.     (Figs.  453,  232 — 240.) 

Ge.iierti  5,  i^i.ecien  50,  iiiluibitinfj;  the  nortliorn  lieinisphere,  Victoria  in  equatorial  Ainoriea. 
Their  jiencral  aspect  is  that  of  an  i-ndofreii,  but  they  hi.ve  U  fuliaceous  cotyledons.  The  stems 
4»f  nyinphieiv  contain  a  powerful  astrin^jent  principle,  which  is  removed  by  repeated  washing'  in 
water,  after  which  they  are  tasteless,  and  may  be  used  for  food. 

\.  NYMPH ^A,  L.  Water  Lily,  (The  Greek  nymph,  or  Naiad,  of 
the  waters.)  Sepals  4  oi  5  ;  petals  oo,  inserted  on  the  torus  at  its  base ; 
stamens  gradually  transformed  into  petals :  stigma  surrounded  with 
rays;  pericarp  many c'lled,  many-seeded. —  /4  Aquatic. 

1  N.  odorata  L.  Rhizome  thick,  in  nmd  beneatli  deep  (3— 9f.)  water,  sending  its 
lvs.  and  lis.  to  the  surface  ;  lvs.  floating,  orbicujar  (5-8'),  entire,  cleft  at  base  to 
the  centre,  where  the  long  petiole  is  inserteil,  the  lubes  imbricated;  fls.  while, 
(leliciously  fragrant,  ohe^  with  a  delicate  tinge  of  purple;  filamenls  yellowish; 
setds  ot)long,  half  'he  length  of  the  aril.     Jl.,   Aug.     One  of  tlio  loveliest  of  flowers. 

2  N.  tubei'dsa  Paine.  Rhizome  proaucm^  oblong  {]')  tubers  which  spontaneously 
separate;  lvs.  floating,  orbicuiar-reniform,  (6 — 16')  entire,  very  veiny,  the  lobes 
divaricate ;  fls.  scentless,  or  nearly  so,  milk-wliite  (never  purp'ish),  pet.  very  blunt; 
seed'i  ijlobular-ovuid.     Sodus  Bay  (Ilankenson)  to  Pa.,  and  westward!,     Jl. 

2.  NOPHAR,  Smith.  Pond  Lily.  {^Neufar  is  the  Arabic  name.) 
Sepals  5  or  6,  oblong,  concave,  colored  within ;  corolla  of  numerous 
suiall  iK'tals  furrowed  externally,  and  inserted  with  the  numerous,  trun- 
cated, linear  stamens  ou  the  torus ;  stigma  discoid,  with  prominent 
rays;  pericarp  many-celled,  many-seeded. — "H-  Aquatic.  Lvs.  oval  or 
oblorg,  sigi I tate-cordate. 

X  N.  advdna  Ait  Yellow  Ponu  LUiV.  Lvs.  floating  or  erect,  with  rounded, 
diverging  lo'  '.'sai  buse,  petioles  half-round;  sep.  6;  petals  OO;  stig.  12 — lb-rayed, 
margin  slightly  repand. — Ver}'  common  in  sluggish  streams  and  muddy  lakes, 
Can.  to  Ga.,  vV.  lo  Oregon.  A  well-looking  and  very  curious  plant,  but  from 
its  fiU-hy  habits  it  has  been  called,  with  justice,  the  frog  lily.  The  rhizomo  ia 
large,  creeping  extensively.  Lvs.  largo,  dark  green,  sliining  above,  and  when 
floating,  pale  and  slimy  beneath.     Petioles  lialf  round,     Fls.  rather  largo  and 


Order  lo.— SARRAOKNIACE^. 


'J'Jl 


globular  in  form,  erect,  on  a  thick,  rigid  stalky  Three  outer  sepals  yellow 
.'usiUe,  and  the  three  inner  entirely  yellow,  as  well  as  the  petals  and  stamens. 
Jn.  Jl.     (Nyniphsea  Mx.) 

2  N,  Kalmiana  Ait.  Floating  Ivs.  with  base  lobes  approximate,  submersed  Ivs. 
membranous,  reuiform-cordale,  the  lobes  divaricate,  niirgin  waved,  apex  retuse; 
sep.  5;  stig.  8— 12-rayed,  crenate. — A  smaller  species,  with  small  yellow  tts., 
growing  in  similar  situations  with  the  last,  Northern  States.  Dr.  Robbins,  from 
vi'hose  MSS.  the  above  is  quoted,,  thinks  it  wholly  distinct  from  2%.  lutea,  (Smith) 
or  any  other  species.  Petiole  slender,  subterete.  Upper  Iva.  2 — ."{'  long  l.\ — 2A 
wide;  lower  Ivs.  3 — 4' diam.     Jl.     (Nupluir  lutea /i  Kalmiana  Torr  &  Gr.) 

3  N.  sagittaefdlia  Ph.  Lvs.  elongated,  sagittate-cordate,  obtuse ,  sep.  6  ;  pet.  0 , 
antii.  subsessile. — In  slow  waters,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  (Savannah).  Rhizome  erect. 
Lvs.  large,  10  to  15  long.  Fls.  as  large  as  in  No.  2.  Outer  sep.  green;  inne;-, 
yellow  and  petaloid. 

VICTORIA  regia  is  also  a  member  of  this  Order, — a  gigantic  Water  Lily, 
native  of  the  rivers  of  Brazil  and  Guiana,  and  successfully  cultivated  here.  Its 
earliest  leaves  are  linear,  then  hastate,  next  sagittate  ;  its  late  ones  become  ovate 
Avitli  a  deep  slit  at  base.  Thence  they  gradually  become  circular  and  centrally 
peltate,  exhibiting  by  a  distinct  line  the  union  of  the  base  lobes.  When  full  grown 
they  are  4 — 6f  diara.  (or  8 — I2f  in  their  native  rivers),  with  upturned  edges  and 
prominent  veins  beneath.  The  expanded  flowers  with  numerous  petals  and  sepals 
arc  if  in  diambter. 


Order  X.     SAliUACENIACE^.     Water  Pitchers. 

Herbs  aquatic,  in  bogs,  with  fibrous  roots,  perennial,  and  with  the  leaves  all  radi- 
cal, urn-shaped,  o':  trumpet-shaped,  and  large  flowers  on  scapes.  Floral  envelops 
4 — 10,  imbricated,  tho  outer  greenish,  sepaloid.  Stamens  CO,  hypogynous.  Carpels 
united  into  a  several-colled  capsule.     (Figs.  174.  175,  176.) 

A  i-i)i'ioii8  order,  cliiel!y  reiiinrkablo  for  the  leaves  wliich  are  of  that  class  called  ducMiu  (§80H). 
Iteinbrnce.s  at  \>re»iiiit  S'i/etieru  and6or8  8j'  ien;  tlio  lleliaiiiiihora  of  Uuiaiia,  tiio  l>arlin);to')!a 
of  ('alifornia  uiul 

SARRACINIA,  Touni.  Pitcher  Plant.  (Named  iiilionor  of  Dr. 
S'.trrazen  of  Quebec.)  Calyx  of  6  colored  sepals,  with  3  small  bracts  at 
bases  persistent;  corolla  of  6,  incurved,  deciduous  petals;  stigmas  6, 
united  into  a  largo,  peltate,  persistent  membrane  covering  the  ovary 
and  stamens  ;  capsule  5-celled  ;  seeds  very  numerous,  albimiinous. — 
Lvs.  holding  water,  with  a  wing  on  the  front  side  and  a  hood  (lamina) 
at  top.     Scapes  1-liowered,  fl.  large,  nodding. 

Tjimiiia  inflected  over  tho  tliront  of  the  tube No.s,  1,  2. 

L^itnina elect  or  nearly  so,  throat  open.* 

*  Leaves  ventricous,  never  spetted  with  white No.  3. 

♦  Leaves  triiuipet-shaped,  vci-y  tall,  often  mottled  and  spotted  above No.  4. 

1  S.  psittaolna  Mx.  Lvs.  shorty  reclined,  witii  a  broad  semi-ovate  wing :  Jls.  deep 
purple. — Bogs,  Ga.,  Pii.  to  La.  Lvs.  3'  to  5'  long  when  tlib  plant  is  in  Hower, 
G — 10'  when  in  fruit,  slightly  mottled  with  white  on  tho  back.  Tho  tube  is 
small  and  nearly  closed  by  tho  hooded  lamina,  which  gives  to  the  whole  leaf 
the  semblance  of  a  parrot,  whence  tho  specific  name.  Scape  If  high.  Fl. 
rather  smaller  than  that  of  S.  purpurea.     March. 

2  S.  variolslris  Mx.  Lvs.  ebngnt'd,  nearly  erect,  mottled  with  white  on  tho 
back,  the  wing  lance-linear;  j^.  yellow. — Bogs  in  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.,  Ga. 
(Feay  and  Pond)  and  Fla.  Ivs.  12  to  18'  high,  remarkable  for  their  white  dia- 
plianous  spots  near  the  top,  Tube  somewhat  ventricous  above,  nearly  enclose  I 
by  the  strongly  inflexed  hood  ;  wing  6"  to  12  "  wide.  Scapes  shorter  than  lvs 
Fls.  about  the  aiso  of  the  last.     Mar.,  Apr. 


^~    it  I 


:,f- 


212 


Okdkr  12.— I'APAVERACKJi:. 


9  B.  purpiHrea  L.  Side-saddle  Flower.  Lvs.  short,  dtcumbent,  inflated  most 
\ear  the  middle ;  lamina  broacl  cordate. — Bogs  throughout  Can.  and  U.S.  This 
«pecies  is  the  most  cor  luon,  and  on  it  the  genus  was  founded.  Lvs.  6 — 9  long, 
i-osulate,  evergreen,  composed  of  a  hollow,  pitcher-form  petiole,  sw  elling  in  the 
middle,  with  a  wing-like  appendage  extending  the  whole  leugtii  inside,  from 
^ — r  wide,  and  extended  ou  the  outside  of  tiie  mouth  into  a  lamina,  covered 
above  with  reversed  hairs.  Their  capacity  when  of  ordinary  size  is  about  a 
wine  glass,  and  generally,  like  the  other  species,  they  contain  water  with 
drowned  insects.  Scape  14 — 20'  liigh,  terete,  smootli,  supporting  a  single,  large, 
purple,  nodding  flower,  almost  as  curious  in  structure  as  tlie  leaves.     Jn. 

fi.    HETEROPHYLLA  Torr.      Scape  rather  shorter;    sep.  yellowish  green;  pet. 

yellow. — Northampton,  Mass.  (R.  M.  Wright).     Lvs.  scarcely  difliereut.     (S. 

heterophylla  Eaton.) 

4  S.  Gronbvii.  Trumpet-Leaf.  Lvs.  tall,  straight,  erect,  tube  gradually  enlarged 
to  the  open  throat,  wing  narrowly  linear,  lamina  sub-erect,  roundish,  mucronate,  con- 
tracted at  base. — The  largest  species  of  the  genu.-*,  in  swampy  pine  woods,  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  La.  Lvs.  often  3f  in  hight,  and  the  scapes  even  taller ;  the  lamina  as 
broad  as  the  open  throat  (2 — 3).  Fls.  very  large  (when  extended  \ — 5' 
diam.)  and  of  exactly  the  same  structure  in  all  the  varieties. 

a.  FLAVA.    Fls.  ypUow ;  foliage  yellowish  green,  with  or  without  purplish  veins 

(S.  flava  L.     S.  Catesbsei  Ell.). 
Q.  ALATA.     Fls.  yellow?    large;    lvs.  1 — 2f  high,  with  the  tube  somewhat 
ventricous  above,   throat  contracted,   wing  conspicuous  (J'   broad).     La. 
(Hale). — Intermediate  between  species  3  and  4;  perhaps  distinct. 
y.  RUBRA.      Fls.  reddish  purple,  smaller  than  S.  purpurea.      Lvs.  1 — 2f  high, 

with  purple  veins  (S.  rubra  Walt.). 
d.  Drummondii.      Fls.  purple,  ver^   large;  lvs.  very  tall  (20 — 30),  remark- 
ably mottled  above  with  purple  veins  and  white,  diaphanous  interstices.    (S. 
Drummondii  Groom)  Fla.  (Chapman.) 


Order  XII.     PAPAVERACE^.     Poppv-wohts. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  exatipulate  leaves,  and  generally  a  milky  or  colored  juice. 
Fls.  sollUii'y,  on  long  peduncles,  never  blue,  hypogynous,  regular,  y/  ov  ^.  Sep. 
2,  rarely  3,  caducous,  and  petals  4,  rarely  6,  all  imbricated.  Sta.  indelinite,  but 
some  multiple  of  4.  Anthers  2-celled,  innate.  Ova.  compound.  Sty.  short  or  0. 
Stig.  2,  or  if  more,  stellate  upon  the  flat  apex  of  ovary.  iV.  either  pod-shaped. 
With  2  parietal  placentae,  or  capsular,  with  several.  Sds.  QO,  minute.  Embryo 
minute,  at  the  base  of  oily  albumen.     (Figs.  229 — 231,  276.) 

An  order  consisting  of  15  generd  and  130  tipecieK,  inoro  tliun  two-thirds  of  wlilcli  are  nntlvos 
of  Europe.  Tlie  order  is  characterised  by  uctive  narcotic  properties,  principally  resident  in  the 
turbid  Jiilec.  Opium  is  thn  dried  milky  Jiiico  of  Papaver  soninifcrnni.  The  seeds  are  coni- 
niunly  rich  in  fixed  oil.    Several  uf  tlic  species  are  hii^hly  ornamental  in  cultivation. 

1  Plants  with  a  red  Juice.     Petals  8,  planein  tho  bud S ANtfUiNAEU.  1 

5  Plants  with  a  yellow  Juice.     Petals  crumpled  In  the  bud.  (♦) 
"  Stigmas  and  placentte  8,  4,  or  6.    Capsule  ovoid,  (b) 
*  Stigmas  and  placenta)  2  only.     Capsule  long,  pod-shaped,  (a) 

a  Pod  1-celled,  smooth.    Lvs.  pinnate CiiituDONrtrii.  2 

a  Pod  2-celled,  rough.    Lvs.  palmate Glaucium.  3 

b  Stylo  distinct,  but  short Meconopsis.  f> 

b  Style  none,  stigma  se.ssile AuciiiMONB.  4 

^  Plants  with  a  white  Juice.     Petals  4,  cniinpled  I'l  I.m  1       Papaviib.  0 

i  Plants  witlj  a  watery  Juice.    Calyx  a  ndtre,  fallliii,'  nil'  whole EsnisriioLT/.iA.  7 

1.  SANGUINARIA,  L.  Blood-root.  (Latin  sanguis^  blootl  ;  all  its 
parts  abound  in  a  red  juice.)  Sepals  2,  caducous  ;  petals  8 — 12,  in  2 
or  3  rows,  the  outer  longer.  Stamens  about  24  ;  stigma  sessile,  1 
or  2-lobed  ;  capsule  silique-form,  oblong,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  acute  at     oh 


Order  12.— PAPAVERACE.E. 


223 


end,  niany-seede J. —  U  A  low,  acaulescent  plant,  with  a  white  ^«n\or, 
and  a  glaucous,  palmate-veined  leaf. 

S.  Canadensis  L.  An  interesting  flower,  in  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  appearing 
in  early  spring.  Rhizome  fleshy,  tuberous,  and  when  broken  or  bruised  exudes 
an  orange-red  fluid,  as  also  does  every  other  part  of  the  plant.  From  each  but; 
of  the  root-atalit  there  springs  a  single  large,  glaucous  leaf;  and  a  scape  about  6' 
high,  with  a  single  flower.  Whole  plant  glabrous.  Leaf  kidney-shaped,  with 
roundish  lobes  separated  by  rounded  sinuses.  Fl.  of  a  quadrangular  outline, 
white,  scentless,  and  of  short  duration.  The  juice  is  emetic  and  purgative. 
Apr.,  May.  (Pig.  557.) 
fi.  Leaf  not  lobed,  margin  undulate.    Bainbridge,  Ga. 

2.  CHELIDdNIUM,  L.  Celandine.  (Gr.  \;eA.t(Ja)i',  the  swallow ; 
being  supposed  to  flower  with  the  arrival  of  that  bird,  and  to  perish 
with  its  departure.)  Sepals  2,  suborbicular ;  petals  4,  suborbicniar, 
contracted  at  base;  stamens  24 — 32,  shorter  than  the  petals;  stigma  1, 
small,  sessile,  bifid ;  capsule  silique-form,  linear,  2-valve(l,  l-eell('<l ; 
seeds  crested. —  U  Fragile,  pale  green,  with  saftVou  yellow  juice. 

C.  m^jus  L.  Lvs.  pinnate;  Ifts.  lobed,  segments  rounderl;  fls.  in  umbels. — By 
roadsides,  fences,  eta,  arising  1 — 2f  high.  Lvs.  smootii,  glaucous,  spreading, 
consisting  of  2—4  pairs  of  leaflets  with  an  odd  one.  Lfts.  1^ — 2i'  long,  §  as 
broad,  irregularly  dentate  and  lobed,  the  partial  stalks  winged  at  base.  Umbels 
thin,  axillary,  pedunculate.  Petals  elliptical,  entire,  yellow,  and  very  fugacious, 
like  every  other  part  of  the  flower.     The  abundant  brigiit  yellow  juice  is  used  to 

•    cure  itch  and  destroy  warts.     May — Oct.    §  Eur. 

3.  GLAlDCIUN,  Tourn.  Horn  Poppv.  (Gr.  yXavKov^  glaucous,  the 
hue  of  the  foliage.)  Sepals  2  ;  petals  4 ;  stamens  oo ;  style  none, 
stigma  2-lobed;  ped.  2-cellcd,  linear,  very  long,  rough. — ^T)  or  -i)  sea- 
green  herbs,  with  clasping  lvs.,  yellow  juice,  and  solitary,  yellow  lis. 

O.  liiteum  Scop.  Sparingly  naturalized  near  tlio  coast,  from  the  Potomac  south- 
ward. About  2f  high,  covered  witli  a  glaucous  Ijloom.  St.  glabrous.  Lvs. 
repandly  5 — 7-lobed,  clasping  so  as  to  appear  perfoliate.  Fls.  2'  broad,  of  sliort 
duration,  but  many  in  succession,  succeeded  by  a  horn-shaped  truit,  which  is 
rough  with  tubercles,  and  6 — 9'  in  length.    Jn. — Aug.   § 

4.  ARGEMdNE,  L.  Prickly  Poppv.  (Gr.  apye/ta,  a  disease  of  the 
eye,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.)  Sepals  2  or  3,  roundish, 
acuminate,  caducous ;  petals  4  or  6,  roundish,  larger  than  the  sepals ; 
stamens  oo,  stigma  sessile,  capitate,  4  or  6-rayed ;  capsule  ovoid,  prickly, 
opening  at  the  top  by  valves. — ^  Herbs  with  yellow  jnice,  spinous- 
pitmatifid  lvs.,  and  showy  fls. 

A.  Mexicdina  L.  Cal  prickly ;  caps,  prickly,  6-valved. — A  weed-like  plant,  nati\')> 
at  the  South  and  West,  §  at  tlie  North.  St.  2 — 3f  high,  branching,  armed  with 
pri(^kly  spines.  Lvs.  5 — 7'  or  8'  long,  sessile,  spinous  on  the  margin  and  veins 
i)eneath.  Fls.  axillary  and  terminal,  on  short  peduncles,  2 — 'X  diam.,  yellow. 
The  juico  becomes  in  air  a  fine  gamboge-yellow,  and  is  esteemed  for  jaundico, 
cutaneous  eruptions,  sore  eyes,  fluxes,  etc.  July. — Varieties  occur  with  ochro- 
loucous  fls.  and  with  large  white  fls.     (N.  Car.     Curtis.) 

5.  MECONOPSIS,  Viguier.*  Yellow  Poppy.  (Gr.  |i*//«on',  a  l>op|)y  ; 
oi/jif,  resemblance.)  Sepals  2,  hiraute ;  petals  4  ;  stamens  oo  ;  style  con- 
spicuous; stigmas  4 — 6,  radiating, convex,  free;  capsule  ovoid,  l-(!elled, 
opening  by  four  val;  is. —  U  Herbs  with  a  yellow  juice,  pinnately  divide<l 
lvs.,  and  yellow  fls. 


i'     i*.-"' . 


ii'     ««■ 


I*" 


Lm' 


l! 


n 


:  e 


224 


Obdeb  12.— FUMARIACKiE. 


M.  diphylla  DC.  Lvs.  glaucous  beneath,  aegments  5 — 7,  ovate-oblong,  sinuate, 
cauline  2,  opposite,  peliolate ;  ped.  aggregated,  terminal ;  caps.  4-valved,  echi« 
uate-setous. — Woods,  Western  States.  Plant  12 — 18'  high.  Lvs.  large,  8'  by  6  , 
on  petioles  about  the  same  length,  terminal  segment  somewhat  confluent.  Ped. 
about  8'  long.  Petals  deep  yellow,  orbicular,  1'  diam.  Sty.  surpassing  the  stain. 
"  May.     (Stylophoruiu  Nutt.) 

6.  PAPAVER,  L.  Poppv.  Fig.  229,  230,  231.  (Celtic,  j»a/)«,  pap; 
a.  soporific  food  for  children,  composed  of  poppy  seeds,  etc.)  Sepals  2, 
caducous;  petals  4;  stamens  oo ;  capsule  1-colled,  opening  by  pores 
under  the  broad,  persistent  stigma, — Exotic  herbs,  with  white  juice, 
abounding  in  opium.     Fl.  buds  nodding,  erect  in  flower  and  fruit. 

1  P.  Bomnfferum  L.  Opium  Poppy.  Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  lvs.  clasping, 
cut-de,Mte ;  caps,  ghbous. — (1)  with  large,  brilliantly  white  flowers,  double  in  culti- 
vation. St.  IJ — 3f  high.  Lvs.  4 — 8'  by  2 — 3',  with  rather  obtuse  dentures. 
Extensively  cultivated  in  Europe  and  southern  Asia  for  opium,  a  drug  more 
generally  applicable  and  more  frequently  prescribed  than  any  other  article  of  the 
materia  medica.     Jn.  Jl.  f  § 

2  P.  ddbium  L.  f^t.  hispid  with  spreading  hairs ;  lvs.  pinnately  parted,  segm. 
incised;  sep.  hairy;  caps,  club-shaped — ,1)  Sparingly  naturalized  in  cultivated 
grounds,  Ponn.  and  southward.  St.  about  2f  high,  very  slender.  Fls.  light 
red  or  scarlet,  much  smaller  than  in  No.  1,  on  very  long  hairy  pedicels.     Jn.  Jl.§ 

3  P.  Rhadas  L.  St.  many-flowered,  hairy;  lvs.  incisely  pinnatifl^l:  caps, 
globous. — D  Distinguished  from  the  last  species  chiefly  by  its  more  finely  divided 
leaves  and  its  globular  capsule.  About  2f  high.  Fls.  very  large  and  showy,  of  a 
deep  scarlet.  Varieties  are  produced  with  various  shades  of  red  and  parti-colored 
flowers,  more  or  less  double.    Jn.  Jl.f 

4  P,  orientale  L.  St.  l-flowered,  rough ;  lvs.  scabrous,  pinnate,  serrate ;  caps, 
smooth. —  If  Native  of  Levant.  St.  3f  high.  Fls.  very  large,  and  of  a  rich 
scarlet  color,  too  brilliant  to  bo  looked  upon  in  the  sun.     Jn.f 

7.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA,  Cham.  (Named  for  Eschscholtz,  a  German 
botanist  well  known  for  hifi  i  searches  in  California.)  Sepals  2,  co- 
hciing  by  their  edge,  caducous ;  petals  4 ;  stamens  oo,  adhering  to  the 
claws  of  the  petals;  stigmas  4 — 7,  sessile,  2 — 3  of  them  abortive;  cap- 
sule pod-shaped,  cylindric,  lO-striate,  many-seeded. — (P  Lvs.  pinnatifid, 
glaucous.  The  juice,  which  is  colorless,  exhales  the  odor  of  hydroch- 
loric acid. 

1  E.  Dougldsii  Hook.  St.  brandling,  leafy;  torus  obconic;  cal.  ovoid,  with 
u  very  short,  abrupt  a^uinination ;  pet.  bright-yellow,  with  an  orange  spot  at 
base. — A  very  showy  annual,  connnon  in  our  gardens,  native  of  California,  Ore- 
gon, etc.  Tho  foliage  is  smooth,  abundant  and  rich,  dividing  in  a  twice  or  thrice 
pinnatifld  nianner  into  linear  segments.  Fls.  2'  broad.f  (Chryseis  Californica  of 
Lin^ll.  and  1st  edition.) 

2  E.  Califdrnioa  Hook.  St.  branching,  leafy;  torus  funnel  form,  with  a 
much  dilated  limb;  cal.  obconic;  with  a  long  acumination ;  fls.  orange-yellow.— 
From  California.  Lvs.  and  color  of  flowers  as  in  the  preceding,  except  the  latter 
are  more  of  a  reddish,  orange  hue.f    ((Jhryseis  crocea  LiiuU.  and  of  1st  edition.) 


1^. 


Ordkk   Xir.     FUMARIACE.E.     Fumeworts. 

Herbs  smooth  and  delicate,  with  brittle  stems,  and  a  watery  juice.  Leaves  usually 
alternate,  multifld,  often  furnished  with  tendrils.  Fh.  irregular,  purple,  white  or 
yellow.  Sepals  2,  very  small.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  parallel,  one  or  both  of  the 
outer  saccate;  2  inner  cohering  at  apex.  Sta.  6,  dindHphotis;  fll.  dilated:  anth. 
athiate,  extrorso,  2  out<.>r  1-celled,  middle  2-celled.     Ooa.  superior,    1 -celled;  sty. 


Ordeh  12.— FUMARIACE.E. 


225 


filiform;  stig.  with  one  or  moro  poiuts.     Fr.  either  an  iadehiscent  nut  1 — 2-seeded, 

ur  a  pod-shaped  capsule  many-seeded.     Sds.  shining,  ariled.     Albumen  tleahy. 

Illustrations,  42,  43,  44,  818. 

Oenera  16,  upecies  110, — .some  of  them  beniitiful  ami  delicate,  inhabiting  thickets  in  the  tein- 
pei-nto  regions  of  the  northern  hcmispbnre.    They  possess  no  rumarlcable  action  upon  tlie  anlinnl 
economy. 
Corolla  equally  2-spurre(l  or  2-glbbous  at  base,  (a) 
Corolla  unequal,  only  one  of  the  petals  spurretl.  (b) 

a  Petals  not  unltetl.  deciduous.    Not  ciitnbins Dioentra.    1 

a  Petals  united,  |)ersistent.     Plants  cliinbini; Aiilumia.     'J 

b  Fruit  poil-shaped,  many-.seede<l (Iorypalis.  :i 

b  Fruit  a  globular,  l-seetfed  nut :  Fu.m  aria,     i 

1.  DICtNTRA,  Borkh,  E.\r-drop.  (fir.  (Jtf,  double;  KEvrpov,  a 
spur ;  from  the  character.)  Sepals  2,  small  ;  petals,  4,  the  2  outer 
equally  spurred  or  gibbous  at  base,  and  distinct ;  stamens  united  in  2 
sets  of  three  each ;  pod  2-valved,  many-seeded. —  '^■  Fls.  in  racemes  on 
scapes.     (DiclytiH,  DC.) 

Low  herbs  (6')i  with  white  flowers,  in  .simple  racemes Nos.  1,  2 

Taller  (12'),  with  purple  flowers,  in  p;inicidate  racemes Nos.  8,  4 

1  D.  cuculldria  DO.  Fig.  42,  43,  318.  Dutohm.vn's  breeches.  Root  bulbi- 
feroiis ;  rac.  4 — lO-flowered,  seound;  spurs  divergent,  elongated,  acute,  straight. — 
Woods,  Can.  to  Ky.  A  smooth,  handsome  plant.  Rhizomo  bearing  triangular, 
sma'l,  pale  red,  scale-like  tubers,  forming  a  loose  bulb  under  ground.  Lvs.  radical, 
maltitid,  somewiiat  triternate,  smooth,  with  oblong-linear  segments,  the  petioles 
rather  shorter  than  the  scape.  Scape  slender  6 — 10'  high.  Fls.  scentless,  nod- 
ding, whitish,  at  summit  yellow.  Pedicels  short,  axillary  to  a  bract,  and  with  2 
minute  braoteoles  near  the  flower.  Spurs  about  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Apr., 
May. 

2  D.  Canad^nsia  DC.  Fig.  44.  Squirrel  Corn.  ^t.  subterranean,  tuheriferous, 
tubers  globous,  raceme  simple,  .secund,  4 — 6-flowered ;  spurs  short,  rounded,  oh' 
tuse,  slightly  incurved. — A  stnootli,  pretty  plant,  common  in  rocky  woods.  Can. 
to  Ky.  The  rhizome  bears  a  number  of  roundish  tubers  about  the  size  of  peas, 
and  of  a  bright  yellow  r  -J.or.  Lv?  ladical,  subglaucous,  biternate,  the  Itts.  deeply 
pinnatifld,  segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  5 — 8"  long.  Scape  6 — 8'  high,  bearing 
a  few  odd-looking  flowers.  Cor.  white,  tinged  witli  purple,  fragrant,  5"  long. 
Sla.  3  on  each  lip.     May,  Jn. 

3  D.  eximia  DC.  Rhizome  sraly ;  lvs.  numerous ;  rar.  compound,  the  branches 
cymous ;  Jis.  oblong,  spurs  very  short,  obtuse,  incurved ;  stigma  2-horned  at  apex. 
— A  fine  species  on  rocks,  etc.,  found  by  Dr.  Stirtwell  in  Yates  Co.,  N.  Y,,  S.  to 
N.  Car.  Lvs.  radical,  10 — 15'  high,  somewiiat  triternate,  with  incisely  pinnati- 
fld, acute  segments.  Scape  8 — 12'  high,  with  several  (4 — 8)  cymes,  each  with 
6 — 10  purplish,  nodding  (lowers.  Cor.  8 — 10'  long,  \  Jis  broad  at  base.  Bracts 
purplish,  at  base  of  pedicels.     Jn.,  Sopt.f     (Corydalis  forniosa  Ph.) 

4  D.  formdsa  DC.  Rhizome  many-leaved ;  rac.  slightly  compound ;  fls.  ovate,  in- 
flated ;  spurs  short,  rounded,  saccate ;  stig.  entire. — Can.  to  Or.  An  elegant  and 
showy  species  in  cultivation,  about  the  size  of  the  last,  with  foliage  less  incised 
and  lobes  rather  obtjse.  Rac.  secuud.  tho  cymes  2  to  4-flowcred.  Fls.  bright 
purple,  about  10"  long,  by  5  "  or  6"  wide,  the  stigma  angular,  not  cleft  as  in  Xo. 
3.     May,  Jl.f 

2.  ADLUMIA,  Raf.     MouNTAm  Fringe.     (Named  for /oAh  yh//MW, 

Washington,  D.  C,  a  cultivator  of  tlie  vine.)     Sepals  2,  minute ;  petals 

4,  united  into  a  fungous,  monopetalous  corolla,  persistent,  bigibbous  at 

base,  4-Iobed  at  apex ;  stamens  united  in  2  equal  sets ;  pod  2-valved, 

many-seeded. — %  A  delicate,  climbing  vine. 

A.  oirrhdaa  Raf.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  N.  Car.  Stem  striate,  many  feet  in 
length.  Lvs.  decompound,  divided  in  a  pinnate  manner,  ultimate  divisions  3- 
lobed,  smooth,  their  foot-stalks  serving  for  tendrils.  Fls.  very  numerous,  in  axil- 
lary, pendulous,  cymous  clusters,  pale  pink.     Cal  minute.    Cor.  sliglttly  cordate 

15 


'      l> 


»v 


226 


Ordek  l.J.— CKUCIFJiR^:. 


at  base,  of  4  petals  united  into  a  spongy  mass,  cylindric,  compressed,  tapering 
upward,  2-lipped.     Fine  for  arbors,  Jn.,  Aug.f 

3.  CORYDALIS,  1)C.  (Gr.  name  of  the  Fumitory,  from  which  genu3 
this  was  taken.)  Sepals  2,  small ;  petals  4,  one  of  which  is  spurred  at 
the  base  ;  stamens  6,  diadelphous ;  filaments  united  into  two  equal  sets 
by  their  broad  bases,  w  hich  sheath  the  ovary  ;  pod  2-valved,  compress- 
ed, many-seeded. — Lvs.  cauline.     Pedicels  racemous,  bracted. 

1  C.  glaClca  Ph.  Glaucous,  erect;  fls.  red,  yellow  at  the  tip;  pods  erect;  lobes 
of  the  lits.  obtuse,  bracts  minute.—®  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  N.  Car.,  1 — 3f. 
liigii.  Lfts.  1'  long,  3-lobed,  Corolla  with  a  short,  blunt  spur.  Racemes  panieled. 
Apr.— Jl. 

2  C.  atirea  Willd.  Low,  diffuse.  Anally  ascending  (8 — 12) ;  k>bes  of  the  leaves  acute ; 
nic.  opp.  tiie  IvH.  and  ♦erminal;  lis.  secund,  bright  yellow,  spur  deflected;  pods 
pendulous.  —  ®  Rocky  shades.     Cor.  6".     Apr. — Jl. 

ji.  MACRANTHA.     Fls.  10";  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  limb.     Dakota. 

}.  FLAVULA  Fls.  3 — 4',  pale  yellow ;  spur  very  siiort ;  pet.  pointed.     Com. 

3  C.  mont^na  Engl.  ?  Ascending  ;  rac.  terminal ;  If.-lobes  obtuse ;  bracts  lanceo- 
late; cor.  yellow,  spur  ascerding,  nearly  as  long  as  the  limb ;  lower  pet.  at  length 
pendent;  pods  erect,  seeds  lenticular.     South- West. 

4.  FUMARIA,  L.  Fumitory.  (Lat.  fumus,  smoke ;  from  its  dis- 
agreeable odor.)  Sepals  2,  caducous  ;  petals  4,  unequal,  one  of  them 
spurred  at  the  base  ;  filaments  in  2  sets,  each  with  3  anthers  ;  nut 
ovoid  or  globous,  1-seeded  and  indehiscent. — Lvs.  cauline,  finely  dis- 
sected. 

F.  ofBcin^lis  Ji.  St.  subereet,  branched  and  spreading;  lvs.  bipinnate;  rac. 
loose;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  globous,  retuse  nut. — 
A  small,  handsome,  smooth  plant,  10 — 15'  high,  in  sandy  fields  and  about  gar- 
dens, introduced  from  Europe.  Lfts.  cut  into  segments,  dilated  upwards.  Fls. 
small,  rose-colored,  nodding,  the  pedicels  becoming  erect  in  fruit,  and  twice  as  long 
as  the  bracts.    JL,  Aug.    §  Eur. 


s^r 


Order  XIII.     CRUCIFER^.     Crucifers. 
1  ^^  o  «  .  I  6 


(®) 


fl20.  .\  flowor  of  Sinopis  niffra.  1.  The  8tninens  (4  lonn 
ami '2  short)  and  jiistll.  2.  I'liin  of  tlie  flower,— stumens 
in  2  rowti,  outer  row  half  wanting.  8.  A  siliniie, — 4.-  |iart)y 
open,  sliowinjr  the  septinn  with  seeds  altaelied.  6.  Cross 
section  of  a  seed,  cotyledons  cnndufdlcnte  (0»).  6.  Cross 
spctlonof  ipecd  ofC'npselia,  the  cotyledons  incumbent  (1)0). 
7.  Section  of  a  wintrcd  seed  uf  Arabis  (Junadensis,  cotyle- 
dons iiccunibent  (0- ). 

Herbs  with  a  pungent,  watery  Juice,  and  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves,  v,ritb 
flowers  cruciform,  tctradynamous,  generally  in  racemes,  and  bractlesa.  Sepals  4, 
deciduous ;  petals  4,  hypogynous,  with  long  claws  and  spreading  limbs.  Stamens 
(J.  the  2  outer,  opposite  ones  shorter  than  the  4  interior.    Ovary  2-carpeled,  2-celled 


Ordeu   i:?.— CRUCIFKR.E. 


227 


by  a  false  partition,  with  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a  ailiquc,  or  silicle.  usually  2- 
celled.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Seeds  2-rowed  in  eiich  cell,  but  often  so  intercalated 
as  to  form  but  one  row.  Emi»-yo  with  the  2  cotyledons  variously  folded  on  the 
radicle.     Alhumen  0.  ■         '       • 

must.  256,  312,  365, 447,  449. 

Genera  19.5,  xj>ecien  16(HI.  This  is  a  vory  natural  order,  larger  than  any  of  the  preced'r'cr. 
Tlie  groiiter  part  of  the  spocies  aru  fuund  in  the  teinpenite  zone:).  About  lUO  are  peculi.r  to 
this  continent. 

Propertiei.  The  Crucifers  as  a  class  are  of  much  importance  to  man.  They  furnish  several 
ilimentary  articles,  which  are  very  nutritious,  as  tlie  'I'lirnip,  Cabbage,  Cauliflower ;  several 
Kthers  are  used  as  condiments,  as  Mustard.  Radish,  Cochlearia,  etc.  They  all  possess  a  peculiar 
:t(M'id,  volatile  principle,  dispersed  through  every  part,  otlen  accompanied  by  an  ethereal  oil 
Hhounding  in  sulphur.  Tlicy  are  also  remarkable  tor  containing  more  nitrogen  than  other  vege- 
tallies,  for  which  reason  unmionia  is  generally  evolved  in  tlieir  putrefaction.  In  medicine  they 
arc  eminently  stimulant  and  antiscorbutic.  None  are  really  fioisonous,  although  very  acrid. 
The  root  of  Isatis  tinctoria  atfords  a  blue  coloring  matter. 

OffM.  The  genera  of  this  large  order  were  arranged  into  sub-orders  by  De  Candolle,  according 
to  their  various  modes  of  foldini;  the  cotyledon  upon  the  radicle,  which  modes  are  a>i  follows: 
1.  Cotyledons  accumbcnt,  the  radicle  turned  round  and  applied  to  the  edges  of  the  cotyledons, 
represented  thus  0=.  2.  C'otyledons  incumbent,  the  radicle  applied  against  tlie  back  of  one  of 
the  cotyledons,  0  || .  3.  Cotyledons  con<luplicate,  radicle  folded  as  in  the  last  case,  but  the  coty- 
ledons [lent  60  as  partly  to  enfold  it,  Q^"^.  as  in  the  mustard. 

In  the  analysis  of  the  Crucifers  it  Is  indispensable  that  the  specimens  be  in  fruit  as  well  as 
flower,  and  that  the  student  bring  to  bear  all  Ids  patience  and  resolution  tn  the  study  of  the 
above  and  other  forms  of  str^icture  in  the  seed,  however  minute.  In  the  following  synopsis  the 
student  may  use  in  analysis  either  the  artificial  arrangement  of  the  Genera  or  the  less  obvious 
but  more  natural  arrangement  of  the 

TRIBES. 

§  SILIQUOS.,E,— fruit  a  slliquo  opening  by  valves.     (Tribes.) 

Tribe  1.  Arabiiik^.    Seeds  flattened,  often  bordered  ;  cotyledons  0= Genera  1 — 10 

Tribe  2.  Sist.mkrk.e.    Seeds  oblong,  not  bordered  ;  cotyledons  Oil Gen.  11 — 14 

Tribe  8.  Bkassick^.    Seeds  globular,  cotyledons  0»     Flowers  yellow Gen.  15,  16 

J§  S1LICUL0S.>E, — fruit  a  sillcle  opening  by  valves  when  more  than  2-secded.    (Tribes.) 

Tribe  4.  Alvssin'e.c:.     Dissepiment  broad.    Cotyledons  0:= Gen.  17 — 21 

Tribe  5.  C.\.meline^.     Dissepiment  broad.    Cotyledons  0  || Gen.  22,  23 

Tribe  6.  TiiLASPE.«.    Dissepitnent  n...row.     Cotyledons  0= Gen.  24 

Tribe  7.  LKi'iDiNKJi.     Dis.sepijnent  narrow.     Cotyledons  0  || Gen.  25 — 27 

Tribe  8.  Isatidk*;.     Dissepiment  0.     Sillcle  1-seeded,  indehiscent , Gen.  28 

§§S  LOMENTACE.^,— fruit  a  jointed  silique,  partitioned  across.    (Tribes.) 

Tribe  9.  Cakalink.*!.    Cotyledons  0=,  seeds  compressed Gen.  29 

Tribe  10.  KaphanevB.    Cotyledons  0»,  seeds  globous. Gen.  30 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

§  Fruit  a  .^ilique.    Seeds  in  a  double  row General,  2 

ideeds  in  n  single  row.    Flowers  cyanic  (a). 
Flowers  xanthic  (b) 

a  Flowers  purple,  single.     Stigma  capitate.     Plant  native Genera  8 

a  Flowers  purple  (or  white  and  double).    Stigmas  horned.    Cultivated Gen.  4,  14 

a  Flowers  white  or  roseate.     Slliques  flattened,— raised  on  a  filiform  stipe Gen.  13 

—sessile,  having  no  stipe Gen.  6,  6,  7 

b  Seeds  alobular,  with  cotyledons  conduplicate  (0») Gen.  16, 16 

b  Seeds  oblong  or  lons-shiiped.     Slliques  terete  or  flattened,  velnless Gen.  8,  9 

Siliques  squarish,  valves  1— S-velned Gen.  10, 11, 12 

§8  Fruit  a  sillcle.    Sllielo  turgid  ov  flattened,  with  a  broad  partition  (c). 
Sillcle  flattened  con'rary  to  the  narrow  partition  (d). 

Sillcle  %vlth  no  partition.  1-seeded.    Flowers  yellow Gen.  29 

0  Ornamental  exotics,  variously  colored.    Gardens Gen.  17.  IS 

C  Native  plants  with— flowers  cyanic,  white Gen.  19,  20,  23 

—flowers  yellow.    Silicles?  oblong Gen.  1 

Sillcles  ovoid  or  globular Gen.  21,  22 

d  Seeds  several  fnench  cell.    Sillcle  triangular Gen.  28 

d  Seeds  only  2, — one  in  each  cell.    The  two  outer  petals  larger Gen.  24 

The  petals  all  equal Gen.  26,  27 

|S§  Fruits  loment.  Jointed  and  partitioned  across Gen.  29,  3<,' 


f:  f 


'ml 


y.  ■-. 


i 


iri 


;  ■  I 


' 


[ 


^  -  .■ « * 


i  ,i ,  1 


lil' 


228 


Order  18.— OUUCIFEH^. 


1.  NASTURTIUM,  R.  Br.  Water  Cress.  (Lat.  nasus  tortus  ;  from 
the  efftot  of  these  acrimonious  plants  upon  the  nose.)  Sepals  equal  at 
base,  spreading;  siliques  subterete,  generally  curved  upwards,  some- 
times shortened  so  as  to  resemble  a  silicic ;  valves  veinless ;  seeds 
small,  lens-shaped,  00,  in  a  double  row  (0  =  ). — Aquatic  plants  with 
pinnate  or  pinnatifid  Ivs. 

*  Petals  white.    Siliques  rather  long  (1(1—12") No.  1 

*  I'<;tals  yellow.    Siliques  shortened  (4 — 8"),  but  longer  than  the  pedicels  (a). 

*  Petals  yellow.    Siliques  or  silicles  H — 6")  shorter  than  the  pedicels  (b). 

a  Leaves  i*innate  ur  pinnatitld.    Diifusely  branched Nos.  2,  3 

a  Leaves  lyrate,  or  merely  toothed.    Steins  erect Nos.  4,  5 

b  Petals  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  obscure Nos.  6.  7 

b  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  bright  yellow Nos.  (S,  tf 

1  N.  o£Scin^le  R.  Br.  English  Water  Cress.  Lvs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  repand;  petals  white,  longer  than  the  calyx. —  2f  Brooks  and  springy 
places,  rare.  (Yellow  Springs,  O.)  Sts.  decumbent,  thick,  branching,  6 — 12  long. 
Lfta  3 — 7,  broad,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  obscurely  toothed,  terminal  one 
largest.  Fla.  corymbed.  Siliques  hardly  1'  long.  Occasionally  cultivated  for 
salad.     May,  Jn.  §  %. 

2  N.  tanacetifdlium  Hook.  Tansey-leaved.  Upper  ka/segm.  confluent,  lower 
distinct,  oblong  or  roundish^  sinuate-toothed  teeth  obtuse ;  pods  linear-oblong. — '2) 
Damp  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla,  W.  and  N.  W.  to  the  Miss.  Sts.  smooth,  diflusely 
branched  from  tho  base,  4 — 1 2'  high.  Root  lvs.  2 — 4'  long  narrow,  regularly 
pinnate  with  19 — 15  segm.  in  the  larger  plants,  the  3  upper  segm.  often  conflu- 
ent. Fls.  minute.  Pods  4 — 8"  long,  slightly  curved,  on  ped.  ^  as  long,  and 
tipped  with  a  distinct  but  short  style.     Mar.,  May. 

/3.  OBTUSUM.     Lfts.  mostly  distinct,  oval,  obtuse ;  pods  shorter  (3  to  5"),  twice 
longer  than  pedicel.     (N.  obtusum,  Nutt.) 

3  N.  TVdlteri.  Segm.  of  the  lvs.  all  distinct,  narrow,  with  a  few  linear,  acute  lobes 
or  teeth;  pods  linear, —  2^  ?  6a  (Feay  and  Pond.)  and  Car.  Rt.  thick,  blackish, 
with  many  strong  fibres.  Lvs.  numerous,  mostly  radical  or  subcauline,  1 — 2 
long,  finely  dissected,  the  terminal  segm.  3-Iobed.  Sts.  branched  fi-om  the  base 
(only?),  3 — 5'  high,  pubemlent.  Fls.  minute.  Pods  slender,  about  5  long, 
ped.  half  as  long ;  style  distinct.     Mar.,  Apr.     (Sisymbrium  Walteri  Ell.) 

4  N.  limdaum  Nutt.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  toothed,  lower  ones  pinnatifled  at  base 
(lyrate),  upper  entire  at  base;  pods  eUipiic-oblong  (3 — 4"). — (^  Edges  of  the 
Miss.,  La.  (Hale.)  Glabrous.  Sts.  erect,  simple,  branched  only  at  top,  10 — 16' 
high.  Lvs.  all  cauline  and  petiolate,  tiie  lower  irregularly  divided  at  base,  where 
they  touch  the  water.  Rac.  several.  Fls.  minute.  Pods  on  very  short  pedicels, 
with  styles  much  shorter.     Apr.,  May.     Hardly  distinct  from  the  next. 

5  N.  sessiHAdrum  Nutt.  Lvs,  cuneate-obovate,  npandly  toothed  or  sub-entire ; 
pods  linear-oblong  (5 — 6  "),  subsessile. — (^,  Banks  of  the  Miss.  Glabrous.  Sts. 
erect,  nearly  simple.  Lvs.  attenuated  at  base,  those  of  the  stem  nearly 
entire.  Fls.  minute.  Rac.  elongated  in  fruit,  both  pods  and  stigmas  almost 
ses.sile.     Apr. — Jn. 

6  N.  paMatre  DC.  Marsh  Crrss.  Glabr<ms ;  lvs.  pinnately  lobed,  amplexical, 
lobes  coufluent,  dentate ;  rt.  fusiform ;  pet.  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  silicle  spreading, 
turgid,  twice  longer  than  wide. —  U  In  wet  places.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  erect,  branched 
above.  Lvs.  2 — 3'  long,  all  more  or  less  pinnatified,  with  the  terminal  lobe 
large,  ovate.  Pis.  numerous,  small.  Silicle  8"  long,  pedicels  twice  as  long,  ollen 
deflexed.     Jn. — Aug. 

7  N.  hfspidum  DC.  Villous;  lvs.  runcinate-pinnatified,  lobes  obtusely  dentate; 
silicles  tumid,  ovoid  or  globular,  the  pedicels  longer,  ascending;  pet.  scarcely  as 
long  as  the  calyx. — @)  Banks  of  streams  N.  H.  to  Penn.  Stem  angular,  branched, 
1 — 3f  high,  with  many  paniculate  racemes  above.  Lvs.  3 — 6'  long.  Fls. 
minute.  Silicles  1"  long,  on  pedicels  2—3"  long  and  somewhat  spreading.  Jn 
—Aug. 

8  N.  sylv^stre  R.  Br.  Wood  Cress.  Z-va.  pinnately  divided,  segm.  serrate  or  in- 
cised: pods  liumr.  .style  very  short. —  2/  Wet  meadows,  near  Philadelphia  (Nutt) 


Ohueu    iJ— (JJ^LOIFFUJ!:. 


229 


If 


near  Boston  (Sprague).  Sts.  ascending  from  a  prostrate  baao.  Fls.  nitlior  largo 
and  showy.  Pet.  ^  longer  than  calyx.  Pods  nearly  J'  long,  the  pudiceLs  nither 
longer,  ascending.  Jn.,  Jl.  §  Eur. 
9  N.  sinu^tum  Nutt.  Lvs.  pinnatijied,  segm.  lance-ohlong,  nearly  entity ;  p'xla 
oblong,  acute,  with  a  slender  style. — Banks  of  the  Miss,  opposite  St.  Louis,  southward, 
W.  to  Oregon.  Grlabroua  and  diffusely  branched.  Lvs.  regularly  piiuiatitied,  the 
terminal  segm.  often  confluent.  Fls.  rather  large  and  showy.  Pods  about  ^' 
long,  sliglitly  curved,  the  pedicels  still  longer,  spreading  or  recn.'ved.     Jn. 

2.  TURRITIS,  Dillon.  Tower  Mustard.  (Lat.  tarrit'iH,  turroto«l ; 
from  the  pyramidal  form  of  the  plant.)  Sepals  crept,  con vertjfin<ir; 
siliqne  long,  linear,  2-edged ;  valves  plain,  l-veined  ;  seeds  in  a  double 
row  (margined  in  one  species)  (0=). — Fls.  white  or  rose-colored.  Stem 
lvs.  mostly     sagittate-clasping. 

1  T.  glabra  L.  Fls.  (crenm-white)  erect;  siliques long  i^S),  strictly  erert ;  atein-lvs. 
ovate  lanceolate. — (Din  rocky  fields  about  New  Haven  (Eaton)  and  Can,  (ilahroa«>. 
St.  round,  simple,  l^fhigh.  Radical-lvs  petiolate,  dentate;  cauline  arrow-siiaped 
and  half-clasping  at  base,  smooth,  glaucous  and  entire,  tiiliques  straight  and 
very  narrow.     May.     §  Eur. 

2  T.  Btricta  Graham.  Fls.  {rose-white)  erect;  silique  long  (3),  erect,  finally  ascend- 
ing, stem-lvs.  linear-lanceolate. — (§)  On  rocks,  N.  Y.  (rare),  W.  to  Or.  Plant  glab- 
rous. St.  straight,  erect,  simple,  1 — 2f  high.  Root-lvs.  sputulate,  remotely  den- 
ticulate ;  stem-lvs.  arrow  shaped,  clasping,  erect,  nearly  entire.  Rac.  terminal, 
elongated  in  fruit.     May. 

3  T.  brachycirpa  Torr  &  Gr.  Fls  (paie-purpk)  nodding;  siliques  shorter  (l), 
spreading. — Lake  shores  Mich.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  otlon  i)urpll3h.  Stem 
1 — 2f  high.  Root-lva  spatulate,  dentate;  cauline  linear-lanceolate,  sagittate  and 
slaspiug.     Fls.  rather  large. 

3.  IODANTHUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  False  Rocket.  (Gr.fc5(5//f  violet- 
colored,  dvOog,  flower,)  Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  tlie 
petals;  silique  linear,  terete,  veinless ;  seeds  arranged  in  a  single  row 
in  each  cell  (0  =  ). — Glabrous,  with  violet-purple  flowers  in  paniclorl 
racemes. 

I.  pinnatffida  Torr  &  Gr.— ^i-  Penn.  to  111.,  S.  to  Ark.  St.  slender,  furrowed 
2 — 3f  high.  Lvs.  thin,  sharply  dentate,  3 — 5'  long,  ^  as  wide,  the  lower  otleii 
lyrate-pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  petiolate. 
Rac.  terminal  and  axillary.  Petals  long-clawed,  with  an  obovate  border.  Pods 
torulous,  15 — 20"  long;  sds.  oblong,  plano-convex.     May,  Jn. 

4.  MATTHlOLA,  R.  Br.  Sto  k.  (In  honor  of  P.  A.  Matthioli, 
physician  to  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  botanic  author.)  Calyx  closed, 
2  of  the  sepals  gibbous  at  base  ;  petals  dilated  ;  siliques  terete  ;  stigmas 
connivant,  thickened  or  cornute  at  the  back. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby, 
oriental  plants,  clothed  with  a  hoary,  stellate  pubescence. 

*  Perennial  or  biennial.    Stems  herbaceous Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Perennial.     Stems  shrubby  at  base Nos.  3,  4. 

1  M.  ^nnuuB  R.  Br.  Ten  weeks'  stock.  St.  erect,  branched ;  lvs.  honry- 
canescent,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  subdentate;  silique  suhcylindrical. — ''X)  A  tine 
garden  flower  from  S.  Europe.  St.  2f  high,  and,  with  the  leaves,  covered  with 
a  soft,  stellate  pubescence.     Fls.  variegated.    Jn.f 

2  M.  OraecuB  R.  Br.  Grecian  Stock.  St.  erect,  branched ;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
glahrous;  siliques  somewhat  compressed. — ®  From  Greece.  Plant  about  If 
high,  distinguished  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  by  its  smooth  foliage.  Fls. 
white,  appearing  all  summer.f 

3  M.  incdnua  R.  Br.  Purple  July  Flower.  St  erect,  branched;  lvs.  lance- 
olate, entire,  hoary-canescent ;  Lnliques  suhcylindrical,  truncate  and  comprtssod 


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4'd 


«#•* 


230 


Orueh  13.— CRUCIFERiE. 


at  apex. — 1\.  One  of  the  most  popular  flowors  of  the  genu-^,  native  of  Englmd, 
etc.  St.  2f  liigli.  Fls.  purple. — Several  varieties  are  enumerated,  aa  the  double 
flowcrtil,  Brompton  Stock,  Brompton  Queen.     Jn.f 

4  M.  fenestrsllis  R.  Br.  Erect,  simple;  Ivs.  crowded,  recurved,  undulate, 
downy ;  siliques  downy,  broadest  at  base. — %  From  S.  Europe.  Plant  If  high. 
Fis.  numerous,  large,  purj)le.     Jl.,  Aug.f 

5,  DENTARIA,  L.  Pepper-root.  (Lat.  dens,  a  tooth  ;  from  the 
tooth-like  projections  of  the  rhizome,)  Sepals  converging ;  silique 
lance  linear,  with  flat,  veinless  valves,  often  opening  elastically;  placentie 
not  wiiigt'd  ;  sds.  in  a  single  row,  ovate,  not  bordered  ;  funiculus  broad 
(0—  ). — Rhizome  "U.  Lvs.  palmately  divided,  those  of  the  stem  but  2 
or  ^,  somewhat  whorled.  Fls.  white  or  purplish,  in  a  terminal 
racenic. 

•  Lo.ivns  (if  tlio  .<tcin  sub-opposttP  or  stib-vorticillato Nos.  1 — 3 

•  J.i'avfti  of  the  stem  alturnatu Nos.  4,  5 

1  D.  diphyila  L.  St.  2-kaved ;  Ifls.  subovate ;  rhizome  continuous,  toothed. — In 
woods  and  wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  the  Miss.  St.  about  If  high, 
round,  .smooth,  with  2,  nearly  opposite,  ternate  leaves  above  the  middle.  Lfts. 
on  very  short  stalks,  the  lateral  ones  oblique,  all  with  rounded,  mucronato,  un- 
efjual  teeth.  Fls.  racemed,  large,  white ;  the  petals  much  larger  than  the  calyx. 
The  rof)tstock  is  long  and  largo  in  proportion  to  the  plant,  beset  with  teeth,  with 
a  pungent,  aromatic  taste.     May. 

2  D.  laciniata  Muhl.  Cauline  lvs.  3,  ^-parted,  the  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse,  hbed,  toothed  or  entire  ;  rhiz.  moniliform. — In  woods.  Can.  and  U. 
S.  The  rootstock  consists  of  several  connected  tubers  of  a  pungent  taste.  Stem 
If  liigh,  smooth,  simple.  Lvs.  usually  in  a  whorl  about  half  way  up,  the  segm. 
with  very  irregular,  mucroiiate  teeth,  rarely  subentire,  lateral  ones  sometimes 
cut  nearly  to  the  base,  rendering  the  leaf  almost  quinate.  Root-lvs.  generally 
wanting.     Fls.  racemed,  purplish.     Apr.,  May. 

3  D.  multifida  Muhl.  Cauline  lvs.  mostly  3,  and  verticillate,  rarely  2,  muUifid 
tviih  numerous  linear  lobes ;  rhiz.  tuberous. — In  woods,  N.  Car,  to  Ala.,  rare.  St. 
G — 10'  higli.  Lvs.  finely  dissei-te  I  in  a  bi-  or  triternate  manner.  Fls.  white, 
smaller  than  in  the  above  species. 

4  D.  maxima  Nutt.  Stem  about  3-leaved  (2  to  7);  lfts.  ,3,  ovate,  toothed  or  cleft; 
rhiz.  moniliform,  the  tubers  toothed. — N.  Y.  and  Penn.,  rare.  Tubers  of  the 
rootstock  thick  as  the  finger,  an  inch  or  more  in  length.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  bear- 
ing a  lengthened  raceme,  with  pale  purple  flowers  which  are  larger  than  in  No.  1, 
and  several  alternate,  remote,  ternate,  petiolate  lvs.  Lfts.  sharply  and  •^  arsely 
cut-toothed  or  lobed.     May. 

5  D.  heteroph^lla  Nutt.  St.  about  2-leaved{2  or  3),  leaflets  3,  lanceolate  and  nearly 
entire:  root-lvs.  of  3,  ovate-oblong,  toothed  and  cut-lobed  lfts.;  rhiz.  moniliform, 
scarcely  toothed. — Penn.,  Va.,  Ky.  A  small  and  delicate  species,  some  6'  high. 
Tubers  of  the  root  few  (1 — 3),  oblong.  Radical  If.  always  present,  long-petioled. 
Tiie  alternate  stem-lvs.  small  (I'  long),  also  petiolate.  Fls.  few  (6 — 9),  pale- 
purple.     Jn. 

6.  CARDAMINE,  L.  Bitter  Cress.  (Gr.  Kapdia,  heart,  dafido), 
to  strengthen  ;  from  its  stomachic  properties.)  Calyx  a  little  .spreading, 
silique  linear  with  flat,  veinless  valves,  narrower  than  the  dissepiment, 
anil  often  opening  elastically  from  the  ^a«e  ;  stigma  entire ;  seeds  not 
margined,  with  a  slender  funiculus  (0  —  ).     Fls.  white  or  purple. 

•  Leaves  pinnate,  with  many  leaflets Nos.  1,  2 

•  Leaves  simple,  or  partly  ternate.     Roots  mostly  perennial,  (a) 

a  Btyle  slender.    In  ln*w,  wet  grounds Nos.  8,  4 

a  Style  none.     In  high  mountains Nos.  5,  6 

1  C.  hirsiita  L,  St.  (hirsute  in  Europe)  glabrous,  erect;  lvs.  pinnately  5 — 11- 
foliaie,  terminal  1ft.  largest ;  fls.  (white)  small,  silique  erect,  linear  or  filiform ;  atig. 


Order  13.— CKUCIFKR^  23! 

minute,  sessile. — (i)  Common  in  streams  and  springy  places  throughout  the  country. 
Aspects  various ;  st.  varying  from  tllitbrm  to  thick  unci  lioshy.  Lfts.  few  or  many, 
regular  or  not,  lobed,  toothed,  angled  or  entire,  always  obtuse,  terminal  one  gen- 
oraliy  3-lobed.  Pods  always  torulous  and  straight  (except  in  /9)  about  1'  long. 
Mar. — Jn. 
li.  ViiujiNicA  Hook.  Slender  and  delicate ;  lfts.  1  or  2-toothed  ;  pods  filiform, 
incurved. — Grows  on  rocks  and  sandy  shores. 

2  C.  prat6nBi>  L.  Cuukoo  Flower.  St.  asanding,  simple  ;  Ivs.  pinnatelyl — 15- 
filiate,  lfts.  petiolate,  subentire,  lower  ones  suborbicular,  upper  linoar-lanceolate ; 
sty.  distinct. —  21  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Arc,  Am.  Whole  plant  smooth.  St.  round, 
striate,  10 — 16  high.  Lvs.  few,  1^ — 2'  long,  including  the  petiole.  Lfts.  small 
or  minute,  regular.  Fls.  largo  (>> — 8  '  broal).  ftnv,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Pet. 
whik;  ur  rosu-color.     Siliques  nearly  1'  in  length,  erect.      Apr.,  May, 

3  C.  rhomboidea  DC.  Sts.  simple,  erect  or  ascending,  tuber iferous  at  base; 
siliqms  linear-lanceolate, —  H  Wet  woods  and  meadows,  cotnnion.  Glabrous, 
8 — 14  high.  Tubers  1  to  several,  roundisli.  white,  bearing  one  or  several  stems. 
Kadical  leaves  roundish,  long-stalked,  somewhat  cordate,  entire;  stem  lvs. 
oblong  or  rhomboidal,  angular-subdentate,  thj  upper  lanceolate,  sessile.  Ra- 
cemes one  or  two,  with  white,  showy,  flowers.  Styles  1  '  long;  stigmas  capitate. 
Apr. — Jn. 

J.  PUBPUUEA.  Torr.      Slender,  erect,  few-leaved  and  purple-flowered. — Cleve- 
land, 0.,  &c.     May. 

4  C.  rotundifdlia  Mx.  Sts.  decumbent,  branching,  finally  stoloniferous ;  lvs.  all 
petiolate;  siliques  linear-suhulate ;  rt.  flbrou^. —  21  Cool  springs  and  rivulets  in 
Mts.,  Penn.  to  Car.  (Buckley).  Prostrate  stems  o/  rimners  1 — 2f  in  length.  Lvs. 
roundish,  subeordate  angular,  the  lower  3-lobed  or  ternate,  with  the  terminal 
Ift.  much  tiie  largest.     Fls.  smaller  than  in  No.  3,  white.      May,  Jn. 

5  C.  bellidifdlia  L.  Lr.s.  stnooth,  orbicular-ovate,  nearly  entire,  petiolate; 
cauline  entire  or  3-lobed;  siliques  erect. —  If  A  minute  species,  on  the  summits  of 
the  White  Mts.  (Storrs),  &a ;  also,  Arc,  Am.  to  Cal.  Stem  1^ — 3'  high.  Lva 
mostly  radical,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  \'  long,  on  petioles  as  long  as  the  stems. 
Fascicles  corymbous,  each  of  3  or  4  white  flowers.  Pet.  oval,  obtuse,  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx,     Jl. 

6  C,  spatulata  Mx.  Lvs.  hirsute,  the  radical  spatulate,  petiolate ;  cauline 
sessile,  siliques  spreading. — D  Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.  Sts.  decumbent,  slender, 
G — 8  long.  Lvs.  about  1'  in  length,  the  lower  entire,  obtuse;  the  upper  some- 
what toothed,  narrow.  Rac  several,  loose,  with  filiform,  spreading,  distant 
pedicels.     Fls.  white.     Pods  straight,  I'  long.     Apr. 

7.  ARABIS,  L.  Rock  Cress.  (Name  from  Arabia,  the  native  coun- 
try of  some  of  the  species.)  Sepals  mostly  erect;  silique  linear  com- 
pressed ;  vah  (^s  each  with  one  or  three  longitudinal  veins,  seeds  in  a 
sintifle  row  in  each  cell,  mostly  margined,  cotyledons  accumbeut  or 
oblicjue. —  Fls.  white. 

♦  Leaves  (all  or  at  least  the  radical)  pinnatifld Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Leaves  all  undivided,  tootlied  or  entire,  often  clas|)ln^.  (a) 

a  Siliques  sliort  (6—12")  and  straisjlit.    Seeds  not  winged Nos.  3,  4. 

a  Siliques  longer  (1 — \i'\  straisrlit  or  curved.    Seeds  not  winged Nos.  5,  6. 

a  Siliques  long  (3'),  curved,  [tendant.    Seeds  winged Nos.  7,  8. 

1  A.  Ludovici^na  Meyer.  All  the  lvs.  pinnatifid  or  pinnate,  smoothish;  st. 
branched  at  base ;  siliques  and  pedicels  ascending ;  sds.  bordered. — (D  N.  Car. 
and  Ky.  (Curtisl  to  (Macon)  Ga.  Sts.  6—10'  high,  slender.  Leaves  1—2'  long, 
at  first  rosulate,  of  6—9  pairs  of  oblong,  few-toothed  leaflets,  rachis  slightly 
winged.    Pods  7 — 10"  by  1  ",  valves  veiny.    Pis.  minute,  white.     Mar.,  Apr, 

2  A.  lyrdta  L.  Upper  lvs.  smooth,  linear,  entire ;  radical  lvs.  lyrately  pinnatifld, 
often  pilous ;  st.  branched  at  base ;  pedicels  spreading ;  siliques  erect,  sa  Is  not 
bordered.— (^.  On  rocky  hills,  Can.  and  Wis,  to  Va.  Sts.  declined  at  base,  6 — 12' 
high.  Root-lvs.  numerous,  rosulate,  1 — 3'  long,  i  as  wide,  petiolate,  pinnatifld  or 
sinuate-dentate,  upper  ones  sublin"ar  and  subentire.     FLs.  middle  size  (3"  long) 


■Jl '.! 


■'■■  jF  ^t 

!!llH 


2^■3•^ 


Okuer  13— fRIMJIFKUvK. 


SiliquoH  who'll  mature  U — 2  long,  1"  wide,  tipped  with  a  short  style.     Cotj-ledons 
obliqueiy  0^  or  nearly'o|.     Apr.,  May. 
fi,   A  variety  (A.  pe ik.ea  Lam.  ?)  has  very  slender,  upright  stems,  snnxith,  a 

few  Sintill,  incised  loot-Ivs.,  few  linear  stem-lvs.  and  cotyledons  wlioUy  0— . — 

Shores  of  the  great  lakes  (Ohio),  Can. 

3  A.  Thali^na  L.  Mouse-ear  Ckess.  Sta,  branched  at  base,  erect ;  Ivs.  piloH.H, 
oblong,  nearly  entire ;  petals  twine  longer  than  calyx;  pods  erect,  sciuarish. —  '1  Kocks 
and  sandy  fields,  Yt.  to  111.  and  Car.  Whole  plant  pubescent  with  stellato-liairs. 
St.  several  from  ihe  same  root,  erect,  simple,  slender,  4 — 12'  high.  Root-lvs. 
rosulato,  petiolatc,  1—2  long,  cauline  ai»presscd,  an  inch  long,  bjwo  somewiiat 
clasping.  Fls.  small,  white.  Pods  6 — 8"  long.  Cotyk-uons  obliquely  (i||.  May. 
§  Kur.     (Sisymbrium,  Gay.) 

4  A.  dentita  Torr.  &  Gr.  Sts.  branched  at  base,  diffuse;  Ivs.  roughi-sh-downy, 
oblong,  sharply  toothed;  petals  hardly  longer  than  calyx;  j)ods  spreading. —  1^ 
River  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Mo.  Plant  scalirous  with  stellate  hairs.  S(s.  decumbent, 
a  foot  high.  Root-lvs.  2' long  by  J;  cauline  half-clasping  witli  an  uuriculate 
base,  all  very  obtuse  and  ii-regularly  toothed.  Pis.  small,  whitish.  I'oils  very 
slender,  1'  long.     May. 

5  A.  patens  Sullivant.  Erect,  pubescent;  cauline  Ivs.  coarsely  toothed :  siliquns 
spreading  and  curved  upwards,  beaked  with  a  distinct  style. — Rocky  banks  of  thu 
Scioto,  O.  (Sullivant),  and  southward.  Sts.  1 — 2f  high.  Koot-lvs.  rosulate,  petio- 
late;  stom-lvs.  oblong-ovate  or  linbnr,  auriculate-clasping.  Fls.  rather  large  (5 — G  ' 
broad),  white.     Pods  nearly  2'  long.     May. 

6  A.  hirsfita  Scop.  Erect,  hirsute ;  radical  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  tapering  to  a  pe- 
tiole, cauline  oval  or  lanceolate,  sagittate-clasping,  entire  or  toothed ;  siliques 
straight,  erect ;  sty.  none. — @j  Found  in  low,  rocky  grounds.  Can.  to  Va.,  \V.  to 
Oregon.  Sts.  2  or  more  from  the  same  root,  round,  hairy  at  base,  near  a  foot 
high,  slender  and  parallel.  Lvs.  scarcely  dentate,  sessile,  with  heart-shapi  d  or 
arrow-shaped  bases,  the  upper  acute.    Fls.  greenish-white.   Siliques  1 — 2  long.  Jn. 

7  A.  laevigata  DC.  Tall,  glaucous,  smooth;  stem-lvs.  linear-lancoolate,  and 
linear,  sagittate-clasping,  tlie  ujjper  entire ;  siliques  very  long,  linear,  at  length 
sprea  ling  and  pendulous. — %  In  rocky  woods  and  low  grounds,  Can.  to  Tenii. 
and  westward.  St.  2f  high,  round,  simple,  or  branched  above.  Root-lvs.  often 
purplish,  obovate  and  oblong,  petiolat-^  j- — IJ'  long,  J  as  wide,  with  acute  teeth. 
Stem-lvs.  3 — 5'  long  and  very  narr  •  .  Fls.  erect,  greenish,  the  petals  hardly 
longer  than  the  calyx.     Siliques  3'  long,  scarcely  1"  wide.     May, 

8  A.  Canadensis  L.  Sickle  Pod.  TaW,  pubescent ;  stem  lvs.  lanceolate,  ]>ointfd 
both  ways,  sessile ;  silique  subfakate,  veined,  pendulous. — %■  On  rocky  hills  Can. 
to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ark.  A  plant  remarkable  for  its  long,  drooping  pods  which  resem- 
ble a  sickle-blade,  or  rather  a  scythe.  St.  2 — rff  high,  slender,  round,  smooth. 
Lvs.  3 — 5'  long,  }  as  wide,  the  lowest  early  marescent,  middle  and  upper  ones 
sessile  or  clasping,  with  narrow  bases,  remotely  denticulate.  Fls.  small,  the  nar- 
row, white  petals  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.  Pods  slender,  flattened,  :;'  long. 
May,  Jn. 

8.  CHEIRANTHUS,  L.  Wall  Flower.  (Arabic  Mcyry,  the  iiainc 
of  a  certain  plant,  and  Gr.  dvBog,  flower.)  Calyx  closed,  2  of  the  sepals 
gibbous  at  base  ;  petals  dilated  ;  silique  terete  or  compressed  ;  stigma 
2-lobed  or  capitate  ;  seeds  flat,  in  a  single  series,  often  margined.  ('>  —  ). 
Garden  perennials,  mostly  European.     Lvs.  undivided. 

C.  Cheiri  L.  St.  somewhat  shrubby  and  decumbent  at  ba.se ;  lvs.  entire  or 
slightly  dentate,  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth ;  branches  angular ;  petals  obovate ; 
siliques  erect,  acuminate. — '4  From  S.  Europe.  A  popular  garden  flower,  ad- 
mired for  its  agreeable  fragrance,  and  handsome  corymbous  clusters  of  orange 
or  yellow  flowers.     Plant  about  2f  high.     Jn.f 

9.  LEAVENW6RTHIA,  Torr.  (Named  for  Dr.  Leaceutvorth,  the 
discoverer.)     Calyx  rather  erect ;   petals  cuneate,  retuse  or  truncate ; 


Order  13.— CRUCIFEU.E. 


233 


fiiliquc  flat,  linear  or  oblong,  valves  indistinctly  veined  ;  seeds  in  a  single 
I'ttw,  flattened,  wing-margined  ;  embryo  nearly  straight,  curving  towards 
an  accnmbent  form. — ^g;  Low,  smooth  herbs  with  lyrate-pinnatifid  U's. 
FIs.  yellowish. 

L.  Micbaiizii  Torr.  (and  L.  aurea  Torr.).  Oa  wet  rocka  S.  K.  Ky.  to  Texas. 
Plant  2 — 6  high.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  an  inch  or  two  in  leriii^th,  segin.  I — 5, 
angular.  FIs.  at  first  solitary,  on  slender  scapes,  fluully  raceined.  Petals  twico 
longer  than  the  sepals,  yellow,  at  least  its  broad  claws.  Podi  erect,  3 — S-seoded. 
Mar.,  Apr.     (Cardauiine  unifiora.     M.x.) 

10.  BARBAREA,  R.  Br.  Winter  Cress.  (In  honor  of  ^Sf^  Bav' 
hunt  who  dis»;overed  [what  are  since  unknown]  its  medicinal  proper- 
ties.) Sepals  erect;  siliqnes  columnar,  2  or  4-angled,  valves  carinato 
with  a  mid-vein  ;  seeds  in  a  single  row  (0  =  ). — Lvs.  lyrate-pinnatifid. 
FIs.  vellow. 

1  B.  vulgaris  R.  Br.  Upper  lvs.  toothed  or  pinn^^tifid  at  base ;  siliques  obscurely 
■i-angled,  pointed  with  the  style. — J)  Fields  and  brookside.s,  common,  N".  States. 
Whole  plant  glabrous.  St.  furrowed,  1 — 2f  high,  branching  above.  Lower  lvs. 
lyraie  pinnatifid,  with  small,  oblong  pintue,  and  a  large,  broad-ovate,  terminal  lobe, 
dark  green,  shining,  with  clasping  petioles ;  upper  lvs.  sessile,  all  very  obtuse. — FIs. 
in  dense  racemes.    Pods  about  9"  long,  usually  curved,  ascending  or  erect.  May,  Ju. 

2  B.  precox  R.  Br.  Belle  isle  Cress.  Sccrvy  Grass.  Upper  lv.s.  pinnati- 
lid,  witii  the  lobes  all  linear-oblong;  silique  2-edged. — %■  Cultivated  southward 
f  )r  salad,  and  sparingly  naturalized.  St.  slender,  If  high.  Lower  lvs.  with  the 
terminal  lobe  ovate.     Siliques  2  or  3'  long.     Apr.,  Jn. 

11.  ERYSIMUM,  L.  False  Wall  Flower.  (Gr.  f:pvG),  to  cure ;  from 
its  salutary  medicinal  properties.)  Calyx  closed ;  siliques  columnar, 
4-sided,  valves  with  a  strong  mid-vein  ;  stigma  cap'.tate  ;  seeds  in  a  sin- 
gle series  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  0||. — FIs.  yellow. 

1  E.  cheiranthoides  L.  Pubescence  minute,  apprr^sed,  branched;  lvs.  lanceo- 
late, denticulate,  or  entire;  fls.  small;  siliques  sfiou  (8 — 10"),  on  slender,  spread' 
i/iq pediceli ;  stig.  small,  nearly  sessile. — 'i)  By  s'i-eams  and  in  wet  grounds,  U.  S. 
and  Can.,  not  common.  St.  erect,  1 — 2f  hi'^n,  often  branched,  and,  with  the 
leaves,  8cal)rous.  Lvs.  acute  at  each  end,  1-  -2'  long,  ^  as  wide.  Fls.  small,  yel- 
low, in  long  racemes.  Siliques  ^  to  near  1'  in  length,  linear,  and  somewhat 
pjjreadin;;.     Jl. 

2  E.  ArkauB^num  Nutt.  Yellow  Phlox.  Scabrous,  with  an  appressed  pu- 
be.scence ;  st.  simple ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  djntute,  sessile,  lower  ones 
runcinate-toothed ;  inflorescence  racemous,  corymbod  at  summit ;  siliques  long 
(3),  erect,  on  short,  erect  pedicels ;  stig.  capitate. — ^@  A  fine  plant,  with  large, 
showy  flowers,  resembling  the  wall-flower,  on  bluffs  along  rivers,  Ohio  to  Ark. 
iSt.  1 — .'U'liigli,  slender.  Lvs.  2 — 3' by  3 — 6".  Sep.  straw-colorod.  Petals  large, 
bright-orange  yellow.     Siliques  3'  long.     Jn.,  Jl. 

12.  SISYMBRIUM,  Allioni.  (An  ancient  Greek  name.)  Calyx  half- 
spreading,  equal  at  base;  petals  unguiculate,  entire  :  silique  subterete, 
valves  concave,  marked  lengthwise  with  1 — 3  veins;  style  very  shcrt; 
seeds  in  a  single  series,  ovoid,  0||. — Fls.  (yellow)  small. 

1  S.  officinale  Scop.  Hedge  Mustard.  Lvs.  runcinate ;  rac.  slender,  virgate; 
siliques  subulate,  erect,  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis. — ^T)  A  common  weed,  in 
fields,  roadsides,  rubbish,  etc.,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  1 — 3f  high,  with  spreading 
branches.  Lower  lvs.  3 — 8'  by  1 — 3',  the  lower  segments  placed  at  right  angles 
to  the  niidvein,  or  pointing  backwards,  the  terminal  segment  largest.  Upper  lvs. 
Ib  3  lanceolate  segments  at  right  angles.     Fls.  small,  yellow,  terminating  the  ra- 


M 


M 


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f     ^^ 


■j:  u 


234 


Order  13— caUCIFERJS. 


ceme,  which  becomes  1 — 2f  loa}?,  and  environed  by  the  appressed  sesaile  podsi 
Jn.,  Sept.     Medicinal.   §  lilur. 

2  S.  Sdphia  L.  Fuxweed.  Z-vs.  fcjpmna^i/frf,  lobes  linear-oblong,  acute,  incised; 
sepals  longer  than  the  petals :  sUique  linear,  slender,  erect,  longer  than  the  spread- 
ing pedicel. — Plaf.tsburg,  N.  Y.  (Mrs.  Conant),  and  Can.  along  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Sterns  erect,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  finely  dissected,  almost  tripin- 
natifid.  Fls.  very  small,  pale  yellow.  Siliques  1'  long,  very  narrow,  in  long 
racemes.     July. 

3  S.  can^scens  Nutt.  Tansey  Mustard.  Lvs.  bipinnately  divided,  canesocnt, 
lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  subdentate,  obtuse;  pdala  about  equalling  the  inly x; 
siliques  oblong-linear,  as-ending,  sliorter  {or  never  longer)  than  the  spreading  pedi- 
cels.— 'T,  Arctic  Sea  to  Florida.  Plant  1 — 2f  high,  olten  nearly  smooth.  Lvs. 
about  3'  long,  ses.sile,  lance-oblong  in  outline,  segn.  5 — 7  paiis,  finely  divided. 
Fls.  very  small.  Siliques  3 — 6"  in  length,  the  seeds  somewhat  2-rowed.  Variiible. 
Mar.,  Jn. 

i3.  WAREA,  Nutt.  (Named  in  lionoi-  of  Mr.  Ware,  tlio  discoverer.) 
Sepals  colored,  ligulate ;  petals  with  very  slender  claws,  longer  than 
the  lamina;  silique  flattened,  long  and  slender,  raised  on  a  slender 
stipe;  stamens  nearly  equal,  0||.— X  Glabrous,  entire-leaved  plants,  with 
the  aspect  of  Cleomc.  Fls.  white  or  purple,  in  short  racemes.  Siliques 
carved  and  declinate. 

1  W.  ouneifolia  Nutt.  Lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  cumaie  nt  base,  and  sub-sessile. — 
Dry  hills,  Ga.  (Mettauer)  and  Fla.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  branched  above.  Lvs.  ^ — 1 
long,  rather  thick,  t'le  upper  linear.  Fls.  in  showy  clusters  at  the  summits  of  the 
branches,  white  or  purplish.  Pedicels  divergent.  Sta.  exserted,  with  the  anth- 
ers finally  circini'te.  Petal?  with  remarkably  slender  claws  2  '  in  length,  lamina 
1".  Siliques  IJ'  or  more  in  length,  4  times  longer  than  the  filitbrm  stipe. 
Jn.,  Aug. 

2  'W.  amplezifdlia  Nutt.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  partly  clasping. — T)  Fla.  In  all 
other  respects  like  No.  1,  and  in  all  probability  not  distinct  from  it. 

14.  HcSPERIS,  L.  Rocket.  (Gr.  tanepa,  evening;  when  the 
flower  is  most  fragrant.)  Calyx  closed,  furrowed  at  base,  shorter  than 
the  claws  of  the  petals ;  petals  bent  obliquely,  linear  or  obovate ;  sil- 
ique 4-sidyd,  2-edged  or  subterete ;  seeds  not  margined ;  stigmas 
forked,  with  the  apices  converging  (0||). — Fls.  cyanic. 

1  H.  matrondlis  L.  St.  simple,  erect ;  lvs.  lanceolate-ovate,  denticulate ;  petals 
emarginate,  mucronate ;  pedicels  as  long  as  tiie  calyx. — A  line  garden  peren- 
nial, said  to  be  found  np.tive  about  Lake  Huron.  St.  3 — 9f  high.  Fls.  purple, 
often  double,  and  white  in  /3  hortensis.  June — Aug.  f  Eur. 

2  H.  dprica  L.  St.  erect,  simple,  pubescent ;  lvs.  oblong,  oV.use,  entire,  Hliate 
hispid;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx. —  2^  From  Siberia.  Sr,em  a  foot  high. 
Fla.  purple.     May,  Jn.,  f. 

15.  SINAPIS,  Tourn.  Mustard.  (The  Greek  name,  aivdm.)  Sepals 
equal  at  base,  spreading;  petals  ovate,  with  straight  claws;  siliques 
subterete  ;  valves  veined ;  style  short  and  subulate,  or  ensiform  ;  seeds 
in  a  single  series,  globidar  (0»). — Fls.  always  yellow. 

1  S.  nigra  L.  Black  Mustard.  Smooth ;  silique  smooth,  somewhat^  A-angled, 
appressed  to  the  rachis,  and  beaked  with  a  slender,  4-sided  style. — T^  In  culti- 
vated grounds  and  waste  places.  St.  3 — 6f  high,  round,  smooth,  striate,  branch- 
ing. Lvs.  all  petiolate,  lower  ones  variously  lyrate  and  dentate,  upper  ones 
lance-linear,  pendulous,  entire.  Sep.  and  pot.  sulphur-yellow.  Pods  very  nume- 
rous, nearly  1'  long.  Sds.  nur ^.c.ous,  small,  globous,  nearly  black,  well  known 
as  a  condiment     Ju..  July.   X  %  Eur. 


Order  13.— CRUCIFER^. 


235 


2  S.  arv^nsis  L.  Field  Mustard.  St.  and  leaves  hairy;  silique  smooth,  many- 
angled,  torulotis,  spreading,  about  3  times  Icnger  than  the  tl^nder,  amipital  style. — 1,1 
Naturalized  in  N.  Y.  (T.  and  G.)  and  in  Vt.  (Robbina).  Lower  Ivs.  lar^;*',  subly- 
rate-pinnatifld,  upper  ones  oblong-ovate,  all  repand-loot!  ed.  Silique  somi'whiit 
spreading,  IJ'  long.     Sds.  large  and  black.     Jn..  Aug.,  §  Eur. 

3  S  dlba  L.  White  Mustard.  Lv?.  smootliish;  siliques  hispid,  toroso, 
shorter  rhan  the  ensiform  beak  sds.  largo,  pale  yellow. — T)  Native  of  Europe.  St. 
2 — 6f  high,  thinly  hirsute.  Lvs.  all  lyrately  pinnate,  dentate,  petiolute.  Sili(iues 
spreadinjr,  about  4-seedeii.  The  seeds  are  us(  i1  for  about  the  same  purijusen  as 
those  of  S.  uij.ra,  esteemed  in  medicine.     Jn.,  jl.  t 

16.  BRASSICA,  L.  Cabbage,  etc.  (Celtic  bre.sic,  the  r  ii)b  u, .) 
Sepals  e(jual  at  base,  (mostly)  erect ;  petals  obovate  ;  filaments  -vitlioi.t 
teeth;  silique  sub-coiiipressed,  valves  concave,  with  a  central  /.•  u; 
st\  le  sliort,  siibterete,  obtuse  ;  seeds  yjlobous,  in  a  single  (often  (Jouble) 
row  (U»). — Fls.  yellow. 

1  B.  camp-^BtriB  L.  Cale.  Lvs.  somewhat  fleshy  and  glaucous,  the  lower  lyra<^e- 
Ueutato.  subciliate,  upper  ones  cordate-amplexicaul,  acumiuate. — Q)  Cultivated 
iields  and  waste  places.  St.  1 J — ;^f  high,  with  a  few,  scattered,  reversed  hairs 
below.  Lower  lvs.  3 — 7'  long,  ^  as  wide,  upper  smaller,  entire,  with  rounded 
•  clasping  lobes  at  base,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point.  Rac.  1 — 2(  long.  Sep. 
erect,  spreading.  Cor.  yellow,  4 — 5"  diar^  Siliques  L]'  long,  with  the  style  ^'. 
Sds.  small,  dark  brown.     Jn.,  Jl.  §  Sweden. 

/3  RUTAUAO\.  Swedish  Turnip.  Rt.  tumid,  napiforni,  subglobous.  yellowish. 
— Cultivated  lilce  the  common  turnip:  but  alter  a  thorough  experiment,  it  is 
conceded  oy  farmers  to  be  inferior  in  value  to  that  root,  although  it  grows  to 
an  enormous  size.  ^. 

2  B.  rdpa  L.  Radical  lvs.  lyrate,  rough,  not  glaucous,  caulino  one.-;  incised, 
upper  entire,  smooth.  ^. 

ii  uepressa.  CommOxV  Turnip.  Rt.  depressed,  globoua  or  napiform,  contracted 
below  into  a  -lender  radicle. — v^  Long  cultivated  tor  the  table,  etc,  i!i  gar- 
dens and  fields.  St.  2 — 4f  high,  and  with  the  leaves  di  'p  gnen.  Upper 
lvs.  amplexicaul.     Pods  1'  long.     Sds.  small,  reddish-brown.     Jn.  ]: 

3  B.  olerekcea  L.  Cabbage.  Lvs.  very  smooth  and  glaunm^;  llcshy,  repaml- 
toothed  or  lobed. —  2  Native  of  Europe,  where  it  grows  on  rocky  shores  and 
cliffs,  with  no  appearance  of  a  head,  forming  a  surprising  contrast  with  the  cul- 
tivated varieties.  The  excellence  of  the  cabbage  as  a  pot-herb  needs  no  en- 
comium. \, 

tj  BULL  ATA.  Savoy  Cabbav^k.  Lvs.  curled,  subcapitato  wlien  young,  finally 
expanding. 

T-  BorRYTis-CAUUKf/'mA.  CAULIFLOWER.  St.  low ;  lids.  thick,  comi)a('t,  termi- 
nal ;   tis.  abortive,  on  «hort,  fleshy  peduncles.  J. 

d  liOTKYTis  A,si'AKA<;oii>K(4  Bkoccoli.  St.  taller  ;  hds.  subramous  ;  branches 
flesh}  at  the  summit,  conwHting  of  clusters  of  abortive  flower-buds.  j. 

c  CAPiT.iTA.  Head  Cabbage.  St.  short;  lvs.  concave,  packed  in  a  dense 
head  before  floweriitg  ;  rac.  pjiuiculate.  \. 

i7.  ALYSSUM,  L.  Madwort.  (Or.  a,  privative,  Xvnoa,  rage  ;  sup- 
posed by  the  ancients  to  allay  anger.)  Calyx  equal  at  base;  petals 
entire;  some  of  the  stamens  with  f<'eth  ;  silicic  oibicular  or  oval,  with 
valves  flat  or  convex  in  the  centre  ;  ft^eds  1 — 4  in  ea<h  cell  (0  — ). — 
Showy  European  herbs. 

1  A.  Baxiitile  L.  Rock  Altssim.  Madwokt.  St.  aufTfruticoi  s  at  basi',  sub. 
corymboua;  lvs.  lanceolate,  entire,  downy;  silicle  otxirate-oibirular,  2-seeded ;  sda. 
margined. — An  early-flowering  garden  perennial,  native  of  Candia.  St.  If 
high,  with  uumorouB  yoUow  flowora  in  close  coryuibous  i^uiM^^es.  Apr., 
May.  f. 


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236 


UKDER  13.— CRUCIFER^. 


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2  A.  marftimum  Latn.  Sweet  Alysscm.    St.  suffruticous  and  procumbent 

at  biise  ;  Iva.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  somewluit  hoary;  pods  oval,  smooth. — 
2^  A  sweet-scented  garden  plant,  witli  fino  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 
St.  a  foot  in  length.  Fls.  from  Jn.  to  Oct. — All  the  species  of  Alyssum  are  of 
easy  culture  in  common  loam}'  soils.  \. 

18.  LUNARIA,  L.  Honesty.  (L:it.  Inna,  the  moon  ;  from  the  broad, 
rouiul  silick'S.)  Sepals  soincwliat  bisaccate  at  base ;  petals  nearly  en- 
tire ;  stamens  without  teeth  ;  silicle  pedicellate,  elliptical  or  lanceolate, 
with  flat  valves ;  funiculus  adhering  to  the  dissepiment  (0  =  ). 

1  L.  rediviva  L.  Peresmal  Satin  Flower.  St.  erect,  branching;  Ivs. 
ovale,  cordate,  petiolate,  nmcronately  serrate;  silicles  lanceolate,  narrowed  at 
earh  end. —  If  From  Germany.     Stem  2 — 3f  high.     Fls.  li^ht  purple.     Jn.f 

2  L.  biennis  DC.  Honesty.  St.  erect ;  Ivs.  witli  obtuse  teeth ;  silides  oval, 
obtuse  at  both  ends. — (;2.  These  are  large,  hairy  plants,  native  of  Germany.  Sts. 
8 — if  high.  Lvs.  cordate.  Fls.  lilac-colored.  The  broad,  round,  silvery 
silicles  are  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plants.     May,  Ju.f 

i9.  DRABA,  L.  Whitlow  Grass,  ((ir.  rf(;^//3r;,  acrid,  bitincf ;  from 
the  taste  of  the  ])lant.)  CaJyx  equal  at  base;  petals  equal ;  filaments 
without  veeth  ;  silicle  oval  or  oblong,  entire,  the  valves  flat  or  slightly 
convex,  veined  ;  seeds  not  niargiiied,  2-rowed  iu  each  cell  (0  =  ). — Fls. 
wliite,  rarely  yellow.     Plants  small. 

?  Ekophila  (DC).    Pot.ils  2-partoil   No.  1 

'S  Dkaha  jtroper.    Petiils  entire  or  miiy  eiiiiiijziiuito.  (a; 

a  Stylo  loni;  <ir  short,  biii  distinct.     1'lant.s  porcnniiil Nos.  2,  8 

a  Style  none      Phints  unniiiil  or  biennial,  (b) 

b  Petliccl  11-  lon^'  lis  or  longer  tliiin  the  siliclo No.s.  4,  5 

b  I'eiUcel  amorter  than  the  silicle Nos.  6,  7 

1  D.  (Er6pbila)  -v^ma  L.  Whitlow  Grass.  Scape  naked;  lvs.  oblong, 
acute,  subserrate,  huiry  ;  petals  sitid  ;  stig.  sessile :  silicle  oval,  flat,  shorter  than 
the  pedicel. — ^^1)  A  little,  early-flowering  plant  in  grassy  fields,  rather  rare,  Can. 
to  Va.  Lvs.  all  radical,  lancetjlate,  j — 1\'  long,  ^  as  wide,  witii  a  few  teeth 
towards  the  end.  Scape  a  tew  indies  iiigli,  with  a  rac.  of  5 — 15  small,  white 
flowers.  Cal,  spreading.  Petals  ck'il  lialf  way  down.  Silicles  about  a  lino  wide 
3    long,  with  deciduous  valves.     Apr.,  May. 

2  D.  arabisans  Mx.  St.  leafy,  erectly  branched,  pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
minutely  dentate;  silicle  oblong-lanceolate,  smoo\\\,  longer  than  the  pedicel;  sty. 
short  but  distinct. — Luke  sliores.  Willoughby,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Micii.  Sts.  several 
from  the  .same  root,  ti — 8'  high.  Radical  lvs.  about  I' long,  forming  rosuiate 
tufts  at  the  top  of  the  short  radical  shoots;  cauiino  somewhat  clasping.  Fls. 
white,  in  a  short  raceme.  Silicles  elongated  (4 — 6  '),  twisted  when  ripe  so  as  to 
appear  double.     May. 

3  D.  ramosisBima  Dei^^.  Minutely  pubescent ;  sti.  numerous ;  lvs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  with  remote  and  skndtr  teeth,  upper  ones  entire;  rac.  I'orymbously 
paniculate ;  silicle  lanceolate,  about  the  kmjth  of  the  pedicel,  the  style  half  oa'  long. 
— On  rocks,  Harper's  Ferry,  Va.,  W.  to  Ky,  Sts.  slender.  4 — 10  long,  the  bar- 
ren ones  with  tufted  loaves  at  top.  Lvs.  about  1'  long,  with  one  or  two  teeth  ou 
each  side.     Fls.  white.     Silicles  H    in  lengtii,  ascending.     .\pr..  Ma}'. 

4  D.  nemordlis  Khrh.  St.  pubescent,  branched :  lvs.  oval,  cauline,  lanceolate, 
tootiied  ;  pet.  emarginate ;  silicles  oblong-elliptical,  half  the  kngth  of  the  pedireLs ; 
seids  nearly  HO. — Mich.,  Mo.  Plant  slender,  8 — 10'  liigli.  St.  witli  a  few 
blanches.  Lvs.  mostly  radical.  Rac.  mucli  elongated  in  fruit,  with  very  loug 
peilu'eis.     Fls.  minute,  yellowish- white.     May. 

5  D.  brachycdrpa  Nutt.  Minutely  pubescenr ;  radical  lv,s  roundish-ovate, 
petiolate.  cauline  oblong  or  linear,  slightly  dentate  or  entire ;  rac,  many-flowered, 
Sitraigiit.  elongated  in  fruit;  petals  >  >vate,  entire:  silicle  ov:  '  glabrous,  about  as 
long  as  the  jiedicels,    10 — i2-seedeU. —  4  Gratiiij'  |,laceB  uoar  .:)t.  Louis,  S.  to  La. 


■fM 


OKUKit  1  ;$.— CKL'CIFKR.K. 


237 


St  branched  and  leafy,  2 — i'  high.  Silicles  scarcely  2"  in  length.  Mar., 
Apr. 

6  D.  cuneifdlia  Nutt.  Hirsute,  pubes'^  jnt;  st.  branching  and  leafy  below, 
iiiiki'd  above;  Ivs.  runeate-obbiig,  sesaile,  denticulate;  rac.  elongated  in  fruit; 
silicUfi  tvvii-e  longer  than  the  pedicels.  20 — '30-seeded. — Fields,  Ky.  to  La.  Plant 
.S — 8  liigh.  Fls  much  larger  than  in  the  preceding.  Petals  white,  nearly  thrice 
longt'T  than  the  sepals.     Mar.,  Apr. 

7  D.   Carolini^na   Walt.     Lvs.    ovate-roundhh,    entire^    Hspid ;   silkies  linear, 
smoDtii,  longer  than  tlie  pedicels,  corytnbous,  30 — 40-seeded. — Satiiiy  fields,  Ot., 

R.  I..  S.  to  (Ja.  i^t.  1 — ;{'  high,  leafy  at  base,  hispid,  naked  and  smooth  above. 
Lvs.  clustered  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  very  hairy.  Petals  white,  twice  as 
long  as  tlie  sepals.  Silicic  6"  long,  rather  obtuae,  nmootli  (or  minutely  hispid  in 
i:l '!).     Apr. — Jn.     (D.  micrautha  Nutt.) 

20,  ARMORACIA,  Rupp.  II<>rse  Radish.  (Artnorica,  its  native 
country,  now  tlie  ]>rovin('e  Brittany,  France.)  Calyx  equal  at  base, 
sp'-.-adinsi;;  petals  entire,  much  exceeding  the  calyx;  filaments  tooth- 
k-:"- ;  silicles  ellipsoid  or  gk/bular,  turgid,  1-cellcd  from  the  incomplete 
partition;  stylo  distinct;  seeds  few  (0  =  ). —  H-  Lvs.  oblong,  undi- 
vided, or  the  lower  pinnatifid.     Fls.  white. 

1  A.  Tustic^na  Rupp.  Radical  lvs.  oblong,  crenate;  cauline  long,  lanceolate, 
dentate  or  incised,  sessile;  s Hide  roundish,  ellipsoid,  viuch  longer  than  the  style. 
—  2i  A  cr)mm()n  garden  herb,  sparingly  naturalized  in  wet  grounds.  Rt.  tieshy, 
large,  wliite,  very  acrid.  St.  2 — 3f  hiifh,  angular,  smootii,  branching.  Radical 
lvs.  near  '  loot  long,  l  as  wide,  on  long  channelel  petioles.  Lower  stcin-lvs. 
often  cut  111  a  piunatitid  manner,  upper  toothed  or  entire.  Fls.  not  large. 
Silide  much  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels.  The  root  is  a  well  known  con- 
diment for  ro;ist  beef  and  other  viands.     Jn.     §  Eur.     (Cochlearia  L.) 

2  A.  Americana  Am.  Aquatic ;  immersed  leaves  doubly  pinnatifid  with 
capillary  segments,  emersed  oblong,  pinnatifid,  serrate  or  entire;  silicle  ovoid, 
little  bnrjer  than  the  style. — Lakes  and  rivers,  dm.,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  Fls.  not  large 
(4'  broad).  Silicic  2  '  long,  on  long  spreading  pedicels,  much  as  in  No.  L  (Nas- 
turtium lacustre  Gray.  N.  uatans  (J.  Americanum  ejusd.  Cochlearia  aquaticu 
Eaton  ?) 

21.  VESICARIA,  Lam.  Bladder  pod.  (Lat.  vesica,  a  bladder  or 
blister;  fr<>i.  tiie  inflated  silicles.)  Petals  entire ;  silicle  globous  or 
ovoid;  intiatet,!  alves  nerveless,  hemispherical  or  tonvex  ;  Keeds  several 
in  each  cell,  sometimes  margined  (0  =  ). — Fls.  yellow. 

1  V.  Shortii  Torr  k  Gr.  Lvs.  elliptical  sessile,  entire ;  style  twice  as  long  as  the 
globous  silicic;  sds.  2 — i,  not  margined. — ^,1)  Banks  ot  Elkhom  Creek,  near 
Fiankfort,  Ky,  (Short,  in  North  Am.  Flora.)  St.  decumbent,  about  a  span  long, 
slender,  stellutely  pubesc«'nt.  Lvs.  6 — 12  long.  Pedicels  6"  long,  and  the  silicle 
jis  large  as  the  fruit  of  Coriauder. 


'    /!(■ 


22.  CAMELINA,  <'rantz.  Fai.sr  Flax.  (Gr.  x*"^°^->  (Iwarf,  Aaov, 
flax.)  Calyx  et^JUkl  A  Imbo  ;  petals  entire;  silicle  obovate  or  siib- 
globous,  with  ventrrrotBS  rarves  and  many-si'cded  cells  ;  styles  filiform, 
jKi'sisteiii ;  seeds  obiong,  striate,  not  margined  (0||). — FU.  small  yel- 
low. 

C  satrvm  Cnint?:.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  sagittate  at  base,  ."ubentire ;  silicle  obovat©- 
pvntomi,  margined,  tipped  with  the  pointed  style. —  T  In  cultivnted  tields.  St. 
A- — 2j  hisrh,  straiglit,  erpct.  branchinir.  Lvs,  roughisli,  1 — 2'  long,  clasping  the 
w«^ni  witltii  tlieir  acute,  arrow-shajipd  lobes.  Pis.  in  ptmiculated  raceme-*.  Silicles 
3—4  loeitf,  on  pedicels  2 — .'.  times  as  lonjr.  Said  to  be  cultivated  in  Germauy 
aw  thf  oui  which  is  expressed  from  the  seeds.     Jn.     §  Eur, 


.1  ii' , . 


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238 


Order    13.— CliUClFKR^. 


23.  SUBULARIA,  L.  Awlwort.  (Named  in  reference  to  tlie 
linear-subulate  leaves.)  Silicle  oval,  valves  turgid,  cells  many-seeded  ; 
stigma  sessile  ;  cotyledons  linear,  curved  and  incumbently  folded  on 
themselves. — CD  Aquatic  acaulescent  herbs. 

S.  aqudtica  L. — A  small  plant,  growing  on  the  muddy  shores  of  uonds  in  Mo.  and 
N.  H.  Lvs.  all  radical,  entire,  subulate,  an  inch  in  length,  escape  2 — 3  higti,  ra- 
cemous,  with  a  few  minute  white  fls.  on  slender  pedicels,  only  2"  in  length.     Jl. 

24.  IBERIS,  L.  Candytuft.  (Most  of  the  species  are  natives  of 
Iberia,  now  Spain.)  The  2  outside  petals  larger  than  the  2  inner ; 
silicles  compressed,  truncate,  emarginate,  the  cells  1-seeded. — Handsome 
herbs  from  the  Old  World,  pretty  in  cultivation.     Fls.  white  or  purple. 

1  I.  umbellita  L.  Herbaceous,  smooth;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
lower  ones  serrate,  upper  ones  entire;  silicles  umbellate,  acutely  2-lobed. — This  and 
tlie  following  species  are  very  popular  garden  annuals,  very  pretty  in  borders 
and  of  very  easy  culture.  I.  umbellata  is  from  S.  I'-urope.  St.  If  high.  Fls. 
purple,  terminal  in  simple  umbels,  and  like  the  rest  of  the  genus  remarkable 
tor  having  the  2  outer  petals  longer  than  the  2  inner  ones.     Jn,,  JL  f 

2  I.  am^ra  L.  Bitter  Candytuft.  Herbaceous;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  some- 
what toothed ;  fls.  corymbed,  becoming  racemod ;  silicles  obcordate,  narrowly 
emarginate. — 0  Native  of  England.     St.  If  high.     Fls.  white.      Jn.,  Jl.  f 

3  I.  pinnata  L  Herhaceov^,  smooth;  lvs.  pinnatifid;  rac.  corymbous,  but 
little  elongated  after  flowerim;. —  1)  From  S.  Europe.  Plant  If  high.  Fls. 
white.    Jn. — Aug.  f 

4  I.  aazatilis  L.  ^enihhy ;  lvs.  linear,  entire,  somewhat  fleshy,  rather  acute, 
smooth  or  ciliate;  fla  in  canTnbs. — 11  From  S.  Europe.  Nearly  If  high.  Fls. 
white,  Apr. — Jn.  f  (Obe. — ^Twenty-four  species  of  the  Iberis  have  been  des- 
cribed, others  of  which  are  less  known,  but  equally  ornamental  with  those 
above-mentioned.) 

25.  CAPSELLA,  Vent.  (Derived  from  capsa,  a  chest  or  box;  allud- 
ing to  tiie  fruit.)  Cailyx  equal  at  base;  silicles  triangular-cuneiform, 
obcordate,  com|)ressed  laterally;  valves  carinate,  not  winged  on  the 
hack;  septum  sublinear;  style  short;  seeds  oo,  oblong,  small,  0||, — 
Fls.  white.     A  common  w«ed. 

C.  Buraa-pastdria  MaencK.  Siikptterd's  Purse. — Found  everywhere  in  fields 
ati  i  |)asti)rus,  roadsides.  St.  6 — «— 12  iiigli,  nciirly  smooth  in  the  upper  part, 
hirsute  below,  striate,  braiK-liiug  Koot  jk's.  rosulate,  2 — 5 — 8'  long,  ^  as  wide, 
cut  lobed,  o-  margined  petioles,  aegin.  ai5K)ut  13.  Those  leaves  are  sometimes 
wanting  (wiieii  the  weed  is  crowded),  or  only  dentate.  Stem-lvs.  much  smaller, 
T'Ty  narrwt^.  with  2  smaill,  acute  auricles  at  base,  half  clasping  the  stem.  Fls. 
BiaaU,  is  rai-ent^a,  m'liieh  are  finally  li — 12'  long,  Silicle  smooth,  triangular, 
eiuarginaiii-  at  the  eud,  and  lipped  with  the  stylo,     Apr. — Sept.    g  Eur. 

26.  LEPIDIUHI,  R.  br.  Pepper  Grass,  ((ir.  Aemg,  a  scale;  from 
l!ie  resemblance  of  the  silicle.)  Se{)als  ovate;  petals  ovate,  entire; 
silicles  oval-orbicular,  emarginate;  septum  very  narrow,  contrary  to  the 
^■reaterdiarrieter;  valves  carinate,  dehiscent ;  cells  1  seeded.  Cotyledons 
0||  (in  No,  1,  0  =  ),     F'Is.  white,  small,  often  incomplete. 

•  Stamens  2  only.     Petals  4.  or  wanting No.s.  1,  2 

*  Stiunon.s  6.     Silicles  winged. No.s.  3,  4 

1  L,  Virginicum  L.  Wild  PEPi'KtwJUAsa  Tonoue-orass.  Lvs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, iiicisely  serrate,  or  the  upper  subentire  petals  4;  silicles  orbicular,  emarginate; 
cotyl.O||orO=:. —  i.  In  dry  fields  and  roadsides,  U.  S.     St.  rigid,  round,  sinootli.  If 


Order  13.— CRUOlFluJ^. 


>231) 


high.  Lvs.  1 — 2  by  1 — 3  ',  acute,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole,  upper  ones 
sessile,  lower  pinnatiiidly  cut.  Fls.  and  silicles  very  numerous,  in  a  panicle  of 
racemes.  Fls.  very  small,  mostly  diandroua ;  silicles  IJ  '  diam.,  with  a  ucrcu  at 
the  end.     Taste  pungent,  like  that  of  the  garden  peppergrass.     Jn. — Oct. 

2  L.  ruder^le  L.  Catdine  lvs.,  incised,  those  of  the  branches  linear,  entire ;  Jis- 
ope^u^utf,  and  with  but  two  stamens ;  silicles  broadly  oval,  eniarginate,  wingless. — 
Dry  tields,  Mich.,  Ind.,  Mo.  St.  10 — 15'  high,  diffusedly  branched.  Rac.  many. 
Fls.  remarkable  for  wanting  the  petals,  which  are  always  present  in  our  otlier 
species. 

3  L.  camp^Btre  R.  Br.  Yellow-seed.  Oauline  lvs.  sagittate,  denticulate  ;  silicles 
ovate,  emarginate,  scaly,  punctate. — 'J)  In  waste  places  and  dry  fields,  especially 
among  flax.  St.  strictly  erect,  round,  minutely  downy,  6 — 10'  high,  brandling. 
Lvs.  1'  long,  \  as  wide,  with  two  lobes  at  base,  upper  one  clasping  the  stem,  ail 
minutely  velvety.  Fls.  small.  Silicles  1\"  long,  numerous,  in  long  racemes. 
Jn.,  Jl.    §  Eur. 

4  L.  sativum  L.  Peppeugrass.  Lvs.  variously  divided  and  cut;  branches  without 
spines;  sihcles  broadly  oval,  winged. — 'X)  Native  of  the  Kast.  Sts.  1 — 3f  higli, 
very  branching.  Silicles  2 — 3'  broad,  very  numerous.  A  well  known  garden 
salad.     Jl.  t  § 

27.  SENEBIERA,  Poir.  CarIpet  Cress.  Swine  Cress.  (In  honor 
of  Senehier,  a  distinguished  vegetable  physiologist.)  Silicic  didymous, 
with  the  partition  very  narrow ;  valves  ventricons,  separating  but 
indehiseent,  and  each  1 -seeded,  cotyledons  incunibently  folded  on  them- 
selves.— (D  or  (g)  Prostrate  and  dift'use,  with  minute  vvhite  fls. 

1  S.  didyma  Pers.  Lvs.  pinnate,  with  pinnatifid  segments;  silicles  rugouslj'  reticu- 
lated, notcfied  at  the  apex. — Waste  places  and  waysides,  soutliern  States,  common. 
Sts.  spreading  circularly  like  the  carpet  weed  (Molugo),  flat  on  the  ground.  Lvs. 
1 — 3'  long,  oblong  in  outline,  its  lobes  obtuse,  and  cleft  mostly  on  the  upper 
margin.  Fls.  minute.  Silicles  very  small,  apparently  doubled,  rough-wrinkled. 
Feb.— Jn. 

2  S.  corondpua  DC.  Lvs.  pinnate,  witli  the  seg^n.  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid ; 
silicles  tubercled,  not  notched  at  apex. — Waste  grounds,  Va.  and  Car.  (Pursli),  R.  Isl. 
(Robbins).     Not  common.     §  Eur. 

28.  ISilTIS,  L.  WoAD.  (Gr.  lod^o)^  to  make  equal ;  supposed  to 
remove  roughness  from  the  skin.)  Silicic  elliptical,  flat,  1-celled  (dis- 
sepiment obliterated),  1-secded,  with  carinate,  boat  shaped  valves,  which 
are  scarcely  dehiscent  (0||).     None  of  the  species  are  N.  American. 

I.  tinctdria  L.  Silicles  cuueate,  acuminate  at  base,  somewhat  spatulate  at  the 
end,  very  obtuse,  3  times  as  long  as  broad. — ^IJ  The  Woad  is  native  of  England. 
It  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  leaves,  which  yield  a  dye  that 
may  be  substituted  for  Indigo.  The  plant  grows  about  4f  high,  witli  large 
leaves  clasping  the  stem  witli  their  broad  bases.  Fls.  yellow,  large,  in  terminal 
racemes.     May — Jl.  \ 

29.  CAKILE,  Tourn.  Sea  Rocket.  (Named  from  the  Arabic.) 
Silicle  2-jointed,  the  upper  part  ovate  or  ensiform ;  seed  in  the  upper 
cell  erect,  in  the  lower  pendulous,  sometimes  abortive. — 0  Maritime 
herbs. 

C,  maritima  Scop.  Upper  joint  of  the  silicle  ensiform  or  ovato-ensiform. — Native 
of  the  seacoast  and  lake  shores,  N.  States.  A  smooth,  succulent  plant,  branching 
and  procumbent,  6 — 12'  long.  Lvs.  sinuate-dentate,  oblong-ensiform,  caducous. 
Fls.  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles,  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  corymbously 
arranged.  Petals  purple,  obtuse  at  end.  Silicle  smooth,  roundish,  lower  joint 
clavate-obovate,  upper  with  one  elevated  line  on  eacli  side.    Jl.,  Aug. 


m 
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240 


Ordkb  14.— OAPPARIDACB^. 


30.  RAPHANUS,  L.  Radish.  (Gr.  pa,  quickly,  ^atvy,  to  appear; 
from  its  rapid  growtli.)  Calyx  erect ;  petals  obovate,  unguiculate ; 
silitjues  terete,  tonilons,  not  opening  by  valves,  transversely  2-jointed, 
joints  with  one  or  several  cells,  seeds  large,  subglobous,  in  a  single 
series  (0»). 

1   R.   Raphanistmm    L.     "Wild    Radish.     Lva.   lyrate ;    silique    moniliform, 

ii—S-seeded,  becoming  in  maturity  1-celled,  longer  than  the  style. — (J)  Natunilized 
ill  cultivated  fields  and  roadsides,  but  rare.  St.  glaucous,  brandling,  1 — 2f  liigb, 
bristly.  Lvs.  rough,  dentate,  petiolate  or  sessile.  Cal.  bristly.  Petals  yellow, 
veiny,  blanching  as  they  decay.     Ju.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

2  R.  sativa  L.  Garden  Radish.  Lower  lvs.  lyrate,  petiolate;  silique 
2 — 3-seeded,  acuminate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  style. — A  well  known  ^alad  root 
from  China.  St.  2 — 4f  high,  very  branching.  Lower  lvs.  6 — 10'  long.  Fla 
wliite,  or  tinged  with  purple,  veiny.  Pods  1 — 2'  long,  thick  and  fleshy.  The 
principal  varieties  are  the  Turnip  Radish,  root  subglobous ;  Common  Radish,  root 
oblong,  terete ;  I31ack  Spauisli  Radisli,  root  black  outside.     Ju. — Aug.  X 


Order  XIV.     CAPPARIDACE^.     Capparids. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  even  trees,  destitute  of  true  stipules.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate, 
cither  undivided  or  palmately  compound.  Fls.  solitary  or  raceinous,  cruciform,  hy- 
pogynous.  Sep.  4,  Pet.  4,  unguiculate.  Sta.  6 — 12,  or  some  multiple  of  4,  never 
tetradyuamou'',  on  a  disk  or  separated  from  the  corolla  by  an  interuodo  of  the  torus. 
Ova.  often  stipitate,  of  2  united  carpels.  Sti/.  united  into  one.  Stig.  discoid.  /V. 
either  pod-shaped  and  dehiscent,  or  fleshy  and  indehiscent.  PtacenUx  usually  2. 
Seeds  many,  reniform.  Albumen  0.  Embryo  curved.  Cotyledon  foliaceous.  (Illust. 
ill  Fig.  290.) 

Genera  28,  apeciei  34i'— chiefly  tropical  plants.  Tlicy  are  more  acrid  in  their  properties  than 
the  Oriicilers,  l>ut  otiierwise  much  resitimblu  them.  One  species  of  Polanit>ia  is  used  as  a  ver- 
uilfuge. 

Stamens  6,  separated  from  the  petals  by  an  Internode No.  1 

Stantens  6,  not  separated  from  the  petals No.  2 

Stamens  8—32.    Torus  not  developed No.  3 

1.  GYNANDROPSIS,  DC.  {Gynandria,  a  Linnaean  class,  o^ff  ap- 
pearance.) Sepals  distinct,  spreading ;  stamens  6,  separated  from  the 
4  petals  by  a  slender  internode  of  the  torus ;  pod  linear-oblong,  raised 
on  a  long  stipe  which  rises  from  the  top  of  the  torus. — (J)  Lvs.  digitate. 
Fls.  racemed. 

O.  pentaph^^Ua  DC.  Middle  lvs.  petiolate,  5-foliate,  floral  and  lower  ones 
3-foliate,  Ifts.  obovate,  entire  or  denticulate. — In  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.  to  Ga. 
St.  simple,  2 — Hf  high.  Fls.  of  a  very  singular  structure.  Pedicels  about  1' 
long,  slender.  Caly.^c  small.  Petals  white,  ^  aa  long  as  their  fllifbrm  clawa. 
Sta.  r  long,  spreading,  apparently  arising  from  the  midst  of  the  long  styloid 
torus.     Peds.  2'  long.     §  Ai'iica.     (Cleome  L.) 

2.  CLEOME,  L.  Spider  Flower.  Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base ; 
petals  4  ;  torus  not  developed  between  the  petals  and  the  stamens, 
which  are  6 — 4  ;  pod  stipitate  more  or  less. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs. 
simple  or  digitate.     Fls.  racemed  or  solitary. 

1  C.  pungens  L.  Fig.  290.  Glandular  pubescent;  at.  simple,  and  with  the 
petioles  aculeate ;  lvs.  5 — 9-foliate,  on  long  petioles,  lfl».  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  obscurely  denticulate;  bracts  simple;  fls.  racemed;  sep.  distinct; 
pet.  on  filiform  clawa;   sta.  6,  twice  longer  than  the  petal.s. — D  A   tall,  showy 


Order  1G.— VlOLxVCE^. 


241 


plant,  with  curious  purple  flowers,  common  in  gardens,  escaped  into  lields,  Ac. 
South,     May— Aug.f   §  W.  Ind. 

2  C.  BpeciosisBima  Deppe.  Pilous ;  st.  branching  below ,  Ivs.  5 — 7-foliate, 
on  long  petioles ;  Ifta.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  upper  Ivs.  simple,  braci-like, 
ovate ;  petals  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  fruit  shorter  than  its  stipe. — (D  Gardens. 
Plant  very  showy,  3— 4f  high.  Fls.  rose-purple,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  this 
rising  raceme  from  Jn.  to  Sept.  f  Mexico. 

3.  POLANISIA,  Raf.  (Gr.  ttoAv,  much,  avtaof,  unequal.)  Sepals  «1  is- 
tinct,  spreading;  petals  4,  unequal ;  stamens  8 — 32,  filaments  filiform 
or  dilated  at  the  summit ;  torus  not  developed,  minute ;  pods  linear. — 
X>  Strong-scented  herbs,  with  glandular,  viscid  hairs. 

P.  gravSolens  Raf  Viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  temate,  Ifts.  ellipiic-oblong  ;  fl.-^. 
axillary,  solitary;  sta.  8 — 12;  caps.  oblong-laiiCL'olate,  attenuate  at  base. — Grav- 
elly shores,  Vt.  to  Ark.  St.  If  high,  branching,  striate.  Lfts.  1 — 1^'  long,  ^  its 
wide,  nearly  entire  and  sessile*;  common  petiole  1'  long.  Fls.  m  terminal  raceint'S. 
Petals  yellowish- wliite,  narrowed  below  into  long  'aws.  Fil.  slender,  exserted. 
Pods  2'  long,  glandular-pubescent,  siliquose,  viscid  like  every  other  part  of  tlxa 
plant.     Jl. 


Order  XV.     RESEDACE^.     Mignonettes. 

ITerbs,  with  alternate,  entire,  or  pinnate  leaves.  Stipules  minute,  gland-liko.  /'if. 
in  racemes  or  spikes,  small  and  often  fragrai.t,  4 — 7-merous.  Sepals  soinowhat 
united  at  base,  unequal,  green.  Petals  unequal,  entire  or  cleft.  Sta.  8 — 20,  in- 
serted on  the  disk.  Torus  hypogynous,  one-sided,  glandular.  Ova.  sessile,  3-lobetl, 
1-celled,  many-seeded.  Flacenioi  2,  parietal.  Fr.  a  capsule.  1-celled,  opening  bo- 
tween  the  stigmas  betbre  maturity.     (Illustrated  in  Figs.  295,  422.) 

Genera  6,  species  41,  inliabiting  tlio  countries  .iround  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  liaving  no  vory 
remarkable  properties.  Reseda  hiteula  contains  a  yellow  coloring  mutter,  and  other  specie:)  are 
very  fragrant. 

RESEDA,  L.  {Li\t.  re sedo,  to  calm;  the  ])lauts  arc  said  to  relieve 
pain.)  Sepals  4 — 7;  )>etals  of  an  equal  nimiber,  often  cleft;  torus 
largo,  fleshy,  one-sided,  bearing  the  8 — go  stamens. 

1  R.  lutSola  L.  Dyer's  "Weed.  Zvs.  fotnceo/a^e,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  !\t  b;iso ; 
sepals  4,  united  below ;  petals  (greenish-yellow)  3 — 5-cleft. — (T)  Nearly  natural- 
ized in  West.  N.  Y.  St.  about  2f  high.  The  flowers  are  arranged  in  a  loiik? 
spike,  which,  as  Linnaeus  observes,  follows  the  course  of  the  sun,  inclining  east, 
south  and  west,  \>y  day,  and  north  by  night. — It  affords  a  useful  yellow  dye,  also, 
the  paint  called  Dutch  pink.     §  Eur. 

2  R.  odor^ta  L.  Mignonette.  Fig.  295,  422.  Lvs.  cuneiform,  entire  or 
3-lobed;  sep.  shorter  than  the  7 — 13-cleft  petals. — A  well  known  and  universid 
favorite  of  the  garden,  native  of  Egypt.  The  flowers  are  highly  fragrant  and  no 
bouquet  should  bo  considered  complete  without  them.  The  variety  fhutesce.ns  is 
by  a  peculiar  training  (j;S7)  made  perennial  and  raised  to  the  height  of  K 
with  the  form  of  a  tree.  The  species  phyteuma,  native  of  Palestine,  has  a  calyx, 
larger  than  ttiu  petals. 

Order  XVI.     VIOLACE^.     Violets. 

Herbs  with  simple  (often  cleft)  alternate  leaves  with  stipules.  Fls.  irregular, 
spurred,  with  the  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  in  5s.  Sep.  persistent,  slightly  united, 
elongated  at  base,  the  2  lateral  interior.  Petals  commonly  unequal,  tlie  int'erior 
usually  spurred  at  base.  Sta.  5,  usually  inserted  on  the  hypogynous  disk.  I'M. 
dilated,  prolonged   beyond  the  antliers.     Ova.  of  3  united  carpels,  witli  ,"{  pariet*! 

10 


242 


Okdkk  16.— ViOLACEyE. 


'Mk. 


h 


■J 


placcntiic.  Style  1,  dcdinate.  Stig.  cucuUate.  Fr.  a  3-valved  capaulu.  Sds.  many, 
with  a  crustaceous  tenta  and  distinct  chalaza^  (Illustrations  in  Figs.  101.  305,  348, 
402,  604.) 

Getierii  15,  fmecieH  -ItMl,  mostly  inhabitants  of  the  Nortliern  tuni]>erati!  zone.  Tlie  roots  of 
almost  ail  the  Violace»  possess  emetic  properties,  and  some  are  valiieil  in  meiiicinc.  The  Ipecac 
of  tlie  shop  is  partly  tlie  product  of  certain  Brazilian  species  of  lonidlum.  Several  species  ol" 
the  violet  are  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their  dowers. 

§  Sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auriclcd  at  base Vioi,\.    1. 

§  .Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  auricled  at  base Soi.ka.    2. 

1.  ViOLA,  L.  Violet.  Pansy.  (From  the  Latin.)  Sepals  5,  unequal, 
auricular  at  base ;  petals  5,  irregular,  the  broadest  spurred  at  base,  the 
2  lateral  equal,  opposite ;  stamens  approximate,  anthers  connate,  two  of 
them  with  appendages  at  the  back;  capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  seeds 
attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves. —  4  Low,  herbaceous  plants. 
Ped.  angular,  solitary,  1-flowered,  recurved  at  the  summit  so  as  to  bePi- 
the  flowers  in  a  resupinate  position.  Joints  of  the  rhizome  often  bear- 
ing apetalous  flowers,  especially  in  species  1,  2,  3,  and  9. 

*  .\caulescent.— Petal.s  yellow No.  1. 

*  Acaulescent. — Petals  yellow,  especially  in  species  1,  2,  3  and  9 No.  1. 

—Petals  white Nos.  2—4. 

— Petals  blue, — beardle.s8 Nos.  5 — 7. 

—bearded.— Lvs.  di  vided Nos.  8,  9,J,  9y. 

— Lvs.  undivided Nos.  9—11.    (Kxotic  No.  21.) 

*  Caulescent. — Petals  yellow.    Sts.  leafy  at  the  top  only Nos.  12 — 14. 

— Petals  not  quite  yellow. — Stipules  entire Nos.  15. 

— Stipules  fringe-tootlu  d Nos.  16 — IS. 

— Stipules  lyrate-pinnatifid,  very  large... Nos.  19,  2u. 

1  V.  rotundifdlia  Mx.  Fig.  305.  Lvs.  orbicular-ovate,  cordate,  sli<rhtly  ser- 
rate, nearly  smooth,  with  the  sinus  closed ;  petiole  pubescent ;  ca..  obtuse. — A 
small,  early  violet,  found  in  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Tenn.  Lvs.  varying  tVo;n  ovate  to 
reniform,  mostly  round,  with  a  narrow  sinus  at  base.  Veins  and  petioles  pubes- 
(L'nt.  Fed.  as  long  as  the  leaves,  sub-4-sided,  bracted  in  tlie  middle.  Petals  yel- 
low, marked  at  base  with  brown  lines.     Fls.  small.     Mar.,  May. 

2  V.  lanceolita  L.  Lvs.  smooth,  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  the  long  petiole 
obtu-sish,  subcrenate. — Found  in  wet  meadows.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Rhizomo  creep- 
ing. Lvs.  varying  fro.n  lanceolate  to  linear,  and,  with  the  stalk  3 — 5'  long. 
Petioles  luUf-round.  Ped.  sul)-4-sided.  Petals  white,  greenish  at  base,  upper  and 
lateral  ones  marked  with  blue  lines,  generally  beardless.  Fls.  small,  those  from 
tiie  lower  nodes  of  the  rhizome  apetaloas.     Mar.  (S) — May. 

3  V.  primulaefdlia  L.  Lvs.  lance-ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  and  decur- 
rent  on  the  petiole ;  petals  nearly  equal,  beardless. — Found  in  damp  soils,  Mass. 
to  Ga.  and  Tenn.  Rhizome  creeping.  Lvs.  sometimes  subcordate,  rather  obtuse, 
cienate,  pubescent  or  nearly  smootii.  Petals  obovate,  flat,  marked  with  purplo 
lines  at  base,  generally  beardless  and  obtuse.  Fls.  small,  white,  on  8ub-4-sided 
.st  ilks.     May,  in  N.  Eng. 

.i  ACUTA  Torr.  &  Gr. — Smooth ;  lvs.  ovate ;  petals  acute,  lateral  ones  nearly 
beardless.     Mass.    (V.  acuta  Br.) 

4  V.  blanda  Willd.  Lvs.  cordate,  roundish,  slightly  pubescent;  petiole  pubes- 
cent ;  petals  beardless. — Found  in  meadows,  Can.  to  Penn.  Rhizome  slender  and 
creeping.  Lvs.  close  to  the  earth  and  sometimes  with  a  rounded  sinus  so  as  to 
appear  reniform.  Petioles  half  round.  Peduncles  sub-4-sided,  longer  than  tho 
leave.s.  Petals  Aviiite,  greenish  at  base,  upper  and  lateral  ones  marked  with  a  few 
blue  lines.     Fls.  small,  fragrant.     May  (V.  clandestina  Ph.  V.  amoeua  Le  Conte). 

5  V.  paliJBtris  L.  Lvs.  reniform-cordate ;  stip.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate;  stisr. 
margined;  Sep.  ovate,  ohiwsQ,  spur  very  short ;  caps,  oblong- triangular. — Summits 
of  the  White  Mts.  About  3' high,  pubescent.  Lvs.  crenate,  1' byf .  Fls.  small, 
pule  blue  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  and  bibracteate  near  tho  middle. 
Rhizotne  creeping,  scaly.     Ja. 

6  v.  Selkf rkii  Goldie.  Selkirk's  Violet.  Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  crenately  se^ 
rate,  the  sinus  deep  and  nearly  closed ;  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  thick 


Order  1G.— VIOLACK^. 


243 


very  obtuse. — Grows  on  woody  iiilla  and  mountains,  Mass.,  X.  Y  ,  Cuti.,  rare.  A 
small,  stemless  violet  2  high,  with  small,  pale  blue  ds.  conspicuously  spurred. 
Lvs.  ratht-r  numerous  and  longer  than  the  )[)eduncles.  Petals  beardless,  the  upper 
one  striate  with  deep  blue.     May. 

7  V.  ped4ta  L.  Rt.  premorse;  lvs.  pedately  5 — 9-parted,  segments  linear-lance- 
vlate,  entire;  stig.  lar^e,  obtusely  truncate,  scarcely  beaked;  spur  s^hort,  obtuse. — 
A  smooth,  beautiful,  large-tlowered  violet,  in  liilly  woods,  Can.  to  111.  and  Fla. 
Rhizomo  tleshy,  ending  abruptly  as  if  cut  or  bitten  ott'.  Lvs.  thick,  2-ternately 
divided  into  about  7  obtuse,  narrow  segments.  Petioles  with  long,  ciliate  stipules 
at  base.  Ped.  sub-d-auglud,  much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals  pale  blue, 
white  at  base,  all  of  them  beardless  and  entire.     Apr.,  May. 

ii.  The  two  upper  petals  deep  violet  colored,  the  others  light-blue  with  much 
yellow  at  their  bases,  as  in  the  garden  pansey.  Plants  smaller,  with  large 
flowers. — In  Mt.  Hope  Cemetery,  Macon,  Ga. 

8  V.  delphinifdlia  Nutt.  Lvs.  pedately  1 — 9-parted,  with  linear,  2 — 3-cleft  seg- 
ments aU  similar ;  stig.  thick,  di.stinctly  beaked. — Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.,  Iowa, 
Mo.  Lvs.  often  flnaly  divided  with  many  dissected  segments,  pubescent  along 
tile  edge,  prominently  veined  beneath.  Stip.  acuminate,  subentire.  Ped.  a  little 
longer  than  the  leaves.  Fls.  rather  smaller  than  in  the  last,  of  a  rich  blue ;  lateral 
petals  bearded.     Mar.,  Apr. 

9  V.  cucull^ta  Ait.  Lvs.  reniform-cordate,  cucuUate  at  base,  acute,  crenate ;  stip. 
linear;  inferior  and  lateral  petals  bearded — Tliis  is  one  of  the  more  common 
kinds  of  violet,  found  in  low,  grassy  woods  from  Arctic  Am.  to  Fla.  Lvs.  on  long 
petioles,  usually  rolled  at  base  into  a  hooded  form.  Fls.  light  blue  or  purple,  with 
scapes  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals  twisted,  white  at  the 
base,  marked  with  lines  of  deeper  blue.  Apr.,  May.  This  species  varies  from 
pubescent  to  glabrous,  from  lvs.  reniforra  to  ovate,  deltoid,  or  hastate  ;  from  fls. 
deep  blue  to  light-blue  or  even  white,  and  as  is  now  generally  conceded,  to  the 
following  remarkable  forms : — 

i3.  PALMATA.  Lvs.  (cordate)  all  or  some  of  them  very  irregularly  liastate-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  largest,  the  earlier  lvs.  commonly  undivided  and  broadly  cor- 
date. Fls.  large.  Plant  4 — 12'  high.  (V.  palmata  L.) — Common  at  the 
South. 

>'.  SEPTEMLOBA.  Lvs.  (concave  at  base)  more  deeply  5 — l-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  largest,  oblanceolate,  all  rather  succulent  and  strongly  veined  beneath  ; 
fls.  very  large.  (V.  soptemloba  Lo  Oonte.) — Low,  pine  woods,  Ga.  (Pond). 
Plant  5 — 12' high.  A  remarkable  form  truly,  but  evidently  varying  into /I 
Apr. 

10  V.  villdsa  "Walt.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  flat,  jmbescent,  obscurely 
crenate,  sinus  narrow  or  closed;  pet.  bearded;  stig.  beaked. — Saidy  woods,  mid- 
dle Ga.,  common  N.  to  Penn.  Plant  2 — 3'  high.  Lvs.  spreading,  scarcely  1'  long, 
the  petioles  longer  (1 — 2  ).  Fls.  small,  bluish  purple,  on  stalks  shorter  than  the 
leaves.     Mar.,  Apr. 

11  V.  sagittita  Ait.  Lvs.  obhng-lanceolate,  sagittate-cordate,  subacute,  often  in- 
ci.sely  doutate  at  base,  serrate-crenate,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent;  pedicel 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  lower  and  lateral  pet.  densely  bearded. — On  dry  hills, 
Can.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Ark  Lvs.  varying  from  oblong-sagittate  to  triangular-hastate, 
on  margined  petioles.  Scipes  3  to  5'  long.  Sep.  lanceolate,  acute.  Pet.  entire, 
veiny,  purplish  blue,  white  at  base.     Stig.  rostrate,  margined.     Apr. — Jn. 

/i.  OVATA.  Lvs.  ovate,  abrupt  at  base  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole^i,  pubescent, 
tlie  upper  often  incisely  dentate  at  base.  (V.  ovata  Nutt.) — N.  J.,  south- 
ward. 

12  V.  hast^ta  Mx.  Smooth  ;  st.  simple,  erect,  leafy  above ;  lvs.  deltoid-lanceolate 
or  hoKtate,  acute,  dentate  ;  stip.  ovate,  minute,  ci^iate-dentate ;  lower  pet.  dilated, 
obscurely  3-lobed,  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded;  sep.  lanceolate,  with  a  very 
sliorf  spur. — Pine  woods,  Tenn.  to  Fla.  St.  slender,  6 — 10'  high.  Fls.  yellow,  on 
stalks  shorter  than  the  leaves.     Apr.,  May. 

13  V.  tripartita  Kll  Hairy.  St.  simple,  erect,  leafy  above ;  lvs.  deeply  3-parted, 
lobes  lanceolate,  dentate ;  stip.  ianceoiate.— Upper  Ga.     Plant  about  If  high,  vil- 


!    i| 


:\  'I 


fj 


Ifi 


*'      III 


244 


Order  10.— VIOLACK.E. 


lous  wlien  youii<^.     Lvs.  often  divided  to  tho  base.     Fls.  yollow,  sircaki'd  with 
purple,  tlie  stalks  longer  than  the  leaves.     Mar.,  Apr. 

14  V.  pub^Bcens  Ait.  Villous-pubeacent ;  st.  erect,  naked  below ;  lvs.  broad- 
cordate,  toothed;  slip,  ovats,  large,  subdentate. — A  large  yellow  vi(jlet,  (bund  in 
dry  stony  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.  St.  simple,  somewhat  trianjrular  and 
fleshy,  bearing  a  few  leaves  at  the  top.  Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate  or  deltoid,  ob- 
scurely dentate,  obtuse,  on  short  stalks.  Fl.-stalks  rather  shorter  than  leaves, 
with  2  subulate  bracts.  Lateral  petals  bearded,  and  with  the  upper  one  marked 
with  a  few  brown  lines.  The  plant  varies  in  pubescence,  sometimes  even  gl;ib- 
roua.     Height  very  variable,  5 — 2U'.     May — Jn. 

ji.  ERiocAUP.v  Nutt.     Capsule  densely  villous.     (V.  eriocarpa  Schw.) 
y.  sc^BRiusctTLA  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  decumbent,  liranching  Ihun   ilie  root,  ami 
with  the  smaller  leaves  somewhat  scabrous.     (V.  scabriuscula  Schw.) 

15  V.  Canadensis  L.  Smooth ;  lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  petl.  shorter 
than  the  leaves  ;  slip,  short,  entire. — A  large  species,  found  in  tho  woods,  British 
Am.  to  Car.,  often  a  foot  in  hight.  Stem  subsimple,  terete,  all  the  way  leafy, 
with  lance-ovate,  membranous  stipules.  Lvs.  acute  or  obtuse,  the  lower  on  very 
long  petioles.  Ped.  sub-4-sided,  witlinninute  bracts.  Fls.  large,  nearly  regular. 
Pet.  white  or  light  blue,  yellowish  at  ba.se,  the  upper  ones  purplish  outside 
and  marked  with  blue  lines  inside,  lateral  ones  bearded.  Flowering  all  sum- 
mer. 

16  V.  strisLta  Ait.  Smooth;  st.  branching,  nearly  erect ;  lvs.  roundish-ovatp, 
cordate,  the  upper  ones  somewhat  acumiiiate,  eronate-serratc ;  stip.  large,  ciluit''- 
dentate,  oblong-lanceolate;  spur  one  fmirth  as  long  as  the  corolla. — Wet  gnjuiids, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  6 — 12'  high,  half  round.  Lvs.  1 — 1^'  wide,  on  petioles 
1 — 2' long.  Stip,  conspicuous,  laciuial  Ped.  axillary,  often  much  longer  liau 
the  leaves.  Cor.  large,  yellowish-white  or  ochroleueous,  Literal  petals  den.soly 
bearded,  lower  one  striate  with  dark  purple.     Stig.  tubular.     Jn. 

17  V.  canina  L.  /i  Muhlenbergii  (Torr.).  Dog  V.  Lvs.  reniform-cordate,  upper 
ones  rather  acuminate;  stip.  lanceolat'-,  somewhat  fimbriate;  spur  half  as  long  a.i 
the  corolla,  obtuse. — A  spreading,  slender  species,  in  sv  amps,  &c.,  U.  .S.,  N.  to 
Lab.  Sts.  branched  below,  6 — 8'  loutr,  with  stipules  usually  cut  into  friiige-i.ko 
serratures.  Lv.^  6 — 10"  diam.,  younger  ones  involute  at  base.  Petioles  long^  r 
than  the  leaves,  and  shorter  than  tho  u.\.illary  peduncles.  Bracts  subulate,  mostly 
opposite,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stalk.  Petals  entire,  pale  purjile,  the  lateral 
ones  bearded.     Stig.  rostrate.     May. 

18  v.  rostrsLta  L.  Smooth ;  st.  terete,  dilTuse,  erect ;  lvs.  cordate,  roundish,  ser- 
rate, upper  ones  acute;  slip,  lanceolate,  deeply  frintred;  petals  beaided ;  spur 
longer  than  the  corolla. — A  common  violet  in  nioitt  woods.  Can.  to  Ky.,  well 
characterized  by  its  long,  straight,  linear,  ol»tuso  nectary,  which  renders  the  hirgo 
flowers  similar  to  those  of  tho  larkspur.  St.  6 — 8'  high,  branching  below. 
Petioles  much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Stip.  almost  pinnatifid.  Ped.  slender, 
very  long,  axillary.     Fls.  pale  blue.     May. 

19  V.  tricolor  L.  Pansy,  Heartsease.  St.  angular,  diftusily  branched;  hs. 
oblong-ovate,  lower  ones  ovate-cordate,  deeply  crenato;  sLp.  as  large  (w  the 
leaves ;  spur  short,  thick. — Gardens,  where  its  pretty  flowers  are  earliest  in  spring 
and  latest  in  autumn.  Fls.  variable  in  size,  often  1'  broad,  tho  2  upper  (lower) 
petals  purple,  the  two  lateral  white  and  uuth  the  lovjer  striate,  all  ylloia  at  base. 

(i.  ARVENSIS  DC.  Annual.  More  slender  and  le.ss  branched ;  ui)per  lvs.  ovate- 
spatulate;  petals  scarcely  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  j-ellowish  blue, 
spotted  with  purple.  (V.  arvensis  Fll.) — This  is,  doubtless,  a  mere  variety 
escaped  from  gardens,  in  rocky  hills,  N.  Y.  to  Ga,  Not  common.  iSt-i. 
3—6—10'  long.     May. 

20  v.  grandiflora  L.  St.  3-oornered,  simple,  procumbent;  lvs.  ovatc-oblo!i,<.', 
crenate,  shorter  than  tho  peduncles;  stip.  much  f>9nallfr  than  tin'  leave-- ;  />\  large. — 
Native  of  Switzerland.  A  beautiful  species,  with  \  <  ry  large  tlowers  (I — 2  diam.) ; 
all  the  petals  alike  are  deep  purple.  Whole  plant  smooth,  6 — 12'  long.  Stip. 
J — 1'  long.     Flowering  all  seasons  but  win  er.  f 

21  V.  odorata  L.  Sweet,  or  Engt  iSU  Violet.  Stolons  creeping ;  K>.  cor- 
date, crenate,  nearly  smooth;  sep.  obtuse ;  lateral  petals  witli  a  hairy  line.— N  itivo 


Orukk    17.— OlSTACKyE. 


i45 


,!  ?i' 


of  England.  It  is  well  characterized  Viyita  long,  trailing,  leafy  rtnincrs.  The  Iva. 
are  truly  hoart-aliapeil.  8tip.  lancoolat*',  toot  led.  Pud.  longer  tliun  the  leaven, 
bractod.  Fls.  small,  fragrant.  Several  garden  varietii  h  are  known,  aini  distin- 
guished by  the  form  and  color  of  tli-j  tlovvers;  viz: — the  purple,  wliite  and  hluo- 
flowered,  the  double  white,  double  purple  and  double  blue- tlower  d,  and  th» 
Neapolitan  with  pale  blue  Howers.     Apr.,  May.f 

2.  SOLEA,  Glngins.  (Irken  Viom:t.  (DediciitiMl  to  W.  Sod,  an 
En;xlisl  writer  on  })l;ints.)  Sepals  nearly  oi[U!il,  not  anricul.-itc  ;  petals 
iineqiiai,  the  lowest  2-lobiHl  and  LCil>')ous  at  hase,  t!»e  rest  eiMar<xinate  ; 
stamens  coheriiiir,  the  lowest  2  beaiin*^  a  gland  above  the  inid.ile  ; 
capsule  surrounded  at  base  by  the  concave  torus;  seeds  0 — 8,  very 
Jarge. —  U  An  erect,  leafy  plant,  with  inconspi<'Uous  axillary  flowers. 

S.  c6ncolor  Gingins.  Green  Violet.  Wood-s,  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and  S.  to 
Tar.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  simple,  and,  with  the  leave.i,  somewhat  hairy.  fv-i. 
4 — 6'  by  \\ — 2.^',  lanceolate,  acuminate',  .suboritire,  tapering  t  <  short  petioles. 
Ped.  very  short,  1 — 5-fiowered,  axillary.  Fls.  small,  greenish,  white.  Cal.  ahoMt 
as  long  as  the  corolla  Lower  petal  twice  larger  than  the  others.  Capsu'"  ;;i;u" 
1'  in  length.     Apr.,  May. 

Order  XVIl.     CISTACE.E.     Rock  Homes. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  simple,  entire,  opposite  (at  least  the  lower)  Icavs,  with 
fls.  perfect,  regular,  h3'p()gynous,  in  one-sided  racemes,  very  fugacious.  S''p.  5,  un- 
equal, persistent.  Petals  5  (sometimes  3  or  wanting)  convolute  in  aestivation.  Sta. 
mostly  GO.  Caps.  1 -celled,  3 — 5-valved,  with  as  many  parietal  i)lacont.  ■.  >'eeds 
albuminous.     Embryo  curved  or  spiral.     (lUust.  in  Fig.  40 1.) 

Genera.  7,  Kpecien  IS."),  niosl  ikbuiul.int  in  S,  Europo  und  N.  Africa. 

GENERA. 

T  Petals  3,  linear-liinciMihite.  .■siimll I.kiih:  v.  1 

^  Petals  5, — large  and  showy,  or  WiiiitiiiiC llKi.iANim.MrM.  'I 

— minute.     Delicate  shrubs liunsoMA.  3 

i.  LECHEA,  L.  PiNWEED.  (In  memory  of  John  Lcrhe,  a  Swedish 
bo*  .ist.)  Sepals,  5,  the  2  outer  minute;  petals  -'l,  lanceolate,  small  ; 
ens  3  to  12  ;  stigmas  3,  scarcely  distinct ;  capsule  .'{celled,  ;{-valve<l ; 
] ' -<;ent;t'  nearly  as  broad  as  the  valves,  roundish,  eacli  1 — J -seeded. — 
^  Often  shrubby  at  base,  with  numerous  very  small  brownish  purple 
flowers. 

1  L.  major  \fx.  Il'iiry]  Irs.  elliptiral,  mncronulat'  ■  fi->\  minute,  (iJiuut  a-.-  lony 
as  the  pedictls. — In  dry  woods,  U.  S.  ami  ('an.  t<t.  1 — -Jit'  Iiigli,  rigid,  brittle 
hairy,  purple,  somewiiat  corymbously  branched.  Lvs.  of  tlie  stem  about  4" 
long,  alternate,  opposite,  or  even  verticiliate  on  the  prostrate  l)raiielies,  erowde(l. 
Fls.  brownish-purple,  inconspicuous  among  the  numerous  liraels.  Cap'-.  -ound- 
ish,  about  the  size  of  a  small  pin-head.     Variable.     .1 1.,  Aug. 

2  L.  minor  Lam.  Smoothish;  lvs.  linear,  very  acuh' ;  fls.  small,  o,)  peci  .diihirh 
are  mostly  twice  longer. — Grows  in  dry,  sandy  groimds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  iSt.s. 
8 — IG'  high,  .slender,  red,  paniculately  branched,  often  decumbent  at  base.  .^te:n 
lvs.  6 — 10  '  by  1",  alternate,  revolute  at  the  margin,  tho.so  of  the  divergetit.  tili- 
fbrm  brjmches  gradually  minute.  Fls.  twice  as  large  as  in  L.  major.  I'ltata 
brownish-purple,  eohering  at  apex.    Cap^  the  size  of  a  large  pin-head.    Jn. — Sept. 

3  L.  thymifolia  Ph.  Shrubby,  hoary  with  oppressed  hairs ;  Irs.  linear  and  linear- 
oblanceokUe,  rather  acute,  often  verticiliate ;  fls.  small,  on  pedicels  still  shorter. — 
Seacoasts,  Mass  to  N.  J.  Sts.  about  If  bicrh,  many  from  the  same  caudex,  rigid 
and  very  bushy.  Lvs.  6 — 10'  long,  ei' et,  crowded.  Fls.  in  terminal,  den,s« 
cy  mules,  on  very  short  pedicels.     Petals  browu.     Caps,  globou^j.     J  I. — ~>ept 


M 


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111 


246 


Ohdkk  18.— llYFERKJACEyt:. 


I 


1  I  I  !  H 


iiUi. 

;5n 


Ml 


111: 


I  ^ 


<   f  3  J     I; 


|l 


2.  HELIANTHENUN,  L.  Rock  Rose.  (Gr.  r/Atof,  the  sun,  ui^doc, 
f  >wt ..)  Sepals  6,  the  2  outer,  smaller,  the  3  inner  convolute  ;  petals  5, 
or  rarely  3,  eonvolutc  contrary  to  the  sepals,  sometimes  abortive ;  stam- 
ens Qc ;  stiij^nias  3,  scarcely  distinct;  capsule  trianjjular,  3-\alvetl,  open- 
in<|  at  top;  scimIs  angular. — FIs.  yellow  often  of  2  kinds,  the  later  being 
smaller  and  apetalous. 

1  H.  Canad^nse  Mx.  Frost  Plant.  Hoary  pxibexceat :  pdcdiferovs  fls.  solitary, 
jitdictUate,  ienniual,  apetalous  ones  axillary,  small,  cluntertd,  nubstssile ;  ca).  acute ; 
Ivp.  ruvoluto  on  the  niargiu,  lanceolate,  acute. —  In  dry  tielda  and  woods,  Can.  to 
l-'lur.  St.  8 — 12'  hijjrij,  at  length  slirubby  at  biise.  Lvs.  8 — 12  '  long,  \  as  wide, 
entire,  subsessile.  Primary  fia.  with  largo  brigiit  yellow  petals.  The  axillary  fls. 
later,  very  sujall,  with  very  small  petals,  or  apetalous.  Sta.  declinato.  Caps, 
sinuuth,  shining,  those  of  the  apetalous  lis.  not  larger  tliau  a  pin's  head.  Sds.  few, 
brown.     May — Sept. 

ii.  ourusA.  Iloary  tomentous;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse;  fls.  (all  petallfcrous?) 
smaller  (7"  broad),  several,  terminal. — Middle  Flor.  St.  3 — 6'  high.  Lvs. 
about  9"  by  2  '.     Apr.     It  may  prove  distinct. 

2  H.  corymbdsum  Mx.  Canescfnithj  iomentous;  fis.  in  crowded,  fitstigiate  cymes, 
the  jirimanj  ows  on  elongated,  filiform  j)ediceLi,  and  loith  petals  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx ;  si-p.  villous  canescont,  obtuse ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  margins  rtvolute. — 
.Sterile  sands,  N.  J.,  to  Fla.  Plant  somewhat  shrubby,  very  tomentous  when 
young,  at  length  diffusely  branched,  about  If  high.  Primary  fls.  7  or  8"  diam. ; 
secondary  ones  apetalous,  subsessile.     Jii. — Aug.     (Heteromeris  cyraosa  Spach.) 

3  H.  Carolinidnum  Mx.  Villous,  simple,  erect;  fls.  all  large,  petaliferous  and 
subterminal ;  sepals  acuminate;  lvs.  oblong-oval,  edges  denticulat".,  not  rcvolute. — 
Dry  woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  common.  St.  rarely  branched  from  the  base, 
brownisli,  8 — 12'  high.  Lvs.  distinctly  petioled,  1 — 2 J'  long,  ^  as  wide,  obtuse 
or  acute,  black-dotted  beneath.  Yh.  1  to  4,  more  than  1'  broad,  the  pedicels 
siipra-axillary.     Apr.,  May. 

-  3.  HUDSdNIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  William  Hudson,  author  of  Flora 
Anglica.)  Sepals  3,  united  at  b.ise,  subtended  by  2  minute  ones  out- 
side ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  9 — 30  ;  style  filiform,  straight ;  capsule,  Icelled, 
3-vaIveu,  many-seeded. — Low  shrubs  with  very  numerous  branches,,  and 
minute,  exstipnlate  leaves. 

1  H.  tomentosa  Nutt.  noary-to«ie»toz<s;  lvs.  om^e,  appressed-imbricate.  acute; 
fl^.  subsessile ;  sej).  obtuse. — Shores  of  the  ocean  and  lakes.  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  Wis. 
Plant  consisting  of  numerous  slender,  ascending  stems  from  the  same  root,  and  fi 
multitude  of  tufted  branches,  all  covered  with  whitish  down.  Lvs.  less  than  1" 
in  length,  closely  appressed  to  the  stem.  Fls.  about  2  '  broad,  yellow,  numerous 
ilay. 

2  H.  ericoides  L.  Hoivry-pubescent ;  lvs.  subulate,  a  little  spreading;  pedicels  ex 
.S'-rkd,  an  l>ng  as  the  calyx ;  sep.  acutish. — A  very  delicate  shrub.  L.  Cliamplain, 
At.,  Conway  Pond,  N.  H.  to  Va.,  along  the  coasts.  St.  ^f  high,  erect,  with 
numerous,  short,  compound,  procumbent  brancihes.  Lvs.  not  more  than  1'  long. 
Fls.  yellow,  about  3'  broad.     Caps,  oblong,  pubescent.     May. 

3  H.  montdna  Nutt.  Minutely  pubescent ;  lvs.  filiform-subulate ;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  fiowers;  sep.  acuminate,  the  outer  ones  longer,  subulate. — High  Mts.  of 
N.  Car.  Sts.  decumbent,  3 — 5'  high.  Lvs.  partly  imbricated,  2"  long.  Fls. 
about  6  "  broad,  the  pedicels  when  in  fruit  1'  long.     Caps,  about  3-seeded. 

Order  XVIII.     IIYPERICACE^.     St.  John's  worts. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  entire,  dotted,  exatipulate  leaves,  with  flowers  per 
feet,  rcvgular,  liypogynous,  4  or  5-merou3,  cymous  and  mostly  yellow;  sepoteunequal, 


=^ 


Order  18— HYl'ElUCACKyE.  247 

persistent :  pelifis  mostly  oblique  or  convolute  in  the  bud;  stamens  tev-- or  many, 

p<ji,\  aUelplious ;  anthem  versatile  ;  ovary  compound,  with  styles  united  or  separate, 

l)ecoming  iu  fruit  a  1-celled  capsule  with  parietal  placentaj,  or  3  to  5-celled  wlien 

the  dissepiments  reach  the  center.     Seeils  exalbuminous,  minute.     (Illustrations  in 

Fig.  69.  278.  389,  390.) 

iiener<i  15,  HpecioM  276,  very  penerally  dlHtribiited,  [irescntinis;  a  great  variety  of  habit,  and 
fliiiiriiiliing  ill  all  kinds  of  localities.  Tlie  Jiiico  of  many  specio.s  i:*  cotiKiderod  itiiriiative  and 
Icljrifugul. 

GENERA. 

Sepals  4.     Petals  4,  «)blique,  yellow A»rvi:fM      1 

bcftals  8.     Petals  ft, — obiiiiue,  yellow iIvi>KKi<'i:M  '2 

— equilateral,  i>uritlisli Eludf.a        3 

1.  ASCtRUN,  L.  St.  Peter's  Woht.  (Etymology  uncertain.)  Sep- 
als 4,  the  two  outer  usually  very  large  and  foliaceous;  petals  4,  oblique, 
c(»nvolute ;  filaments  slightly  united  at  base  into  several  parcels;  styles 
'2 — 4,  mostly  distinct ;  capsule  1-celled. — Plants  suffruticous.  Lvs. 
]»unitate  with  black  dots.  Fls.  pale  yellow  1  or  3  terminating  each 
branch.     I'cdicels  bibractcolate. 

'I'lie  outer  pair  of  sepals — verv  l.irge,  ovate.    Styles  1  nr  2 Nf«.  1.  2 

— still  larger,  orbicular.     Styles  8 Nos.  8.  4 

— small,  like  the  two  Inner.     Styles  8 No.  5 

J.  A.  Cruz- Andreas  L,  St.  Andrew's  Cross.  Branches  many,  subereci,  an- 
cipital  above ;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  outer  sep.  twice  longer  than  tlte  pedicel ;  2 
bracteoles  a  little  below  the  flower. — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Ga  and  La.  Sts.  1  to 
2f  high,  with  brown,  scaly  bark  below.  Lvs.  6  to  12"  long,  minutely  dotted, 
sessile,  smaller  ones  axillary.  Cymes  leafy.  The  persistent,  ovate  sepals  close 
after  flowering.     Jn.,  Jl. 

ii  AXGUSTIFOLIA  Nutt.  Lvs.  oblong-linear,  crowded;  outer  sepals  acute,  the 
two  bracteoles  close  to  the  flower. — Car.  and  Ga.  (Feay.)  Looks  very  diflfer- 
ent  from  a,  from  the  sniallness  of  its  numerous  lvs.,  which  are  3  to  6"  long, 
1'  wide. 

2  A.  pumilum  Mx.  Low,  trailing  at  base;  lvs.  ovnl  and  obovate,  obttiso,  sessile; 
outer  sepals  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicel,  inner  sepal  0  ;  bracteoles  0. — Ga.  and 
Flu.,  in  (lr.y,  piny  barrens.  Much  branched,  branches  a  few  inches  long.  Lvs. 
about  3  '  by  2,  often  smaller.  Cymes  exserted,  the  pedicels  6  to  10"  long. 
Pet.  rather  larger  than  the  sepuls. 

3  A.  Bt&ns  Mx.  St.  erect,  ancipital ;  lvs.  oWon(7,*csstfe,  and  half-clasping,  obtuse; 
caps,  ovate,  acute. — Swanips  in  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  1  to  3f 
hi^ii,  straight,  winged  throughout,  branched  above,  usually  simple  at  base  and 
shaggy  with  loose  bark.  Lvs.  10  to  15'  long,  ^  as  wide.  Outer  sepals  orbicular, 
subcordate,  6"  diam.,  inner  lance-linear.  Petals  unequal,  ovate,  acute,  a  little 
longer  than  the  sepals.     Sty.  3,  distinct,  short.     Jn. — Aug. 

4  A.  amplezicaxile  Mx.  St.  erect,  terete  below ;  lvs.  broadly  ovate,  cordate, 
clasping;  caps,  oblong. — Ga.  and  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  dicliotonously  branched 
above,  branches  somewhat  2-edged.  Lvs.  8  to  12  '  long,  §  as  broad.  Outer 
sepals  nearly  round,  6''  broad,  the  petals  ^  longer. 

5  A.  micros^palum  Torr.  and  Gr.  Bushy ;  st.  scarcely  edged ;  lvs.  oblong  and 
oblong-linear,  crovvdeil ;  sep.  oblong-linear,  much  shorter  than  the  obovaio,  un- 
equal petals;  sty.  3,  long,  distinct. — Ga.  and  Fla.  Very  different  in  aspect  from 
the  others,  with  crooked,  straggling  stems.  Lvs.  2  to  4"  long,  1"  wide  (in  a 
variety  twice  as  large).  Pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx.  Fl.s.  9  "  broad.  Sty. 
filiform,  as  long  as  the  oblong  capsule.     May. 

2.  HYPtRICUM,  L.  St.  John's-wort.  (Derivation  unknown.) 
Sepals  .5,  connected  at  base,  sitbequal,  leaf-like;  petals  5,  oblique; 
stamens  oo  (sometimes  few),  mostly  united  at  base  into  3 — 5  parcels, 


P 


/M 


lilr^ 


■"'!:;i 


W>'' 


248 


Oki.kr  18.— HYl'KllICACKyE. 


with  no  glands  between  them  ;  styles  3 — .5,  liistinet  or  united  ;it  ]>;ise, 
persistent. — llerbaeeons  or  siirubby  plants.  Lvs.  punctate  with  {)el- 
lucid  dot.1,  opposite,  entire.  Fls.  solitary,  or  in  eyinous  panicles, 
yellow. 

I  stamens  25—100,  more  or  loss  united  into  sets  (a). 
S  Stamens  5— 15,  notatull  united  (d). 

a  Carpels  (and  styles)  5  or  more.    Capsule  5-eelled Nos.  1,  t 

a  Carpels  H.     Capsule  8-cclled  (the  placentie  meetinj;  (b). 

a  Carjiels  3.     (;a]»suie  1-ceIled  (the  pliicentie  nutcpiite  meotiiii;  (c). 

b  Shrubby.     I'etuls  not  dotted.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  obliineeolate Nns.  :! — 5 

b  Shrubby.     Petals  not  dotted.     Leaves  'inear Nos.  ti.  7 

b  Herbaceous.     Petals  sprinkled  with  black  dots Nos.  s — id 

C  Shrubs.    Styles  united  into  one Nos.  11  —  14 

c  Half-slirubby.     Sty!.:s  uniteil  into  one Nos.  1.")— l«i 

0  ilerbft'jeous.     Styles  di;  tinct,  at  least  at  the  to| Nos.  1!» — -22 

d  Flowers  in  corymbous  cyiius Nos.  •J;'..  "24 

d  Flowers  racemed  on  the  "slender  branches Nos.  2;"i,  26 

1  H.  pyramiddtum  Ait.  narliceous;  k.s.  sessile,  oblong-ovatf,  and';;  sty.  5; 
placentse  retrofle.vod  intheceila  of  tlio  capsule. —  If  liilla  and  river  banks.  Oiiio 
and  Penn.  to  Can.  St.  3 — 5f  hi<^Ii,  scarcely  angular,  smootli,  rigid.  BratR-hea 
coryrnbous,  erect,  4-anglod.  Lvs.  of  the  stern  2.1 — 5'  long,  ^  as  wide,  of  tiie 
branches  about  lialf  tlioso  dimensions.  Fla.  very  large  (IJ'  broad)  Peiuls  obo- 
vate.  Sta.  capillary,  100  or  more.  Caps.  1'  long,  ovoid-conical,  tipped  with  tiio 
5  styles.     Sds.  oo.    Jl.,  Aug. 

2  H.  Kalmidnum  L.  Shruhby ;  lvs.  lineav-lanreolotc,  very  numerous,  vhf'm: ; 
caps.  5-celled,  tipi)ed  with  the  5  stylos. — llocks  below  Niagara  Falls,  etc.  A 
handsome  species,  a  foot  or  more  in  hight.  Lvs.  an  inch  in  length,  sliglitly  revo- 
lute  on  the  margin,  1-veined,  minutely  and  tliickly  punctate,  ses.sile.  Lranchea 
slender  and  delicate,  somewhat  4-angled     Fls.  9  '  diarn.     Sta.  very  many.     Aug. 

3  H.  Buckl^yi  Curtis.  Low,  dilfusely  branched  from  the  shrubby  base,  lvs, 
wedge-oblong  or  obovate,  subsessile,  smooth,  very  obtuse;  Jts.  terminal,  solitanj, 
p  duncled ;  sep.  unequal,  leafy,  obtuse,  and  witii  the  CO  stain,  shorter  than  tho 
p  tals;  caps.  3-celled,  styles  united. — High.  Mts.  of  N.  Ca.\  to  tia.  Stems  8 — 12' 
high.     Lvs.  C  or  7"  by  3  or  4  '.     Resembles  Ascyrum  Crux-Andre;e. 

4  H.  prolificum  L.  Jiranrhinij ;  branches  anripital,  smooth ;  lvs.  obhng-lan'-en- 
/ate,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  base,  crenulately  waved  at  edge;  cymes  compound, 
leafy;  sep.  tinequal,  leafy,  ovate,  cuspidate;  petals  obovate,  a  little  larger  than 
sepals. — A  higiiiy  ornamental  shrub,  2 — 4f  liig' ,  prairies  and  creek  shores,  Mid. 
and  W.  States.  Lvs.  2 — 2^'  long,  4 — 6"  wide.  Fls.  9  diam.,  orange-yellow  in 
iiu  elongated  inflorescence.     Sta.  OO.     Jl.,  Aug.  f. 

(3.  DENSiPLORUM  T.  and  G.  Brandies  very  numerous;  lvs.  crov/ded,  rnu(;!i 
smaller  (less  than  I'long);  fls.  very  numerous,  in  compound  cymes,  and 
much  smaller  (about  6  "  diam.) — E.  Tenn.  to  Fla.     (II.  deiisitloriim  Ph.) 

5  H.  galioides  Lam.  i^ranr/ies/ew,  terete;  Ztw. /tnear-lanceolate,  rather  obtu.se; 
cymules  numerous,  axillary  and  terminal,  paniculate  ;  sep.  snhe(puil,  UniMr-laai-eo- 
laie. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  in  damp  soil.  St.  2  to  3f  iiigh,  with  straigiit,  ereet  braneliea 
and  a  smooth  bark.  Lvs.  fascicled  in  the  a.\ils  as  if  whorled,  10  to  15'  by  2  to 
3",  dotted  with  large,  pellucid  glands.     Fls.  about  7  '  diam.     Jn.,  Aug. 

6  H.  rosmarinifdlium  Lam.  St,  straight,  erect,  sparingly  branched ;  lvs.  lin- 
ear, shorter  than  the  intertwdes,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  petiole ;  eyniules  dense,  few- 
flowered,  panicU'd. — Ky.  to  Fla.  Smooth  and  handsome,  18  to  30'  high,  half 
siirubby,  Lvs.  1'  to  1.V  long,  1 — 2"  wide,  revolute-cdged,  fascicled  in  the  a.xil.i 
ns  if  whorled.  Fls.  6  "  diam.  Sep.  subequal,  about  as  long  as  tho  obovate  petal.-J. 
Jn.,  Aug. 

7  H.  fasciculatum  Lam.  Shrtd)  much  branched,  bushy:  lvs.  linear,  very  nar- 
row, longer  than  the  vilernodes,  sessile;  cymules  leafy — Wet  places  in  pine  bar- 
rens, Ua.,  Fla.  to  La.,  common.  Bush  1  to  2f  high,  very  leaty.  Lvs.  nearly 
r  in  length,  recurved  or  straight,  with  smaller  om  s  clustered  in  the  a.xils.  Fls. 
numerous,  6'  diam.  Petals  ol  ovate,  1-toothed  (like  Nos.  4,  5)  about  the  length 
of  tho  linear  sepals.     .)l.,  Sept. 

ti.  .MtnRK.viATiTM.  Bran(!hes  irregular  and  crooked;  lvs.  very  short  (2  to  3"), 
tufied  in  the  axMls;   petals  3  times  longer  than  the  se|)als. — Cur.  to  (la. 


OuuKR  18.— HYPKilKJACEyE 


249 


3  H.  perforatum  L.  St.  2-ed(jeii.  hranrhed ;  Ivs.  mth  pellucid  dots ;  sep.  lanceo- 
late, half  as  long  us  the  petab. —  2/  A  luirdy  plant,  prevailing  in  dry  pastures, 
Can.  ami  U.  S.,  niucli  to  tlic  annoyance  of  farmers.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  brachiate, 
erect,  rouiui,  with  2  opposite,  elevated  lines  e.vtending  between  the  node.s. 
Lvs.  (j — 10  long.  1^  as  wide,  ramial  ones  much  smaller,  ail  obtuse,  the  dots  as 
w.-ll  Its  veins  best  seen  by  transmitted  light.  Fls.  numerous,  deep  yellow,  in 
terminal  panicles.     Petals  and  Sep.  bordered  witU  lino  dark-colored  glands.     Jn., 

■    Ji.     ?  Kur. 

9  H.  corymbosum  Mulil.  Sts.  terete,  corymbously  ))ranched  ;  lvs.  oblong-ovato 
or  oval,  obriiso,  marked  vlth  fthvk  (as  well  as  pellucid)  rfyiv;  sep.  ovale,  arute  (very 
small)  y^  av  /nng  o-v  the  petal,-:. —  2-(  Woods  and  plains,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ark.  St. 
1  to  .'{('high,  with  niuiiy  small  lis.  in  a  coryml)  of  dense  cymes.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long, 
nearly  .V  as  wide,  veiny,  either  clasping  or  .sessile,  or  (in  a  variety,  E.  Tenn.) 
almost  jietiolate.  Fls.  small,  petals  with  oblong  black  dots.  Stig.  orange-red,  on 
distinct  styles.     Jn.,  Jl. 

10  H.  maculatum  Walt.  Si.  terot(\  corymbously  lirancheii ;  Irs.  ohUmj,  thirkly 
.sjirinklfd  with  hlu  k  dots:  .sv/y).  lanrtokih'. — S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Feay)  Fla.  St.  at  first 
simple,  often  V^<^',oming  ditVusely  branched,  1  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  smaller  (about  1' 
by  3'  ).  Fl?  rather  h-nail'T.  This  species  (or  variety?)  scarcely  differs  from  No. 
8,  but  in  \h  bluish  aspect  (liom  the  numerous  dots)  and  smaller  lvs.     Jl,,  Aug. 

H  H.  aur.um  Bartran  .  Braaches  spreading,  ancipital ;  fcv.  thick,  lance- ovate, 
i.)\)\Mfii\  scsile ;  ji.i.  {\Mg^)  soUtarij,  sessile. — .V  beautiful  shrub,  (la.,  near  Macon. 
St.  2  to  4i"  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  i^  as  wide,  obtuse  or  mucronulalo.  (mly  the 
strong  mid-vein  visible,  almost  p;'tiolate,  edge  wavy-crispod.  Fls.  18"  broad. 
PeUils  retlexed.  Sta.  exce.>^sively  numerous  (more  than  500),  shorter  than  the  3 
partly  united  styles.     Jn.,  Aug. 

12  H.  myrtifdlium  L.  St.  terete ;  lvs.  thirk,  ovate  or  ohlong,  cordate-clasping ; 
jjy.  in  a  leafy  compound  fastigiate  cyme,  the  dichotomal  sessile. — (!a  ,  Fla.     Shrub 

1  to  2fin  hight,  declined  and  oflen  divided  at  base,  corymbed  above.  Lv.s.  about 
1  long,  \  or  \  as  wide,  glaucous.  Sep.  lance-linear,  as  long  as  (3 — 4")  the 
pi'tals,  at  length  retlexed.  Sta.  as  long  as  the  sty.,  which  separate  at  top. 
May,  Jn. 

13  H.  ambig'auin  Ell.  BranclK  s  ancipital;  hs.  lance-linear,  thin,  acute ;  fls.  soli- 
tary and  in  3s  .a  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. — Banks  of  the  Congaree  and  Clut- 
taiioochec,  (ia.  Shrub  wiili  scaly  bark,  2  to  Jf  high,  with  numerous,  opposite 
branches.  J  vs.  1  to  2'  long,  3 — 4''  wide,  sessile,  mucronato,  vvitli  a  white,  cal- 
lous point.  S'p.  lanoe-liuear,  as  long  as  the  1-tootlied  petals.  Sty.  united. 
May ,  Jn. 

14  H.  cistifolium  liam.  St.  2- winged,  stthsimple;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse 
sessile;  jls.  in  a  leafless,  compound  cyme. — (ia.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Shrub  .straight 
and  erect,  \\iu  2f  high  Lvs.  1' long,  2 — 3"  wide,  opaque,  witli  smaller  ones 
clustered  in  the  axila.  Petals  twice  longer  than  the  oval  sepals.  Sty.  united 
except  at  the  top,  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsule.     Maj'. 

15  H.  adpr^SBum,  Bart.  St.  2-ivinged  above;  lis.  /mmr-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
halt'  erect:  cymes  few-leaved;  sep.  lance-linear;  caps,  almost  3-cellod. — Swamps, 
K.  L,  Ponn.  to  Ark.  Plant  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  1—2'  by  2— 4'  ,  pellucid- 
}>un;tate,  sessile,  rather  acute.  Fls.  t>  "  diam.,  15 — 20  in  an  almost  lealle.ss  cyme. 
S(>p.  <ino(|ual,  half  as  long  as  the  ol)long-obovato  petals.     Sly.  1.     Aug.,  Sept. 

16  H.  nudifldrum  Mx.  St.  and  branches  ^-angled  and  ivinged;  li-.s.  omfe-lanceolato 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  .sessile;  cyme  leafless,  peduncled  ;  sej).  linear;  caps,  almost 
3-celled. — W(>t  grounds,  PeniL  to  lia.  and  (la.  Plant  woody  at  base,  1 — 2f  high, 
with  numerous  branches.  livs.  thin,  abo>it  2'  long,  with  ninuto,  pellucid,  reddish 
dn(s.     Fls.  few.  small,  rather  loose  in  the  stalked  cyme.     Aug.,  Sept. 

17  H.  dolabrif6rme  Vent.  St.  decunUient  at-  the  woody  base,  scarcely  2-edg(d 
above;  lvs.  lineat-lanocMilato,  spreading,  veiuless;  fls.  in  a  leafy,  fastigiate  cyme; 
seps.  ii/nce-ovate,  about  as  long  as  the  very  oblique  (dolabriform)  petals. — Ky.  and 
Tenn.  Sts.  (i — 18'  long,  with  scaly  butk  at  base.  Lvg.  1'  or  more  in  length, 
eesgile,  with  bmaller  ones  in  the  axils  witli  brownisli  dota.     Jl.  Aug. 


ill 


!it::i« 


•'Mill 


if 


..^S! 


250 


Order  18.— HYi'E  It  1  CACKLE. 


18  H.  Bphaerocdrpon  Mx.  St  obscurely  i-sided ;  Ivs.  liiiear-oblonsr.  ohtnse, 
with  a  minute  calbus  ti]),  almost  veinless;  cyme  compound,  nearly  leatless,  pedun- 
culate; sep.  ovale,  mucronate;  sty.  closely  united;  capji  globular. — Rocky  banks 
of  tlio  Ohio  and  K3^  rivers.  St.  somewhat  woody  at  base,  10 — 15'  liigli.  Lvs. 
1 — 2'  long,  \  as  wide,  closely  sessile,  with  large,  pellucid  dots.  Fls.  at  length 
uumeroiiS,  7"  diam.     Jl. 

19  H.  anguloBum  Mx.  Herh  .smooth ;  at.  acutely  4:-comered;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolato, 
acute;  cymos  leafless;  sty.  diitiiict,  thrice  larger  than  the  ovary. — Swamps  in  pine 
barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  (Bainbridge,  Ga.,  Misses  Keen).  St.  nearly  2f  liigli.  Lvs. 
distinct,  opaque,  scarcely  punctate,  8 — 12"  long,  1 — 3'  wide,  edges  revokit '. 
I'ls.  often  alternate  on  the  ultimate  branches.  Sepals  ovate,  striate,  acute,  5 
times  shorter  than  the  orange-colored  petals.     Jl. 

20  H.  elliptioui7a  Hook.  Herb  smooth;  st.  quadrangular,  simple;  lvs.  elliptical, 
obtuse,  somowhat  clasping,  pellucid-punctate ;  cyme  pedunculate ;  sep.  unequal ; 
sty.  united  to  near  the  summit,  as  long  as  the  ovary. — %■  Low  grounds  Can.  to 
Penn.  St.  8 — 16'  iii^h,  slender,  colored  at  base.  Lvs.  8 — 13"  by  2 — t",  some- 
what erect,  about  as  long  as  the  internodes.  Cymes  of  about  a  dozen  Howers, 
generally  1  or  2'  above  tlie  highest  pair  of  leaves.  Central  fls.  subscssile.  i'etala 
acutish,  orange-yellow,  2 — 3"  long;  sep.  shorter.     Stig.  minute.     Jl. 

21  H.  gravdolens  Buckley.  St.  terete,  smooth,  nearly  simple;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate, 
clasping,  punctate  beneath ;  cymes  teriuiiial  and  axillary ;  sep.  and  pi-t.  narrow ; 
fil.  CX);  styles  3. — High  Mts.,  N.  Car.  (Buckley).  Plant  with  a  t-trong  odor. 
Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Lvs.  2'  long,  half  as  wide.  Fls.  largo  and  numerous. 
Jl. — Aug. 

22  H.  pilosum  Walt.  Herb  rough-doivny ;  st.  simple,  terete,  virgate;  lvs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  appressed,  clasping,  acute ;  cyme  few-flowered ;  sty.  distinct,  as  long  as 
the  ovary. — JJ  Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  common.  Lva  4 — 8  '  lonsr, 
J  as  wide,  very  acutj.  St.  1 — 3f  high,  quite  simple  to  near  the  top,  clothed  with 
a  rough  coat  of  hairs.  Fls.  5 — G"  diam.,  mostly  alternate  on  the  tranches  of  the 
cyme.     Jn. — Sept. 

23  H.  miitiluin  L.  Dwarf  St.  John's  "Wort,  St.  quadrangular,  branched  ; 
lvs.  obtuse,  ovate-oblong,  clasping,  5-veined,  minutely  )unctate;  cymes  leafy;  j^t. 
shorter  than  the  s  'p. ;  sta.  6 — 12. — 0  Damp  sandy  soils,  Can.  to  (Ja.,  W.  to  Ind. 
St.  3 — 6 — 9'  high.  Lvs.  closely  sessile,  apparently  connate,  4 — 8"  by  2 — 5", 
outer  ve's^-  obscures.     Fls.  minute,  orange-colored.     JL,  Aug. 

24  H.  CanadSnae  L.  St.  quadrangular,  branched;  lvs.  linear,  attenuated  to  the 
base,  with  pellucid  and  also  with  black  dots,  rather  obtuse ;  pet.  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate,  acute  sep.;  sta.  5 — 10. — (D  Wet  sandy  soils.  Can.  to  Ga.  St.  6 — 12' 
high,  sliglitly  4-winged.  Lower  branches  opposite,  upper  pair  forked.  Lvs. 
8 — 12"  by  ^ — I  or  2",  sometimes  linear-lanceolate,  radical  ones  obovate,  short. 
Fls.  small,  orange-colored.  Ova.  longer  than  the  stylos.  Caps,  red,  very  acute, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.     Jn. — Aug. 

25  H.  Sardthra  Mx.  St.  and  branches  filiform,  quadrangular;  lvs.  very  minute, 
subulate;  ,/?s.  sessile;  sta.  5 — 10. — ',X)  St.  4 — 8 — 12'  high,  branched  above  iiiio 
numerous,  very  slender,  upright,  parallel  branches  apparently  leafless,  frtmi  tin* 
minuteness  of  the  leaves.  Fls.  very  small,  yellow,  succeeded  by  a  conical  bi-owu 
capsule  which  is  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.     Jl,,  Aug. 

26  H.  Drummondii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Branches  alternate,  square  above;  lvs.  li.iear, 
very  narrow,  acute,  longer  than  the  internodes;  Jls.  pedicellate;  sta.  10 — !!•); 
sep.  Iance^)late,  shorter  than  the  petals,  but  longer  than  the  ovoid  capsule. — 
([!  Near  St.  Louis,  to  Ga.  and  La.  Plant  more  robust  than  the  last,  10 — 20'  high, 
very  branching.     Lvs.  ^' long.     Fls.  about  4"  diani. 

3.  ELODI^A,  Adams.  (Gr.  tAwfJy/f,  marshy ;  from  the  habitat  of  tlio 
plants.)  Sepals  5,  (.'(iiial,  somewhat  united  at  base;  petals  5,  decidiions, 
equilateral ;  stamens  0  (rarely  more),  triadelphou.s,  the  parcels  alter- 
nating witli  3  hypoiiynojis  glands;  styles  3,  distinct;  capsule  3-cclled. — 
4  Herbs  with  pellucid-punctate  lvs.,  the  axils  leafless.  Fls.  dull  orange- 
purple. 


Ordkk  19.— DHCSEUAOKuE. 


.1 


1  E.  Virgiiiica  Nutt.  St.  erect,  somewhat  coiupressed,  branchiu^x;  Ivs.  oblong 
amplexicaul;  ata.  united  below  the  middle,  with  3  in  eacli  Hot. — Swaiiipg  and 
ditches.  U.  S.  and  Can.  Whole  plant  usually  of  a  purplish  hue,  9 — 20'  higk 
Lv3.  \\ — 2J'  lo"g,  \  as  wide,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  lower  oblonf;-ovate.  all  very 
obtuse,  glaucous  beneath.  Fls.  5"  diam.,  terminal  and  axillary.  Pet.  about  twice 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Glands  ovoid,  orange-colored.  Caps,  ovoid-oblong, 
acutish.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  B.  petiol^ta  Ph.  Lvs.  oblong,  narrowed  at  baj^e  into  a  petiole ;  fls.  mostly  in 
3s,  axillary,  nearly  sessile;  filaments  united  above  the  middle;  caps,  oblong,  much 
longer  than  the  sepals. — Swamps  S.  States,  N.  to  N.  J.  St,  about  2f  high.  Lvs. 
1 — 3'  long,  rounded-obtuse,  with  a  short  but  distinct  petiole.  Fls.  smaller  thiin 
in  the  last.     Aug.,  Sept. 

Order  XIX.     DROSEUACE.E.     Sundkws. 

Herbs  growing  in  bogs,  often  covered  with  glandular  hairs,  with  Ins.  alternate  or 

ill  radical,  mostly  circinate  (rolled  from  top  to  base)  in  vernation ;  Jls.  regular, 

nypogynous,  5-merous,  the  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  persistent  (withering) ;  ova. 

compound,  one-celled,  with  the  styles  and  stigmas  variously  parted,  cleft  or  united 

seeds  QO  in  the  capsule,  albuminous ;  embryo  minute. 

Genera,  6,  apeeien  90.  Curious  and  intHresting  plants,  scattcrp<1  over  tlu-  wliolo  srlobe 
wherever  marshes  are  found.  Tlic  lialved  stigiDus  are  tlu-ir  most  singular  cliaracturistic.  In 
♦he  sundew,  ifec,  each  half  stigma  is  <iistinct,  lionco  nppiii-cntly  doubling  their  numltcr,  but  in 
tlio  subordor,  Parnassiie,  the  adjacent  Lalvos  of  ditt'erent  stlgtiiiw  iiro  unitoil,  and  thus  stand  op- 
l)usitu  tu  the  placuntiL'. 

1.  DROSERA,  L.  Sundew.  (Or.  6^}oaoc,  dew  ;  fVom  lli.-  rlcw-iiko 
secretion.)  Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  ])ersi.stent ;  petals  5  ;  stamens 
5  ;  styles  3 — 5  eaeli  2-parted,  the  halves  entire  or  niany-elet't ;  cap- 
sule 3 — 5-valved,  1-cellcd,  many-seeded. —  4  Small  aquatic  herbs.  Lvs. 
covered  with  reddish,  glandular  liairs,  scerctinir  a  viscid  fluid.  Verna- 
tion circinate. 

Scapes  4 — 6  times  as  long  as  the  leaves Xo:*.  1 — 3 

Scajies  1 — 2  times  as  long  as  tlio  leaves Nos.  4—0 

1  D.  rotundifdlia  L.  Lvs.  orbicular,  ainuptly contracted  into  the  hairy  petiole; 
fls.  white. — A  curious  little  plant,  not  uncommon  in  bogs  and  nmddy  shores. 
Whole  plant  of  a  reddirih  color,  like  the  other  Sundews,  and  beset  with  glandular 
hairs  which  are  usually  tipped  with  a  small  drop  of  a  clammy  fluid,  glistening 
like  dew  in  the  sun.  Lvs,  about  5"  broad  and  with  the  petioles  1 — 'i'  long. 
Scape  slender,  5 — 8'  higli,  the  racemes  uncoiling  as  tiio  small  wiiito  tiowers 
open.     Caps,  obiong,     Ju, — Aug. 

2  D,  capiilaris  Poir.  Lvs.obovate,  euneiform,the petioles  naked;  fls.  puriih  ,•  scapo 
erect. — More  delicate  than  the  preceding,  in  marshes,  Fla.  to  Texas.  Lvs.  form- 
ing a  rosulate  tuft,  8 — 12"  long,  the  smooth  petiole  three  times  longer  than  the 
lamina,  which  is  2 — 3"  wide.  Scapes  liliform,  3 — tJ  high,  the  raceme  simple 
or  forked,  6  or  6-tlowcred,  Petals  light  purple.  Caps,  globular.  Seeds  oh- 
l(mg,  tubercled.  May.  (D.  brovifolia  /•*.  major  Torr,  &  Cr,  D,  intenueiliu 
Chapman.) 

3  D.  brevlfdlia  P.i,      Lvs.  cuneiform-spatulate.  fomwuj  a  small,  d-'use  tuff  {V 
diam.);  petioles  very. short,  hairy;  fls.  few,  roue  adored. — In  wet,  springy  places. 
Car.  to  Fla.  and  La!     Not  half  as  large  as  the  last.     Lvs.  6  or  6'   long,  1 — 2 
broad,  flat  on  the  ground,  fonuing  a  round,   compact  rosette.      Scape  2  or  3 
high,  bearing  one  to  three  conspicuous  flowers.     Capsule  roundish.     Apr. 

4  D.  longifolia  L.  Lvs.  spatulaie  obbng  orobovnte,  ascending,  alternate,  taperitujat 
base  into  a  long,  siKooih  petiole;  scape  declined  at  bane;  petals  white. — Slender  and 
delicate,  in  similar  situations  with  the  last.  Lvs.  slender,  ascending,  erenate, 
beset  with  numerous  liairs  tipped  with  dew-like  drops, — length,  including  tlio 
petioles  2 — 3'.  Candex  lengthened,  declinato.  Seapo  bearing  u  simple  r;>oem 
of  email,  white  flowers,  arising  4 — 7'.     Ju, — Aug. 


%       W.if 


,, 

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2.0 '2 


()Ki)i;ii  19.— l)RaSl<:RACEy*J. 


6  D.  flliformis  Haf!  Lvs.  filiform,  very  long,  erect ;  scapo  nearly  simple,  longer 
tliiiu  tlie  leaves,  niany-llowcred ;  petals  obovate,  orosely  denticulate,  longer  tliau 

•  the  glandular  calyx;  sty.  'J-parted  to  the  base. — (irows  in  wet,  sandy  places, 
along  tlio  coast  Mass.  to  Fla.,  much  larger  than  tho  preceding  species.  The  lvs. 
are  destitute  of  a  lamina,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape,  beset  with  glandular  hairs, 
except  near  the  biuse.  Scape  about  a  loot  high,  with  large  purple  flowers.  Aug., 
Si'pt. 

5  D.  linearis  <l<ildie.  Lvs.  linear,  obtuse ;  petioles  elomjated,  naked,  erect;  scapes 
ffw-tlowered.  about  tlie  length  of  tho  leaves;  cal.  pJabrous,  much  shorter  than 
tlie  oval  capsule;  seeds,  oval,  .shining,  smootii. — Borders  of  lake,«.  Can..  Mich,  to 
tlie  Rocky  Mts.  (Hooker,  Torr.  &  (ir  )  Scape  3 — G'  high,  witii  about  3  small 
llowcrs.  Lvs.  about  2  wide,  clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  which  are  wanting  on 
the  [letiole.     Jl.,  Aug. 


2.  DIONiCA,  L.  Vknis'  Fly-trap.  (One  of  tlio  names  of  Venus.) 
SepiiLs  spreatling;  petals  5,  obovate,  with  pellucid  veins;  stamens 
10 — ]");  styles  united  into  1,  tlic  .stigmas  niany-cleft;  capsule  break- 
iiiiX  int'LTularly  in  opening,  1-eclled  ;  seeds  many  iti  the  bottom  of  tho 
cell. S  (Jlaltrous  lierbs.  Lvs.  all  radical,  sensitive,  closing  convul- 
sively when  touclied.     Scape  umboled. 

D.  muscipula  Ell.  A  very  curious  plant,  native  of  sandy  bogs  in  Car.,  along 
rivers  from  the  Neuse  to  tlie  Sanloe.  Sometimes  cultivated  in  a  pot  of  bog  earth 
placed  in  a  pan  of  water.  Lvs.  ro.sulate,  lamina  roundish,  spinulose  on  the  mar- 
gins and  upper  surface,  instantly  closing  upon  insects  and  other  objects  which 
light  ujion  It.  Scape  G — 12'  liigh,  with  an  umbel  of  8 — 10  white  flowers.  Apr., 
May.  t 

Suborder,  PARNASSIE^, 

Consi.sts  of  the  single  genus  Parnassia,  which  differs  from  tho  Sundews  in  having 
f  nets  of  abortive  stamens  and  tho  4  stigmas  placed  over  the  parietal  placentae  (as 
V  each  stigma  were  compounded  of  the  two  adjacent  hu'  "-"  of  two  divided 
stigmas. — More  recently  this  genus  is  stationed  among  the  Sax        3S. 

3.  PARNASSIA,  Tuurn.  (1r.\ss  of  pARXASsrs.  (Named  from 
Mount  J^arnassuH,  the  abo<le  of  the  Muses,  Graces,  <fc:c.)  Sepals  5, 
united  at  base,  persistent ;  petals  5,  persistent,  nearly  perigynous  ;  sta- 
mens in  two  scries,  the  outer  indefinite  in  number,  united  in  6  groups, 
sterile,  the  inner  5  perfect;  capsule  1-celled,  4-valved;  seeds  very  nume- 
rous with  a  winged  testa. —  4  Glabrous  herbs,  with  radical  lvs.  and  1- 
tl')wer»'tl  scapes. 

"}  P.  CaroliniSna  li.  Sterile  fii,  3  in  each  group,  distinct  to  near  the  base,  sur- 
mounti'd  with  little  spherical  heads;  pet.  much  exceeding  the  cal,  marked  with 
grein  veins;  lvs,  radical,  or  sessile  on  tho  scape,  broad,  oval,  with  no  sinus  at 
the  base. — An  exceedingly  elegant  and  interesting  plant,  growing  in  wet  meti- 
dows  and  borders  of  streams,  U.  S.  to  Can.  Rt.  fibrous.  Lv.s.  7-veined,  broad- 
oval  or  ovate,  sinootli,  leathery,  radical  ones  long-stalked,  tho  cauline  only  one, 
pcssilc,  clasping,  a  few  inclies  above  tlio  root.  Scapes  10 — 15  high,  with  a 
liandsome,  regular  flower  about  1'  diam.     Jn. — .\ug. 

/i.  Filments  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals ;  caulino  leaf  Anall  or  nono  ;  rhizouM 
thick  and  large. — Fla.  (('hapman.) 

2  P.  paluBtris  Ti.  Sterile  fii  pellucid,  setaceous,  9  ^o  15  in  each  set;  cauline  If, 
if  any,  sessile;  radical  lvs.  all  cordate. — IJogs  and  lake  shores,  .\i'  !i.  fn  T  ab.,  and 
W".  to  Rocky  Mts.  Scapes  about  »'  high,  naked  or  with  ,i  .^i'lt^le  claipinf  leaf 
near  the  base.  Fls.  white.  Sepals  oblong-lanceolate.  I'tt&ij  lua  ked  wiui  3 — 6 
green  or  purple  veins. 

3  P.  asarifolia  Vent.  Sterile  fii.,  3  in  each  set;  peals  abrnoiiv  elav  (,u ;  ios., 
rniilorm — Mi-i.,  Va.  and  Car.  Lvs.  largo  (I — 2'  broad),  the  cdulino  oiu  /«8silft 
orbic<ilar.     J^'ls.  \),'  dian\. 


1^4 


Order  21.— (WmMM'tl  V  Ll.ACK.R 


253 


Okuer  XX.     ELATINACE.K.     Watkk  rKFPKKs. 

Herhn  Hinall,  iiiiivmU,  with  opposite  loiivoa  luul  iuembraiiou3  stipules.    Fb>.  minute 

axillary.     Sepals  2 — 5,  distliK  t  or  slightly  coherent  at  base,  persistent.     /V/ute  hy- 

po/ynous,  an  many  as  llio  sepals.     »Si/(/.  eijiia!  in  number  to,  or  twice  as  many  as 

the  petals.    Anth.  iiitrorsc.      Uva.  2 — G-celleci.     Stigmas  2 — ."»,  capitate  ;  placenta  in 

the  axis.     Pr.  cap.sular.     Seeds  numerous,  exalbuminous. 

denera  fi,  njjf<-/^K 'i'i,  found  in  cvitv  i>art  of  the  ^.'lobc,  growini.'  in  iiiiirslios.  The  following  Is 
•ur  only  noillu'rn  /iMius. 

ELATINE,  L.  (Gr.  eXdnj,  fir;  fix)in  the  rcsiMiibliui<'(>  of  the  sleixlor 
leaves  of  some  species.)     Fls.  2 — -t-ii»erous.     Stigmas  sessile,  inimite. 

E,  Americana  Am.  Mud  Purslane.  St.  diffuse,  procumbent,  striate,  rootinp 
from  the  joints,  with  assurgent  branches  ;  Iva.  lance-oval  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
entire:  sty.  0;  sep.,  pet.,  sta.,  stig.  2 — !>,  as  well  as  the  cells  and  valves  of  the 
capsule;  stip.  very  minute. — A  little  nmd  plant,  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and 
rivers,  U.  S.  Fls.  axillary,  sessile,  solitary.  Cor.  minute,  closed.  JI. — So^.i. 
(Crypta  minima  Nutt.     Peplys  Americana  Ph.) 

Order  XXI.     CARYOPIIYLLACE^:.     Pinkworts. 

Iftrbs  with  swollen  joints,  opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  regular  flowers.  Sepalt 
4  or  ."),  persistent,  distinct,  or  cohering  into  a  tube.  Petals  4  or  5,  unguiculate  or 
not,  bifid  or  entire,  mostly  removed  from  the  calyx  by  a  short  internodu  of  the  torus, 
Bometimes  wanting.  Stamens  distinct,  twice  as  many  a.s  the  petals,  rarely  an  equal 
number  or  fewer.  Ovary  often  stipitate ;  styles  2 — 5,  stigmatous  the  whole  length 
of  the  inner  surface.  Fr.  a  1-celled  capsule  (or  imperfectly  2 — 5  celled),  opening  at 
the  top,  or  loculicddal.  Sds.  numerous;  embryo  curved  around  the  albumen.  (See 
Figs.  70,  209,  258,  296,  299,  300,  313,  392.) 

Tlio  Pinkworts  as  constituted  by  V2ndleicbcrnnil  others, and  nbovo  characterized,  comprohendu 
four  Suborders,  anil  in  the  ajrgrcgucu  8S  genera  and  IISO  species.  They  are  in  general  destitute 
of  active  jtroperlies.  A  few  of  them  are  valued  as  highly  ornamental  in  cultivation,  but  the 
greater  part  arc  insignificant  weeds  abounding  in  waste  sandy  tracts  throughout  the  tcmperata 
Zones. 

§  Leaves  furnished  with  dry,  membranous  stipules.     SruonitKii  II.  (^) 
§  K.vstipulate.— Capcyiile  l-ceile<l,  8-rOO-sceded.     Petals  rarely  absent.    SunoRDEn  !.(•) 
—Capsule  1-celled,  1-soeded.     Petals  none.     Suhoudkh  III.  (h) 
— Cap.sulo  completely  3-celled.     Petals  none.    SirBORDRti  IV.  (k) 
''  Sepals  united  into  a  tube.     Petals  long-clawed.    Ovary  stiped.    Tiubk  1.  (a) 
*  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.     Petals  subsessiie.     Ovary  sessile.    Triuk  2.  (b) 
1  Styles  or  stig.  3  to  5.   rupsiile  1 -colled,  00-'>eedcd.     Tkihk  !}.  (e) 
^  styles  2  or  united  into  1.     rtricle  1 -seeded.    Tribk4.  (f) 

Suborder  I.     CARYOPIIYLLINE^.. 

a  I.  SILKNK.ifi. — Calyx  with  scale-like  bractlets  at  base.     Styles  2 Diantihis.  t 

— Calyx  bractless.— Styles  2.     Capsule  4-toi)the<l  when  open. Saponaria.  9 

— Styles  3.     Cai)sule  C-tootiied  when  opcn.Sii,ENK.  ;j 

— Styles  5.     Caps.  lO-toothed.. .  Acjuostkm.ma,  4. .  Lychnis.    Ti 
b  2.  ALSlNKiK. — Petals  2-parted  (sometimes  wanii>'/  in  No.  7.)  (o) 

C  Styles  ft.    Capsule  opening  a*,   the  to[i  by  10  teeth  Ckrastiitm.  ('> 

0  Styles  8.    Capsule  opening  deeply  by  0  half-vulves. .  .Stkllauia.  T 

—Petals  undivided  (sotnetlmes  wanting  in  No,  10.)  (d) 

d  Valves  of  the  capsule  3,  each  2-toothed.     Styles  .3 Akknaria.  8 

d  Valves,  &c.,  entire. — Styles  3,  always  fewer  than  sep.ils Alsink.    9 

— Styles  4  or 6,  always  as  many  as  sepals.  .8  votna.  10 
—Styles  8  A  6.    Disk  large,  l6-lobed ,  Honkbnya.  5 1 

SuMORDER  IT.     ILLKCEBRINE.I-]. 

•  •.  SPEBOULEiE.— Styles  5.     Petals  white.     Lvs.  linear,  whorled 9ir....aLA.         :2 

— Styles  8  and  6.     Petals  red.     Lvs.  linear,  opposite SpKutiiiLARiA.  II 

-~8lyl«»  8  ill  all  the  llowers.— Stipules  ovale.     Lvs.  in  4's.  Poi,V(;AUfn.v.     14 

— Sti|).  multifld,    Lv».  o:ip..,.Srn't;i.icii>A.     IS 


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254 


Obukb  21.— caryophyllace.*: 


f  4.  PARONTCHIEiE. — Sepals  herbaceous,  distinct  or  nearly  so Pakunyciiia.     IB 

— Sepals  wiiite  above,  united  In  a  tube  below Stphonvciiia.    17 

Suborder  III.     SCLERANTHINE^. 
h  Styles  2.   Utricle  inclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  tube  . .  .Sculkua.nthus.  i8 

Suborder  IV.    MOLLUGINE^. 

k  Styles  S.    Stamens  bypogynous,  3  or  6.    Herb  prostrate.  .Molluoo.  19 

i.  DIANTHUS,  L.  Pink.  (Gr.  Aibg,  dveog,  the  flower  of  Jove, 
alluding  to  its  preeminent  beauty  and  fragrance.)  Calyx  cylindrical, 
tubular,  striate,  with  2  or  more  pairs  of  opposite,  imbricated  scales  or 
bractlets  at  base ;  petals  5,  with  long  claws,  limb  nnequally  notched ; 
stamens  10;  styles  2,  tapering,  with  long,  recurved  stigmas;  caps, 
cylindric,  1-celled.- -Beautiful  Oriental  plants,  everywhere  cultivated. 

§  Flowers  in  dense  corymbs. — Scales  as  long  as  the  calyx      No.s.  1,  3 

— Scales  ovate,"  awned,  short No.  7 

§  Flowers  solitary  or  paniclod. — I'etals  toothed  or  crenate : Nos.  i),  4 

—Petals  fringed Nos.  6, 6 

1  D.  Armaria.  Wild  Pixk.  Lvs.  linear-suhulate,  hairy ;  fls.  aggregate,  fascicled ; 
scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  downy  tube. — (j)  Our  only 
wild  species  of  the  pink,  found  in  fields  and  pine  woods,  Mass.  to  N.  J.  St. 
erect,  1 — 2f  high,  branching.  Lv.s,  erect,  1 — 2'  long,  1 — 3"  wide  at  the  clasping 
base,  tapering  to  a  subulate  point.  F's.  inodorous,  in  dense  fascicles  of  ;'.  or 
more.  Cal.  and  its  scales  f  long.  Petals  small,  pink-colored,  spiiuklod  with 
white,  crenate.     Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  D.  barbitus  L.  Sweet  William  or  Bunch  Pi.nk.  Lvs.  lanceolate ;  fin. 
aggregate,  fascicled;  scales  of  the  calyx  ovafc-subulate,  as  long  as  tlie  tube. —  2^ 
An  ornamental  fiower,  still  valued  as  in  the  times  of  old  Gerarde,  "  for  its  beuuty 
to  deck  up  the  bosoms  of  the  beautiful,  and  garlands  and  crowns  for  pleasure," 
Stems  l^f  high,  thick.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  J  to  1',  narrowed  to  the  clasping  biise. 
Fls.  in  fastigiate  cymes,  red  or  whitish,  often  greatly  variegated.     May — Jl.  f 

3  D.  Chinensis  L.  China  Pink.  St.  branched ;  1v.s.  linear-lanceolate ;  _/?,f. 
solitary ;  scales,  linear,  leafy,  spreading,  as  Lny  as  the  tube. — ri.  Native  of  China. 
An  elegant  species,  well  cliaraoterized  l-y  its  leafy,  spreading  scales,  and  its  lavge, 
toothed  or  crenate,  red  petals.  The  foliage,  ]i\  tiiat  of  the  other  species,  is  iver- 
green,  being  as  abundant  and  vivid  in  winter  as  in  summer. 

4  D.  caryoph^Uua  L.  Carnation,  Bizarres,  Picotbes,  Flakes,  &c.  Lvs. 
linear-subulate,  channeled,  glaucous ;  fls.  solitary ;  scales  very  short,  ovate ;  petals 
very  broad,  beardless,  crenate. — Stem  2 — 3f  high,  branched.  Fls.  white  and  crim- 
son; petals  crenate.  This  species  is  supposed  to  be  the  parent  of  all  the  splendid 
varieties  of  the  Carnation.  Over  400  sorts  are  now  enumerated  by  florists,  distin- 
guished mostly  by  some  peculiarity  in  color,  which  is  crimson,  white,  red,  purjili", 
scarlet,  yellow,  and  arranged  in  every  possible  order  of  stripes,  dots,  flakes  and 
angles. 

5  D.  plum^riuB  L.  Pheasant's  Eye.  Glaucous;  st.  2 — .3-flowered; /v. 
solitary;  calyx  teeth  obtuse;  scales  ovate,  very  acute;  h's.  liuear,  rough  at  the 
edge;  petals  many-cleft,  hairy  at  the  throat. —  2|  Native  of  Europe.  From  this 
species  probably  originated  those  beautiful  pinks  called  Pheasaut's-eye,  of  wliich 
tiiero  are  enumerated  in  Scotland,  no  less  than  300  varieties.  Fls,  white  and 
purple.     Jn, — Aug,  f 

6  D.  Bup^rbuB  L.  Lvs.  linear-subulate  ;  j?s.  fastigiate;  scales  short,  ovate, 
mucronato;  petals  pinnate. — !(.  A  singular,  beautiful  pink,  native  of  Europe. 
St,  2f  high,  branching,  with  many  flowers.  Petals  white,  gashed  in  a  pimiato 
manner  beyond  the  middle,  and  hairy  at  the  mouth,     Jl. — Sept, 

7  D,  Carthusiandrum  L,  The  Monthly  Pink,  common  in  house  cultiva- 
tion, with  bright  green,  charmeled,  linear  leaves,  short,  cuispitoua  sterna,  pink-red, 
double  flowers,  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  this  species.  " 

2.   SAPONARIA,  L.     Soapwokt.      (Latin  sapo,  soap;  the  muciliv 


Ordek  21.— CAKYOPHYLLAOE^. 


ginous  juice  is  said  to  make  soap.)  Calyx  tubular,  S-toothed,  without 
scales  ;  petals  5,  unguiculate  ;  stamens  10 ;  styles  2  ;  capsule  oblong, 
1 -celled.     Petals  often  crowned. 

1  S.  officiniliB  L.  Boukcino  Bet.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  inclining  to  elliptical ;  Hs. 
in  paniculate  fascicle  i ;  col.  cylindrical ;  crown  of  the  petals  linear. —  2^  By 
readsides,  N.  E.  to  Ga.  A  shady,  smooth,  succulent  plant,  witli  handsome,  pink- 
like  flowers.  St.  1 — 2f  high.  Lvs.  2 — 3'  long,  ^  or  more  as  wide,  very  acute. 
Fla  many,  flesh-colored,  often  double.  The  plant  has  a  bitter  taste,  and  make9 
lather  with  water.     Jl.,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  S.  (Vaccina)  vulgaris  Mdik.  Lva  ovate,  lanceolate,  sessile ;  fls.  in  pan- 
niculate  cymes ;  ccU.  pyramided,  5-angled,  smootli ;  bracts  membranous,  acute. — 
(D  Gardens  and  cultivated  grounds.  Whole  plant  smooth,  a  foot  or  more  high. 
Lvs.  broadest  at  base,  1 — 2'  long,  \  as  wide,  tapering  to  an  acute  apex.  FI3.  on 
long  stalks,  pale-red.  Caps.  4-toothed.  Sds.  globous,  black.  July,  Aug. 
§t  Eur. 

3.  SILENE,  L.  Campion.  (Silenus  was  a  drunken  divinity  of  the 
Greeks,  covered  with  slaver,  as  these  plants  are  with  a  viscid  secretion.) 
('alyx  tubular,  swellinij,  without  scales  at  the  base,  5-to<)thed ;  petals  5, 
unguiculate,  often  crowned  with  scales  at  the  mouth,  2  or  many-clet't, 
(n*  entire;  stamens  10  ;  styles  3  ;  capsule  .3-celled,  opening  at  top  by  6 
teeth,  many-seeded. 

§  Acauk'scent,  low,  tiiftod.    Perennial Xi).  1 

§  Cuulesueiit. — IV'tiils  fringe-cleft,  vvlilte  or  rose-color.     Perennial 7 Nos.  "2 — t 

— Petals  bifid  or  entire. — Calyx  inflated,  veiny.     Perennial No.s.  T),  0 

—Calyx  close  on  the  poil.  (*) 

*  Flowers  spicate,  alternate.     Annuall Nos.  T.  S 

♦  Flowers  not  spicate. — I'etal.s   pale,  closed  in  snns'.iine Nos.  !t.  10 

— Petals  red,  i)urple,  etc., — biHd Xos.  1 1,  I'i 

— entire Nos.  1=^ — 15 

1  S.  acatilis  L.  Low  and  densely  cfespitous ;  lvs.  linear,  ciliate  at  base ;  ped. 
solitary,  short,  l-flo\vered;  cal.  campanulate,  sliglitly  inflated;  pet.  obcordate, 
crowned. —  2^  A  little  turfy  plant,  1 — S  high,  on  the  "White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  and 
throughout  Arctic  Am.  Sts.  scarcely  any.  Leaves  numerous,  J'  long.  Fls. 
purple. 

2  S.  stell^ta  Ait.  Erect,  pubescent;  lvs.  in  whorls  of  i-i,  oval-kmceolate,  acum'm- 
ate;  cal.  loose  and  inflated;  petals  fimbriate. —  2^  An  elegant  plant,  woods  and 
prairies.  Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  111.  and  Ark.  St.  2 — 3f  high,  paiiiculately  cymous. 
Lvs.  2 — 3'  long,  ^  as  wide,  tapering  to  a  long  point,  ses.sile.  Cal.  pale  green, 
with  more  deeply  colored  veins.  Petals  white,  lacerately  fringed,  claws  webbed 
at  base.    Jl. 

3  S.  ovdta  Ph.  Erect,  puberuloiit ;  lvs.  opposite,  lance-ovate,  acuminate ;  cal. 
ovate,  not  inflated;  pet.  many-cleft,  crownless. — Virg.  to  Ga.,  rare.  Sts.  stout, 
2 — If  iiigh,  branched  from  the  base.  Lvs.  4—5'  long,  broadest  at  base.  Chiwii 
of  the  white  petals  cxserted  from  the  short  calyx,  the  limb  deeply  and  repeated!}' 
forked,  with  linear  segments.     Fil.  long,  exserted. 

4  S.  Baldwinii  Nutt.  Weak  hairy;  lvs.  obnvcUe-spnlulate ;  calyx  not  inflated; 
pet.  cuneiform,  divaricately  lirabriate. — River  bunks  near  Quincy,  Fla.  Sts.  de 
eumbent  at  base,  1  to  2f  hi<fh.  Lvs.  few,  nmch  sliortcr  than  tiie  mternodes,  1  t( 
2  long,  the  upper  elliptical,  acute.  Cyme  of  3  to  5  largo  (2'  broad),  pale  rose* 
colored  flowers.     Apr. 

5  S.  nivea  DC.  Minutely  puberident,  erect,  subsimplo ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate, 
acimiinato;  fl.s.  few,  solitary,  leafy;  eal.  infliited;  pet.  2-eleft,  with  a  small  lii lid 
crown ;  caps,  shorter  than  its  stipe. — If  In  moist  places,  Penn.,  Ohio,  111,  rare.  St. 
slender,  leafy,  IJ  to  3f  high,  generally  forked  near  the  top  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  6  to 
9",  tapering  to  a  very  slender  point,  floral  ones  lance-ovate.  Fls.  1  to  8.  Cal. 
reticulated.     Petals  white. 

6  8.  infl^ta  Smith.  Bladder  Campion.  Glabrous  and  glaucous;  lvs.  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  fls,  in  cymow^,  leafless  panicles,  drooping ;  caL  ovoid-globular,  much 


lii. 


(.     I 


'     I 


Zi 


1 


t56 


Okdeh  21.— caryophyllack^:. 


Ih 


' , '  1 


;!!•■:; 


inflated  and  netted;  sty.  long-exaerted ;  caps,  short-stiped. — 1(  In  pa.sturM, 
about  fences,  New  England  to  Peno.  St.  erect,  about  2f  hiyh.  Lva.  L]  to  3' 
lonj,'.  J  as  wide,  ratlier  acuminate.  Petals  white,  cleft  half  way  down.  Cal.  with 
palp  purple  veins.  Jl. — The  young  shoots  and  leaves  may  bo  used  as  a  substitute 
fi)r  -isparagus.     §  Eur. 

7  S.  quinquevulnera  L.  Branched,  villous ;  Ivs.  oblong-spatidate,  obtuse,  the 
higlii'st  linear;  spike  somewhat  one  sided;  cal.  very  villous;  petals  roundish,  en- 
tire, crowned. — 'h  About  Charleston,  S.  C.  A  foot  high.  Petals  pink  or  crim- 
son, with  the  border  pale-purple.     Jl.     §  Eur. 

8  S.  noctdrna  L.  St.  branching,  hairy  below  ;  Ivs.  pubescent  with  long  ciliie  at 
base,  lower  ones  spatulate,  upper  lance-linear;  fls.  appressed  to  the  stem  in  a 
dense  one  sided  spike ;  ral.  cylindrical,  almost  glahrous,  reticulated  between  the 
veins;  pet.  narrow,  2-pnrtcd. — ''V  Near  New  Haven,  Ot.  (Robbing)  to  Penn.,  Va. 
Fla.  vvliite,  greenisli  beneath.     Jl.  f  g  Eur. 

9  S.  Antirrhina  L.  Snaim)Ragon  Catcii-fly.  Nearly  smooth,  erect,  branched 
above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  linear ;  lis.  few,  on  slender  pedicels  or 
brandies ;  cal.  ovoid ;  pet.  emarginate. — (l)  Road  sides  and  dry  soils.  Can.  and 
U.  S.  flt.  slender,  branching,  with  opposite  leaves,  about  a  foot  in  height.  Lvs. 
about  2  long,  the  upper  ones  very  narrow,  all  sessile,  and  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gin. A  few  of  tlie  upper  internodes  are  viscidly  pubescent  above  their  middle. 
Fls.  small,  red,  in  loose,  erect  cymes.     Jl. 

/?  LiVABiA.     Very  slender;  lvs.  all  linear  except  the  lowest,  which  are  linear- 
spatulate  ;  oal.  globular.     &a.  and  Fla. 

10  S.  noctifldra  L.  Visrid-pubesrent ;  st.  erect,  branching;  lower  lva.  spatu- 
late, upper  linear  ;  ral.  rylindriral,  ventricous,  the  alternate  veins  veinleted,  teeth 
subulate,  very  ioug ;  petals  2-parted. — I'l^  Cultivated  grounds.  Fls.  rather  large, 
white,  expanding  only  in  the  evening,  and  in  cloudy  weather,  f  §  Eur. 

11  S.  Vlrginica  L.  Viscid-pubescent;  st.  procumbent  or  erect,  branching; 
root-lvs.  spatulate,  caulino  oblong-lanceolate  ;  Jls.  large,  cymous,  cal.  large,  clavate ; 
pet.  bilid,  broad,  crowned. — 1(  Gardens  and  fields,  Penn.  to  Ga.  St.  1  to  2f 
liigli,  often  procumbent  at  base.  Lvs.  a  little  rough  at  the  margin.  Cymea 
dichotomou.s.     Sta.  and  pistils  exserted.     Petals  large,  red.  Jn.  f 

12  S.  rotundifolia  Nutt.  Pubescent,  weak,  decumbent,  branching;  lvs,  thin, 
roundish-oval;  7?v.  .soliiary,  very  largo;  cal.  cylindrir-campamdate ;  pet.  bifid, 
crowned. — Ro:;ks,  Western  Spates,  rare.  Lva.  1  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  the  upper  sub- 
orbicular.     Petals  deep  scarlet.     Jn.,  Aug. 

13  S.  Pennsylvanlca  Mx.  W'^viA-puhesrent;  sts.  numerous  ;  lvs.  from  the  root 
Sjtatulate  or  cuneate,  of  the  stem  lanceolate;  cyme  few-Jtowered ;  pet.  slightly 
emarginate,  subcrenate — If.  Dry,  Handy  soils,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.  St.  de- 
cumbent  at  baso,  iicMrly  If  higli,  with  long,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  terminal,  up- 
right bundles  of  liinvers.  Cal.  lonjr,  tubular,  very  glutinous  and  hairy.  Pet. 
wedge-siiaped,  red  or  purplisli.     Jn. 

14  S.  rdgia  Sims.  Sim.kndid  Catoii-f[.y.  Srabrou-^,  somewhat  viscid  ;  st.  rigid, 
erect;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate;  ryme  paniridatc ;  pel.  oblanceoiate,  entire,  eroso  at 
the  end;  sta.  and  stig.  exserted. — 11  A  largo  species,  beautiful  in  cultivation, 
native  Oliio  to  La.  Sts.  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  8  to  15".  Fla.  very  large, 
numerous.  Cal.  tubular,  10-striate,  1'  Ion."'  Petals  brigiit-scarlet,  crowned. 
Ju.,  Jl.  f 

15  S.  Armaria  L.  Garden  Catch-fi.y.  Ve^ y  sviooth,  glaucous ;  st.  branching, 
irlutinous  below  each  node  ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  fls.  in  corynibous  cymes ;  pet. 
oliconiate,  crowned;  cal.  clavate,  lO-stFiate. — (If  A  popular  gaiden  flower,  spar- 
in%'ly  naturalized.  St.  1  to  Uf  high,  many-flowered.  Lva.  \\  to  2\'  long,  ^  na 
wide  ;  internodes  elongated.  Cal.  |'  long,  a  little  enlarged  above.  Petals  pui^  lo, 
laminae  half  as  long  as  the  ciilyx.     Jl.,  Sept.  f  §  Eur. 


4.  AGROSTbMMA,  L.  Corn  Cockle.  (Cr.  dypovarefi^a,  crown 
of  the  field.)  Calyx  bractless,  tubular,  coriaceous,  the  limb  ot'  5  long, 
ieatV,  deciduous  Bcpals,  exceeding  the  corolla  ;  petals  undivided,  crown- 


Ordrr  21.— CARYOPIIYLLACE^.  -257 

less  ;  stamens  lU;  styles  5  ;  capsule    1-celietl,  opening  at  tiie  top  by  5 

teeth. — c\)  and  (g).    Erect,  hairy,  dichotomous. 

A  Qithago.  A  well  knowi;,  handsome  weed,  growing  in  fields  of  wheat  or 
other  grains,  and  of  a  pale  green  color,  {jt.  2  to  iJf  high,  Ibrked  abovi".  Lvs. 
linear,  long  (3  to  5'),  fringed  with  long  ha'rs.  Fls.  few,  large,  of  a  dull  purple,  on 
long,  naked  atJilks.  Sds.  roundish,  angulai',  purplisii-black,  injurious  to  the  white- 
ness of  the  flour.     Jl.  §  Eur.     (Lychnis  Citliago  Lam.) 

5.  LYCHNIS,  L.  (Gr.  Af^vof,  a  lamp;  some  cottony  species  liaving 
been  used  as  lamp-wick.)  Calyx  bratjtless,  tubular,  oblonjr  or  ovoid, 
fimb  of  5  sliort  lobes,  persistent ;  petals  5,  entire  or  cleft,  mostly 
crowned;  stamens  10;  styles  5;  capsule  more  or  less  5-celled  at  base, 
opening  by  5  to  10  teeth. — Handsome  perennials,  cultivated. 

§  Fls.  perfect,— Petals  entire  or  2-parteil Nos.  1 ,  i 

— Petals  laeiniiiti',  <>r  4-parted Nos.  M.  4 

§  Flowers  diomous.     Petals  'J-lubed Nos.  .'>,  6 

1  L.  coron^ria  DC.  Muli.eix  Pink.  Rosk  Campion.  VilU>u-s-;  at.  di- 
chotomous; ped.  long,  \-flowered ;  cal.  campanulate,  veined;  j)t(.  broail,  tritire. — 
Native  of  Italy.  Whole  plant  covered  with  dense  wool.  St.  2f  high.  Fls. 
purple,  large.     Varieties  are  white-flowered,  red  double- flowered,  etc.  f. 

2  L.  Chalceddnica  L.  Scarlet  Lyciu'Iis  or  Sweet  William.  Smoothish; 
fts.  fasricviate ;  ml.  cyllndric,  clavate,  ribbed  ;  pet.  2-lohed. — .V  flno  garden  flower, 
native  of  Russia.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  with  dark  green,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate 
Ivs.,  and  large,  terminal,  convex,  dense  fascicles  of  deep-scarlet  flowers.  It  has 
varieties  of  wnite  fls.  and  also  with  double.     Jn.,  Jl.  f . 

3  I-.  FlOBcCiculi  L.  RAGCiEP  Robin.  Smoothisli ;  st.  ascending,  dichotomous 
at  summit;  Jts.  fascicled ;  cal.  campanulate,  10-ribbed;  pet.  in  4  deep,  linear  seg- 
ments.— Native  of  Europe.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  rough  angled,  viscid  above.  Lvs. 
lanceolate,  smooth.  Fls.  pink,  very  beautiful,  with  a  brown,  angular,  smooth 
calyx.     Caps,  roundish,  1-celled.     JL,  Sept.  f 

4  L.  corondta  L.  Chinese  Lycunis.  Smooth ;  fls.  terminal  and  axillary,  1  to 
3  ;  cal.  rounded,  clavate,  ribbed ;  pet.  laciniate. — Native  of  China.  St.  1  to  2f 
high.  Petals  of  lively  red.  remarkable  lor  their  large  size.  There  are  vaiieties 
with  double  red  and  double  wliite  flowers,  f. 

5  L.  dMrna  L.  St.  dichotomous-paniculate ;  fls.  $  i  ;  pettds  half-bifld,  hbef! 
narroiv,  diverging;  caps,  ovoid-globous. — Native  of  UnUiin,  almost  naturali/.od. 
Sts.  about  2f  high,  pubescent.  Lvs.  1  tp  3  )ui|tf,  (j|)|l)tic-ovate,  acute.  Fls.  light- 
purple,  middle  size,  " ';    '"' 

6  L.  dioica  L.  Lioecious ;  st  didiotomous-paniculate ;  petals  half-bifid,  the 
lobes  broad,  approxi ) tinting ;  raps,  conical. — Hardy  at  the  South.  St.  2f  high, 
hoary-pubescent.  Lvs.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  1  to  2  long.  Fls.  white,  middle- 
size.     Jn. — Aug.     f  Kur. 

6.  CERASTIUM,  L.  Mouse-ear  Chick-wekd.  (Hr.  Kt:pnr,  a  liorn  ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsule  of  some  of  the  s[)eci('s.)  Calyx  of 
5,  ovate,  acute  sepals;  C(jrolla  of  5,  bifid  prtals  ;  stamens  10,  some- 
times 5  or  4,  the  alternate  ones  shorter;  styles  5  ;  capsules  cylindri- 
cal or  roundish,  elongated,  o[)ening  at  the  apex  by  10  teeth  ;  seeds 
numerous. — Fls.  cymoiis,  white. 

§  Petals  iibont  ns  long  as  tlie  calyx.    \os.  I.  2 

$  Petals  imicli  longer  than  the  ciilyx >,us.  :i & 

1  C.  viilg^tum  L.  [fniry,  pale  green,  cespitous  ;  lvs.  attenuated  at  base,  ovat« 
or  obovate,  obtuse;  flu.  in  subcapitate  clusters;  sep.  wlien  young,  longer  than  tht 
pedicels. — 'V  Fields  and  waste  grounds.  Can.  and  U.  S.,  flowering  all  summer. 
St.  6  to  12  long,  ascending,  mostly  forked.  Lvs.  5  to  8'  by  :$  to  5  ',  mostly  very 
obtuse,  lower  ones  tapering  to  the  base.  Fls.  in  d.nise,  terminal  clusters,  tlTo 
terminal  (central)  one  solitary,  always  the  oldest.  Seps.  mostly  green,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  corolla.     P'^tals  white,  appearing  in  10  segments. 


\f 


k 


258 


Order  21.— CARYOPHYLLACEJi]. 


2  C.  viscdsum  L.  Ilairy,  viscid,  spreading;  Ivs.  oblong  lanceolate,  ratlier  a^ut^; 
Ji-'-.  in  loose  cymes;  sep.  scarious  and  wiiite  on  the  margin  and  apex,  shorter  tfoin 
the  pedicels. — '^4^  Fields  and  waste  jjrounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Plant  greener  tliau 
tilt'  last.  Sis.  many,  assurgent.  dichotomously  cymoiis.  Lvs.  5  to  9"  long,  ^  to 
f  as  wide,  radical  ones  subspatulate.  Fls.  wiiite,  in  dilFuse  cymes.  Pet.  hardly 
as  long  as  the  sep,,  obovate,  bifid,     Sta.  rarely  but  5.     Jn. — Aug. 

3  C,  arvense  L.  Pubescent,  somewhat  c?e!^pitous;  Iva.  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
olten  longer  ilian  the  internodes;  cyme  on  a  long,  terniinul  peduncle,  four-flow- 
crtd ;  petals  more  than  twice  longer  than  the  caly.v ;  caps,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
sf-pals. — %  Rocky  liills.  Sts.  4  to  10'  high,  decumbent  at  base.  Lvs.  9  to  15" 
long,  1  to  2"  wide.  Fls.  white,  rather  large.  Caps,  usually  a  little  longer  than 
the  calyx.     May — Aug. 

4  C.  oblongifdlium  Torr.  Villous,  viscid  above;  st.  erect  or  declined;  lvs. 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  and  shorter  than  the  intornodcs  ;  fls.  numerous, 
in  a  spreading  cyme  ;  pet.  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  caps,  about  twice  as  long  as 
thi.  calyx. — "^l-  Rocky  places.  Sts.  6  to  n»  high,  thick.  Lvs,  9  to  12"  by  H  to  5", 
tapering  from  base  to  an  acute  or  obtuse  apex,  Fls.  larger  than  either  of  the 
foregoing,  white,  in  two  or  three-forked  cymes,     Apr. — Jn, 

5  C.  niitanB  Raf.  Viscid  and  pubescent ;  St.  weak,  striate-sulcate,  erect ;  lvs- 
lanceolate ;  lis.  many,  diffusely  cymous,  on  long,  filiform,  nodding  pedicels ;  pet, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  cal. ;  caps,  a  little  curved.,  nearly  thrice  as  long. — 'V. 
Low  grounds,  Vt.  to  111.  and  La.  Pale  green  and  clammy.  Sts,  8  to  16'  high, 
branched  from  the  base.  Lvs.  I  to  2'  long,  \;  as  wide.  Fls.  white.  May. — 
Varies  greatly  at  different  dates ;  beginning  to  flower  when  small  in  all  its  parts. 


7.  STELLARIA,  L.  Star  Chickweed.  (Latin,  stella,  a  star — from 
the  stellate  or  star-like  flowers  )  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base  ;  petals  5, 
2-partecl,  rarely  0 ;  stamens  10,  rarely  fewer ;  styles  3,  sometimes  4; 
cjipsule  ovoid,  1-celled,  valves  as  many  as  styles,  2-parted  at  top  ;  seeds 
many. — Small  herbs  in  moist,  shady  places.  Fls.  in  forked  cymes  or 
axillary,  white. 

§  stems  lonfv  to  the  top,  or  with  lenfy  bracts,  (a) 

§  Steins  leatii'S.s  above,  beuring  scarious  bracts Nos.  6—8 

a  Leavesoviite.    Stems  prostrate,  pubescent. Nos.  1,  2 

a  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear Nos.  3—5 

1  S.  mddia  Smith.  Chickweed.  Lvs.  ovate ;  st,  procumbent,  with  an  alternate, 
lateral,  hairy  line;  pet.  shorter  than  the  sep;  sta.  3  to  5  or  10. — A  common  weed 
in  almost  every  situation  N.  of  Mexico,  flowering  from  the  beginning  of  Spring 
to  the  end  of  Autumn,  Sts.  branched,  becoming  cymous,  brittle,  round,  jointed, 
leafy,  and  remarkably  distinguished  by  the  hairy  ridge.  Fls.  small,  white.  The 
seeds  are  eaten  by  poultry  and  birds.     §  Eur. 

2  S,  prostrdta  Baldw.  Lvs,  ovate,  the  lower  on  long  petioles,  sts.  procumbent, 
hollow,  pubescent;  fls,  on  long  pedicels;  pet.  longer  than  sepals;  stam,  7. — ^3)  Ga. 
and  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  4f  long,  slightly  channelled  and  downy ;  lower  lvs.  sub- 
cordate,  shorter  than  the  ciliate-petioles.     Fls.  small.     Mar.,  Apr 

3  S.  pilbera  Michx.  St.  ascending,  pubescent  in  one  lateral  or  two  opposite  lines; 
lvs.  oblong  or  elliptical,  acute,  sessile,  somewhat  ciliate;  fls.  on  flliform,  finally 
recurved  pedicels;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals. —  2f  In  rocky  places,  Penn,  to 
lad,  and  Ga.  St.  6  to  12'  high,  often  diffusely  spreading.  Lvs,  1  to  2^'  by  4  to 
10  ',  with  minute,  scattered  hairs.  Fls.  J'  diam.,  axiUary  and  terminal,  with  10 
stamens  and  3  styles.     Sep,  white-edged.     Apr. — Jn. 

4  S,  unifldra  Walt.  St.  glabrous,  erect,  branched  from  the  base;  lvs.  linear- 
subulate,  lanceolate,  acute ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  l-flowered ;  pet.  emarginate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sep,— (D  N.  Car,,  Ga,,  in  swamps.  Sts,  10 — 12'  high,  slen- 
der, Lvs.  much  shorter  than  the  internodes.  Ped.  filiform,  as  long  (2  to  3')  aa 
the  internodes.     May. 

5  S,  boredlis  Bigelow,  St.  weak,  smooth;  lvs.  veinless,  lanceolate,  acute;  ped. 
at  length  axillary,  elongated,  l-flowered ;  petals  2-parted  (sometimes  wanting), 


Okdeb    21.— OAUYOI'HYI.L  ^CK.^E. 


L'ny 


nbdut  iqual  to  the  voinlesa  sepals. — T  "Wot  placis,  N.  II.,  N.  Y.,  N.  to  Arctic 
Am.  A  spreading,  flaccid  plant.  St.  tJ  to  12  or  15'  louf!;,  with  ditVuso  cyiiiert 
both  teruiiiial  and  axillary.  Lvs.  8  to  15  long,  1 -veined.  Petals,  when  pri'sciit, 
white,  small,  at  length  about  a.s  long  aj  the  lanceolate,  acute  sepals.  Caps,  longer 
than  the  calyx.     Jn.,  Jl. 

6  S.  aqu^tica  PoUieh.  Nearly  glabnms ;  at.  slender,  decumbent ;  lvs.  lance' 
oval  (ind  abUirkj,  acute,  witli  manilest  veinlets;  cymes  hiteial;  scp.  lam-  olato, 
very  acute,  :5-veineii,  ratiicr  longer  than  tlie  bilid  petals;  cap-^.  ovoid,  about 
equalling  the  calyx;  sty.  3. — 1\  Swampj  springs,  Penn..  Md.  (Dr.  Rohbins); 
also.  Rocky  Mts.  A  very  slender  plant,  6  to  12  lonpr,  with  inconspicuous  llowers 
Lvs.  6  '  by  2  to  3".     May.     (Labnea  uliginosa  Hook.) 

7  S.  longipes  Goldie.  Smooth  and  shining ;  st,  i  loro  or  loss  doeumbont,  with 
ascending  branches;  Ics.  Hufar-lancolate,  broadest  at  base,  aouir;  jteduncles  and 
pedicels  erect,  filiform,  cymous,  w.tl  ovate  membranous  bracts  at  base;  Si-p.  with 
membranous  margins,  ob.scurely  3- veined,  sea u-ely  shorter  than  llie  petals. — %■ 
Lake  shores,  N.  Y.  and  Mich.  Petals  white,  -'-[)arted.  Fls.  in  loose  cymes,  the 
terminal  peduncle  or  the  middle  one  the  longest.     Jn. — Aug 

8  S.  longifdlia  Muhl.  Lvs.  linear;  cyme  terminal,  spreading,  with  laTiceolate, 
scarious  bracts ;  pedicels  spre.iding;  cal.  -veined  abor>  equal  to  the  petals. — U. 
S.  N.  to  Arc.  Circle.  The  stems  are  ol  considerable  length,  very  slender  and 
brittle,  supported  on  other  plants  and  busln'.s.  L\  -.  alternate  at  V)aso.  Fls.  in  a 
div,  ricate,  naked  cyme,  very  elegant,  white,  appearing  in  10  segments  like  the 
other  sijecies.    Three  sharp,  green  veins  singularly  distinguish  the  sepals.   Jn.,  Jl. 


ii; 


i 


8.  ARENARIA,  L.  Sandwort.  (Lat.  arena,  sand  ;  in  which  most 
species  grow.)  Sepals  5,  spreading;  petals  5,  entire;  stamens  10, 
rarely  fewer  ;  styles  3  ;  ovary  1 -celled  ;  capsule  3-valved,  valves  each 
2-parted  ;  seeds  oo. — Sty.  rartly  2  or  4. 

Arhnaria.    Leaves  and  sepals  acute.    Seels  not  appendaged Nos.  1,  2 

M<KKiN«iA.     Leaves  and  sepals  obtuse.    Seeds  stropliiolate. No.  3 

1  A.  serpylHfolia  L.  Thyme-leaved  Sandwort.  St.  dichotomous,  spreading ; 
Ics.  ovate,  m.  itt-,  subciliate;  cal.  acute,  striate;  petals  shorter  than  the  Ciilyx ; 
cai»s.  ovale,  G-luothed. — (1)  By  roadsides  and  in  sandy  fields,  Ms.  to  Ga.  Sts. 
numerou.s,  downy,  with  reflexed  liairs,  a  few  inches  in  length.  Lvs.  but  little 
longer  than  a  flaxseed,  beautifully  ciliat<>.  Fls.  on  axillary  and  terminal 
peduncles.  Pet.  white,  oval,  mostly  much  sliorter  than  the  3  to  5-veined,  accu- 
minatc,  hairy  sepals.     Jn. 

2  A.  diffusa  Ell.  St.  long,  decnmbont,  diffuse ;  lvs,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends;  ped.  1 -flowered;  sep.  acute:  pet  oval,  entire,  much  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  but  generally  wanting. — Moist  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Ga, 
Sts.  clambering,  2  to  5f  in  length,  pubescent.  Lvs.  minutely  dotted,  attenuate 
at  base  often  to  a  petiole,  G  to  12  '  long.  Ped.  twice  as  long,  terminal,  but  soon 
axillary.  Cal.  as  long  (1")  as  in  Xo.  1.  Apr. — Jn.  (Stellaria  lanuginosa  Torr. 
&Gr.) 

3  A.  lateriflora  L.  Upright,  slightly  pubescent ;  lvs.  oval,  obtuse ;  ped.  lateral, 
2  to  3-flowered ;  sds.  (strophiolate)  appendaged  at  the  hilum. — %  Damp,  shady 
grounds,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  St.  6  to  10'  high,  nearly  simple,  slender.  Lvs. 
€'llTptical,  rounded  at  each  end,  6  to  10"  long,  J  as  wide,  on  very  short  petioles. 
Ped.  terminal  and  lateral,  2  to  3'  long,  dividing  into  2  or  more  filiform  pedicels, 
one  of  them  with  2  braeteoles  in  the  middle.  Fls.  4"  diam. ;  white  petals  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.     Jn.     (Mccringia,  L.) 


;i' 


9.  ALSINE,  Wahl.  Grove  Sandwort.  (Gr.  aAcrof  a  grove ;  the 
favorite  locality  of  these  little  plants.)  Sepals  5  ;  petals  5,  entire  or 
merely  notched  at  apex  ;  stamens  10  ;  styles  3  ;  ovary  1 -celled  ;  cap- 
sule deeply  3-valvcd,  valves  entire;   seeds  oo. — Small,  slender  herbs, 


^ 

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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Corporation 


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WUSTIR.N.Y.  14SI0 

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Obdek  21.— (JAIlVorilVKLACK^j. 


■♦♦ 


with  very  narrow,  iniimte  Ivs.  and  wliitj  fls.     (The  species  were   for- 
merly inchided  in  the  last  genus.) 

5  Sepals  3  to  S-vcincil,  nciilo N'os.  1—8 

I  So|)als  veinli'ss,  obtuse. — Leaves  densely  iiiibrieiitetl No.  4 

— Leaves  opposite,  distant Xos.  5— T 

1  A.  p^tula  Gray.  Diffusely  and  divarirately  branched,  glandulHr-pubfsecnt ; 
Ivs.  liucar-tiliforin,  obtuse ;  petals  emarginate. —  f)  lloeky  cliffs,  Va.  and  Ky.  Sts. 
exceedingly  .lender,  6 — 10'  higii,  many  from  one  root.  Lvs.  few  and  n)inuto,  :{ 
to  5"  long,  obtn.se  under  a  lens.  Cyme  at  lengtii  diffuse  and  many-flowen  d. 
Petals  twice  aa  long  (2')  as  tiio  3  to  5-veined  sepals.     Jn.,  JL     (Arenaria  Mx.) 

2  A.  Pftcheri.  Erect,  fastigiately  branched,  almost  glabrous ;  lvs.  linear,  obtusi^, 
flat;  pet.  entire,  twice  as  long  a.s  the  6-veined  sepals. — fX' Davison  Co.,  Teiin. 
(Prof.  Calender),  and  westward.  Sts.  several  from  one  root,  simple,  with  a  few  - 
flowered  (:$  to  7),  pedunculate  cyme  at  top,  3  to  6'  high.  Lv.s.  rather  erect,  3  to 
6''  by  J".  Pedicoia  minutely  glandular.  Petals  about  3"  long.  (Anmaria, 
Nutt.) 

3  A.  strfcta.  Glabrous,  diffuse ;  st.  branched  from  the  base;  lvs.  subuiato-iin- 
ear,  rigid,  so  fascicled  in  tlio  axils  aji  to  appear  wkorled;  cymes  few-tloworoi!, 
with  spreading  branches. —  2^  Sterile  grounds,  Arc.  Am.  to  Car.  Sts.  3  to  10' 
high.  Lvs.  5  to  8"  long,  very  narrow  and  acute,  rigid,  sessile,  1-veincd,  much 
fascicled  in  the  axil.^  Pet.  obovate-oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  3-veined,  ovate- 
lanceolate  sepals.     May,  Jn.     (Arunaria,  Mx.  Alsine  Miehauxii  Fenzl.) 

4  A.  squarrdsa  Fenzl.  Ojespitous;  st.  few-flowered;  lower  lv.s.  .squarrouH-im- 
bricate,  crowded,  upper  ones  few,  all  subulate,  elianneled,  smooth  ;  pet.  obovnte, 
3  times  longer  tiian  the  obtuse,  veinlosa  sepals. — '4-  I»  sandy  barrens,  Long 
Island  to  Ga.  Sts.  6  to  10'  high,  pubescent,  much  divided  at  ba.so  into  eimpio 
branches.  Lv.s.  about  J'  long,  obtuse,  sessile.  Fls.  wliite,  in  small,  terminal 
cymes.    Sep.  green.    Caps,  obtuse.     Apr., — Sept.     (Arenaria  Mx). 

5  A.  Oreenldndica  Fenzl.  despitous ;  sis.  numerous,  filiform ;  lvs.  linedr.  fiat, 
spreading;  ped.  I-flowered,  elongated,  divaiicate. —  If  Summits  of  higli  moun- 
tains, N.  IL,  N.  Y.  to  Greenland.  It  grows  in  tufted  ma.ssea  consisting  of  exceed- 
ingly numerous  stems  about  3'  high,  and  sprinkled  over  witii  largo  (8''  diiim ) 
wliite  fls.  with  yellow  stamens.  Lvs.  4  to  C"  by  J",  numerous.  Sepals  uvuto, 
veinless.     Aug.     (Arenaria,  Spreng.) 

6  A.  brevif61ia.  Erect  {uot  tutted),  few-leaved;  sts.  many,  filiform,  simple,  cjm- 
ous  above ;  lvs.  minute,  1 0  times  shorten-  than  the  internodes,  ovate,  subulate ;  sep. 
oblong. — Rocks  (Stone  Mt.,  Ac),  Ga  Sts.  almost  capillary,  2 — 3'  high,  with 
about  3  pairs  of  leaves  and  3  to  7  flowers  on  long  pedicels.  Fls.  not  half  as  large 
as  in  the  preceding  (about  4 '  diam.)  Lv.s.  1''  long.  Apr.,  May.  (Arenaria 
N-itt.) 

7  A.  glabra.  Ctespitous,  glabroiis ;  sts.  deetimbent,  filiform ;  lvs.  linear-setaceous, 
spreading;  sep.  oval,  veinless,  half  as.  long  iia  the  petals. — 1(  Mts.  Car.  toGa.  and 
Ala.  Sts.  very  numerous,  5  to  8"  high,  forming  grass-like  tuft:s,  tlie  branches 
exceedingly  slender,  divaricate.  Lvs.  6  or  6  "  long.  It  dift'ers  from  No.  5,  in  its 
bristle-siiaped  leaves  and  smaller  (5  "  broad)  fls.,  and  from  No.  6,  in  its  tuftt'd 
Btonis.     (Arenaria  Mx.,  ncc  Ell.) 


10.  SAGINA,  L.  l*EAHLWORT.  [Liit.  mifina,  food  or  noiuishnnMit ; 
badly  applied  to  these  minute  plants.)  Sepals,  styles  nnd  ])etals  4  or 
5,  the  latter  entire,  often  0 ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
sepals;  capsule  4  or  6-valved,  many-seeded. — Diminutive,  spreading 
herbs,  with  narrow  leaves  and  small,  white  flowers. 

1  S.  prooikmbens  L.  Procumbent,  glabrous ;  pet.  about  half  as  long  as  the  roundish- 
obtuse  sepals ;  sta.  Sep.  and  pot.  4  or  6. — !(.  A  small  weed,  with  slender,  creeping 
stems,  3  or  4'  long,  Ibund  in  damp  places,  R.  lal.,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  Lvn  very 
small,  linear,  mueronate-pointed,  connate  or  opposite.  Fls.  wliite  and  greeu, 
Axillary,  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.     Jn. 


Order  21.— CARYOPHYLLACK.-E. 


261 


2  S.  er^Cta  L.  Asrending,  simple,  fflabroiis;  pet.  as  lony  as  thf  lin-eolat'',  aciiie 
si-pals ;  Sep.  pot.  and  stu.  4. —  h  Dry  pljict's,  Md.  Sts.  sniootli  and  glaiu-ous,  "J  or 
3  high,  witli  ouly  one  or  two  fls.  Lvs.  linear,  acute,  4  to  o  '  long.  Caps,  ovate, 
as  long  a.s  the  calyx.     Apr.,  May.  g  Eur.     (NIcenchia  quatemoUa  Fenzl.) 

3  S.  EUiottii  Fenzl.  Taffed,  deciunbeut,  glabrous;  lvs.  linear-subulate,  vtry 
acute ;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  '{/ ;  pet.  hardly  a-i  lony  as  the  sep.: 
ffta.  10. — '^2J  Sandy  fields  and  woods  at  the  South,  common.  St.  2  to  3'  long. 
Lvs.  6  to  1 0"  long,  connected  at  b."! so  by  a  membrane.  Fls.  much  8n)aller  than 
in  No.  1.     Petals  white,  hardly  as  largo  iis  tiie  sepals.     Mar..  Apr. 

4  S.  noddsa  Fenzl.  Tufted,  nsrendhvj.  glabrous;  /'w.  siibulatc,  the  ujipor  very 
short  and  fa-sc'iled;  fls.  \/;  pet.  mwh  hnger  than  the  tiep. ;  sta.  10. — 11  Lake 
shores,  Can.,  .slo  of  Shoals,  N.  II.  (Robbins).  Sts.  many  from  one  root,  sub- 
simple,  appearing  kno*;ted  by  the  short,  dense  fascicles  of  leaves. 

5  S.  fontin^lis  Short.  Procumbent,  glabror.s;  lvs.  linear-spatulat^i ;  petals  0; 
sta.  4  to  6. —  D  Ky.  (Short  and  Peter.)  An  herb  of  larger  growth  than  the  otlier 
species,  on  limestone  rocks.  Sts.  a  foot  long.  Sep.  4  or  6,  obtuse,  longer  than 
the  depressed  capsule.     Apr.,  May.     (A  var.  of  Stellaria  crassifolia  Ehrh.?) 

6  S.  apetala  L.  Erect  and  puliescent ;  lvs  linear-subulate;  ped.  elongated  ascend- 
ing in  fruit;  sep.  and  sta.  4;  pet.  very  minuto  or  0. — 1 1) Sandy  fields,  N.  J.,  Venn. 
Sts.  numerous,  filiform,  2  to  4'  high.     Sep  acute,  shorter  than  the  caps.     May,  Ju. 

ii.  HONKENYA,  Ehrh.  Se.\  S.^ndwoht.  (Ninno<l  in  h<»iior  of  J. 
G.  Hoiikem/a,  a  (Jonnaii  bota.iist.)  Sepals  5,  united  at  base  ;  petals  5, 
with  sliort  claws,  entire ;  staineiis  10,  inserti'<l  into  tlio  creiiate  ed^e  of 
a  conspicuous  disk ;  styles  3  to  5  ;  capsule  8  to  5-valveil,  iiiany-seedeil. — 
fT  Herbs  of  the  .sea  coast,  with  fleshy  lvs. 

H.  peploides  DC.  Abundant  on  the  Atlantie  coast,  X.  .T.  to  T.ab.  St.'^.  creep- 
ing, with  upright  branches,  If  long,  fbnning  dense  tutts.  Lv.s.  ovate,  halt'  clasp- 
ing, acute,  thick,  5  to  7  or  10  "  long,  more  than  half  as  wde,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  internodea.  Fls.  .?mall,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles.  Sep.  veinle.-«,  exceeding 
the  white  petals.     May,  Jn.  (.Vdenarium,  llaf ) 

12.  SPERGULA,  L.  Spurry.  (Lat.  sper^jo,  to  scatter  ;  from  the  flifi- 
persion  of  the  seeds.)  Sepals  5,  nearly  di.stiiict ;  pe'  als  5,  entire ; 
stamens  5  or  10;  styles  5;  capsule  ovate,  6-\alved,  the  valves  opposite 
the  sepals  ;  seeds  go  ;  embryo  coiled  into  a  ring. —  0  Herbs  with  fls.  iu 
loose  cymes.     Lvs.  verticillate.     Stipules  sea*'    is. 

S.  arv^nsis  L.  Lvs.  linear-subulate;  ped.  reflf  i  in  fiuit ;  sds.  reniforai,  an-TU- 
lar,  rough. — A  weed  in  cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Ga.  Rt.  small.  St.  round, 
branched,  with  swelling  joints,  beset  with  copious  whorled  Iva,  somewhat  downy 
and  viscid.  Two  minute  stipules  under  each  whorl.  Cyme  forked,  the  tcrnnnaJ 
(central)  peduncles  bending  down  as  the  fruit  ripens.  Petals  white,  lo:ige>-  llian 
the  calyx,  capsule  twice  as  long.  Sds.  many,  with  a  membranous  margin. 
May — Aug.     §  Eur. 

13.  SPERGULARIA,  Pcrs.  Red  S.\ndwort.  Sepals  5;  petals  5, 
entire;  stamen  2  to  10;  styles  and  valves  of  the  capsule  8  (rarely  5, 
and  then  alternate  with  the  sepals) ;  seeds  c»  ;  embryo  curved. — i  j  Q^ 
Low,  spreading  and  slender-leaved,  with  red  or  rose-colored  fls.  Stip. 
scar  ions. 

8.  riibra  Pers.  St.  decumbent,  mueh  branched  ;  lvs.  linear,  slightly  nnuToniitr ; 
Btip.  ovate,  membranc»ouo,  cleft  ;  sep.  lanceolate,  witii  sciarioua  margins  ;  sds.  com- 
pressed, angular,  rougiiisli. — Sandy  fields,  ('an.  to  Flor.,  near  the  aea  coast.  Sts. 
a  few  inches  in  length,  slender,  smooth,  spreading  on  the  ground,  with  small  nar- 
row lvs.,  and  dry,  sheathing  stip.  Fls.  small,  on  hairy  stalks.  May — Oct. 
(Arenaria  rubra  L.) 

8.  M\RINA  L.     Lvs.  fleshy,  usually  much  longer  than  tbe  intpjnodoa,  not  mu- 
cronatp.  .xoeds  ninrurinlcps. — In  salt  iium'sIicb. 


\r    i 


I 


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i «         A'm 

^    'Mm 


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26i 


Obdeu  til.— CARYOrilVLLACE.*:. 


i 

1 

3 

I 

■\ 

-ir 

m- 


14.  POLYCARPON,  L.  All-seed.  (0.  nokvg,  many,  «ap7rof,  fruit. 
The  capsules  arc  numerous.)  Sepals  5,  ovate,  carinate,  scarious-edged  ; 
capsule  3-valvud,  many-seeded. — :I)  Lvs.  opposite  and  quaternate  on  the 
low  spreading  branches. 

P.  tetraph^llum  L.  Lvs.  spatulate  or  oval,  tapering  to  &  petiole,  some  of  them 
in  whorls  of  4 ;  stain.  3. — Around  Charleston,  S.  Car.  A  low,  much  branched 
plant,  Hts.  ',i  to  G  high.  Lvs.  2  to  5"  long.  Stip.  several  at  each  joint,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  inenibraneous.  Fla  small,  in  dense  cymes.  Pet.  much  shorter  than 
Sep.,  lioiched,  white.     May,  Ju.     §  Eur. 

15.  STIPULICIDA,  Michx.  (Lat.  atipula,  ccrdo ;  the  stipules  being 
much  cleft.)  Sepals  oblong,  with  broad,  scarious  margins  ;  petals  5,  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  entire ;  stigmas  3,  subsessilc ;  capsule  subglobous, 
3-valvtd,  few-seeded. — (p  A  slender,  tufted,  dichotomously  branched 
herb,  almost  leatiess,  with  the  small  Us.  in  terminal  cymules. 

S.  seticea  Mx.  In  dry,  sandy  soils,  Ga.  (Feay,  Mettauer)  and  Fla.  (Chapman). 
8t.s.  niatiy  fioin  one  root,  glabrous,  6  to  10'  higli,  each  several  times  forked,  slen- 
der, the  branches  almost  setaceous.  Root  lvs.  roundisli-obovate,  narrowed  to  a 
petiole,  1  '  diam.  Joints  distant,  each  marked  by  a  fringe  of  leaves  and  stipules 
^  '  long.     Fls.  sessile,  4  to  6  together,  green  and  white,  at  length  reddish.     May. 

16.  PARONtCHIA,  Tourn.  Nailwort.  (Gr.  irapa,  with,  ovv^.  the 
nail ;  i.  e.,  (he  whitlow  ;  supposed  cure  for.)  Sepals  5,  linear-oblong, 
comiiveiit,  slightly  hooded  and  mucronate  or  awned  near  the  apex; 
petals  or  sterile  filaments  very  narrow  and  scale-like  or  none  ;  stain.  2, 
3,  or  5  ;  stiguias  'i  ;  with  the  styles  more  or  less  united  into  1 ;  utricle 
1-seeded,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. — Low  herbs  dichotomously  branched, 
with  scarious,  silvery  stipules,  and  at  least  the  lower  lvs.  opposite. 

I  Paronyciua.    St'imls  evidently  awnod  at  apex.    Lvs.  linear  ami  subulate Nos.  1,  2 

§  .^NY<iHA  (\{\.  partly).    Sep.  merely  mucronato  at  apex.    Lvs.  lanceolate  to  oval.(*) 

*  Stems  procumbent,  diffuse  on  the  j;round.     Stamens  & Nos.  3,  4 

*  Sttiiita  erect,  witli  diffusely  ascending  branches.    Stamens  2  or  8... Nos.  6,  6 

1  P.  dichotdma  Nutt.  Glabrous,  densely  branched ;  lvs.  acerose,  mucronate ; 
bracts  like  the  leaves;  cymes  fastigiate,  with  no  central  flower ;  sep.  S-veined,  cus- 
pidate.— %■  Rocks  (Harper's  Ferry),  Va.,  and  Car.  to  Ark.,  rare.  Densely  matted 
and  branched,  the  flowering  stems  6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  crowded,  1'  by  |".  Sty. 
bifld  at  top.     Minute  setae  in  place  of  petals.     Jl. — Nov. 

2  P.  argyr6coma  Nutt.  Pubescent,  tufted,  decumbent;  lvs.  linear,  acute;  cymes 
glomerate,  terminal;  fls.  enveloped  in  dry,  silvery  bracts:  sep.  hairy,  l-veined, 
setaccously  cuspidate. — 'i[  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  in  the  gorge  behind  the  Willey 
hjiise  (Chapman)  and  in  the  Allegh.  and  Cumb.  Mts.  Flowering  stems  4  to  10' 
high.  Lvs.  crowded,  6  to  10'  long.— Fls.  concealed  in  the  bracts;  the  cusp 
equaling  tiie  sepals.     Jl. 

3  P.  herniarioides  Nutt.  Scabrous,  diffusely  branched  ;  lvs.  oval  or  oblong, 
mucronate;  the  raminal  alternate.  Fls.  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  sep. 
3-veined,  merely  mucronate. — '^1-  N.  Car.  (Miss  Carpenter)  to  Ga.,  in  sandy  soil. 
A  litt'.e  depressed  plant,  spreading  on  the  sand,  with  minute  lvs.  and  fls. 
Branches  alternate  with  1 -sided  branchlets.  Lvs.  3 — 2 — 1"  long,  J  as  wide, 
stip.  shorter.     Pis.  \'  long. 

4  P.  Baldwfnii  Torr,  &  Gr.  Diffusely  branched,  procumbent;  hs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  very  acute,  nil  opposite ;  fls  longer  than  the  setaceous  stipules,  mostly 
tc*-minal,  stclked  ;  stam.  6. — Fla.  (Mettauer),  in  dry  fields.  Sta.  more  openly 
branched,  many  from  the  same  root,  covering  a  circular  spot  12 — 20'  diam. 
Lvs  few,  3 — 8  "  long,  ^ — 2  "  wide,  Bcssile.     Fls.  a  ^  largri  than  in  No.  3.     Oct. 

5  P  Canad^naia.  Stem  erect,  slender,  pubescent,  many  times  forked,  with 
slender  or  capillary  branches  .;   lvs.    lanceolate,  varying  to  oblanceolate  ;   th« 


Order  22.— PORTULACACE^l 


263 


•auline  opposite,  the  raminal  alternate ;  2  pairs  of  scarioua,  subulate  stipules  at 
eacii  fork,  whicli  aro  sliorter  than  tiib  tiower ;  stylo  none ;  utricle  equaling  the 
greenish  .sppals. — Hilly  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ark,  Hight  6 — 10  or  18  , 
often  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  4 — 10  long,  somewhat  stalked.  Fls.  J"  long,  aone- 
wliat  pedicellate.  Seed  globular,  rosin  colored.  Jn. — Aug.  (Queria,  L.  Any  nia 
Ci'pillaL'oa  Nutt.) 

/3.  PUMILA.  Dwarf,  a  few  inches  (2 — 4')  high,  the  lvs.  reduced  in  proportion, 
very  pubescent ;  stems  short-jointed,  tufled,  lis.  sessile,  glomerate ;  style  as 
long  as  the  ovary  (at  least  in  specimens  from  Md.  sent  by  Mr.  II.  Shriver), 
forked  at  apex.     (A.  dichotoma  DC.) 

17.  SIPHONYCHIA,  Torr.  and  Or.  (Gr.  oi^nov,  a  tube,  that  is,  AnycLia 
with  a  tubular  calyx,)  Sepals  linear,  petaloid  above,  coherent  into  a 
tube  below,  unarmed ;  petals  5  setic  alternate  with  tlie  stamens ;  style 
filiform,  minutely  bifid  ;  utricle  included  in  the  calyx. — ®  Procumbent, 
diffuse  and  widely  spreading.     Fls.  in  glomerate,  terminal  cymules. 

S.  Americana  Torr.  and  Gr. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1 — 2f  in  length.  Lvs. 
oltlanceoliite,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  12 — 9 — 6"  long,  obtuse.  Bracts, 
like  the  lvs.,  very  small.  Fls.  very  numerous,  1"  or  more  in  length,  with  hooked 
bristles  below.     Sep.  white  above.     (Uerniaria  Nutt.) 

18.  SCLERANTHUS,  L.  Knawel.  (Gr.  (T«A?/p6f,  hard,  avBo^ ;  when 
in  fruit  the  floral  envelope  appears  hard  and  dry.)  Sepals  5,  united 
below  into  a  tube  contracted  at  the  orifice;  petals  0;  stamens  10, 
rarely  5  or  2;  styles  2,  distinct;  utricle  very  smooth,  inclosed  in  the 
hardened  calyx  tnbe. — (£)  A  prostrate,  diffuse  little  weed,  exstipulate. 

S.  dnnuuB  L.  Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  Sts.  numerous, 
branching,  decumbent,  short  (3 — G'),  Lvs.  linear,  acute,  short,  opposite,  partially 
united  Ht  tlieir  bases.    Fls.  very  small,  green,  in  axillary  fascicles.     Jl. 

19.  MOLLUGO,  L.  Carpet-weed.  Calyx  of  6  sepals,  inferior,  united 
at  base,  colored  inside;  corolla  0;  stamens  5,  sometimes  3  or  10;  fila- 
ments setsiceous,  shorter  than  and  opposite  to  the  sepals ;  anthers  simple  ; 
capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many  seeded  ;  seeds  reniform. — Lvs.  at  length 
apparently  verticillate,  being  clustered  in  the  axils. 

M.  verticlU^ta  L.  Lvs.  cuneiform,  acute ;  st.  depressed,  branched ;  pedicels 
l-Hower>d,  subumbellute  ;  sta.  mostly  but  3. — (1)  Dry  places  throughout  N. 
America.  Sts.  slender,  jointed,  branched,  lying  flat  upon  the  ground,  forming  a 
roundish  patch.  At  every  joint  is  a  cluster  of  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  lvs.  of 
unequal  gize,  usually  5  in  number,  and  a  few  flowers,  eacii  on  a  solitary  stalk, 
■which  is  very  slender,  and  shorter  than  the  petioles.    Fla.  small,  white.    Jl. — Sept. 


4> 


f  AM 


^' 


^   '1 


1,1 


Order  XXII.     PORTULACACE^.     Purslanes. 

Tlerhs  succulent  or  fleshy,  with  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers. 

Sifpals  2,  united  at  base,  rarely  8  or  5.     Petals  6,  rarelj  0,  more  or  less  imbricated 

ixi  lestivatiou.     Sta.  variable  in  number,  but  opposite  the  petals  when  as  many. 

Ova.  superior.  1 -celled.     Sty.  several,  stigmatous  along  the  inner  surface.     Fr.  a 

pyxis,  dehiscing  by  a  lid,  or  a  capsuie,  loculicidal,  with  as  many  valves  as  stigmas. 

Seeils  few  or  many,  on  long  funiculi  from  the  base,  or  on  free  central  placent«B. 

Gentra  27,  Hpei-ie.H  260,  inhabiting  dry  places  in  every  quarter  of  the  world.    They  possess  no 
jeiiiiirkable  properties. 

GENERA. 

|Si'pal«B.    Petals  none.    Fruit  a  pyxis Sfsuvicm.     1 

I  Sepals  '2.— Stamens  5,  opposite  the  R  petals Clwtonia.  S 

—Stamens  7  to  80,— hypogynous,  capsule  8-valved Talinum.      8 

— perlgynous.    Pyxis  opening  by  b  lid Pobtulaca.  4 


■  f 

1 

'''.I 

X. 

m 

N. 

'.^jw 

t^ 

p!| 

iM 

2U4 


OUDKU  22.— I'ORTUL.VCAOK/E. 


:*>• 


1.  SESUYIUM,  L.  Sea  Purslane.  Supals  o,  united  below,  colore*! 
inside;  petalsj  0;  stjunens  few  or  many,  always  more  than  the  sepals, 
and  inserted  on  them  ;  capsules  (pyxis)  few,  3-celled,  opening  trans- 
versely like  a  lid ;  seeds  oo  minute. — Succulent  sea-side  herbs,  with 
opposite  Ivs.  and  axiihii y,  solitary  lis. 

S  portulacdstrum  Tourn.  Lvs.  linear-spatulate ;  fla.  seasile  or  short-peduiicled ; 
stam.  oo- — Sea-coast,  in  sand,  X.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  round,  branebing,  smooth,  thick, 
a  foot  or  more  in  length.  Lvs.  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  to  a  petiole,  very  thick 
and  smooth.  Ped.  much  shorter  than  tlie  leaves.  Sep.  roae-white  inside,  exceed- 
ing the  rose-colored  stamens.     Jl.,  Nov. 

2.  CLAYTbNlA,  L.  Spring  Beautv.  Fig.  383,  384.  (In  memory 
of  John  Clayton,  one  of  the  earliest  botanists  of  Virginia.)  Sepals  2, 
ovate  or  roundish,  petals  5,  ©margined  or  obtuse,  stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  claws  of  the  petals;  stigmas  3-cleft ;  capsule  3-valved,  2  to 
5-seeded. — Small,  fleshy,  early  flowering  plants,  arising  from  a  small 
tuber.      Stem  with  1 — 4  leaves. 

1  C.  Carolini^na  M.K.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  sep.  and  pet.  obtuse. — %  A  dolicnt© 
little  plant,  common  in  woods  and  rocky  hills,  Can.  to  N.  Car.  W.  to  the  Mi.ss. 
Rt.  a  compressed,  brown  tuber,  buried  at  a  depth  in  the  ground  equal  to  the 
bight  of  the  plant.  Root  lvs.  very  few  if  any,  spatulate.  St.  weak,  2  to  3  iiigh, 
with  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves  halfway  up,  which  are  1  to  2'  by  4  to  8  ,  entire, 
tapering  at  base  into  tiie  petiole.  Fls.  in  a  terminal  cluster,  white  with  a  tingo 
of  red,  and  beautifully  penciled  with  purple  lines.     Apr.,  May. 

2  C.  Virginica  L.  Lvs.  linear  or  lance-linear;  sep.  rattier  acute,  pet.  obovate, 
mostly  emarginate  or  retuao ;  ped.  slender,  nodding. — %  In  low,  moist  grounds. 
Mid.  and  S.  States,  W.  to  Mo.,  rare  in  N.  ling.  Tuber  as  large  as  a  hazel  nnt, 
deep  in  the  ground.  St.  6  to  10  long,  weak,  with  a  pair  of  opposite,  very  narrow 
iva.  3  to  5'  long.  Fls.  5 — 10,  rose-colored,  with  deeper  colored  veins,  in  a  ter- 
mimU,  finally  elongated  raceme.     Apr ,  May. 

3.  TALINUM,  Adans.  Sepals  2,  ovate,  concave,  deciduous ;  petals 
5,  sessile;  stamens  10  to  20,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the  torus  ; 
style  trifid  ;  capsule  subglobous,  3-valvcd,  many-seeded. 

T.  teretifdlium  L.  St.  simple  or  branched,  short  and  thick;  lvs.  linear, 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  on  short  branches;  ped.  elongated;  ds.  in  a 
dichotomous  cyme. — 4  An  interesting  plant  on  rocks,  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  west- 
ward. Rhizome  or  perennial  stem  tirra  and  fleshy,  with  fibrous  roots.  Branches 
1  to  3'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  incurved,  fleshy.  Bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  min- 
ute. Ped.  5  to  8'  high,  very  straight,  slender,  and  smooth.  Fla.  8''  lnond, 
purple,  ephemeral.  Stam.  about  20.  Caps,  globular,  with  35  seeds.  Jn., 
Aug. 

4.  PORTULACA,  Tourn.  Purslanes.  Sepals  2,  the  upper  portion 
deciduoua;  petals  5  (4  to  6),  equal ;  stamens  8  to  20 ;  styles  3  to  6- 
cleft  or  parted ;  pyxis  subglobous,  dehiscing  near  the  middle,  many- 
seeded. — IjOw,  herbaceous,  fleshy.     Fls.  expanding  only  in  sunshine. 

1  P.  oler^cea  L.  Lvs.  cuneate ;  fls.  seasile. — <T)  A  prostrate,  fleshy  weed,  more 
common  in  our  gardens  than  desirable.  St.  thick  and  succulent,  mucli  brandiod 
wid  spreading,  smooth.  Lvs.  fleshy,  sessile,  rounded  at  the  end.  Fls.  yellow. 
Tiio  herbage  of  the  plant  is  of  a  reddish-green  color.  Sometimes  used  as  a  pot- 
kerb.     Jn.,  Aug.  §. 

2  P.  grandifldra  TTook.  Sts.  ascending,  much  branched,  brandies  subcrect, 
enlarged  upwards;  lv.s.  linear,  acute,  the  axils  villous,  with  long,  woolly  hairs; 
fla.  terminal,  sessile,  1  or  few  together,  surrousded  by  ao  irregular  circle  of  leaves 


■^- 


Ordeb  24.-MALVACE^. 


2tt5 


and  deusu  tufta  of  wool ;  pot.  obovate;  stam   about  15. — %  A  very  delieato  pUml. 
with  purple  stems  and  bright  purple  fl.s.  IJ'  diam. 

P.  GillidBii  Hook,  with  short.  cyHndncal,  blunt  Ivs.,  somewhat  flattened, 
ascending,  branoiied  stems,  and  large,  deep  purple  fl.s.,  is  also  popular  in  house 
cultivation.     These  species  ara  natives  of  S.  America,  f 


Order  XXIII.     ME8EMBRYACE.E.     Ice-plants. 

Plants  flesl)y,  of  singular  and  various  form,  yet  beautiful,  with  opposite,  fleshy 
leaves.  Fls.  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal,  remarkable  for  their  profusion,  brilliant, 
iiiid  of  long  duration.  Sdpals  definite;  petals  numerous,  colored,  in  many  rows. 
Sla.  indefinite,  distinct,  arising  from  tlie  calyx  (perigynous).  Ova.  inferior  or  nearly 
superior,  many-celled.  Stigmas  numi^roiis.  Caps,  many-celled,  opening  in  a  stel- 
late manner  at  the  apex,  or  one-celled.  Sds.  more  commonly  indefinite,  attached  to 
tlie  inner  angle  of  the  cells,  or  to  a  free  central  placentic. 

(ieiici'ii  5.  npecies  .S"5.  oliii-fly  n;itivos  of  tlie  arid,  siintly  plains  of  t lie  Oa|i«  of  Oooil  Hojie. 
Tlie  .>i|iecie.s  aro  iiuicli  cultivated  for  ornuiiient.  Lewi.sia  rediviva  of  Ori'u'ori,  called  Spietluin,  i» 
highly  valued  for  its  farinaceout<,  nutritive  roots. 

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  L.  (Gr.  /te<77/jii/3pm,  mid-day,  avBo^\ 
flowers  expanding  at  mid-day.)  Calyx  5-cleft ;  petals  very  numerous, 
linear;  stamens  QC,  perigynous;  capsule  inferior,  fleshy,  turbinate; 
seeds  numerous,  either  axile  or  parietal. 

1  M.  orystallinum  L.  Ice-plant.  Biennial,  procumbent ;  Ivs.  largo,  ovate, 
acute,  wavy,  frosted,  3-veiued  beneath. — A  popular  liouso  plant,  from  Greece.  It 
has  a  creeping  stem,  If  or  more  io  length,  and  with  the  leaves  is  covered  over 
with  frost-like,  warty  protuberances,  giving  the  plant  a  very  singular  aspect. 
Fls.  white,  appearing  all  summer,  f. 

2  M.  grandifldrum  L.  Perennial,  procumbent,  spreading ;  Ivs.  petiolate, 
opposite,  cordate-ovate ;  cal.  4-cleft,  2-horned. — %  An  interesting  plant  in  houso 
cultivation,  from  Cape  Good  Hope.  The  whole  plant  fleshy  and  succulent,  like 
others  of  Its  kind.  F'.s.  pink-colored.  Calyx  thick,  green,  the  horns  op|K)8ite. 
Caps,  translucent,  marked  at  summit  with  cruciform  linos,  f. 


j-m 


'm 


Order  XXIV.     MALVACE^.     Mallows. 

Ift-rbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  stipulate  Ivs.  and  regular  flowers,  with  5  sepals 
united  at  base,  valvate  in  the  bud,  often  subtended  by  an  involucel ;  5  petals  hyp> 
gyiious,  convolute  in  the  bud,  with  the  stamens  Qo,  monadelphous,  hypogynoue, 
and  1-celled,  reniform  anthers.  Pistils  several,  distinct  or  united,  and  stigmas  vari- 
ous. Fruit  a  several-celled  capsule,  or  a  collection  of  1 -seeded  indehiscent  caipela. 
Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen,  and  a  curved  embryo.      (Fig.  252,  362.) 

Genera  40,  specie«  IdOO.  abundant  in  tli©  tropics,  frequent  in  the  temperate  zones,  entirely 
vanting  in  the  frigid.  Cotton,  one  of  the  most  important  products  of  the  vejretnhle  kingdom,  It 
the  coma  of  the  seeds  (§  5S5)  of  (io-'*6yi>iuni.  Many  of  the  Malvaceae  are  handsoinu  flowerln|5 
plants,  and  are  often  cultivated  as  such. 

i'/ ojycr«€.v.— Gonerally  abounding  in  mucilage,  and  destitute  of  any  deleterious  qualitiei. 

GENERA. 
I  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.,  havinj;  no  Involucel.  (b) 
I  Calyx  in volucelate. — Carpels  (and  styles)  more  than  5.  (a) 
—Carpels  3  to  &  only, — one-seedod.  (o) 

—3—  00-seeded.  (d) 

a  Involucel  of  6  to  9  bractlets.    Carpels  1 -seeded Ai,tii.«a.         1 

a  Involucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.     Carpels  1 -seeded Malva.  3 

a  Involucel  of  8  united  bractlets.     Carpels  l-seeded Lavatrra.     8 

»  Involucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.    Carpels  2-seeded Morioi.a.        4 


\u\ 


V\yv^ 


J6fl  Orueb  24.— MALVACKJi. 

b  Flowers  (lifeclous.    Stij^iiiiis  lo,  liiu-iir Sapma.  5- 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Carpels  &  or  more,  l-si'ctled Sida.  6 

b  Flowers  perfect.     Carpels  5  or  many,  :<  to  9-sueile<l Aiu'TILoh,  T 

O  StiKiniis  10.     Carpels  .%  baccate,  united Malvavisoks.        8 

C  Stigmas  10.    Carpels 5,  dry,  dis;lnct I'avoma.  9 

O  Stigmas  5.     Carpels  .\  dry.  united  Into  a  iM)d Kostklktzkva.  10 

d  Involucre  of  many  bractlets.    Calyx  regular. . , lliBisns.  U 

d  Involucre  of  many  bractlets.     Calyx  s|^llt  on  one  siile .\iiri,mos<'||i;s.  12 

d  Involucre  of  8  inclsely  toothed  bractlets Oussyi*il'm.  V-i 

1.  ALTH^A,  L.    Marsh  Mallow.    (Gr.  akOio,  to  cure  ;  the  iiiucil- . 
aginous  root  is  highly  esteetned  in  medicine),    ('alyx  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  6  to  9-cleft  invohicel ;  styles  oo,  with  linear  stigmas;  carpels  oo, 

1 -seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged  circularly,  and   at  maturity  separating 

from  the  axis. 

1  A.  ofiBcin^lis  L.  Lvs.  soft-downy  on  both  sides,  cordate-ovate,  dentate,  some- 
what  3-bbed;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary,  many-jiowered. —  If  Me. 
to  N.  Y.,  borders  of  salt  marshes.  St.  3f  high,  erect,  firm,  covered  with  tliiok 
woolly  down,  with  alternate,  velvet-liko  leaves.  Fls.  large,  axillary  and  terminal, 
pale  purple.  The  root  as  well  as  the  other  parts  of  the  plants,  abounds  in  niiici- 
lage,  and  in  medicine  is  often  used  aa  an  emollient.     Sept.if     §  Eur. 

2  A.  rdsea  Cav.  Hollyhock.  St.  erect,  hairy ;  lvs.  cordate,  5  to  l-angM, 
rugous;  fls.  axillary,  sessile. — '^  A  tall  plant,  very  commonly  cultivated  in  gar- 
d  JUS.  Numerous  varieties  have  been  noticed,  with  single,  double,  and  .semi-double- 
flowers,  of  various  shades  of  color,  as  white,  rose-coloreil,  flesh-colored,  dark  rod, 
and  even  a  purpUsh  black,  purple,  yellow,  straw-color,  etc.  f  China?  (Aicea 
rosea  L.) 

3  A.  ficifdlia  Cav.  Fig-leaved  Hollyhock.  St.  erect,  hairy ;  lvs.  palmate, 
7-lobed  beyond  the  middle,  lobas  oblong,  obtuse,  angular-toothed. — '2.  St.  tall  as 
the  above.     Fls.  orange-colored,  f     Levant.     (Alcea  licifolia  L.) 

2.  MALVA,  L.  Mallow.  (Gr.  //aAa;^?/,  soft;  on  account  of  the  soft 
mucilaginous  properties.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  involucel  3-leaved  ;  petals 
obcordato  or  truncate ;  styles  oo,  with  linear  stigmas ;  carpels  oo, 
1-celled,  l-seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged  circularly,  and  at  maturity  sep- 
arating from  the  axis. 

§  Leaves  orbicular,  with  5  to  7  ani;iilar  lobes.    Carpels  obtuse Nos.  1— .3 

I  Leaves  triangular-deltoid,  scabrous.    Carpels  itcutu No.  4 

§  Leaves  palmately  6  to  7-parted Nos.  5,  6 

1  M.  rotundifdlia  L.  Low  Mallow.  St.  prostrate;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate^ 
obtusely  5-lobed ;  ped.  in  fruit  reflexed  ;  cor.  {pale)  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.— ^ 
%  Common  in  cultivated  grounds.  Sts.  numerous,  a  foot  or  more  long.  Lvs. 
somewhat  reniform,  crenate,  with  5  to  7  shallow  lobes,  and  on  long,  hairy  stalks. 
Ped.  axillary,  aggregate.  Petals  pale  pink,  deeply  notched.  Fr.  depressed-glob- 
0118,  composed  of  the  numerous  carpels  arranged  circularly,  not  wrinkled.  The 
child  sportively  calls  them  cheeses.    Jn. — Oct.     §  Eur. 

2  M.  sylv^stris  L.  High  Mallow.  St.  erect :  lvs.  5  to  7-lobed,  lobes  of  the 
upper  lvs.  rather  acute;  carp,  very  rugous;  pet.  (purple)  3  times  longer  than  sep. — 
A  popular  garden  flower  of  the  easiest  culture,  often  springing  up  spontaneously 
in  fields  and  road-sides,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Height  3f.  Fls.  reddish-purple, 
with  veins  of  a  darker  hue.  The  whole  plant,  especially  the  root,  abounds  in 
mucilage.     Jn. — Oct.     §  Eur. 

3  M.  orfspa  L.  St.  erect ;  lvs.  angular-lohed,  dentate,  crisped,  smooth ;  fls. 
(white)  axillary,  sessile. — (D  A  tall,  straight,  simple,  erect  plant  from  Syria.  Gar- 
dens, almost  naturalized.  St.  5  to  Gf  high.  Lvs.  large,  roundish,  margins  abun- 
dantly crisped  and  curled.     Fls.  white,  not  conspicuous.     Jn. — Aug.  f     § 

4  M.  trlanguldta  Lea  v.  St.  erect,  hirsute;  lvs.  strigous,  triangular-deltoid, 
lower  ones,  cordate,  all  undivided,  coarsely  crenate ;  panicle  terminal,  diffuse, 
ma  ly-flowered ;  petals  purple;  carp.  10  to  15,   slightly  beaked. — Prairies  and 


Order  24.— MALVACEiE. 


267 


bottoms,  Wis.,  111.  to  Ark.  A  handsome  but  rather  rough  species,  2  to  3f  high. 
Root  fusiform.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2  ,  on  long,  hairy  petioles,  thick.  Fls.  nearly 
as  large  (1  J'  diam.)  as  those  of  M.  sylvestria  Beak  of  the  carpels  hori/.outal,  a 
mere  angle.    Jl.,  Aug.     (Callirrhoe  Gray.     M.  Houghtonii,  Ist  ed.) 

.5  .M.  papdver  Gav.  Poppy  Mallow.  Lvs.  palmately  3  to  5-parted,  on  long 
petioles,  segments  oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  toothed ;  fls.  on  very  long  peduncles. — 
%  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.  A  curious  species,  strongly  reminding  one  of  the  poppy 
(Papaver  Rheas)  in  the  form  and  size  of  tiie  bright  red  or  purple  fls.,  and  the  very 
long  (5  to  8'),  upright  peduncles.  Sts.  branclied  from  the  base,  .scabrous,  asieiid- 
ing  12  to  18'.  Lvs.  variable,  the  lobes  usually  quite  narrow  and  open,  2  to  3 
lorjg.  Petals  erose-crenulate.  Involucel  (rarely  wanting)  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
May — Aug.     (Nuttallia,  Graham.) 

6  M.  moBchslta  L.  Musk  Mallow.  St.  erect;  radical  lvs.  reniform,  incised, 
cauline  ones  5-parted;  tlio  segments  linear-cuneiform,  incisely  lobed ;  pedvudes 
shorter  than  the  leaves. — Native  of  Britain.  St.  2f  high,  branclied.  Fls.  large 
and  handsome,  rose-colored.  The  whole  herb  gives  out  a  musk-like  odor  in 
favorable  weather.     Jl.  f 

3.  LAVATtRA,  L.  (Named  in  honor  of  tho  two  Lavaters,  physicians 
of  Zurich.)  Calyx  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  3  united  bracteoles  ; 
stigmas  co,  filiform  ;  carpels  (X),  1-celled,  1-seeded,  indeliiscent,  arranged 
circularly  as  in  Malva. 

1  L.  arbdrea  L.  Tree  Mallow.  Lvs.  7-anglod,  downy,  plicati^ ;  ped. 
1-flowered,  clustered  in  he  axils,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole. — '^2)  A  splendid 
plant  for  borders  or  shrubberies,  from  Europe.  Uight  about  6f  Fls.  purple. 
Sept..  Oct.  f 

2  L.  Thuringiaca  L.  Lvs.  somewhat  downy;  lower  ones  angular,  upper 
J-lobeil,  the  middle  lobe  largest;  ped.  solitary  in.  each  axil.  — 11  From  Germany. 
Hight  4f.     Fls.  light-blue.     Sept. 

3  L.  triloba  Willd.  St.  and  lvs  downy;  Iv.s.  subcordate,  roundisli.  obseurely 
3-lobed  above,  crenate;  ped.  solitary,  aggregated  at  top  of  stem;  scps.  acu- 
minate, slightly  larger  than  invol. — Gardens.  Hight  2 — 3f  Via.  liglit  purple. 
Jn.,  Jl.     f  Spain. 

4.  MODIOLA,  Moench.  (Lat.  modiolu,H,  a  certain  measure  ;  from  the 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  a  basket.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  an 
involucel  of  3  bractlets  at  base;  stigmas  15 — 20,  capitate;  carpels 
same  number,  2-i3eeded,  transversely  2-celled,  2-valved.— -(T>^  I'rostiate, 
with  cleft  lvs.  and  small  flowers. 

M.  multffida  Moench.  St.  rooting  at  the  joints ;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate, 
3 — 5  cleft,  segm.  cut-toothed;  ped.  soon  longer  than  the  petioles. — Car..  Ga.,  and 
Fla.  Diffusely  spreading  1 — 2f,  thinly  hirsute.  Lvs.  about  1'  broad,  on  petioles 
of  similar  length.  Fls.  5 — 6  "  diam.,  purplish  red,  opening  only  in  s^unshiue  at 
midday.  Carp,  each  opening  by  2  valves,  the  valves  each  tipped  with  a  slender 
beak.     May — JL 

5.  NAP^A,  Clayt.  (Gr.  varr?/,  a  wooded  valley  between  mountains, 
where  Clayton  discovered  the  plant.)  Involucel  none  ;  calyx  5-tooihed ; 
fls.  dioecious ;  styles  6 — 8,  with  filiform  stigmas ;  carpels  as  many, 
1-seeded,  indehiscent,  beakless,  circularly  arranged. —  U  Tall,  with 
large,  palmately  divided  lvs.  and  small  white  fls.  in  leafy  panicles. 

N.  dioica  L.  A  rare  plant,  in  rocky  valleys  and  deep  shades,  Peim.,  Va.,  to  111. 
Sts.  slender,  nearly  smooth,  4 — 6f  high,  supported  by  other  plants.  Lvs.  rather 
rough,  7 — 11 -parted,  the  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  3 — 6'  long, 
acuminate,  upper  lvs.  5-parted,  much  smaller.  Fls.  4 — 6"  diam.  Petals  twice 
longer  than  the  calyx.     Aug.     (Sida  dioica  Cav.) 


n, 

4; 


ir  :: 


i 


208 


Order  24.— MAIA'ACE^E. 


m 


■I 


6.  SIDA,  L.  Calyx  6-cloft,  without  an  involucel ;  tis.  perfect;  styles 
6  or  more,  with  capitate  stigmas;  ovary  5  to  many-celled;  capsule  of 
5  or  more  l-seeded  carpels;  radicle  superior. 

Lihvl!*  p.ilmiiti'ly  parteil.     Fls.  rose-white.     C'arpel.t,  beakol No*.  1,  2 

Lcavc'!>  iiiKiis  i(U>il.     Fls.  yellow. — C'lirpc'.s  5.   No  3 

— Curpels  8— 12 ,..N(»s.4— 6 

1  S.  Napaea  Cav.  Nearly  glabrous;  Ivs.  palmately  S-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  acu- 
minate, cuarsely-tuofhed ;  pod.  inauy-lliiwerod ;  carpels  10,  acuminate-beaked. — 
y  In  rocky  woods,  Penn.  and  Va.  (rare,  more  uominon  in  gardeihs).  yt,a.  2 — 4f 
higli.  Lobes  of  the  Ivs.  2 — 3  long.  Fla.  white,  twice  larger  (7 — y'  broad)  than 
in  Napica  dioica.  Petals  obovate,  twice  longer  than  tlie  calyx.  Jl.  f  (Napaja 
Levis  and  herniaphrodita  L.) 

2  S.  alcaeoides  Mx.  Strigous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  palmately  5 — 7-parted,  the  seg- 
ments laciniate ;  tis.  corymbed,  terminal;  carp.  10,  acute. — %  In  barren  Oakland;;, 
Tenn.,  Ky.  Sts.  1 — 2f  high.  Corymbs  3 — 6-flowered.  Fls.  nearly  as  large  as 
those  of  the  inusk  mallow,  to  which  plant  this  bears  a  general  re.semblanco. 
(Callirrhoe  alcaeoides  Gray.) 

3  S.  spindsa  L.  St.  rigid,  branched,  minutely  pubescent,  Iva.  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  witii  a  spinous  tubercle  at  tiie  base  of  the  petiole;  stip.  setaceous,  sltorter 
than  tlie  petioles  or  axillary  peduncles ;  carp,  birostrate. — '^g)  Sandy  fields  and 
roadsides,  Mid.,  S.  and  W.  States.  Plant  busiiy,  8 — IG'  high.  Lvs.  9 — 15"  long, 
^  as  wide,  mostly  obtuse  at  each  end  Petals  yellow,  obovate,  of  short  duration. 
Oarp.  5.     Jl.,  Aug. 

4  S.  hispida  Ph.  Hispid-pubesrent ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  and  rhombic-laucoolate, 
dentate-serrate  ;  stip.  subulate,  liispiil,  longer  tlian  the  petioles  or  axillary, 
solitary  or  clustered  peduncles  ;  carpels  2-horned,  10 — 12. —  2|  Sandy  soils, 
S.  Car.  Ga.  (Foay).  Sts.  much  branched,  12 — 18'  high.  Petioles  2 — 3"  long, 
the  peduncles  rather  longer,  jointless.  Petals  yellow,  a  little  exceeding  the 
calyx.     On  tlie  young  stems  the  lvs.  are  rhomboidal.     JL,  Aug. 

5  S.  Elli6ttii  Torr  &  Gr.  Lvs.  linear-oblong  and  linear,  denticulate,  obtuse  at 
base;  ped.  1-Howered,  a  little  longer  tlian  the  very  short  (2— -5")  petioles. — 
%  Sandy  plains,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  St.  slender  and  widely  branched,  2 — 5f  high. 
Lvs.  1 — 3'  long,  varying  from  narrowly  linear  to  oblong  (1 — 5"  wide).  Fls,  1' 
broad,  orange-yellow,  nearly  solitary  in  the  axils.  Petals  emargiuate.  Carp, 
about  10.     May — Aug. 

6  S.  rhombifdlia  L.  Lvs.  rhombic-oblong,  serrate,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base; 
ped.  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  jointed  just  below  tlie  flower;  caps.  2-beaked. 
— Sandy  soil,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  minutely  downy.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  rather  obtuse  at  apex.  Fls.  yellow,  1  to  9 "  broad,  the  stalks  1  to  2'  long. 
Cul.  angular,  witli  broad,  cuspidate  sepals.     May — Jl. 

7.  ABUTILON,  Dill.  Indian  Mallow.  Calyx  6-cleft,  without  an 
involucel,  often  angular ;  styles  5  to  20,  with  capitate  stigmas ;  carpels 
as  many,  jirranged  circularly,  each  1-celied,  3  to  6-seeded,  and  openirig 
by  2  valves. 

1  A.  Avio^nnae.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate,  dentate,  velvety-tomentous ; 
ped  shorter  than  the  petiole,  solitary;  carp,  about  15,  3-seeded,  inflated,  truncate, 
li-beaked. — (£>  Native  in  both  Indias  and  naturalized  in  most  of  the  States,  in« 
habiting  waste  places,  Ac.  St.  branched,  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  diam., 
deeply  cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  very  soft  and  velvety  at  sur- 
face.   Fls.  yellow,  near  1'  broad.     Jl.  § 

2  A.  Btridtum  Dick.  Shrub,  with  6-lobed,  long-stalked  lvs.,  the  lobes  acuminate, 
dentate ;  peduncles  long,  nodding,  with  a  handsome  bell-shaped  flower,  the  column 
exserted. — An  elegant  green-house  shrub,  flowering  at  all  seasons.  Petals 
orange-color,  with  conspicuous  purple  striae,    f  Brazil. 

8.  MALVAVISCUS,  Dill.  Glue  Mallow.  (Lat.  malva,  mallows,  vis- 
tut^  glne.)    Calyx  6-cleft,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  many  bractleta  j 


*'ih,.  jl 


Is 


Okukb  '2-L— MA1jVA.CK.E.  269 

petals  erect,  convolute ;  styles  10,  with  capitate  stijjfmas,  the  inner 
longer;  carpels  6,  baccate,  1-seeded,  forming  a  fleshy  fruit. — Half 
shrubby  plants,  with  showy,  red  flowers. 

1  M.  Druinin6ndii  Torn  k  Gr.  Tall,  niinutoly  toraentous ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cor- 
date, augularly-;{-lobi'(l,  croiiato;  pod.  axillary,  solitary,  shorter  than  the  petioles; 
tls.  erect ,  bracteoles  8,  liuear-sputuiato. — Texas.  Naturalized  about  N.  Orleans 
(Ilalu).  St.  round,  branched,  3  to  -tf  hij^ii.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  diatn.,  tlio  petioles 
half  as  long.  Fls.  bell-shapod,  scarlet.  Uoluran  slender,  twice  longer  than  the 
corolla,  f 

2  M.  Floridina,  with  loaves  ovate-cordate,  and  fla.  pendulous,  scarlet,  grows 
in  S.  Fla.  and  sometimes  in  the  green-house 

3  M.  arbdrea,  with  lvs.  3  to  5-lobed,  acuminate,  serrate,  and  scarlet  fls., 
from  Jamaica,  is  cultivated  often  in  the  green- house ;  and  also,  M.  mollis, 
velvety,  3-lobed,  sub-ontire  Iva 

9.  PA  VON  I  A,  Cav.  (The  Latin  name  of  the  peacock,  suggested  by 
the  colors.)  Calyx  5-sepalcd,  surrounded  at  the  base  with  an  involucol 
of  5 — 15  bractlets;  petals  roundish,  obtuse;  stigmas  10,  linear;  car- 
pels 5,  capsidar,  2-valved,  1-seeded. 

P.  Lecontii  T.  &  G.  Stem  shrubby,  much  branched  ;  lvs.  many,  small,  sagittate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  with  coarse,  obtuse  teeth,  the  lower  surface  hoary-tomentoiis, 
veins  prominent;  upper  surface  scabrous ;  sepals  ovate,  3-veined,  downy,  acunii- 
minate,  as  long  as  the  5  oval,  acute  bractlets ;  carpels  blunt,  rugous,  scarcely 
dehiscent. — Liberty  Co.,  Ga.  (Mr.  \V.  Jones).  Stem  4 — 5f  high.  Lvs.  IJ — 2' 
long,  the  floral  much  smaller.  Fls.  1^'  diam.,  rose- white,  with  a  deep  purple 
center.     (Malva  Lecontii  Buckley?) 

10.  KOSTELtTZKYA,  Presl.  (In  honor  of  Kosteletzky,  a  German 
botanist.)  Calyx,  involucel,  styles,  etc.,  as  in  Hibiscus.  Fruit  a  5-celled, 
depressed  capsule,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell. 

K.  Virginica  PresL  Lvs.  acuminate,  cordate,  ovate,  serrate,  dentate,  upper  aod 
lower  ones  imdivided,  middle  ones  3-lobed;  ped.  axillary,  and  in  terminal  racemes  ; 
fls.  nodding,  pistils  declinate. — %  Marshes  near  the  si'a,  L.  Isl.  to  Ga.  and  La. 
(Hale).  The  whole  plant  scabrous,  tomentous,  about  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  2  J'  by 
\\',  long-pointed,  somo  of  them  somewhat  3-lobed.  Fls  2J'  diam.,  red  or  rose- 
color.  Column  slender,  as  long  as  the  petals.  Caps,  hispid,  acute-angled.  Aug. 
(Hibiscus  Vii^.  L.  and  Ed.  2d.) 

li.  HIBISCUS,  L.  Calyx  5-cleft,  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  many 
bractlets,  column  long  with  the  stamens  lateral  and  the  6  stigmas  capi- 
tate ;  fr.  a  6-celled  capsule,  loculicidal,  the  valves  bearing  the  partitions 
in  the  middle  ;  seeds  3  or  many  in  each  cell. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Fls. 
large  and  showy. 

*  Calyx,  Ac,  hispid.    Leaves  palmatoly  divided Nos.  1,  2 

*  Culyx,  Ac,  tomentous.    Lvs.  uiiilivided,  angularly  lobed Nos.  'A,  4 

*  Calyx,  &c.,  glabrous. — ^Leaves  dee|)ly  lobed  or  parted Nos.  6,  6 

— Leaves  undivided,  slightly  lobed Nos.  7,  8 

1  H.  aculeitUB  "Walt.  Retrorsely  scabrous ;  lvs.  palmately  3  to  5-lobed,  repand- 
tootlied,  bractlets  of  the  involucel  linear,  forked  at  the  end ;  sep.  red-veined,  acumi- 
nate, very  hispid. — Damp  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Tall  (3 — 5f)  and  very 
rough.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  broad,  as  long  as  their  stalks.  Ped.  very  short  (3  to  4"), 
jointed  at  base.  Cor.  4J'  broad,  pale  sulphur-yellow,  purple  in  the  center. 
Styles  ^  longer  than  the  stamens.    Jn. — Sept.     (H.  scabra  Mx.) 

2  H.  Tiidnum  L.  Flower  of  an  Hona  Bladder  Eetmia.  Hispid,  with 
scattered  hairs;  lvs.  deeply  3-parted,  segra  lanceolate,  middle  one  very  long,  all 
Binuate-lobed,  lower  lvs.  angular-lobed ;  cal.  inflated,  membranous,  veined ;  bract- 
lets subulate,  entire. — (I)  A  baautiful  flower,  escaped  from  gardens  and  barely 
naturalized,  branching,  1  to  2f  high.  Fls.  large,  numerous,  but  soon  withering. 
Petals  of  a  rich,  chlorine  yellow,  the  base  of  a  deep  brown,  f     §  Italy. 


I      >q 


If 

i-r 

■.»->-  ■■' 

''■^^"' 

^■•■' 

li..-J 


270 


Order  24.— MALVAOBiB. 


3  H.  Moschei!ktOB  L.  Marsh  Hibiscus.  Simple,  erect,  hoary-tomentous ;  fes 
ovate,  obtusely  dentate,  some  of  them  3-lobed,  nearly  aniuotb  above ;  ped.  long; 
axillary,  or  contluont  with  the  petiole;  caps,  smooth;  sep.  abruptly  pointed. — % 
A  tull,  showy  plant,  in  brackish  marshes  by  the  sea,  or  near  salt  spring  and  on 
wet  prairies,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  round,  downy,  4  to  Gf  high.  Lvs.  4  to  6  by  3 
to  4',  oflen  vith  2  lateral  lobes.  Fls.  larger  than  those  of  the  hollyhock,  rose- 
colored,  purple  in  the  center.  Ped.  usually  distinct  from  the  petiole,  often  some 
of  them  united  with  it,  and  jointed  above  the  middle.  Sty.  1'  longer  than  the 
stamens.     Aug. 

/i.  FLAVEscENS.     Fls.  larger ;  pet.  (4'  long)  of  a  light  sulphur  yellow,  with  a 
purple  base.     Marshes,  Ind.     (II.  incanus  Wendl.) 

4  H.  grandifldruB  M.x.  Hoary-tomentous;  lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  rqaand-den- 
iate,  the  lower  often  3-lobed,  hoary  beneath,  coriaceous;  coh  half  expanding; 
Sep.  gradually  pointed;  caps,  densely  clothed  with  woolly  hairs  — "  Lake  sliores, 
N.  Orleans"  (llule),  to  Ga.  Stems  branched  above,  5  to  7f  high.  Fls.  corymbed, 
terminal;  petals  4J'  long,  flesh-colored,  red  at  base,  column  declined,  rather 
shorter  than  the  petals.    Jl. — Oct. 

5  H.  milit^ris  Car.  Glabrous ;  lvs.  hastately  3-lGbed,  lobes  acuminate,  serrate ; 
cor.  tubular-campanulate ;  caps,  smooth,  ovoid-acuminate. — Mid.  and  W.  States. 
St.  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  cordate  at  base,  4  to  5'  long,  rendered  soracwhut  hastate 
by  a  divaricate  lobe  each  side  at  base.  Petals  flesh-color,  with  a  purplish  base, 
2  to  3'  long.     Ped.  with  the  joint  above  the  middle.     Jl.,  Aug. 

6  H.  cocclneuB  Walt.  Very  smooth ;  lvs.  palmate,  5-parted,  lobes  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  remotely  serrate  above;  cor.  expanding;  caps,  smooth,  ovoid. — 71.  A 
splendid  flower,  native  of  damp  soils,  in  Ga.,  etc.,  and  is  raised  from  seeds  in  gar* 
den.^,  northward.  Rt.  perennial.  St.  herbaceous,  5  to  9f  high,  Segm.  of  lvs.  6' 
long,  very  acuminate.  Fls.  of  a  bright  carmine  red.  Petals  slender  at  the  base, 
4  to  5  long.  Column  still  longer,  slender  and  terete.  Jl. — Oct.  f.  (H.  specio- 
BUS  Ait.) 

7  H.  CarolinidnuB  MuhL  Herbaceous,  glabrous;  lvs.  cordate,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, some  of  them  obscurely  3-lobed;  ped.  distinct  from  the  petiole  ;  petals  pubes- 
cent inside ;  caps,  hairy  inside ;  sds.  hispid. — Wilmington  Isl.  Ga.  (Elliott.)  A 
rare  species,  apparently  lost  to  modern  botanists.  Petals  purple,  4'  long.  Caps, 
globular. 

8  H.  SyriacuB  L.  Tree  Hibiscus.  Arboreous;  lvs.  ovate,  cuneiform  at 
imse,  3-lobed,  dentate;  peduncle  scarcely  longer  than  the  petiole;  involucel 
about  8-leaved. — A  beautiful,  hardy,  free-flowering  shrub  or  small  tree,  8  to  15f 
high.  Fls.  purple,  large.  There  are  varieties  with  white,  red,  and  striped  fls., 
both  single  and  double,  f  Syria. 

12.  ABELMOSCHUS,  Medik.  Okra.  (Arabic  Ab-el-mosch,  grain  or 
seed  of  musk ;  the  seeds  smell  of  musk.)  Calyx  large,  spathaeeous, 
i.  c,  splitting  to  the  base  on  one  side ;  involucel,  column  and  fruit  as  in 
Hibiscus. 

1  A.  Mdnihot  Medik.  Not  prickly ;  lvs.  palmately  divided  into  b  to  1  linear, 
acuminate,  coarsely  dentate  lobes ;  ped.  and  involucel  hispid ;  bracts  of  the  involu- 
cel 5  to  1,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acutish,  persistent,  entire ;  cal.  split  on  one  side ; 
caps,  densely  hirsute,  acuminate. — %  Western  States.  A  beautiful  herb,  4  to  5f 
high.  Lvs.  oordate,  lobes  6  to  10'  long,  J  to  IJ'  wide,  separated  to  near  the  base, 
about  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Teeth  largest  near  the  summit.  The  fls.  are  of  an 
exceedingly  rich  sulphur  yellow,  purple  in  the  center.  Petals  3  to  4'  long.  JL, 
Aug.     (Hibiscus,  L.) 

2  A.  OBCTil^ntUB  Medik.  Okra.  Lvs.  cordate,  5-hbed,  obtuse,  dentate ;  petiole 
longer  than  the  flower ;  involucel  about  5-kaved,  caducous. — Native  of  W.  Indies. 
Plant  herbaceous,  2  to  3f  high,  nearly  glabrous.  Petiole  with  a  hairy  line  on  the 
upper  side,  nearly  If  in  length.  Lamina  8  to  10'  broad.  Fls.  1  to  2'  long,  on  a 
short  peduncle.  Petals  greenish  yellow.  The  large,  mucilaginous  pods  are  used 
for  pickles,  or  served  up  with  butter.    (Hibiscus,  L.) 


if'-t*? 


^ 


Ordrb  26.— TILIACE^. 


271 


H 


3  A.  CollinBidna.  Lva.  pedakly  5-pa/rted,  aegm.  linear-oblanceolate,  coareelr 
tootheil,  acuminate,  the  lowest  obtusely  5-lobed;  pod.  short,  involucfi  10  to  \'i- 
kaved. — Kla.,  rare.  Plant  thinly  hirsute  or  hispid.  Lvs.  6  to  8'  broad.  Flu. 
much  as  in  No.  2.     (ilibiscufl,  Nutt.) 

13.  GOSSVPIUM,  L.  Cotton  Plant.  Fijr.  262.  (Name  said  to 
be  from  the  Arabic,  ffoz,  a  silky  substance.)  Calyx  obtusely  6-tootbed, 
surrounded  by  an  involucel  of  -3  cordate  leaves,  deeply  and  incisely 
toothed  ;  stamens  very  numerous,  lateral ;  stigmas  3,  rarely  5,  clavate  ; 
seeds  Qo,  involved  in  cotton. — FIs.  yellow. 

G.  herbEkceum  L.  Cotton  Plant.  Lvs.  3  to  5-lobed,  with  a  single  gland 
below,  lobes  mucronate;  seeds  brownish,  cotton  white.— ip  The  .species  com- 
monly cultivated  in  the  Southern  States,  and  often  growing  spontaneously.  It  is 
an  herbaceous  plant,  about  6f  high,  sown  in  early  spring  and  harvested  in 
autumn.  Sts.  hirsute  above.  Upper  lvs.  often  but  2  or  3-lobed,  loboa  commonly 
acuminate,  tipped  with  a  mucro.  Petiolee  about  as  long  as  the  lvs.,  peduncles 
shorter.  FIs.  handsome,  3'  broad,  light  yellow,  with  a  purple  eye,  changing  to 
red  lish  brown.     §  E.  India. 

l3  ?  Barbadense.     Sea  Island  Cotton.     Glands  on  the  back  of  the  leaf  (mici- 
vein)  3  ;  sds.  black,  cotton  white. — (;2)  Sown  in  Sept.  and  Oct.     Cotton  long, 
with  a  silk-like  texture,     f  W.  India.     ChioHy  cultivated  near  the  southern 
coasts.     (G.  Barbadense  L.) 
O.  arbdreum  is  tho  Tree  Cottci'  of  E.  India,  with  rod  flowers,  and  G.  Ptrt>. 
vianum,  the  Brazil  Cotton.     The  Nankin  Cotton  is  anotlier  variety  of  G.  herl)a- 
ceum.     Plants  so  extensively  cultivated  as  tho  cotton  are  liable  to  much  varia- 
tion.    Of  tho  thirteen  species  described  by  Do  CandoUo,  only  tlio  tlireo  above 
named  are  now  regarded  as  genuine — the  others  considered  aa  varieties. 
The  microscope  shows  tlie  fiber  of  cotton  to  consist  of  a  lengthened  and  generally 
flattened  cell,  thus  readily  distinguished  from  tho  fiber  of  silk,  which  is  terete  and 
solid,  or  wool,  which  is  irabricate-scaly. 


¥m 


Order  XXV.     STERCULIACEJi:.     Silk  Cottons. 

Large  trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  with  flowers  similar  to 
those  of  the  Mallow,  except  that  tho  anthers  are  2-celled  and  turned  outwards. 
Fruit  capsular,  of  3,  rarely  5  carpels. 

Genera  24,  species  130,  nil  native  of  tropical  regions.  Hero  belong  the  huge  Adansonia  (Bao* 
bill))  of  Africa,  and  tho  Bombax  (silk-cotton  trees)  of  8.  America,  etc. 

STERCULIA,  L.  (StercuUus  was  the  name  of  a  detestable  Roman 
god  ;  alluding  to  the  bad  odor  of  some  species.)  Calyx  6-lobed,  sub- 
coriaceous  ;  stamens  monadelphous,  united  into  a  short,  sessile  cup ; 
anth.  adnate,  10,  15,  or  20;  carpels  5,  distinct,  follicular,  1-celled, 
1 —  00 -seeded. — Trees  with  axillary  panicles  or  racemes. 

S.  platanifdlia  L.  Lvs.  cordate  at  base,  palmately  3 — 5-lobed,  smooth ;  calyx 
rotate,  reflexed. — Tree  from  China  and  Japan,  cultivated  at  Savannah  (Feay).  A 
l»eautiful  tree,  with  branching,  axillary  clusters  of  green  fls.  and  leaves  resembling 
tliose  of  the  Sycamore.  Jl.     (Firmiana,  Mars.) 


Order  XXVI.    TILIACE^.     Lindenblgoms. 

I^eea  or  shrubs  (rarely  }ierbs)  with  simple,  stipulate,  alternate,  dentate  lvs.,  wfth 
fls.  axillary,  hypogynous,  usually  perfect  and  polyadelphous;  with  the  sq^als  4  '-r  i, 
deciduous,  valvate  in  eestivation,  the  petals  4  or  6,  imbricated;  stamens  CO,  with  2- 
celled,  versatile  anthers.      Ovary  of  2  to  10  united  carpels,  a  compound  stylo,  and 


'< 

'Mm 

■A  3* 

.  .1- 

J 

■■■ .,  w,^-d! 


272 


Ordbb  26.— TILIACE^. 


stigmas  us  many  as  carpels.  F:\  dry  or  succulent,  many-celled,  or  1-celled  by  abor- 
tion.   Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.     (Fig.  185.) 

Genera  .SS,  Hpecies  360,  nativo  in  all  regions,  but  especially  within  the  tropics.  Like  the  Mal- 
lows, the  Lindenblooms  abound  in  a  wholcsoinu  mucilaifinoiis  Juice,  and  a  tough,  stringy  bark. 
Of  the  liber  of  the  European  Lindens  tlic  celebrated  Russia  inattini;  is  manufactured,  and  in 
India  various  species  of  Corchorus  yield  a  good  substitute  for  hemp,  used  for  fishing-lines,  net«, 
rice-bags,  etc. 

1.  CORCHORUS,  L.  Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5  ;  stamens  oo,  rarely 
as  few  as  the  petals;  style  very  short,  deciduous,  stigmas  2  to  6  ;  cap- 
sule roundish  orsiliquosc,  2  to  5-celled,  many-seeded, — Herbs  or  shrubs 
with  v'^llow  flowers. 

C.  siliquosuB  L.  Branching,  minutely  hispid ;  Iva.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
equally  serrate,  4  times  longer  than  the  petioles ;  caps,  siliquose,  linear,  2-valveti. 
— About  N.  Orleans  (Hale).  St.  slender.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  J  as  wide,  the  vein- 
lets  running  to  the  points  of  the  serratures.  Fls.  4-raerous,  with  12  or  16  sta- 
mens.    Pud  nearly  2'  long,  the  numerous  seeds  in  2  rows. 

2.  TILIA,  L.  Linden  or  Lime  Tree.  Calyx  of  6,  united  sepals, 
colored  ;  corolla  of  5,  oblong,  obtuse  petals,  crenate  at  apex  ;  stamens 

oo,  somewhat  polyadelphous,  each  set  (in  the  N.  American  species) 
"with  a  ))ctaloid  scale  (staminodium)  attached  at  base;  ovary  superior, 
6-ct'llod,  2-ovuled;  capsules  globous,  by  abortion  1-celled,  1  to  2-seeded. 
— Trees.  Lvs.  cordate.  Fls.  cymous,  with  the  peduncle  adnate  to  the 
vein  of  i  large  leaf-like  bract. 

§  Htnininoilia  5,  pctaloid,  opposite  the  petals Nos.  1,  2 

§  Staiiiinodia  none.    8tamons  scarcely  cohering No.  8 

1  T.  Americdna  L.  Bass-wood.  Lvs.  broad  cordate,  unequal  at  base,  mncro- 
nato-.sorrate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  smooth  and  green,  on  both  sides ;  petals  tnin- 
cuto  or  obtuse  at  apex ;  sly.  as  long  ay  the  petals. — A  common  forest  tree  in  tho 
Nortiiern  and  Mid.  States.  It  often  grows  to  tho  height  of  80f,  the  trunk  straight, 
and  naked  more  than  half  this  hight,  and  3  to  4f  diam.  Lvs.  4  to  5'  by  3  to  4', 
those  of  tho  young  shoots  often  twice  these  dimensions.  Bracts  yellowish,  linear- 
obiong.  Petals  yellowish  white,  larger  than  the  staminodia  opposite  them. 
Fruit  woody,  greenish,  of  the  size  of  peas.  Jn. — The  inner  bark  is  very  strong, 
and  is  manufactured  into  ropci.  Tho  wood  is  white,  soft,  and  clear,  much  used 
in  cabinet  work  and  in  tho  paneling  of  carriages. 

,3  Walteri.  Lvs.  )ubescent  (but  green)  beneath. — A  large  tree,  Va.  to  Pla., 
low  country,  in  woods  and  along  rivers.  It  takes  the  place  of  tho  smooth  var- 
iety (n),  which  is  common  northward  and  along  the  Mts.  to  Ga.  (T.  pubes- 
cens  Ait.     T.  laxiHora  Mx.     T.  Americana  Walt). 

2  T.  heteroph;^lla  Vent.  White  Bass-wood.  Lvs.  oUiqwly  subcordaie, 
scarcely  acuminate,  white  and  velvety  beneath,  witli  darker  veins,  glafyrous,  shin- 
ing, and  dark  green  above,  mucrouately  serrate ;  petals  obtuse,  crenuiate;  stam- 
inodia spatulate ;  sty.  hairy  at  base,  longer  than  the  petals. — Banks  of  the  Ohio 
and  Mis,s.  (Pursh.)  Not  common.  Trees  20  to  50f  high.  Lvs.  very  oblique  at 
base,  3  to  6'  diam.,  well  distinguished  by  tho  white  surface  beneath,  contrasted 
with  tlie  purple  veins.  Bract  linear-oblong.  Cal.  hoary,  gradually  pointed.  Fr. 
gk)bular. 

/i  ALDA.  Lvs.  whitish  and  minutely  tomentous  beneath,  serratures  fine  and 
long-mucronate. — Ky.  and  southward  along  tiie  mts.  Tree  of  great  size. 
One  specimen  (Rock  Castle  Co.)  1  judged  to  be  90f  in  hight,  with  wide-spread 
branches,  in  open  space.     Reddish  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath. 

3  T,  Buropeea  L.  LiMii  Trfb.  Lvs.  suborbicular,  obliquely  cordate, 
abruptly  acuminate,  aerrulati-,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles,  glabrous  except  a 
woolly-tuft  in  tho  axils  of  ihe  veins  beneath, — A  highly  ornamental  tree  vnth 
very  dense  foliago,  cultivated  in  parka.  Bractb  ihombic-oblong,  f  Eur.  (T.  vai 
orophylla,  etc,) 


ORDER  27.— CAMWLLlAUliili. 


273 


Order  XXVII.     CAxMELLlACEyE.     Camellias  or  Tbaworts. 

Trees  or  ahruba  with  alternate,  simple,  feuther-veiued,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers 

regular,  polyandrous,  hypogynous,  cyanic,  with  sepais  and  petals   imbricated,  the 

lonuor  often  unequal  in  size.     Stamens  more  or  less  coherent  at  base  into  one,  three 

or  five  sets.     Anthers  2 -celled.    Seeds  tow,  with  little  or  no  albumen,  cotyledons 

large.  ' 

Genera  33,  npedeg  130.  Beautiful  flowering  plants,  60  or  70  of  them  natives  of  8.  America,  4 
of  N.  America,  tlie  remainder  of  (Jliinii  and  K  Indieti.  Tlieir  properties  are  stimulating  iiinl 
sliglilly  narcotic.  Tlic  tea,  m>  extensively  used  as  a  beverage  in  tiie  civilized  world  is  the  leaf  of 
'J  or  8  species  of  Thea.  In  contains  a  jjeculiar  extractive  matter  called  tlieine,  and  a  stimnlatinc, 
essential  oil,  which  becomes  narcotic  in  some  hot  clinuites.  Thea  Bohea  and  T.  viridis  are  the 
two  species  which  yield  all  the  varieties  of  Chinese  teas,  according  to  the  various  methods  of 
preparing  the  leaves. 

GFNERA. 

§  Calyx  of  many  iiiibric.itcd  sepals.    Stamens  monadelphous Camellia.  1 

§  Calyx  simple.— Stamens  united  at  bjiso  inio  one  set Stuaktia.  '1 

— Stamens  in  5  sets,  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  petals Gokdonia.  3 

1.  CAMELLIA,  L.  Tea  Rose.  (In  honor  of  G.  J.  Kumd.,  a  Jesuit, 
author  of  some  botanical  works.)  Sepals  niatiy,  iuibncated,  the  inner 
ones  larger ;  petals  somctinies  adhering  at  base ;  filaments  oo,  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  united  at  base  ;  styles  united  ;  stigmas  3  to  5,  acute. — 
Ornamental  shrubs,  native  of  China  and  Japan. 

C.  Japonica  L.  Japan  Rose.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  glabrous 
and  shining  on  both  sides,  coriaceous  and  firm,  on  short  petioles ;  fls.  terminal  aiid 
mostly  solitary ;  petals  obovate,  of  a  Ann  texture ;  sta.  about  50,  mostly  (.lianpt d 
to  petals  in  cultivation  ;  stig.  unequally  5-cleft. — A  lofty  tree  in  Japan,  its  native 
country,  a  splendid  Howering  shrub  with  us,  hardy  at  the  South,  but  requiring 
protection  at  the  North.  Fls.  varying  from  white  to  red,  resembling  the  rose,  but 
wanting  its  fragrance.     Over  300  varieties  are  enumerated. 

2.  9TUARTIA,  Catesby.  (In  honor  of  John  Stuart,  the  Marquis 
of  Bute.)  Sepals  5  (or  6),  ovate  or  lanceolate  ;  petals  6  (or  G),  ob- 
ovate, crenulate  ;  stamens  monadelphous  at  base  ;  capsule  6-celled,  5  or 
10-seeded,  seeds  ascending. — Shrubs  with  deciduous  leaves  and  large, 
showy,  fragrant,  axillary,  nearly  sessile  flowers. 

1  S.  Virginlca  Cav.  Sep.  ovate ;  sta.  dark  purple ;  sty.  united  into  one  with  m 
5-lobed  stigma. — Woods,  middle  country,  Fla.  to  Va.  A  beautiful  slirub,  8  to  1 2f 
high.  Lvs.  elliptic-ovato,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  silky -pubescet\t  beneath,  slightly 
mucronate-serrulate,  2'  long,  ^  as  wide.  Petals  white,  nearly  2'  in  length,  slightly 
pubescent  beneath,  strongly  contrasted  with  the  short,  dark  stamens.  May.  (S. 
.Malaehodendrou  L.) 

2  S.  pentag^na  L'Her.  Sep.  lanceolate;  stam.  colored  like  the  petals,  very 
numerous;  sty.  5,  distinct,  as  long  as  the  stamens. — Woods  along  streams  in  higli- 
lands,  Ky.  (Rock  Castle  and  Madison  counties)  to  6a.  A  handsome  shrub,  10  lo 
15f  high.  Lvs.  thick,  glabrous,  ovafo^  r.c'.:;ninate,  acute  at  base,  obscurely  niutio- 
nate-serrate,  3  to  4'  long,  J  as  wide.  Petals  as  largo  as  in  No.  1,  quite  silky  pu- 
bescent beneath,  one  of  them  always  much  the  smallest,  white  (scarcely  cream- 
colored).     Caps.  6-angIed. 

3.  GORDONIA,  Ellis.  Loblolly  Bay.  (In  honor  of  James  (ror(/on, 
a  distinguished  nurseryman  of  London.)  Sepals  6,  roundisii,  strongly 
Imbricated  ;  petals,  5 ;  stamens  6-adelphous,  one  set  adhering  to  each 
petal  at  base;  styles  united  into  one;  capsule  woody,  6-celled;  setils 
2  or  more  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Trees  with  large,  white,  axillary, 
pedunculate  flowers. 

lb 


M 


■■•ifl 


il 


274 


Obdbr  28.— AURANTIACEJB. 


1  G.  LasidnthuB  L.  Lva.  coriaceous,  perennial,  glabrous,  shin'',.g  on  both  eides, 
lancs-oblong;  peduncles  7iaif  as  long  as  the  Ivs.;  sty.  as  long  as  the  stamei^d. — ■ 
Swamps  near  the  coast,  Va.  to  Fla  The  Loblolly  Bay  is  a  large  tree  50  to  80r  in 
height,  with  a  rough  bark  when  old,  and  light,  coarse-grained,  mahogany-colored 
wood.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  1  to  2'  wide,  acute  at  each  end,  fascicled  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches.  Sep.  very  silky  outside,  small.  PetfJs  white,  1  J'  long,  silky  with- 
out at  base.     May — Aug. 

2  O.  pub^scens  L'Hcr.  Lvs.  thin,  serrate,  deciduous,  oblong-cuneiform,  shining 
above,  canescent  beneath ;  fls.  on  short  peduncles ;  sep.  and  pet.  silky  outside. — A 
tree  30  to  50f  high  in  Ga.  and  Fla.,  or  an  ornamental  shrub  in  cultivation  at  the 
North,  admired  for  its  large  white  flowers,  with  yellow  stamens  and  rich  fragrance. 
Lvs.  membranous,  subsessile,  with  fine,  sharp  s'^rratures.  May — Aug.  (PVank- 
linia      Americana  Marsh.) 

Order  XXVIII.     AURANTIACE^.     Orangeworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  glabrous,  abounding  in  little  transparent  receptacles  of  volatile 
•il,  with  lvs.  nlternate,  articulated  with  the  petiole  which  is  frequently  winged. 
lis.  regular,  3 — 5-merous,  petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  a  hypogynous  disk. 
Stamens  with  flat  fllaments,  distinct  or  cohering  in  one  or  several  sets.  Ova.  com- 
pounded of  several  united  carpels.  Sty.  1.  Fr.  a  berry  (orange)  many-celled, 
pulpy,  covered  with  a  thick  rind.  Sds.  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  each  carpel. 
Albumen,  0.     Cotyledon  thick.     (Pigs.  216,  277.) 

Genera  20,  specien  95,  nearly  all  natives  of  tropical  Asia,  naturalized  throughout  all  tropical 
regions,  and  cultivated  in  all  civilized  countries  for  their  beauty  and  fragrance,  both  of  flowers 
and  fruit. 

Properties.    These  fruits  contain  free  citric  and  malic  acid,  and  their  pulp  Is  grateful  to  the 
taste.    The  rind  contains  an  aromatic,  volatile  oil,  which  is  tonic  and  stomacnic.    The  rind  of 
the  lime  yields  the  oil  of  Bergamot,  and  the  flower  of  the  orange  the  oil  of  Neroli. 
\ 

CITRUS,  L.  (Gr.  Ktrpinv,  the  citron ;  the  fruit  of  one  of  the  species.) 
Sepals  and  petals  in  5s ;  anthers  20,  or  some  other  and  higher  multiple 
of  6,  versatile,  the  connectile  articulated  to  the  filament ;  filaments 
dilated  at  base,  polyadelphous;  berry  9 — 18-celled. — A  noble  genus 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  all  tropical,  combining  in  its  species  beauty  of  form, 
with  shining,  evergreen  foliage,  odoriferous  fls.,  fragrant  and  delicious 
fruit.  The  articulation  of  the  petiole  with  the  lamina  is  regarded  by 
some  botanists  as  indicating  a  reduced  compound  leaf. 

1  C.  Limdnum  L.  Lemon  Tree.  Petioles  somewhat  winged ;  sta.  35 ;  fr. 
oblong-spheroid,  with  a  thin  rind  and  very  acid  pulp. — A  tree  about  15f  in  hight, 
which,  when  laden  with  its  golden  fruit  suspended  among  its  dark  green  leaves, 
makes  a  most  beautiful  appearance.  It  is  a  native  of  tropical  regions,  and  is 
easily  cultivated  in  the  temperate  climates  if  piotected  during  winter,  f 

2  C.  Aurdntium  L.  Sweet  Oranoe  Tree.  Petiole  winged ;  leaf  slightly 
oblong,  acute,  crenulate ;  sta.  20;  fr,  globous,  with  a  thin  rind  and  sweet  pulp. — 
A  raiddlo-sized  evergreen  tree,  with  a  greenish  brown  bark.  When  filled  with 
its  large,  round,  golden  fruit  (sometimes  to  the  number  of  20,000,  Lindley),  it  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  in  nature.  The  cultivation  of  the  orange  in 
Fla.  and  S.  Ga.  has  been  recently  checked  by  severe  frosts.  It  is  easily  raised  in 
the  green  house  at  the  North,    f  §  W-  Indies. 

3  C.  deoumdna  L.  Shaddock  Tree.  Petioles  broadly  winged;  obtuse, 
emarginate;  fr.  very  large,  with  a  thick  rind. — A  tree  15f  in  hight.  Wings  of 
tlie  petioles  as  broad  as  the  leaves.  Fr.  grows  to  the  diam.  of  7 — 8',  weighs  14 
pounds,  and  is  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  f 

4  C.  Limdta  L.  Lime  Tree.  Petioles  not  at  all  winged;  If.  ovate-orbicular, 
serrate ;  ,stam.  30 ;  fr.  globous,  with  a  sweet  pulp,  and  a  protuberance  at  top. 
This,  like  most  other  species,  is  native  of  Asia.  Hight  above  8f,  with  a  crooked 
trunk,  diflVise  branches  with  prickles.  Berry  1^'  diam.,  of  a  greenish-yellow, 
shming  surface,  f 


Obdeb  30.— LINACE-fi.  275 

5  C.  M6dioa  L.  Citbon  Tbee.  Petioles  nut  at  all  winged;  If.  oblong,  acute; 
stam.  40;  tt.  oblong-spheroid,  rugous,  with  an  acid  pulp. — Commonly  about  8f 
high.     Fr.  6'  in  length,  fragrant,  f 

Oba.  In  a  splendid  work  entitled  "The  Natural  History  of  Ofanges,"  written  in  French  hj 
Kisso,  of  Nice,  in  1818,  there  are  described  109  varieties,  iin'l  105  of  them  figured.  They  ar« 
arrarged  as  sweet  oranges,  of  which  there  are  described  42  varieties ;  bitter  and  sour  oranges, 
32  ;  Dorgainots,  S  ;  Limes,  8  ;  Shaddocks,  6  ;  Luraes,  12  ;  Lemons,  46  ;  Citrous,  17.  The  most 
liuccessfiil  metliods  of  cultivation  are  by  cuttings. 

Order  XXIX.     MELIACE^ 

Trees  or  shrvis  with  exstipulate,  often  pinnate  leaves.    Ms.  3 — 5-merou3,  stamens 
6 — 10,  coherent  into  a  long  tube  with  sessile  anthers.    Disk  hypogynous,  sometimes 
cup-like  ;    style  1.     Ovary  compound,  several-celled,  cells   1 — 2,  4-ovuled.     Fruit 
Stoshy  or  dry,  often  1-celled  by  abortion.     Seeds  neither  winged  nor  axillate. 
Genera  83,  species  150,  natives  of  the  hotter  parts  of  the  globe. 

MELI/V,  L.  Pride  of  India.  (Gr.  ^itXi,  honey ;  the  name  wa; 
fii'st  applied  to  the  Manna  Ash.)  Sepals  small,  5,  united  ;  petals 
spreading;  stamen  tube  10-cleft  at  summit  with  10  anthers  in  the 
throat ;  ovary  5-celled,  10-ovuled  ;  style  deciduous ;  drupe  with  a 
5-celIed,  bony  nut,  cells  1-seeded. — Trees  with  bipinnate  Ivs.  and 
panicles  of  delicate  flowers. 

M.  AzSdarach  L.  Lvs.  deciduous,  glabrous,  Ifts.  obliquely  lance-ovat'.^,  acuminate, 
serrato. — Southern  States,  common.  A  large  tree  30 — 40f  high,  with  light 
foliage  and  a  profusion  of  lilac-colored  fls.  Drupes  as  large  as  cherries,  willi  a 
poisonous  pulp,  hanging  in  clusters  through  the  winter.  Tlie  bark  is  esteemed  as 
a  vermifuge,  but  narcotic.  Dwarfed  specimens  are  frequent  in  green  houses  at  tho 
North. 

Order  XXX.     LINACEaE.     Flaxworts. 

//CT'ts  with  entire,  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules;  with  ^u;era  regular,  symme- 
trical, and  perfect,  5-(raroly  3  or  4-)merous.  Galyx  strongly  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
corolla  convolute,  hypogynous;  stamens  definite,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the 
petals ;  styles  distinct  with  capitate  stigmas,  and  each  cell  of  the  capsule  more  or 
less  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment  into  two  1-seeded  compartments.  Seeds  with 
little  or  no  albumen,  attached  to  axile  placentae. 

Genera  8,  specien  90.  A  very  important  order  in  the  arts.  The  Linum  has  a  very  tenacious 
fiber  in  its  bark,  which  is  wrought  into  thread  and  cloth,  forming  the  linen  of  commerce.  iSoni* 
species  are  cathartic,  and  yield  from  their  seedi  a  fine  mucilage.  Only  one  genus  neMl  be  men- 
tioned liere,  viz.: — 

LINUM,  L.  Flax.  (Celtic  llin.,  a  thread  ;  hence  Gr.  Xivov,  Eng.  linen, 
flax.)  Sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  styles  6,  the  latter  rarely  3  ;  cap- 
sules 6-celled ;  cells  nearly  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment;  seeds  10, 
suspended,  mucilaginous. — Herbs  with  a  bark  of  strong  fibers,  and  sim- 
ple, sessile  lvs. 

•  Flowers  blue (—red.  No.  7.).  Nos.  1,  2 

•  Flowers  yellow.— Sepals  ciliufe.    Lvs.  linear Nos.  8, 4 

—8ei)nls  entire.    Lvs.  lanceolate Nos.  5, 6,  8 

1  L.  UBitatisaimum  L.  Gummok  Flax.  St.  branching  above  ;  lvs.  alternatci 
linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  panicle  corymbous ;  sep.  ovate,  ucute,  3-veiued  at  the 
base,  membranous  on  tlie  margin ;  petals  crenate. — (X)  Introduced  and  some- 
what naturalized  in  fields.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  with  3-veined  leaves,  and  many 
large,  liandsome,  blue  flowers.  Jn.,  Jl. — This  important  plant  has  been  cultivated 
from  remote  antiquity  (see  Gen.  xli.  42),  for  the  strong  fibers  of  the  bark,  which 
are  manufactured  into  linen.  The  seeds  yield  linseed  oil,  so  extensively  used  in 
mixing  paint,  printers'  mk,  etc.     Thoy  are  also  medicinal.  §  f 


i. 


wmn 


'■^la 


4? 


276 


Orubr  31.— GERANIACK^. 


li:: 


l& 


2  L.  per^nne  L.  Perennial  Flax.  Glabrous,  with  virgate  branches ;  Ivs.  linear, 
acute,  scattered;  Jis.  supra-axillary  and  terminal;  sep.  oval,  margiua  membran- 
ous, shorter  than  the  globous  capsule ;  petals  retuse,  blue,  3  or  4  times  the  length 
of  the  sepals. —  4  Native  West  of  the  Miss,  (perhaps  not  within  tire  limits  of 
this  Flora).     Not  uncommon  in  gardens.     Also  native  of  £urope  and  Asia. 

3  L.  rigidum  Ph.  St.  angular;  Ivs.  erect,  rigid,  linear,  acute;  fls.  racemed  on 
the  corymbous  branches;  sep.  3-veincd,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  and,  with  the 
bracts  glandularly  fringe-serrate,  longer  than  tlie  globous  capsule ;  styles  more  or 
less  united  at  base. — Conn.  (Robbins)  to  Iowa  (Cousens),  southward  and  northward ; 
not  common.  Sts.  10  to  16'  high,  orect  as  well  a.s  tlie  branches.  Lvs.  4  to  8'' 
long,  scabrous  on  the  margins.  Fls.  sulphur  yellow,  8"  diam.  Jn.,  Jl.  (L. 
Boolii  Planch.) — The  union  of  the  styles  appears  variable  in  degree,  in  specimens 
which  coincide  in  all  other  respects. 

4  L.  simplex.  St.  simple,  with  a  small  corymb  with  spreading  branches  at  top ; 
Ivy.  rigid,  erect,  linear-subulato,  alternate ;  lis.  few ;  sep.  lanceo'ate,  acute,  scabrous 
on  tlie  margins,  3-veined,  shorter  than  the  glohous-ovate  capsules ;  styles  distinct, — 
La.  (Hale).  St.  slender,  12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  4  to  5  "  long.  Capsules  as  large 
as  Coriander. 

5  L.  Virgini^num  L.  St.  strict,  with  rather  erect,  corymbous  branches  above » 
leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  acute;  fls.  showy  (5"  diam.),  all  turned  to  the  upper 
side  of  the  branches;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  about  as  long  as  the  de- 
pressed capsule;  sty.  distinct. — Woods  and  hills,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  near  2f  high, 
terete,  glabrous.  Lvs.  6  to  8"  by  1  to  2",  with  one  distinct  vein  only.  Sep. 
1 -veined.     Jl. 

6  L.  difiRtsum.  St.  angular,  diffusely  paniculate ;  branches  and  veiny,  lanceolate 
lvs.,  spreading;  fls.  alternate,  very  small  (scarcely  2"  broad);  sep.  ovate,  abruptly 
mucronate,  as  long  as  the  depressed  capsule ;  sty.  distinct. — Wet  prairies,  Ind.,  0. 
'\^ory  different  in  aspect  from  No.  5,  having  the  stem  leaves  twice  larger  (1'  by 
4"),  the  branch  leaves  minute,  and  tlie  flowers  3  times  smaller.     Jl. 

7  L.  grandifldrum  Desf.  Fig.  262.  Crimson-colored  Flax.  Erect,  smooth, 
branched  above ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  the  lower 
and  radical  lance-obovato,  crowded ,  petals  broadly  obovate,  bright  crimson. — 
®  Gardens  (from  seeds  lately  distributed  by  the  Government).  Stem  8 — 10' 
high.     Flowers  1'  diam.     f  N.  Africa. 

8  L.  trlgynum  Sm.  Lvs.  eUiptical,  acute,  mucronate,  entire ;  styles  3  ;  caps. 
3-celled.     Green-house  plant  with  large  (1'  diam.)  yellow  flowers.     fE.  Indies. 

Order  XXXI.     GERANIACE^.     Gkrania. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  swollen  and  separable  at  the  joints,  with  stipulate,  palmate- 
veined  leaves  and  symmetrical,  hypogynous,  5-merous  flowers.  Sepals  imbricated 
and  petals  convolute  in  te.stivation ;  stamens  mostly  10,  and  monadelphous,  the  alter- 
nate ones  often  abortive ;  ovary  of  5  sepals,  each  2-ovuled,  in  fruit  1-seeded,  coher- 
ing to  an  elongated  torus  (carpophore)  from  which  they  separate,  curving  upwards 
on  the  persistent  style. 

Genera  4,  fpecies  600.  Geranium  and  Erodiiiin  inhabit  chiefly  the  Northern  temperate  zones, 
rchirgoniiim  abounds  at  the  Cupo  of  Good  Hope,  and  occurs  in  Australia;  and  in  cultivation  is 
found  everywhere. 

OENEBA. 

Stamens  10,— all  perfect.    Corolla  regular Grraniitm.        1 

— 6  jierfect,  B  alternate  imperfect.    Cor.  rog Erodiu.m.  3 

—7  perfect.    Corolla  irregular. Pblarqonium.  t 

1.  GERANIUM,  L.  Crane's  Bill.  (Gr.  yipavog^  a  crane;  the 
beaked  fruit  resembles  a  crane's  bill.)  Sepals  and  petals  6,  regular, 
stamens  10,  all  perfect,  the  6  alternate  ones  longer,  and  each  with  a 
nectariferous  gland  at  its  base ;  fruit  rostrate,  at  length  separating  into 
5  long-styled,  1-seeded  carpels;  styles  smooth  inside,  at  length  recurved 


'«li 


in 


Order  81 


PIRANIACP]^. 


277 


from  the  base  upwards  and  adhering  by  tlie  point  to  the  summit  of  the 
axis. — Herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby  at  the  base.  Peduncles  1,  2  or 
3-tiowered. 

Petals  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  awncd  sepals Nos.  1,  2 

Petals  notched  or  2-lobed,  nut  longer  than  sepals Nos.  3,  4 

1  O.  macul^tum  L.  Spotted  GERANiuir.  St.  erect,  angular,  dichotomous,  ro- 
trorsely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  palmately  3 — 5-lobed,  lobc3  cuneiform  and  entire  at  base, 
inciaely  serrate  above,  radical  onea  on  long  petioles,  upper  ones  opposite,  on  short 
petioles ;  petals  entire ;  sep.  mucronate-awned. — 1(.  Woods,  etc.,  U.  S.  and  Can., 
but  rare  in  N.  Eng.  A  fine  speotes  woi  thy  a  place  among  the  parlor  "  gerani- 
ums." St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  diam.,  cleft  f  way  down,  2  at  each  fork. 
Fls.  mostly  in  pairs,  on  unequal  pedicels,  often  somowhat  umbelcd  on  tho  ends 
of  the  long  peduncles.     Root  powerfully  astringent.     Apr. — Jn. 

2  O.  Roberti^num  L.  Herb  IIobkrt.  St.  diffme,  hairy;  lvs.  pinnately  3-2iarted 
to  the  base,  tho  segm.  pinnatifld,  and  tho  pinuaj  ineisely  toothed ;  sep.  mucrunato- 
awned,  half  tho  length  of  tho  entire  petals. — ^^'2)  Smaller  than  tho  preceding,  in 
dry,  rocky  places.  Can  to  Va.  and  Ky.  It  has  a  rcddi.«h  stem,  with  long,  diffuse, 
weak  branches.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  somowhat  liairy,  outline  li  to  3'  diam., 
with  pinnatitid  segments.  Fls.  small,  pale-purple.  Capsules  small,  rugous,  keeled. 
Sds.  smooth.     Tho  plant  has  a  strong  disagreeable  smell.     May — Sept. 

3  O.  puafUum  L.  St.  procumbent ;  lvs.  reniform  or  roundish,  deeply  5  to  T-partcd, 
lobes  3-cleft,  linear ;  sep.  hairy,  awnless,  about  as  long  as  tho  cmarginato  petals. — 
CD  A  delicate,  spreading  species,  growing  i..  waste  grounds,  pastures,  etc.,  L.  Isl. 
and  Western  N. Y.  (Torr).  St.  weak,  1  f  long,  branching,  covered  with  short,  de- 
flected hairs.  Lvs.  opposite,  divided  almost  to  tho  base  into  5  or  7  lobes,  these 
again  variously  cut  Fed.  axillary,  forked,  bearing  2  purplish-red  flowers  in  Jn. 
and  Jl.     §  Eur. 

4  G.  Carolinidnum  Ij.  St.  diffusely  branched ;  lvs.  deeply  5-parted,  lobes  in- 
cisoly  toothed ;  pod.  rather  short  and  clusterLnl  on  tho  ends  of  tho  branches ;  sep. 
mucronate-awned,  as  long  as  the  emarginate  petals. — (P-  Fields  and  hills,  through- 
out Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  pubescent,  diffuse,  8  to  15'  long,  swelling  at  the  joints. 
Lvs.  9  to  18"  diam.,  hairy.  Fls.  small,  rose-colored,  in  pairs,  and  somewhat  fas- 
ciculate. Sds.  minutely  reticulated,  reddish-brown,  1  iu  each  hairy,  beaked  car- 
pel.    Jl.     (G.  dissectum  L?). 

2.  ERODIUM,  L'Her.  Hkron's-bill.  (Gr.  ^pwdfof,  a  heron  ;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  beaked  fruit  to  the  heron's  bill.)  Caly.x  6-lcaved ; 
petals  5  ;  filaments  10,  the  5  alternate  ones  abortive ;  fruit  rostrate,  of 
6,  aggregated  capsules,  tipped  with  the  long,  spiral  style,  bearded  in- 
side.— Fls.  umbellate. 

E.  cicutElrium  Sm.  Diffuse,  hairy ;  lvs.  pinnately  divided,  segm.  sessile,  pinnatifld. 
incised,  acute ;  ped.  several-flowered  ;  petals  unequal. — Shores  of  Oneida  Lake, 
N.  Y.  Sts.  mostly  prostrate.  Lvs.  oblong  in  outline,  with  many  segments.  Fls, 
2  to  3"  diam.     May — Jn.     §  Eur.     Widely  diffused  in  California. 

3.  PELARGdNIUM,  L'ller.  (Gr.  TreAapyfi^,  a  stork;  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  beaked  fruit  to  a  stork's  bill.)  Sepals  5,  the  upper 
one  ending  in  a  nectariferous  tube  extending  down  the  peduncle  with 
which  it  is  connected ;  petals  6,  irregular,  longer  than  the  sepals ;  fila- 
ments 10,  3  of  them  sterile. — A  large  genus  of  shrubby  or  herbaceous 
plants,  embracing  more  than  300  species,  and  innumerable  varieties, 
nearly  all  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Lower  lvs.  (in  plants 
raised  from  tho  seed)  opposite,  upper  ones  alternate. 

•  Aoaulcscont  f nearly).    Rt.  tuberous.    Lvs.  decompound.    Pet.  yellowish  brown... Nos.  1, 1 

*  Caulescent.— Htpms  lierbaceouSj^  cr  somewhat  shrubby  at  baso  Nos.  JV—ft 

—Stems  shrubby. — l.v8.  neit.ier  divided  nor  angular Nos.  7—9 

— Lvs.  antrular  or  with  shallow  lobes Nos.  10 — 14 

— Lvs.  divided  beyond  the  middle Nus.  16—18 


-  ^- 


a78 


Order  31.— GERANIACEiE. 


1  P.  fldvum  Ait.  Carrot-lbated  Geranium.  St  very  Bimple ;  Ivs.  deoony' 
pound,  laciniate,  hairy,  segm.  linear ;  umbel  many-flowered,  fta.  brownish-yellow. 

2  P.  txiste  A.  MouRMNO  Geranium.  Lts.  hairy,  pinnate ;  Ifts.  bipinnatifld, 
divisions  linear,  acute ;  fls.  dark-green,  in  simple  umbels. 

3  P.  odoratfsaimum  A.  Nutmeo-scented  Geranium.  St.  velvety,  short, 
JUshy;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  very  soft;  branches  herbaceous,  long,  diffuse. — 
Valued  chiefly  for  the  powerful,  aromatic  smell  of  the  leaves,  the  flowers  being 
small,  whitish. 

4  P.  alchemilloideB  A.  Ladies'  mantle  Geranium.  St.  villous;  Ivs. 
cordate,  viUom,  5-lobed,  palmate;  ped.  few-flowered;  stig.  sessile. — St.  6'  high, 
diiluso,  very  hairy,  with  deflexed  bristles.     Fls.  pink-colored. 

5  P.  tricolor  B.  St.  suffruticous,  erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  viUous,  cut-dentate,  trifld ; 
upper  pet.  glandular  at  base. — St.  IJf  high.  This  species  is  distinguished  for  its 
beautifully  variegated  fls.  Petals  roundish  and  nearly  uniform  in  shape,  but  very 
different  in  color;  the  three  lower  ones  are  white,  slightly  veined,  the  2  upper 
of  a  rich  purple,  almost  black  at  base. 

6  P.  coriandrifdlium  Jac.  St.  herbaceous,  biennial,  somewhat  downy ;  Ivs. 
bipinnate,  smooth,  lobes  linear,  subpinnatifld. — St.  diffuse,  If  high.  Distinguished 
by  the  finely  divided  leaves  and  largo  fis.  The  2  upper  petals  much  the  largest, 
obovate,  veined  with  purple,  the  3  lower,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  often 
wanting,  are  narrow  and  of  pure  white. 

7  P.  glaiioum  L'ller.  Very  smooth  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  acu- 
minate; ped.  1 — 2-flowered. — Sts.  3f  high,  shrubby  and  branched.  The  plant  i.s 
remarkabl}'  distinguished  by  its  leaves.  Ped.  axillary,  with  1  or  2  elegant  flowers. 
Petals  obovate,  of  a  deUcate  blush  color  with  red  veins. 

8  P.  betulinum  A.  Lvs.  ovate,  unequally  serrate,  smoothish ;  stip.  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  ped.  2 — i-flowered. — St.  shrubby,  3f  high.  The  plant  is  well  named 
for  its  leaves.     Fls.  pale-pink,  with  deep  red  veins. 

9  P.  acetdsum  A.  Lvs.  very  smooth,  ohovate,  crenate,  somewhat  fleshy ;  ped. 
few-flowered ;  petals  linear. — St.  shrubby,  3f  high.  Named  for  the  acid  flavor 
of  the  leaves.     Fls.  pink. 

10  P.  zondle  L.  Horse-shoe  Geranium.  Lvs.  cordate-orbicular,  obsoletely 
lobed,  toothed,  marked  with  a  concentric  zone. — St.  thick,  shrubby,  2 — 3f  high. 
One  of  the  most  popular  of  all  the  species.  The  zone  upon  the  leaf  is  of  various 
shades.  The  Jls.  are  of  a  bright  scarlet,  umbeled,  on  long  peduncles.  It  has  many 
varieties,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  is 

ji.  maugimale;  silver-edged;  the  leaves  of  which  are  bordered  with  white. 

11  P.  inquinans  A.  Lvs.  round,  reniform,  scarcely  divided,  crenate,  viscid ; 
umbels  many-flowed;  petals  obovate,  crenate. — Justly  admired  for  the  vivid 
scarlet  of  its  numerous  flowers.  The  name  alludes  to  the  reddish,  clammy 
moisture  wliich  stains  the  fingers  in  handling  the  soft,  downy  branches. 

12  P.  peltdtum  A.  Ivy-leaved  Geranium.  Lvs.  b-hhed,  entire,  fleshy, 
smooth,  more  or  less  peltate ;  umbels  few-flowered. — St.  climbing,  several  feet  in 
length.  Whole  plant  very  smooth.  A  beautiful  species,  with  umbels  of  very 
handsome  purplish  flawers. 

13  P.  tetragdnum  L'Her.  Branches  i-cornered,  fleshy ;  lvs.  cordate,  blurtly 
lobed,  somewhat  toothed ;  pet.  4,  the  upper  ones  pale-pink,  with  crimson  veins, 
the  2  lower  small,  white. — Lvs.  small,  rounded,  notched,  with  scattered  hairs. 

14  P.  Watsdnii  Link.  Lvs.  orbicular,  cordate,  somewhat  lobed,  crenato- 
dentate,  undulate  at  the  margin ;  stip.  acute,  cordate,  and  somewhat  toothed. — 
Fls.  large,  purple,  variegated,  several  together. 

15  P.  grandiflorum  W.  Smooth,  glaucous;  lvs.  5-lobed,  palmated,  cordate  at 
base,  the  lobes  dentate  toward  the  end ;  petals  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.— 
Distinguislied  for  the  size  and  beauty  of  tlie^«;ers,  which  are  white,  the  2  upper 
ones  elegantly  veined,  and  tinged  with  red,  larger  tlian  tlie  rest. 

16  P.  gravdolens  A.  Rose-scented  Geranium.  Lvs.  palmately  1 -lobed, 
lobes  oblong,  bluntly  tootlied,  revolute,  and  very  rough  at  the  edge;  umbeU 
many-flowered,  capitate. — Nectary  about  half  as  long  as  calyx.  Lvs.  very  fira- 
grrant.     Fls.  purple. 


OBD.K   33.-.zrGOPHYLLACE^. 


mth  rounded  recessf^'Ti!lu        P^^-^Baved  GEKANinu       r 


"  """""izea  World  -"  ~ 

OkbkkXXXII.     OXALIDACE^      Woon^ 

Sfems  low,  herbaceous  with  an  «.-.  •  •  Sorrbls. 

-*  regular,  symmetrical',  hy^^yTl  '7"  '"'^  "^*^™**«  ^^^^Pound  We«      ;^ 
petals  convolute  in  estivation     %"'      "''''''''■     ^^^^  peV^istent    [mh  •  ^^' 
««e  the  petals  longest.     SL  5         "" '^'  '"'"^^''^t  ^^onLlht '  ^      ''''' 

triT;  ^-"--^St^eHST^  ^^^-^  ---.se^^e::;:^:- 

(iXALIS,  L.     Wood  Sorr.:!      /p     ^^ 
or  united  at  base:  petals  inTh  i    ^  ''  ^^""^^  s^"''-)     Sepals  R    a-  .■ 
tfe;  capsule  ohlonfor  sTlr^''  *^^"  th«  WxTllL  f  """* 
Mostv  2/    wi>]i  t^ifvl  ^"'^■g'obous ;  carpels  a   i  +/         ^,      ^'  <^ap'- 

«"*  with  a  nodl^a  Mn£S„'""^'i.''  '»''<«"'••     Pi  fc  „^'''-  P''""'""^ 

delicately  veined  wi  hT^If ''"^''^''^  P^l'^^hite  vf^l^jT  "'"  '"«( 

2  O.  -rtoUoea  T       i      ,  ''""  "■''*  plant  has  an  TSJ  .^    "'"'' "'  "le  has? 

cent;  fl"  neddii-ISly?/'  '""""'':  A«  Wii/Z^"'"'/"'' '"'te-    Jn: 
mens.— An  eleS  1?  •"'  ."'°  ""'J-^  fleshy-  Z   IT  ■'  f^'^",  subpubes. 

ff"on1„n,^-^;tirf""^r"^^^^^^^ 

yellow,  appeariS  «n{n        ^'  °''*^*'j^  "^uch  longer  th J!  ;»         °°^  ^'«^''«-     Um 

'"if  rainer  commob 


«i 


i'*f  )' 


/« 


/    Is. 

'I'lfU 


280 


0RD3SR  35.— TROP^OLACE^. 


•"^Kif 


Oenera  9,  apeciM  100,  generally  diffused.  The  gum  resin  ffuittcum  is  derived  from  the  genus 
Ouiacum,  also  that  extremely  hard  and  heavy  wuud,  lignum-vitve. 

KALLSTROEMIA,  Scop.     Sepals  5,  persistent;    petals  5;  stamens 

10,  with  no  scale,  the  5  opposite  the  sepals  defective,  placed  inside  5 

hypogynous   glands;  styles  united,  stigmas  10-lol)ed;  fruit  at  length 

separating    into    10    1 -seeded    cocci. — (L)    Prostrate   and    diffuse,   with 

interpetiolar  stipules  and  abruptly  pinnate  leaves. 

K.  mdzima  Torr  &  Gr.  Lils.  3  or  4  pairn,  obloDg  or  oval,  slightly  falcate,  mucro' 
iiiite,  the  terminal  pair  largest ;  cocci  gibbous  at  base,  tubcrcled.  Waste  places, 
Savannah.  Sts.  pubescent,  1  to  2f  long.  Fis.  yellow,  axillary,  solitary,  pedun- 
culate.    Jn. — Sept.     g  W.  Indies.    (Tribulus  maximus  L.) 

Order  XXXIV.     BALSAMINACE^.     Jewel  Weeds. 

Herbs  annual,  witli  a  succulent  stem  and  watery  juice.  L/vs.  simple,  without 
stipules.  Fls.  very  irregular  and  unsymmetrical.  Sepals  5,  deciduous,  the  2  upper 
connate,  the  lowest  spurred  or  gibbous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  united  by  pairs,  or 
rarely  5,  distinct.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous.  Filaments  subulate.  Anth.  2-celled. 
Stig.  5-lobed,  sessile.  Fr.  capsular,  5-celled,  bursting  elasticaliy  by  5  valves.  Sds. 
several  in  each  cell.     Embryo  straight.     (Figures  114,  281,  282.) 

Genera  2,  n/iecies  110.  With  reganl  to  its  properties  and  uses,  this  order  is  of  no  importanoe« 
but  some  of  its  species  are  highly  ornHmental. 

IMPATIENS,  L.  ToucH-ME-NOT.  {Impatient  with  respect  to  the 
irritable  capsules.)  Sepals  colored,  apparently  but  4  (the  2  upper  be- 
ing united),  the  lowest  gibbous  and  spurred  ;  petals  apparently  2,  each 
of  the  lower  being  united  to  the  2  lateral  ones ;  stamens  5,  shoit,  an- 
thers cohering  at  apex;  capsule  often  1-celled  by  the  obliteration  of 
the  dissepiments,  6-valved  bursting  elasticaliy. — Sts.  smooth,  succulent, 
tender,  subpellucid,  witii  tumid  joints. 

1  I.  pdlllda  Nutt.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  teeth  mucro- 
nato ;  ped.  2  to  4-flowered,  elongated ;  lower  gibbous  sepals  dilated-couical,  broader 
than  long,  with  a  very  short,  recurved  spur ;  fls.  pale  yellow,  sparingly  dotted. — 
Q)  Wet  shady  places,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  branched,  Lvs.  2  to  5' 
long,  J  as  wide,  with  large,  obtuse  teeth,  each  tipped  with  a  very  short  mucro. 
Fls.  large,  mostly  in  pairs.  Two  outer  sepals  pale  green,  callous  pointed,  the 
rest  pale  yellow,  the  lower  produced  into  a  conic  nectary,  ending  in  a  spur  \'  long. 
Cap.s.  oblong-cylindric  1'  long,  bursting  at  the  slightest  touch  when  mature,  and 
scattering  the  seed.     Aug. 

2  I.  fdlva  Nutt.  Lvs.  rhomhic-ovate,  obtusish,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  teeth 
muoronate ;  ped.  2  to  4-flowered,  short ;  lower  gibbous  sepal,  acutely  conical, 
longer  tliau  broad,  with  an  elongated,  closely  reflexed  spur ;  fls.  deep  orange,  macu- 
late with  many  brown  spots. — 'J)  In  wet,  shady  grounds.  Can.  to  Ga.,  more  com- 
mon tiian  the  last,  somewhat  glaucous.  St.  IJ — 3f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  ^  as 
wide,  having  like  the  last  a  few  filiform  teeth  at  the  base.  Fls.  about  1'  in  length, 
the  recurved  spur  of  the  lower  sepals  ^'  long.     Caps,  as  in  the  last.     Aug. 

3  I.  Balaamina  L.  Balsamine.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  upper  ones  alternate ; 
ped.  clw^tered;  spur  shorter  than  the  flower. — (D  From  the  K.  Indies.  It  is  one  of 
th«  most  beautiful  of  garden  annuals,  forming  a  showy  pyramid  of  finely  varie- 
gated, carnation-like  flowers.  The  prevailing  colors  of  the  petals  are  red  and 
white,  but  the  former  rarics  in  every  possible  shade  of  crimson,  scarlet,  purple, 
pink  and  flesh  color.     Fls.  often  double. 

Order  XXXV.    TROP^OLACE-^.    TropHYWORTs. 

Plants  lierbaceous,  smooth,  climbing  or  twining,  with  a  pungent,  watery  juice. 
Lvs.  peltate  or  palmate.     Fls.  irregular,  axillary,  perfect.     Sepals  3  to  5,  colored. 


■"•v„;ki: 


■11 


Ordmr  37.— RUTACEiE. 


281 


anited,  the  upper  one  spurred.     Petals  1 — 5,  the  throo  lower  ones  stalked,  the  2 

upper  inserted  on  the   calyx.      Stamens  6  to   10,  distinct,   unequal,    perigynous. 

Ovary  3-curpclcd;  style  1 ;  stigmas  3.     Fruit  separating  into  3  indehiscent,  1-seeded 

nuts.     Sds.  large.     Albumen  0. 

Oe.nerd  4,  apeciex  40,  natives  of  9.  America.  They  possess  the  same  antiscorbutic  properties 
M  tlio  Criicirertc.  The  fruit  of  the  following  species  is  picklitd  and  used  as  a  substitute  fur 
eapers. 


1   ■  - 


TROP^OLUM,  L.  Indian  Cress.  (Lat.  tropceum,  a  trophy ;  the 
leaf  resembles  a  shield,  the  flower  an  empty  helmet.)  Character  essen- 
tially the  same  as  of  the  order. 

1  T.  mijus  L.  Nasturtion.  Lvs.  peltate,  roundish,  repandon  the  margin,  with 
the  long  petiole  inserted  a  Uttle  one  side  of  the  center ;  pet.  obttise,  the  2  upper 
«  =jt'int  from  the  3  lower,  whicli  are  timbriate  at  base,  and  contracted  into  long 
claws. — (D  Native  of  Peru.  St.  at  lengtli  climbing  by  means  of  its  long  petioles 
several  feet.  Lvs.  a  fina  example  of  the  peltate  form,  about  2'  diam.  Fls.  largo 
and  sliowy,  orange-colored,  witli  blotciies  of  deeper  shade.  They  are  eaten  for 
salad.     Jn. — Oct. 

2  T.  aduncum  Smith.  Canary  Creeper.  Capuchine.  St.  trailing  or  climb- 
ing ;  lvs.  peltate,  palmately  5-lobed,  lobe.s  dentate ;  petals  Uwiniate,  the  two  upper 
much  larger;  sep.  eutire,  acute. — Admired  for  its  grotesque,  orange-colored  flow- 
ers. Climbing  by  its  prehensive  petioles  like  T.  majus.  When  full  grown  it  will 
thrive  upon  air  alone,  f    From  Peru. 

Order  XXXVI.     LIMNANTIIACE^.     Limnanths. 


Herhs  annual,  with  an  acrid,  watery  juice,  alternate,  pinnatifid,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Flowers  regular,  3  to  5-merous,  •  perfect.  Sepals  united  at  base,  persistent,  valvate 
in  aestivation.  Petals  marescent,  hypogynous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals 
and  inserted  with  thom.  Fil.  opposite  to  the  sep.  with  a  small  process  outside  the 
base.  Ova.  of  2  to  5  carpels.  Sty.  united.  Stig.  simple,  i^.  2  to  5  achenia, 
rather  fleshy.     Sds.  solitary. 

Oenera  2,  species  3,  mostly  natives  of  the  temperate  parts  of  N.  America. 

FLOERKEA,  Willd.  False  Mermaid.  (Named  in  honor  of  Floerke, 
a  German  botanist.)  Sepals  3,  longer  than  the  3  petals ;  stamens  6 ; 
ovaries  3,  tuberculate,  style  2-cleft. — (f)  Small  aquatics,  with  pinnately 
divided  leaves. 

F.  proaerpinacoideB  Lindl.  Grows  in  marshes 
on  rivers  and  lake  shores,  Vt.  to  Penn.,  W.  to 
Mo.  Sts.  decumbent,  less  than  a  foot  in  length, 
weak,  slender.  Lvs.  alternate,  upper  ones  or 
those  above  the  water,  pinnately  5-parted,  lower 
or  submeised  ones  mostly  3-parted,  all  on  slen- 
der petioles  1  to  3'  in  length.  Fls.  axillary, 
pedunculate ;  petals,  white,  small,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  sepals.  Achenia  large,  2  or  1, 
roundish. 

Ord.  XXXVII.  RUTACE^.  Rueworts. 

Herbs  or  generally  shrubs  or  trees,  with  the  ex- 
stipulate  leaves  dotted  with  transparent  glands 
containing  aromatic  or  acrid  oil  Flowers  regular, 
3  to  6-merou8,  hypogynous,  perfect  or  polygamou.s. 
Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepala. 


€28,  Ruta  graveolens,  leaves,  flower, 
fruit.  9,  Xarxthoxyluni,  stamlnato 
flower;  680,  pistillate  flower. 


I;" 


I 


r 


I     ^ 


282 


Ordeu  37.— RUTACKiB. 


* 


i 


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Pistils  2  to  6,  separate  or  combined  into  a  compound  ovary,  with  aa  many  cells,  sessile 
or  raised  on  a  stipe  (gynophore) ;  styles  mostly  cohering.  Fruit  capsular,  or  separat- 
ing into  its  component  1  or  2-seeded  carpels. 

Oenera  70,  aperieJi  500  or  more,  generally  natives  of  9.  America  and  the  temperate  climei 
of  other  lands,  few  In  N.  Ainerieu.  Thoy  are  generally  possessed  of  a  strongly  aromatic,  puu' 
gent  taste  or  fottd  odor,  antispasmodic  and  tonic  properties. 

SUBORDERS  AND  OENERA. 

RUTE^iB.    Flowers  perfect.    (Herbs.    Stamens  10). 

Petals  equal,  concave.    Capsule  5-lobed Ruta  1 

Petals  unequal,  clawed.    Capsules  separable ....  Dictamnfs         8 

XANTIIOXYLE^.    Flowers  9  9  5.    (Trees,  shrubs.) 

Pistils  3— 5,  separate  below.    Stamens  3— 6.  Xantuoxylum  3 

Pistils  2,  united.    Samara  2-seeded Ptelea  4 

Pistils  3  to  5,  separate.    Samara  I -seeded....  Ailantiius         6 

1.  RUTA,  L.  Rue.  Calyx  of  4  to  5  sepals,  united  at  base ;  petals 
4 — 5,  concave,  obovate,  distinct,  torus  surrounded  by  10  nectariferous 
pores;  stamens  10  ;  capsule  lobed. —  U  Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  mostly 
European. 

R.  grav&olens  L.  Common  Rue.  Suffruticous,  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  2  to 
3-pinnately  divided,  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  terminal  ones  obovate-cuneate,  all 
entire  or  irregularly  cleft;  fls.  terminal,  corymbous;  pet.  entire. — Native  of  S. 
Europe.  St.  branched,  3  to  4f  high.  Lft.s.  6  to  10"  by  2  to  4",  conspicueusly 
dotted.    Corolla  yellow,  6"  diam.    Jn. — Sept.  X- 

2.  DICTAMNUS,  L.  Fraxinella.  Calyx  of  5,  deciduous  sepals ; 
petals  5,  unguiculate,  unequal ;  filaments  10,  declinate,  with  glandular 
dots  ;  capsules  5,  slightly  united. —  U  Herbs  native  of  Germany. 

D.  dlbua  Willd.  St.  simple ;  Ivs.  pinnate,  the  rachis  more  or  less  winged ;  flj. 
in  a  large,  terminal,  erect  panicle. — In  gardens.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high.  Fls.  showy, 
white,  varying  to  rose-color  and  purple.  The  whole  plant  emits  a  lemon-sconted, 
aromatic,  volatile  oil,  which  is,  of  course,  inflammable,  but  probably  does  not,  as 
once  affirmed,  render  the  air  (about  it)  inflammable.    (D.  Fraxinella  Link.) 

j3  rubra.     Fls.  purple ;  rachis  of  the  leaves  winged. 

3.  XANTHOXYLUM,  L.  Prickly  Ash.  (Gr.  ^avObg,  yellow,  ^vAov, 
wood,)  Sepals  4  or  6  ;  petals  4  or  5,  or  wanting ;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  in  $,  rudimentary  in  2  ;  pistils  3  to  5,  distinct  below,  with 
coherent  styles,  in  fruit  crustaceous ;  2-valved,  1  or  2-seeded. — Shrubs 
or  trees  with  sharp  prickles,  pinnate  leaves,  and  small,  greenish 
flowers. 

1  X.  Americdnum  Miller.  Prickly ;  l/is.  ovate,  subentire,  sessile,  equal  at  base ; 
umbels  axillary;  sepals  5,  petaloid,  petals  wanting  (more  properly  petals  5,  calyx 
wanting). — A  shrub  10  or  12f  high,  found  in  woods  in  most  parts  of  the  U.  S 
The  bruuches  are  armed  with  strong,  conical,  brown  prickles,'  with  a  broad  base. 
Lfls.  about  5  pairs,  with  an  odd  one,  smooth 'above,  downy  beneath;  common 
petioles,  with  or  without  prickles.  Fls.  in  small,  dense  umbels,  axillary,  greenish, 
appearing  before  the  leaves ;  seeds  large,  black.  The  bark  is  bitter,  aromatic,  and 
stimulant,  used  for  rheumatism  and  to  alleviate  the  toothache.     Apr.,  May. 

2  X.  Carolinidnum  Lam.  Prickly;  Ifts.  falcate-lanceolate,  very  inequilateral, 
petiolulate;  fls.  in  terminal,  umbel-like  panicles;  sep.  minute. — Southern  States. 
Tree  attaining  considerable  size.  Some  in  woods  N.  of  Montgomery,  Ala.,  are 
nearly  40f  high,  with  trunk  10  or  12'  diam.  Bark  light  gray,  with  the  prickles 
protruding  through  large,  corky  cones.  Lvs.  6  to  15'  long,  smooth  and  shining 
both  sides.  Lfts.  7  to  13,  obscurely  crenate-serrate,  only  the  odd  one  equilateral. 
Fls.  numerous,  globular,  finally  expanded,  and  the  5  stamens  exserted.     Bark 


>> ' 


Oa».B  38.-Al,ACABDUCK^. 


united  carpels  •  sti       "'  Ty  ^^'^'^  a"J  TperS  ,    .""  '^''  ^'^^^^'-^ 
P.  trifolidta  L.     Lvs  ^  fni-  *    ,^ 

petals  o  ;    5  3t  ^     *  «  ^  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  unii   ,/     "'" 

5f  in  length,  mth    o  to  2nT^  '''^'S^''  ^'"^  a  amSSh  Ln^'.^™"'^«^«"«'  «n'i 
panicles,  green   verv  ,n        ^^'"^  ^'^  leaflets   andTrT^Z.     "^'^  ^"''^'-     Lvs.  3  to 

tenant  ofoarpirk8'^^^'-^P''l  growth  of  tlfistrLtfts'oT^^^^^^^  '"  ^^-- 

V  '^commendation  as  a 

dot-  ^^.teStalT^'  "''°"*P^"»-d 
-only  dioecious,  smLr  C^'e^^^^*^'  -- 
base,  persistent.  Peial^^  J  ^"^  ^'  """^d  at 
(sometimes  0),  imbricated  S-/!  '""^  ""'"^^'•' 
petals,  alternate  with  thl  J  "  ^'  "^«"^  a^ 
'-^nd  perigynous.     6^a4  i™',fTr*  ^'^  ^°^-<^»t. 

"«ually  the  latter,  and  1-seeded     '  ^/''^^'''^^^P^' 
*i«uo,    ij.      Sumac        /"Tli^  •  """"  ^'tn  a  caua- 


'-S'fe^KrteSHii.te;; 


liH 


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all 


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mi 


284  Order  38.— ANACAPDIACEiE. 

trees  or  shrubs.     Lvs.   alternate,   mostly   compound.      Fis.   often,   by 
abortion,  imperfect. 

!  Leaves  simple.     Flowers  perfect  (or  all  abortive  in  cultivation) Nos.  9,  10 
Leaves  compound.    Flower  polypamous.  (a) 
a  Fis.  in  clustered  spikes  preceding  tiio  trifoliiite  leaves No.  8 

a  FIs.  in  axillary  i)aniclefi,  wjY/t  the  8— 18-foliato  leaves.      Poittonous Nor*.  T)— 7 

a  FIs.  In  terminal  thyrses,  with  the  9— 31-foliato  Icoves.  (b) 

b  Common  petiole  winped  between  the  leaflets No.  4 

b  Common  petiole,  not  winged Nos.  1—3 

1  R.  gl&braL.  Lvs.  and  branches  glabrous ;  Ifts.  11  to  31,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
acutely  serrate,  whitish  beneatli;  fr.  red  with  crimson  liairs. — Thickets  and  waste 
ground,  U.  B.  and  Can.  Shrub,  (>  to  151'  high,  consisting  ol"  many  strag-jliiig 
branches,  smooth,  except  its  fruit.  Lfts.  sessile,  except  sometimes  the  terminal 
odd  one.  FIs.  in  terminal,  tiiyr^oid,  dense  panicles,  grecnisli-red,  ?  $ .  Fertile 
ovaries,  clothed  with  grayish  down,  which  in  fruit  becomes  crimson,  and  con- 
tains malic  acid  (bi-malate  of  lime.  Prof.  Rogers),  extemely  sour  to  the  taste, 
J II.,  J  I.  The  bark  of  this  and  other  species  may  be  used  in  tanuiug.  The  drupes 
dye  red.     In  autumn  the  leaves  change  to  a  rich  crimBon. 

2  R.  typhina  L.  Branches  and  j)etioles  dennthj  villous;  lfts.  11  to  31,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  (h  red,  witii  crimson 
hairs. — A  larger  shrub  than  the  former,  attaining  the  height  of  20fJ  in  rocky  or 
low  barren  places.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  with  straggling,  thick  branches.  Lvs. 
at  length  2  to  3f  long ;  Itts.  sessile,  except  the  terminal,  odd  one.  FIs.  in  ter- 
minal, thyrsoid,  dense  panicles,  yellowish-green,  often  $  J  or  ?  ^  ^ .  Drupes 
compressed,  compact,  tlie  crimson  down  very  acid.  Jn.  The  wood  is  aromatic, 
of  a  sulphur-yellow,  and  used  in  dyeing. 

/3.  L.voiNiATA.     Lfts.  very  irregularly  coherent  and  incised;  panicles  lartly 
transformed  into  gashed  leaves.     Hanover,  N.  H.  (Rickard). 

3  R.  pumila  Mx.  Procumbent,  villous-pubescent ;  lfts.  9  to  13,  oval  or  oblong, 
coarsely  toothed ;  drupes  red,  silky-pubescent. — In  upper  Carolina.  Shrub, 
creeping  extensively,  with  branches  1  to  2f  high,  bearing  a  sub.sessile,  terminal, 
thyrsoid  panicle.  Lfts.  all  sessile,  clothed  with  a  velvety  pubescence  beneath, 
the  three  upper  often  confluent.     This  species  is  very  poisonous. 

4  R.  copallina  L.  Mountain  Sumac.  Branches  and  petioles  pubescent;  lfts  9. 
to  2 1 ,  oval-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  unequal  at  base,  common  petiole  winged ; 
fit;,  in  dense  panicles ;  drupes  red,  hairy.  A  smaller  shrub,  not  half  the  hight  of 
Numb.  2,  in  dry,  rocky  places,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Compound  petiole  about  6'  long, 
expanding  into  a  lealy  margin,  between  each  pair  of  leaflets.  Lfts.  1  to  3'  long, 
near  J  as  wide,  dark-green,  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface.  Panicles  of  fls. 
terminal,  sessile,  thyrsoid,   ?  J ,  greenish.     Drupes  acid.     Jl. 

ji,  Lfts.  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate.     N.  Y.  (Barratt.) 

5  R.  venenata  DC.  Poison  Sumac.  Dog  Wood.  Very  gMrous ;  Itla.  1  to  13, 
oval,  abruptly  acuminate,  very  entire ;  panicles  loose,  axillary,  pedunculate ; 
drupes  greenish-yellow,  smooth.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  of  fine  appearance,  10  to 
15f  high,  in  swamps,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Trunk  several  inches  diam.,  with  spread- 
ing branches  above.  Petioles  wingless,  red,  6  to  10'  long.  Lfts.  about  3'  long, 
J  as  wide,  sessile,  except  the  odd  one.  Panicles  axillary,  $  $ ,  those  of  the 
barren  ones  moi  9  diffuse.  Fls.  very  small,  green.  Drupes  as  large  as  peas.  Jn. 
The  whole  plant  is  very  poisonous  to  the  taste  or  touch,  and  even  taints  the  air 
to  aome  distance  around  with  its  pernicious  effluvium. 

6  R.  toxicodendron  L.  Poison  Oak.  Poison  Ivy.  Erect,  or  decumbent ;  lvs. 
pubescent ;  lfts.  3,  broadly  oval,  acuminate,  angular  or  sinuate-dentate ;  fls.  in 
racemous,  axillary,  subsessile  panicles;  drupes  smooth,  roundish. — Can.  to  the 
uplands  of  Ga.  A  small,  weak  shrub,  1  to  3f  high,  young  branches,  and  lvs. 
beneath  downy.  Lfts.  2  to  6'  long,  §  as  wide,  petiolate,  the  common  petiole  4  to 
6'  long.  Fls.  small,  $  $ .  Drupes  pale-brown.  Poisonous^  but  less  so  than 
the  last. 

7  R.  rddicans  L.  Climbing  Ivy.  Stems  climbing  by  means  of  innumerable 
radicating  tendrils;  leaflets  ovate,  smooth,  entire;  fls.  racemed  in  axillary 
panicles.  A  vigorous,  woody  climber,  ascending  trees  and  other  objects  10  to  40 
or  60^  common  in  damp  woods,  Can.  and  U  S.     The  stem  beoomM  1'  to  2  in 


0RDB8  40.-ACEKACEA^ 
W'lokncss,  covered  with  a  £,«„:  i,        .  285 

compound  p.nE     tT«  "''"'T'''"'''cIoudysm^^^^^^  in  ti.e  dis- 

-.«-.. .p.... ,,,,„,,,„;t::;,:^^'''''»«'y  albumen.  "^^^ 

I*,  tobira  Leiand     T 

6-    .Tis.  m  terniiuai 
^XU     ACERACE^.    m.p.„, 

united  carpela.  ly  .  dlfw  '  """"P^^^^^^ed  of  2 
-ings,  thickened  at  thettTT^  ^^*'  ^'PP««'"^ 
(must,  in  Fig..  22,  2M0MT5lir)    ^^'^  ^• 

1.  ACER,  Moench.   Maple    fTU^ 
name,  meani„ir  sharn  vi2      ((^^^^"C'ent 
^  ^  ? ;    calyx  5  JJ^Lor.T^-^     ^'^^^--^ 


i^"( 


i'a' 


-084  Saiuttia  «f  ifapla 


286 


Order  40.— ACERACE^. 


1    I 


Hi  :i 


4m 


(4 — 9)-petaled  or  0 ;  stamens  8  (4 — 12);  styles  2  ;  samarae  2-winged, 
united  at  base,  by  abortion  1-seeded. — Lvs.  simple,  palmately  6-lobed. 

Flowers  in  fascicles,  preceding  the  leaves Nos.  1,  2 

Flowers  in  pendulous  corymbs  appearing  with  the  leaves Nos.  8,  4 

Flowers  in  racemes,  appe-iring  with  the  leaves Nos.  5,  6 

1  A.  rClbruin  L.  Red  Maple.  Swamp  Maple.  Lvs.  cordate  at  base,  acutely 
and  iacisely  toothed,  the  sinuses  acute,  glaucous  beneath ;  pedicels  elongated  in 
fruit;  petals-linear  oblong;  ovaries  andfrvAt  smooth. — Common  in  low  woods  and 
swamps  throughout  the  country.  It  is  commonly  of  smaller  dimensions  than  the 
sugar  maple,  but  sometimes  far  exceeds  it.  Specimens  at  Montezuma,  Ind.,  on 
the  Wabash  river,  measure  about  80f  in  height  with  a  tnmk  17f  in  circumference. 
Bark  rather  smooth,  becoming  dark  gray  and  broken  with  age.  In  early  spring 
it  puts  forth  its  deep  crimson  flowers  in  dense  fascicles  (about  5  from  each  bud). 
Stamens  4  times  as  long  as  the  petals.  The  fruit  has  its  wings  1'  long,  at  first 
incurved,  finally  divergent,  mostly  red.  The  leaves  vary  greatly  in  form  and 
pubescence,  sometimes  quite  woolly  beneatli.  Curled  maple  is  a  variety  of  the 
wood  of  this  species,  much  prized  in  cabinet-work. 

/3.  TRiDENS.  Lvs.  smaller,  3-lobed,  rounded  at  the  base,  rather  obscurely 
toothed;  fls.  and  fr.  greenish  yellow. — N.  J.  to  La.  Probably  a  distinct 
species.  Lvs.  whitish  and  rather  smooth  beneath,  2  to  3'  broad.  Pr.  with 
wings  nearly  straight,  diverging  at  90°.     (A.  rubrum  i3f  T.  &  Gr.) 

2  A.  dasycdxpum.  Ehrh.  "White  Maple.  Lvs.  truncated  at  base,  unequally 
and  incisely  toothed,  with  rather  obtuse  sinuses,  white  and  smooth  beneath ;  fls.  in 
crowded,  simple  umbels,  with  short  pedicels  and  downy  ovaries ;  petals  0. — This 
species  much  resembles  tlie  last,  but  its  leaves  are  larger,  more  pointed,  and 
wliiter  beneath,  and  the  winged  fruit  is  also  larger  than  that  of  the  red  maple  or 
of  any  of  the  following  species.  It  is  a  tall  tree,  60f  in  height,  not  uncommon  in 
the  N.  Eng.  forests.  The  flowers  are  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  as  also  the  fruit. 
The  wood  is  white,  softer  and  less  esteemed  than  that  of  other  species.  The  sap 
yields  sugar  in  smaller  proportions  than  the  8Ugar  maple. 

3  A.  aaccharinum  L.  Sugar  Maple.  Rock  Maple.  L\a.  subcordate  at  base ; 
acuminate,  remotely  toothed,  with  rounded  and  shallow  sinuses,  glaucous  beneatli ; 
fla  pedunculate,  pendulous. — This  fine  tree  is  found  throughout  U.  S.,  but  most 
abundant  in  tlio  primitive  soils  of  N.  Eng.,  constituting  the  greater  part  of  some 
of  its  forest?.  Jt  is  a  tree  of  lofty  proportions,  70f  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  3fdiam. 
Tlie  bark  is  of  a  light-gray  color,  rough  and  scaly.  The  branches  become  numer- 
rous  and  finely  ramified  in  open  situations,  and  in  summer  are  clothed  with  a  foli- 
age of  uncommon  luxuriance  and  beauty,  on  which  account  it  is  more  extensively 
cultivated  as  a  shade  tree  than  any  other,  not  even  excepting  the  majestic  and 
favorite  Elm.  Maple  sugar,  perhaps  the  most  delicious  of  all  sweets,  is  mostly  the 
product  of  this  species.  An  ordinary  tree  will  yield  5  to  1 0  pounds  in  a  season. 
The  wood  is  very  strong  and  compact,  and  makes  the  best  of  fuel.  It  is  somi- 
times  curled  like  the  red  maple,  but  oflener  presents  that  beautiful  arrangement 
of  fibre,  called  bird's-eye  maple,  which  is  highly  esteemed  in  cabinet-work^  The 
flowers  are  exceedingly  abundant  and  suspended  on  long,  thread-like  pediceis, 
and  delicately  beautiful.     Apr. 

4  A.  nigrum.  Mx.  Black  Maple.  Sugar  Tree.  Lvs.  cordate,  with  the  sinus 
closed,  lobes  divaricate,  sinuate-dentate,  paler  beneath,  with  the  veins  beneath,  and 
the  petioles  pubescent ;  lis.  on  long,  slender  pedicels;  fr.  glabrous,  turgid  at  base, 
the  wings  diverging. — A  large  tree,  in  mountainous  situations,  Vt.  to  Ind.  Re- 
sembles the  last,  but  is  probably  distinct.  Trunk  30  to  70f  high,  with  a  shaggy 
bark.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  diam.,  dark  green  above,  the  two  interior  lobes  much  smaller. 
Fls.  pendulous,  on  long  peduncles,  yellowish.  Pr.  with  wings  1'  in  length,  pale- 
yellow,  and  more  diverging  than  A.  sacchariuum.  The  sap,  like  the  last  men- 
tioned tree,  yields  sugar  abundantly.     Apr. 

5  A.  Pennsylvdnioum,  L.  Striped  Maple.  Wuistle-wood.  Lvs.  with  3 
acuminate  lobes,  rounded  at  base,  sharply  denticulate,  smooth ;  rac.  simple,  pendif 
lous. — A  small  tree  or  shrub  10  to  15f  high.  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  but  most  abun- 
dant in  our  northern  wooda  The  bark  is  smooth  and  beautifully  striped  length- 
wise with  greeu  and  black.    Fk  large,  yellowish-green,  succeeded  by  long  clua> 


Orukb  41.— SAPINDACE^. 


28V 


ters  of  fruit,  with  pale-green  wings.  The  smaller  branches  are  straight  and 
emooth,  easily  separated  from  the  bark  in  spring,  and  are  often  manufactured  by 
the  boys  into  certain  wind  instruments.  Hence  it  is  called  whistle-wood.  In  Eu- 
rope it  is  prized  in  ornamental  gardening.  May.  (A.  striatum  Lam.) 
6  A.  apic^tum  Lam.  Mountain  Maple  Bush.  Lvs.  acute,  dentate,  pnbeacerit 
beneath ;  roc.  erect,  compound. — A  shrub  of  smaller  stature  than  the  last,  fuund  in 
mountain  or  hilly  woods  throughout  the  country.  The  bark  is  a  light  gray.  Lvs. 
small,  rough,  divided  into  3  or  5  lobe?,  which  are  somewhat  pointed,  with  large, 
sharp  teeth,  and  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.  Fls.  greenish,  numerous  and  min- 
ute, in  cylindric,  oblong,  close  clusters,  becoming  pendulous  with  the  winged 
fruit.     Jn. 

7  A.  Pseudo-Pldtanus  L.  Sycamore.  Lvs.  cordate,  glabrous  and  glaucous 
beneath,  segm.  or  lobes  acute,  unequally  dentate ;  fls  in  long,  pendulous  racemes ; 
samara  glabrous. — Native  of  northern  Europe.  An  ornamental  tree,  40  to  50f 
high,  with  very  large,  dark  green  leaves.  A  beautiful  variety  with  striped  leaves 
is  also  cultivated.     Apr.,  May.  \ 

8  A.  macrophyllum  Ph.,  with  large,  very  deeply  5-lobed  lvs.,  nodding  ra- 
cemes, and  hispid  fruit,  from  Oregon,  is  occasionally  seen  in  shubberies  and  parks. 
It  becomes  a  large  tree,  also 

9  A.  circin^tum  Plu,  with  cordate,  7  to  9-lobed  lvs.,  and  pedunculate  co- 
rymbs of  flowers,  from  Oregon.     A  beautiful  tree. 

2.  NEGUNDO,  Mcench.  Box  Elder.  Ash  Maple.  Flowers  ?  S  ; 
corolla  0  ;  $  flowers  racemed,  $  fascicled  ;  calyx,  stamens  and  fruit  as 
in  the  last  genus. —  Lvs.  compound,  pinnately  3  to  5-foliate. 

N.  aceroides  Moench.  Lvs.  temate  and  5-pinnate;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  re- 
motely and  unequally  dentate;  ?  racemes  long  and  pendulous;  barren  fls. 
corymbous;  fr.  oblong,  with  largo  wings  dUated  upwarda — A  handsome  tree,  20 
to  30f  high,  with  irregular,  spreading  branches,  in  low  grounds,  Can.  to  N.  Car. 
and  Tenn.  The  trunk  is  a  loot  or  more  in  diameter,  and  when  young  covered 
with  a  smooth,  yellowish  green  bark.  Lfts.  serrated  above  the  middle,  petiolate, 
the  terminal  one  largest,  all  slightly  pubescent.  Wings  of  the  samara  approxi- 
mate, broadest  towards  the  end.     Apr.     (Acer  Negundo  L.) 


Order  XLI.     SAPINDACE^.     Indian  Soapworts. 

TVecs,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound,  alternate  or  opposite 
leaves.  Flowers  mostly  unsymmetrical  and  irregular,  4  or  5-merou8,  with  the  s^als 
and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  the  stamens  5  to  10,  inserted  on  a  hy- 
pogynous  or  perigj'^nous  disk;  Ovary  2  or  3-celled  and  lobed  with  2  (rarely  more) 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Embryo  mostly  curved  or  convoluted,  with  little  or  no  albu- 
men.    (Figures  209,  358.) 

Oenera  78,  species  415,  scattered  over  all  countries,  and  of  various  qualities  (vnd  uses.  Tho 
Order  is  named  from  the  saponaceous  principle  contained  in  the  seed  of  Bapinda  Saponaria  and 
otiior  species,  which  makes  a  lather  with  water  useful  in  washing.  Tho  fruits  of  the  I'uullinia 
ftre  poisonous,  those  of  Ncphclium  delicious  and  wholesome. 

TRIBES   AND   QENERA. 

HIPPOCASTANE.(E.    Lvs.  opposite.    Carpels  2-ovuled.    Embryo  curved. 

Petals  unequal.    Stamens  7.    Leaves  digitate iEscui.UB.  1 

SAPINDEJB.     Leaves  alternate.    Carpels  1-ovuled.    Embryo  curved. 

Trees.  Fruit  I  to  3  fleshy,  connate,  globular  carpels Sapindus.  2 

Herbs,  climbing.    Fruit  an  inflated,  membranous  capsule CAKDiosi'KRMir.M,  3 

BTAPIIYLKiE.    Lvs.  opposite,  pinnate.    Fruit  an  inflated  capsule Staphvlka.  4 

1.  .£SCULUS,  L.  IIoRSE  Chestnut.  Buckeye.  Calyx  5-toothed  ; 
corolla  irregular,  4  or  5-petaled  ;  stamens  1  (6  to  8),  distinct,  unequnl, 
inserted  on  a  hypogynous  disk;  style  filiform,  ovary  3-celled,  with  2 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  fruit  coriaceous,  2  to  3-valved,  containing  but  one 


fe 


\U, 


Ji 


J  '  ^'  '  V 


I  r, 


I 


288 


Ordeb  41.— SAPINDACE^. 


Fruit  covered  with  prickles.    Petals  4  or  5,  spreading Nos.  1,  2 

Fruit  sinootli.    Petals  4,  erect,  the  2  upper  clawed Nos.  3—5 


%■' 


or  very  few  large,  smooth  seeds ;  cotyledons  thick,  bulky,  inseparauie.— ' 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  digitate,  5  to  7-foliate  Ivs.  Fls.  pani* 
culate,  terminal. 

I  .£8CULU8  DC. 

I  Pavia  DC 

1  Si.  HippocdBtanum  L.  Horse  Chestnut.  Lvs.  of  1  obovate  Ifts.  -, 
pet.  5,  spreading ;  fr.  prickly. — A  noble  tree,  justly  admired  for  its  majestic  pro- 
portions, and  for  the  beauty  of  its  foliage  and  flowers.  It  is  a  native  of  the  north 
of  Asia,  but  is  now  known  throughout  Europe  and  in  this  country,  and  is  a  fre- 
quent ornament  of  courts  and  avenues.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  attains  the 
height  of  40  or  50f.  In  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  pyramidal  rac?mes  or 
thyrsea  of  flowers  of  pink  and  white,  finely  contrasting  with  the  dark  green  of 
its  foliage.     The  seed  is  large,  mahogany-colored,  and  eaten  only  by  deer,  f 

2  St.  glabra  Willd.  Ohio  Buckeye.  Lfts.  5,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate, 
or  serrulate ;  fls.  in  lax  thyrsoid  panicles ;  cor.  4-petaled,  spreading,  with  the 
•laws  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  stam.  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  corolla ;  fr.  echi- 
natc. — .V  small,  ill-scented  tree,  along  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries. 
Lfts.  3  to  6'  long,  j  as  wide,  subsessile,  or  often  contracted  at  base  to  short  stalks. 
Fls.  yellowish-white,  small,  slightly  irregular.  Pr.  hardly  1'  diam.  May,  Jn. 
(Pavia  Ohioensis  Mx.) 

3  iE.  flava  Ait.  Bio  Buckkye.  Sweet  Buckeye.  Lfts.  5  to  1,  oblong-ovate 
or  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  pubescent  beneath ;  fls.  in  thyrsoid,  pubes- 
cent panicles,  about  6  on  each  division  of  the  peduncle ;  cal.  campauulate,  not 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla ;  petals  very  unequal,  connivent,  longer  than  the  stam- 
ens;  ft.  unarmed. — A  large  tree,  30  to  70f  high,  common  in  the  Southern  and 
Western  States.  (In  Columbia  co,,  Ga.,  only  4  to  6f  high,  Elliott.)  Lfl;s.  4  to  7' 
by  1  to  3'.  Fls.  pale  yellow.  Fr.  globous,  uneven  on  the  surface,  but  not 
prickly,  2'  diam.,  with  1  or  2  large  (T  diam.),  mahogany -colored  seeds.  Apr., 
May. 

4  .ffi.  Pavia  L.  Buckeye.  Lfts.  5  to  7.  oblong-lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  shortly 
acuminate,  finely  serrate ;  fls.  red,  very  irregular  in  a  lax,  thyrsoid  raceme ;  pet. 
4,  erect,  as  long  as  stamens ;  cal.  tubular,  half  as  iong  as  the  2  shorter  petals. — 
A  beautiful  shrub,  3  to  lOf  high,  common  in  the  Southern  States.  Lvs.  of  a  rich 
shining  gretm,  the  veins,  petioles  and  twigs  purple.  Fls.  large  (1'  long),  red, 
glabrous.     Mar. — May.  f 

5  iB.  parvifidra  Walt.  Lfta  5  to  7,  obovate  acuminate,  serrate,  velvety  canes- 
cent  beneath ;  petals  4  {white),  somewhat  similar  and  spreading,  thrice  shorter  than 
the  capillary  stamens. — A  beautiful  shrub,  2  to  5f  high,  in  upper  Ga.  and  S.  Car. 
Fls.  very  numerous,  in  a  long,  slender,  racemous  thyrse.  The  upper  petals  are 
rather  long*ir,  all  on  slender,  exserted  claws.    Apr.,  May.    {M.  macrostachya  Mx.) 

2.  SAPINDUS,  L.  Soap-berry.  (That  is,  by  syncope,  Sapo  Indicus, 
Indian  soap.)  Sepals  4  or  5 ;  petals  as  many,  or  one  less  by  abortion, 
appendaged  inside  with  a  gland,  scale  or  beard  ;  stamens  8  to  10;  in- 
serted on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fleshy  disk ;  stigmas  3  ;  fruit  3, 
connate,  globular,  fleshy  carpels,  often  by  abortion  2  or  1  ;  seed  large, 
solitary. — Trees  with  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulate  leaves. 

8.  margindtus  Willd.  Common  petioles  wingless;  lfts.  9  to  18,  ovate-lance- 
olate, long-pointed,  very  inequilateral,  short-stalked,  entire,  glabrous,  shining 
above ;  fls.  in  dense  compound  panicles,  ^  ?  or  J  V  ?  . — Ga.  to  Ark.  Tree  20 
to  40f  high,  with  bright-green  foliage  and  small  fls.  in  large  terminal  panicles. 
The  barren  panicles  Tnuch  more  dense  and  compound  than  the  fertile.  Filaments 
hairy.  Berry  usually  single,  rarely  triple,  reddish-brown,  as  large  as  an  ounce 
bullet,  its  pulp  soapy.     Seeds  loose,  rattling. 

3.  CARDIOSPERMUM,  L.  Heart-seed.  Balloon-vine.  (Or.  Kap6ia, 
heart,  OTripjia,  seeds ;  the  globous  seeds  marked  with  a  large  cordate 
hilum.)     Sepals  4,  the  2  outer  smallest ;  petalf  4,  each  with  an  emar- 


Order  42.— (JELASTRACE^. 


289 


ginato  scale  above  the  base  ;  tlie  2  lower  remote  from  the  stamens, 
their  scales  crested ;  stamens  8,  unequal ;  style  tritid  ;  capsule  mem- 
branous, inflated. — Climbing  herbs  with  biternate  Ivs.  Lower  pair  of 
pedicels  changed  to  tendrils. 

C.  Halidcabum  L.  Plant  nearly  glabrous ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  incisely  lobed  nnd 
dentate;  Ih  pyriform-globous,  large,  bladder-like. — Native  oq  the  Missouri  and 
its  branches,  Torn.  &  Gr.  Naturalized  in  the  Western  States,  Mead.  A  curious 
vii  e,  4  to  6f  in  length,  with  remarkably,  large,  intiated,  membranous  cap- 
sules.    Jl.  § 

4.  STAPHYLEA,  L.     Bladder-nut.      (A   Greek  word,  meaning  a 

cluster  of  grapes ;  from  the  form  of  tlie  fructifieation.)     FIs.  <? ;  calyx 

of  5,  colored,  persistent  sepals ;  petals  and  stamens  5  ;  styles  3  ;  cap- 

'gules  2  to  3-celled,  thin,  and  inflated  ;  seeds  not  ariled.     Shrubs  with 

opposite,  3  to  7-foliate  Ivs.  and  caducous  stipules. 

S.  trifdlia  L.  Lvs.  ternate ;  rac.  pendulous  ;  pet.  ciliat3  below ;  fr.  ovate. — A  hand- 
some shrub,  6  to  8f  high,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets*,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Tenn. 
Lfta.  oval-acuminate,  serrate,  pale  beneath,  with  scattered  iiairs.  FIs.  white,  very 
elegant,  in  a  sliort,  drooping  raceme.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plaut 
rs  its  large,  inflated  capsules,  which  are  3-sided,  3-parted  at  top,  3-colled,  cotitain- 
iug  several  hard,  small  nuts  or  seeds,  witli  a  bony,  smooth  and  polished  testa. 
May. 

Order  XLII.     CELASTRACEJi:.     Staff  Trees. 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  with  flowers  small,  regular,  4  or 
5-merous,  perigynous,  sepals  and  petals  botli  imbrii-ated  in  aestivation,  stamens  alter- 
nate with  the  petals  and  inserted  on  a  disk  which  fills  up  the  bottom  of  the  calyx; 
carpels  2  to  5,  styles  unitGd.  (Fig.  460.)  F>-uit  froefromtiio  calyx  with  2  to  5  cells. 
Seeds  ariled,  few,  albuminous. 

An  order  closely  related  to  the  last,  embracing  about  30  (/enera  and  200  npeeiex,  chiefly  lnbab> 
Itinj?  the  temperate  zone  of  each  Lemisphero.  They  possess  acrid  and  bitter  properties,  soin*- 
timoa  emetic  and  stimulant. 

1.  CELASTRUS,  L.  Staff-tree.  Flowers  often  imperfect;  calyx 
flat,  of  5  united  sepals ;  corolla  spreading,  of  5  sessile  petals ;  capsule 
subglobous,  or  3-angled,  3-celled ;  seeds  with  an  arillus,  1  to  2  in  each 
cell. — Climl»ing  shrubs,  with  alternate,  deciduous  lvs.  and  minute,  de- 
ciduous stipules. 

C.  scdndena  L.  Unarmed;  st.  woody,  twining;  lvs.  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate; 
rac.  terminal ;  fls.  dioecious. — A  climbing  shrub  in  woods  and  thickets,  the  sterna 
twining  about  other  trees  or  each  other,  ascending  to  »  great  height.  Lvs.  alter- 
nate, stipulate,  petiolato,  smooth.  Fls.  in  small  racemes,  greenish  white.  Sds. 
covered  with  a  scarlet  aril,  and  contained  in  a  3-valved  capsule,  continuing  upon 
the  stem  through  the  winter.     Jn. 

3.  EUONYMUS,  Tourn.  Spindle  Tree.  (Gr.  ev,  good,  Svo/m, 
name.)  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  flat,  of  5  (sometimes  4  or  G)  united 
sepals ;  corolla  flat,  inserted  on  the  outer  margin  of  a  glandular  disk ; 
stamens  6,  with  short  filaments ;  capsule  colored,  6-angled,  6-celled, 
6-valved;  seeds  ariled. — Shrubs  erect  or  trailing,  with  opposite,  ser- 
rate lvs. 

1  E.  atropurpilreuB  Jacq.  Spindle  Tree.  Burning  Bitsil  Branches  smooth ; 
lvs.  cUiptic-ovate,  petiolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  puberulent  beneath;  ped, 
compressed,  many-flowered;  fls.  usually  4-mcrous;  capsule  smooth,  lobcd. — A 
smooth  shrub,  4  to  lOf  high,  iu  shady  woods,  U.  S.,  E.  of  the  Miss.     Lvs.  2  to  5' 


[■rW 


iric 


i 


'  ^a 


f^m 


290 


Order  43.— RUAMNACE^. 


■    ■    -■I.  i.H» 


ly- 


it 


't;.» 


:-i: 


te 


lOQg,  i  as  wide,  acute  or  often  rounded  at  base,  on  petioles  ^  to  1'  long.  Fed. 
opposite,  slender,  1  to  2^'  long,  each  with  a  cyme  of  3  to  6  flowers.  Cor.  dark 
purple,  4  to  5"  diam.  Caps,  cnmson,  smooth.  Sds.  covered  in  a  bright  red 
aril.     Jn. 

2  E.  Americ^nuB  L.  Burnino  Bush.  Branches  smooth,  4-angled;  Ivs.  ovai 
and  elliptic-lanceolate,  subentire  below,  acuminate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  smooth, 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  ped.  round,  about  3-flowered;  fls.  mostly  pentamerous;  caps, 
verrucous. — Shrub  of  smaller  size  than  the  preceding,  with  small  Ivs,  in  moist 
woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  J  as  wide,  coriaceous.     Ped.  slender, 

1.  2  or  4-flowered.  Tls.  a  little  larger  than  in  No.  1,  yellow  and  pink,  the  parts 
rarely  in  3s.     Capsule  dark  red,  'varty.     Sds.  with  a  bright- red  aril.     Jn. 

fi.  0B0VATU8  T.  Sb  G.      Trailing  and  rooting ;  lvs.  obovate-oval,  rather  pointed 
or  obtuse,  acute  and  short-petiolate  at  base.     Ohio,  &c.     (E.  obovatus  Nutt.) 

3  E.  augUBtifdlius  Ph.     Branches  4-3ided;    lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  inequilateral 
and  subfalcate,  acute  at  each  end,  obscurely  serrate,  almost  sessile ;  pedicels  1  tO' 
^-flowered;  fls.  5-merous,  pet.  distinctly  clawed. — Woods  near  Savannah,  Ga.    St. 
decumbent.     Branches  regularly  opposite,  so  that  the  plant  appears  like  a  bipin- 
nate  leaf.     Lvs.  2  to  3  long,  3  to  5"  wide,  sharply  acute;  fls.  as  large  as  in  No, 

2.  Apr.,  May. 

4  E.  EuropaeuB  L.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous ;  ped.  compressed, 
3-flowered ;  fis.  usually  tetrandrovs. — Native  of  Europe.  A  handsome  shrub,  4  to 
12f  high,  sometimes  found  in  shrubberies,  although  certainly  not  superior  in  ele- 
gance to  No.  1.     May — Jl.  f 

Order  XLIII.     RHAMNACE^     Buckthorns. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  spiny,  with  simple,  alternate  ivs.  with  ./lowers  regular, 
sometimes  apetalous  or  otherwise  imperfect ;  with  the  stamens  perigynous,  as  many 
(4  or  5)  as  the  valvate  sepals,  alternate  with  ihem,  and  opposite  to  the  petals  when 
they  are  present.  Disk  fleshy ;  capsule  or  berry  with  one  albuminous  seed  in  each 
cell. 

Genera  42,  upecien  250,  distributed  throiighout  all  countries  except  those  in  the  frigid  zones. 
Many  aro  natives  of  U.  9.    Ceanothus  is  peculiar  to  N.  America. 

Propertiefi.  Tiie  berries  of  many  species  of  Rhamnus  are  violent  purgatives.  The  Zlzyphus 
Jiijnba  yields  the  well-known  jujube  paste  of  the  shops.  The  leaves  of  Ceanothus  have  been 
Bsed  us  a  substitute  for  tea. 

GENERA. 

Flowers  clustered,  axillary.     Petals  as  long  as  sepals  or  none En amnus  1 

Flowers  clustered,  terminal.     Petals  on  long  exserled  claws Ckanotuus  2 

Flowers  paniclod,  terminal.    Petals  as  long  as  the  sepals Bkkciiemia  3 

Flowers  spicate,  terminal.    Petals  very  minute Bagebktia  4 

1.  RHAMNUS,  L.  Buckthorn.  (The  Greek  name.)  Calyx  urceo- 
late,  4  or  5-cleft ;  petals  4  or  6,  iiotclied,  lobed  or  entire,  or  sometimes 
wanting ;  ovary  free,  not  immersed  in  the  thin  torus,  2  to  4 -celled  ; 
ptyles  2  to  4,  more  Oi  less  united ;  drupe  containing  2  to  4  cartilaginoas 
nuts. — Lvs.  alternate,  rarely  opposite.     Fls.  in  axillary  clusters. 

§  Flowers  tctramerous.    Leaves  with  orcuato  veins Nos.  1 ,  2 

§  Flowers  pentamerous.    Leaves  with  straightish  veinlets Nos.  8,  4 

1  R.  cathdrticus  L.  Thorny;  lvs.  ovate,  denticulato-serrate ;  fls.  fascicled; 
polyganio-dicEcious,  mostly  tetrandrous;  sty.  4,  at  apex  distinct  and  recurved;  fr. 
globular,  4-seeded. — Cultivated  in  hedges,  and  occasionally  found  wild  in  N.  Eng. 
and  N.  Y.  It  is  a  shrub  or  tree  10  to  ]5f  high,  spreading,  with  thorns  terrain- 
nating  the  short  branches.  Lvs.  somewhat  opposite.  1  to  2'  long,  §  as  wide,  usu- 
ally witli  an  abrupt  acumination,  and  with  5  to  7  arcuate  veins.  Pedicels  3  to  4  ' 
long.  Fls.  greenish.  Petals  inconspicuous,  entire  (sometimes  0  ?),  narrower  than 
Ihe  lanceolate  sepals.  Berries  black,  with  a  green  juice,  cathartic,  and  forminy; 
with  alum  the  pigment  called  sap  green. 


Order  43.-RHAMNACEiE. 


291 


2  R.  lanceol^tus  Ph.  Thomltss;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  lance-obloDg,  acute  at 
each  end,  serrulate,  the  younger  leaves  obtuse ;  fls.  1  to  3  together ;  petals  2-lobed ; 
styles  2,  <U  apex  distinct  and  diverging;  drupes  2-seeded. — Shrub  4  to  8f  high,  on 
the  rocky  banks  of  rivers,  Ind.  to  Tenu.  and  Penn.  rare.  Lvs.  about  2'  long,  on 
short,  but  distinct  petioles,  often  nearly  glabrous  when  old.  Fls.  yellowish-green, 
perfect  but  often  fruitless.     Berries  small,  dark  red. 

3  R.  alnifdliuB  L'Her. '  Shrub  erect,  with  unarmed  branches ;  lvs.  oval,  acute, 
serrate,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath;  ped.  aggregate,  \-flowered;  fls.  mostly 
pentandrous  and  apetalous ;  cal.  acut«;  sty.  3,  united,  very  short;  fr.  turbinate, 
black, — A  shrub  2  to  4f  high,  in  spiiaguous  swamps,  Penn.  to  Can.  Lvs.  1  to  3' 
Ion,',  \  aa  wide,  acute  at  base.  Berries  about  as  large  as  currants,  black,  3-seeded. 
May,  Jn.     (R.  franguloides  Mx.) 

4  R.  CarolinidnuB  Walt.  Shrub  erect,  unarmed;  lvs.  oblong-oval,  obscurely 
serrulate,  acute,  paler  beneath;  _fis. perfect,  in  short,  axillary  umbels,  petals  minute; 
styles  united,  stigmas  3;  fr.  globular,  3-seeded. — A  handsome  shrub  or  small  tree 
on  river  banks,  Long  Isl.  and  southward.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  \  as  wide,  dark 
green  and  shining  above,  the  petioles  4  to  5"  long,  veins  prominent.  Fla.  small, 
whitish,  3  to  9  in  each  umbel  which  is  not  longer  than  the  petioles.  Berries  pui'- 
ple.     May,  Jn.    (Frangula  Caroliniana  Gr.) 

2.  CEANOTHUS,  L.  Jersey  Tea.  Red-root.  Calyx  tnbular-cani- 
panulate,  5-cleft,  separating  transversely  after  flowering ;  petals  5,  sac- 
cate-arched, with  long  claws;  stamens  niofctly  exserted  ;  stylo  mostly 
3-cleft;  capsule  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  surrounded  at 
base  by  the  persistent  tube  of  the  calyx. — Shrubby  and  thornless.  Fls. 
small,  aggregated  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

1  C.  AmericdnuB  L.  Lvs.  ohlong-ovate,  or  ovate,  serrate,  3-veined;  flowering 
branches  leafy  or  leafless,  elongated. — A  small  shrub  with  a  ;)rofu8ion  of  white 
blossoms,  found  in  woods  and  groves  U.  S.  and  Can.  "Very  abundant  on  the  bar- 
rens at  the  West.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  slender,  with  reddish,  round,  smooth  brancliis. 
Lvs.  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  very  down}-,  with  soft  hairs  beneath.  Fi.?. 
minute,  white,  in  crowded  panicles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Stan' ens 
enclosed  in  the  curiously  vaulted  corolla.  The  root,  which  is  large  and  red,  is 
sometimes  used  for  coloring.  The  leaves  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for 
tea.     Jn. 

/3.  GLABRA.     Whole  plant  very  nearly  glabrous ;  panicles  leafless.     Woburn, 
Mass.     (Dr.  Rickard.) 

2  C.  ovdlis  Bw.  Lvs.  oval-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  with  glandular  scrra- 
tures,  3-veined,  veins  pubescent  beneath;  thyrse  corymbous,  abbreviated. — Bur- 
lington, Vt.  (Robbins),  W.  to  Mich.  Shrub  2  to  3f  higli.  Lv.«.  smooth  and  s-liiu- 
ing,  1  to  3'  long,  \  as  wide,  mostly  acute  at  each  end,  crcnatcly  serrate,  the  scr- 
ratures  tipped  with  black,  glandular  points.  Thyrse  short,  almost  hemispherical, 
V/  diam.,  the  peduncle  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  while,  larger  than  those  of  the  last. 
May. 

3  C.  microphallus  Mx.  Diffusely  branched,  branches  very  slender; /rs.Tniwufe, 
oborato,  rigid,  glabrous,  strigous  beneath,  clustered ;  fls.  in  a  simple,  umbellate 
cluster  at  the  end  of  each  brauchlet. — Ga.  and  Fla.  in  the  pine  barrens.  Small 
shrubs  with  yellowish,  striated  bark;  sts.  If  or  more  in  length,  branching  pin- 
nately.  Lvs.  1  to  2"  in  length,  entire  or  with  few  teeth.  Fls.  white  in  all  their 
parts,  3  to  12  in  a  cluster. 

jS,  SEDPYLLiFOLius.  Sts.  more  slender,  decumbent,  branchlcts  (pcduricks, 
Nutt.)  ascending,  few-leaved,  few-flowered ;  lvs.  rather  larger  (2  lo  3  ")  oval 
or  obovate,  somewhat  serrulate. — Savannah  (ProC  Pond.).  (C.  serpyllifolius 
Nutt.) 

3.  BERCHtMIA,  Necker.  Supple  Jack.  Calyx  5-parted  ;  petals  5, 
convolute,  enclosing  the  6  stamens ;  ovary  half  immersed  in  the  disk 
but,  free  from  it,  2-celled  ;  style  bifid  ;  drupe  oblong,  with  a  bony,  2 -celled 


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a92  Okdeii  44.— VITACE^ 

mit. — Unarmeu  shrubs,  erect  or  climbing.     Lvs.  pinnate-veined,  witk 

many  veinlcts.     Panicles  terminal. 

B.  voliUbilis  DC.  Climbing,  glabrous ;  lvs.  ovate,  straight-veined,  repandly  sor- 
rato ;  fls  ?  J . — Southern  States,  common  in  damp,  rich  soils.  St.  very  supple 
and  tough,  climbing  10  to  20f,  with  smooth,  reddish  bark  and  pendant  branches. 
Lvd.  about  2'  long,  with  10  to  13  pairs  of  veinlets,  smooth  and  shining.  Pani- 
cles small,  terminating  the  branchlets.  Drupe  dark  purple,  3"  long,  the  nut  hard 
and  woody.     May,  Jn. 

4.  SAGERbTIA,  Brongn.  (Named  for  M.  Sageret,  a  French  florist 
and  veg.  physiologist.)  Calyx  5-cleft ;  petals  5,  convolute;  s.a- 
mens  5 ;  ovary  partly  immersed  in  the  entire  disk ;  style  short  and 
thick,  with  a  3-lobed  stigma;  bdry  3-celIcd. — Shrubs  with  the  slender 
brandies  often  spiny,  and  the  lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  in  rigid,  mterrupted 
spikes. 

S.  Mich^uzii  Brongn.  Branches  at  length  spiny ;  lvs.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  sub- 
sessile,  shining  and  subentire;  fls.  very  small,  in  panicled  spikes;  petals  minute, 
entire;  berry  3-see(led. — Car.  to  Fla.  along  the  coast.  Shrub  much  branched. 
Lvs.  1'  or  more  long,  the  veinlets  few  and  obscure,  shining  above.     Oct.,  Nov. 

Order  XLIV.     VITACE^.     Vines. 
Shrubs  with  a  watery  juice,  tumid  nodes,    and  usually  climbing  by  tendrils; 
flijwers  small,  regular,  racemous,  often  polygamous   or   dioecious ;    calyx   minute, 
truncated,  the  limb  obsolete  or  6-toothed;  petals  hypogynous,  valvate  in  ajstivation, 

fas  many  as  and  opposite  to  the  stamens ;  stamens 
^\^  ^  inserted  on  the  disk  which  surrounds  the  2-celled, 

^yr^-^^r^     1 -styled  ovary.     Fruit  a  berry,  usually  4-seeded; 
j/_^  aeeefo,  bony,  albumen  hard.     (Fig.  449.) 

/^(P'^TC^^^  6'enc>'«  7,  specien  260,  natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of 

/V  '^  /?yiJi\V T^     ^"'**  hemispheres.    The  (rrape  fruit  is  the  only  important 
i '^^4\'\    /fi  qfj^aVv  f        production  of  this  order.    Tlie  acid  of  the  grape  is  tartiivic. 
-^^^^t^i  Vf^Br       N         **  contains  a  sugar  wliich  differs  from  the  common  sugar 
4i^'**"k«r^  Jr  tBJ  in  containing  a  smaller  quantity  of  carbon. 

'         ^'Pxi'      ^''^•— 1->         ^^    Flower  of  V.  Labrusea. 

(Sv y  S\i^^^^<        ^'  V^TIS,  L.  Gkape  Vines.  (Celtic //wyt^, 

^  -_^j^£Oyfe^^£^^  ft  tree  or  shrub.)     Petals  deciduous,  coher- 

'^  ^ySyBBW^ ^  nt^  "^o  ^^  ^^^  ^^P'  *^^  distinct  and  spreading; 

'^L^iirflB^j^l  ^1  ovary  partly  enclosed  within  the  torus,  2- 

C^^/f^ytir         ^^^^  celled,  cells  2-ovuled ;  stigma  sessile,  capi- 

'^  V     ^w  *^^*^ »  berry  1 -eel led,  1  to  4-sefcded.     Ped. 

^  often  changed  into  tendrils. 

%  Petals  cohering  at  top  and  falling  without  expanding. 

Leaves  hoary  or  rusty  arachnold-tomentous  beneath Nos.  1,  2 

Leaves  glabrous  except  the  veins  and  green  both  sides Nos.  8,  4,  7 

S  Petals  free  at  top,  unally  expanding  and  falling. 

Leaves  simple,  angular  or  not No.  6 

Leaves  bipinnate  or  ternutu No.  6 

Exotic  species No.  7 

1  V.  labnisca  L,  Lvs.  broad-cordate,  angular-hhed,  hoary-tomenUms  be- 
neath; berries  large. — This  vine  is  native  through  the  U,  S.,  growing  in  woods 
and  groves.  Like  most  of  the  N.  Am  species,  the  flowers  are  polygamous. 
St.  woody,  rough- barked,  ascending  trees  often  to  a  great  height,  and  hang- 
ing like  cables  suspended  from  the  branches.  Lvs.  very  large,  somewhat  3- 
lobed,  at  first  white-downy  beneath.  Fls.  small,  green,  in  panicles  with  a  leaf 
opposite.  Fr.  large,  purple,  often  green  or  red.  It  is  valued  in  cultivation  for 
its  deep  shade  in  summer  arbors,  and  for  its  fruit,  which  is  pleasant  in  tiiste. 
The  Isabella  and  Catawba,  and  other  sorts  known  in  gardens  and  vineyards  are 
varieties  of  this  species.  ^ 

2  v.  aestivdllB  L.    Lvs.  broadly  cordate,  3  to  6-lobed  or  palmate-sinuate,  ooars^Ij 


Order  45.— POLYGALACE^. 


2P;i 


aentate,  with  scattered  fe'^ritginous  hairs  beneath;  fertile  rac.  lonjr,  paiiicled, 
berries  small. — Grows  iu  woods,  by  rivera,  Sic.  Ht.  very  long,  sleuiiL-r,  climbiug, 
'  witli  very  large  leaves,  wbicli  are  soiuetiiuea  with  deep,  rounded  sinuses,  ilothed 
beneath,  when  young,  with  arachnoid,  rust-colored  pubescence.  Tendrils  from  tlio 
peduncles  which  are  de;use  flowered,  and  with  a  leaf  opposite.  Petals  cuheriiig 
at  summit.  Berries  deep-blue,  well  flavored,  but  small,  ripe  in  Sept.  Flowers 
in  Jun. 

3  V.  cordifolia  Mx.  Frost  Grape.  Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  somewhat  equally 
tootlied,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath  the  veins  and  petioles;  rac.  loose,  many- 
flowered  ;  berries  small. — Grows  in  thickets,  by  rivers,  &c.,  ascending  shrubs  and 
trees  to  the  height  of  10  to  20f.  Lvs.  large,  membranous,  often  3-lobed,  witli 
pubescent  veins  when  young,  and  with  a  few  acuminate-mucronato  teeth. 
Berries  nearly  black,  rather  small,  late,  acid  but  well  flavored  after  the  frosts  of 
November.     Jp.  (V.  riparia  Mx.) 

4  V.  vulpina  L.  Fox  Grape.  Scuppernong.  Lvs.  (small)  cordate,  slightly 
3-angled  or  lobed,  shining  on  both  sides,  coarsely  tootlied,  the  teeth  fu;i  acuminata ; 
rac.  composed  of  many  capitate  umbels. — River  banks  Va.  to  Fla.  Sts.  many 
feet  in  length,  straggling  or  climbing.  Lvs.  2  or  3'  diatii.,  shining  most  on  lower 
surface,  liaving  the  sinus  at  ba.so  acute,  and  the  terminal  tooth  rather  pointed. 
Fr.  large,  pleasant,  few  in  a  cluster.  The  variety  called  "  Scuppernong"  is  (juite 
common  in  southern  gardens. 

6  V.  indivisa  Willd.  Lvs.  simple,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  often  angu- 
lir-lobetl;  panicles  dichotomous;  lis.  5-merou3;  berry  1-celled,  1  or  2-see(led  — 
Swamps,  S.  States  to  St.  Louis.  St.  ascending  trees  many  feet.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  broad, 
unequally  toothed,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath.  Panicles  witii  spreading 
branches,  none  of  them  clianged  to  tendrils.  Berry  small  (hardly  2"  diam.), 
pale-red,  mostly  l-seeded.     (Cissus  Ampelopsis  Pers.) 

6  V.  bipinnelta  Torr.  &  Gr.  Lvs.  hipinnate,  Ifts.  incisely  serrate,  glabrous;  fls. 
5-merou3.  Southern  Stales  along  iv^ers.  A  species  remarkably  distinguislied  by 
ita  upright,  scarcely  twining  stem,  and  its  compound  leaves.  Tho  Ifts.  are 
rhombic-ovate,  about  1'  in  length  or  less,  petiolulato  nmcronate.  Tendrils  none. 
Panicles  few-flowered.  Berry  depressed-globoua,  the  size  of  a  pea,  purplish- 
black.     Jn..  Ti.     (Cissus  bipinnata.  Ell.) 

7  V.  vinifera  L.  European  Wine  Grape.  Lvs.  cordate,  sinuately  6-lobed, 
glabrous ;  fls.  all  ^  . — No  plant  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  possesses  more  inlurest- 
ing  attributes,  is  cultivated  with  greater  care,  or  has  been  worse  perverted  and 
abused,  than  tho  common  vuie.  By  cultivation  it  sports  into  endless  varieties, 
diftering  in  the  form,  color,  size  and  flavor  of  the  fruit,  and  in  respect  to  th© 
hardiness  of  its  constitution. 


h<. 


2.  AMPELOPSIS,  Mx.  Virginia  Creeper.  (Gr.  duneXog,  a  vino, 
^i/»«f,  appearance.)  Calyx  entire  ;  petals  5,  distinct,  spreading;  ovary 
2-celled,  cells  2-ovuled;  style  very  short ;  berry  2-celled,  cells  1  to 
2-seeded. — A  shrubby  vine.  The  tendrils  attach  themselves  by  an 
adhesive  foot-like  expansion  at  the  end. 

A.  quinquefdlia  Mx.  Lvs.  quinate,  digitate ;  Ifta.  oblong,  acuminate,  petiolate, 
dentate.  A  vigorous  climber,  found  vvild  in  woods  and  thickets.  It  luia  long 
been  cultivated  as  a  covering  for  walls,  and  is  best  known  by  the  name  of  wood- 
bine. By  means  of  its  foot-like,  adhesive  tendrils,  it  supports  itself  firmly  upon 
trees  or  walls,  ascending  to  tho  height  of  flft;y  feet.  The  large  quinate  leaves 
constitute  a  luxuriant  foliage  of  dark,  glossy  green,  changing  to  crimson  in 
autumn.  Fls.  inconspicuous,  greenish,  in  dichotomous  clusters.  Berriea  dark- 
blue,  smaller  than  peas,  acid.     Jl. 


i 


Order  XLV.     POLYGALACE^.     Milkworts. 

fferhs  or  shrubs,  with  the  leaves  mostly  simple  and  without  stipules.  Flowera 
Irregular,  unsymmetrical,  hypogynous,  perfect.  Sepals  5,  very  unequal,  distinct,  3 
exterior,  2  (wings)  interior  larger,  petaloid.  Petals  3,  the  anterior  (keel)  larger 
tbiui  tho  2  posterior.     Stamens  4  to  8,  distinct,  or  cohering  iu  a  tube  which  Is  Rplit 


294 


Ordeb    46.— POLYGALACK-*. 


■'^i 


i'.  "^v 


on  tho  upper  sido.     Ovary  superior,  compound,  with  suspended  ovules,  united  styles 

and  stigmas.     Fruit  a  2-celIed,  2-seeded  pod.     Seeds  pendulous,  furnished  with  a 

«arunclo.  _ 

Oenera  20,  «pecf«»600.  Tho  i^'enus  Polygala 
is  very  generally  distributed.  The  other  genera 
are  mostlv  limited  each  to  a  ])articular  quarter 
of  the  friobe.  Properties  generally  bitter,  acrid 
and  ualrinj^ent,  with  a  Ui  Vy  Juice  in  the  root. 
Khatany-root,  the  root  of  Kraineria,  used  in 
medicine,  yields  a  deep  red  color  and  is  used 
to  adulterate  port  wine.  The  more  active 
gpe  ;ies  of  Polygala,  as  P.  Senega,  sanguineu, 
purpurea,  etc.,  are  emetic,  purgative  and  diu- 
retic. 

POLYGALA,  Tourn.  Milkwort. 
(Gr.  TToXv^,  much,  ydXa,  milk  ;  said 
to  favor  the  lacteal  secretious  of 
animals.)  Flowers  very  irregular. 
Sepals  6,  2  of  them  wing-shaped 
and  petaloid ;  petals  3,  cohering 
by  their  claws  to  the  filaments, 
lower  one  carinate  and  often  crested 
on  the  back ;  stamens  6  or  8,  fila- 
ments united  into  a  split  tube ;  an- 
thers 1 -celled  ;  capsule  obcorclate, 
2-celled,  2-seeded,  loculicidal ;  seed 
appendaged  with  a  various  caruncle 
at  the  hilura. — Bitter  herbs  in  the 
U.  S.  and  Can.  (elsewhere  often 
shrubby),  with  simple  Ivs.  Fls. 
often  of  two  forms,  the  subterra- 
nean apetalous. 

Leaves  alternate. — Fls.  purple,  solitary,  2  to  4.    Perennial -No.  1 

— Fls.  purple,  raccmed,  many.    Biennial Nos.  2,  8 

—Fls.  white.    Spike  slender.    Perennial No.  4 

— Fls.  purple.    Spike  capitate. — Caruncle  double Nos.  5,  7 

— Caruncle  appears  simple.  Annual.Nos.  S— 16 

— Fls.xantbic. — Spikes  solitary,  large.   Biennial Nos.  11,  12 

— Spikes  numerous,  coryuibed,  small.     Biennial.... Nos.  18,14 

Leaves  verticillate  on  the  stem.— Spikes  acute,  slender Nos.  15,  16 

— Spikes  obtuse,  thick Nos.  17,  18 

L  P.  paucifolia  L.     St.  simple,  erect,  naked  below ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  smooth ; 

terminal  fls.  large,  crested,  radical  ones  apotalous. — A  small,  handsome  plant, 

witii  a  few  large  (10"  long)  purple  flowers.     Woods  and  ewampa,  Brit.  Am,  to 

Ga.     St.  3  to  4'  high,  with  its  acute  Ivs.  mostly  near  the  top,  2  to  4  flowers  above 

them.    Cal.  of  5  leaves,  tlie  upper  one  gibbous  at  base.     Corolla  mostly  purple, 

with  a  purple  crest  on  its  middle  lobe.     Tho  radical  fls.  are  either  close  to  tho 

ground  or  subterraneous,  smaller,  greenish,  wanting  the  wings  of  the  calyx. 

May. 

I  P.  grandifldra  Walt.  Ascending,  pubescent;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  to  lance- 
linear,  acute ;  fls.  distant,  pendulous  after  blooming,  wings  large,  roundish,  cover- 
ing the  corolla  and  fruit,  Aeei  as  long  as  the  wings  (3"),  crestkss. — @/?  Common  in 
dry  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  Fla  to  La.  A  pretty  plant,  9  to  12'  high,  remarkable  for 
its  changeable  flowers,  rose-colored  at  first,  soon  becoming  green  and  drooping, 
and  alone  destitute. of  a  crest,  having  a  yellow  callosity  instead.  Lvs.  9  to  16" 
long,  2  to  4"  wide,  often  nearly  glabrous.     May — Aug. 

I  P.  pol^gama  Walt  Sis.  simple,  numerous,  glabrous;  lvs.  linear  oblong,  mu- 
cronate,  obtuse ;  fla  racemod,  short-pediceled,  those  of  the  stem  winged,  those 
of  the  root  wingless ;  keel  cristate. — Fields  and  pastures.  Can.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
Sts.  crowded,  many  from  the  same  root,  angular,  smooth.     Lvs.  smooth,  lower 


6.'i7.  Polygala 
polygama.  a,  the 
radical  flowers. 
8,  pKucifolift, /.  the 
I  lo' 


crest  on  the  lower 
petal.  9,  The  sta- 
mens in  2  Nets  and  the  style  see"  beneath  the  hooded 
lower  petal.  640,  The  ovary  and  the  style.  1.  Seed 
of  P.  Ranf^iiinea  with  its  2-lobed  caruncle.  2.  Seed 
of  P.  Nuttallii. 


Obdeb  45.— POLYGALACEiE. 


295 


;ir 


obovate,  tipper  sessile.  Fls.  purple,  2"  long,  finally  drooping.  Wings  obtuse. 
Antb.  8.  Bracts  small,  subulate,  caducous.  Terminrl  racemes  witli  perfect  fls., 
radical  racemes  prostrate  or  subterraneous,  wingless  and  nearly  apetalous.  Jn., 
Jl.     Bittei-  and  tonic.     (P.  rubella  Willd.) 

4.  P.  Senega  L.  Seneca  Snake-root.  St.  erect,  smooth,  simple,  leafy ;  Ivs.  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end  ;  fls.  slightly  crested,  in  a  terminal  spike-form, 
slender  raceme. — Woods,  Western  States,  rare  in  Eastern.  Root  ligneous,  branched, 
contorted,  about  ^'  thick,  ash-colored.  Sts.  8  to  14'  high,  several  from  the  same 
root.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  J  as  wide,  nunierous,  scattered.  Fls.  white,  in  a  Ali- 
form spike,  1  to  2'  long.  Sep.  obtuse,  larger  than  the  petals.  The  root  has  a 
sweetisli,  nauseous  taste,  soon  becoming  pungent  and  hot.  Jl.  A  valuable 
stimulating  expectorant. 
fJ.  LATiFOLiA  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end. — St.  leafy,  more 
tlian  If  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1'  or  more  broad.    Ind.  (Dr.  Plummer.) 

5  P.  setdcea  Mx.  Sts.  filiform,  simple,  apparently  leafless  (lvs.  minute,  deltoid- 
acuminate);  spike  (small)  oblong,  acute;  wings  short-pointed,  shorter  than  the 
petals;  caruncle  enclosing  the  short  stipe  of  the  hairy  seed. —  If  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 
and  Fla.  Sts.  about  If  high.  Lvs.  1  "  or  loss  long.  Fls.  pale  roseate,  in  a  spike 
about  lialf  an  inch  long.  Jn.,  Jl. — Each  stem  produces  several  heads  during  the 
season,  the  next  in  succession  arising  from  an  inferior  node  after  the  former  has 
shed  its  fruit.  Hence  the  naked  footstalk  ofte  a  accompanying  the  single  heail 
(Mettauer). 

€  P.  incarn^ta  L.  Glaucous ;  st.  erect,  slender,  mostly  simple ;  lvs.  few,  scat' 
tered,  linear-subulate ;  spike  oblong ;  wings  lanceolate,  cuspidate ,  claws  of  the 
petals  united  into  a  long,  cleft  tube ;  caruncle  double,  covering  the  short  stipe  of 
the  very  hairy  seed. — (T)  Dry  soils,  N.  J.,  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Ark.  St.  1  to  2f  liigli. 
Lvs.  4  to  6"  long,  remote.  Spikes  1  to  IJ'  long.  PJs.  pale  rose-color  or  flesli- 
color.  The  slender  corolla  tube  erect,  nearly  twice  as  long  (4')  as  the  wings,  tlie 
<:eel  with  a  conspicuous  crest.     Jn.,  Jl. 

7  P.  Chapmanii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Very  slender,  simple,  or  nearly  so ;  lvs.  linear- 
subulate  ;  spike  loose ;  roundisli  oblong,  rather  acute ;  wings  obovate,  slightly 
clawed ;  caruncle  2-lobed,  covering  one  side  of  the  thick  stipe  of  the  thin-haired 
seed.—(X)  W.  Fla.  to  La.  (Hale).  Sts.  12  to  IS'  high.  Lvs.  acute,  6  to  8''  long, 
not  J"  wide.     Fls.  bright  rose-color.     Heads  5  "  thick. 

8  P.  Nuttdllii  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate;  lvs.  linear;  spikes 
acute,  roundisli-oblong,  dense;  wings  elliptical,  attenuate  at  base;  crest  minute; 
caruncle  notched,  lateral  on  the  thick  seed  stipe. — Mass.,  R.  I.,  to  La.  St.  6  to  10' 
high,  the  branches  overtopping  the  stem  Lva  6  to  8"  by  1",  acute.  Spikes  5 
to  7"  long,  3  to  4"  diam.  Wings  of  the  calyx  rose-red.  Seeds  black,  pear-shaped. 
Aug.     (P.  sanguinea  Nutt.) 

9  P.  fastigi^ta  Nutt.  Slender  and  much  branched  above;  lvs.  linear;  spikes 
roundish,  loose-flowered;  wings  ovate-oblong,  distinctly  clawed ;  caruncle  broad, 
nearly  embracing  the  small  setd-stipe  (immature). — N.  J.  to  Fla.  in  dry  soils.  St. 
8  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  8  to  12  "  long,  1"  wide,  acute.  Spikes  about  5"  diam.,  tin; 
fls.  distinctly  pediceled,  and  of  a  brighter  rose-color  than  the  foregoing.  (P. 
sanguinea  T.  &  G.) 

10  P.  sanguinea  L.  St.  branching  at  top ;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  spikes 
obloig,  obtuse,  dense;  wiuga  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  subsessilo;  caruncle  mostlv 
simple,  nearly  as  long  as  the  hairy  seed. — An  erect  plant,  6  to  12'  high,  found  in 
■neadows  and  wet  grounds,  Mass.  to  La.  St.  angular,  with  fastigiate  branches, 
eo'.7t  ending  in  a  smaller  spike  than  that  of  the  main  stem,  but  often  overtopping 
it.  Lvs  1'  long,  1  to  2  "  wide.  Heads  about  6"  thick.  The  caruncle  is  double 
in  a  few  of  the  seeds,  with  divergent  segments.  Fls.  purple,  caducous,  Jl.— 
Oct.     (P.  purpurea  Nutt.) 

11  P.  liltea  L  St.  iTdostly  simple;  root  lvs.  spatulat  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base; 
cauline  ones  lanceolate,  acute;  rac.  ovate-ghboxts,  obtuse,  dense;  fls.  pedicillate ; 
wings  ovate,  mucronate,  keel  with  a  minute  crest. — Sandy  plains,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
St.  8  to  13'  high,  generally  many  ft-om  the  same  root,  seldom  with  a  few  spi-ead. 
ing  branches.  Fls.  orange-yellow,  longer  than  the  bracts,  aggregated  in  one  te^ 
minal  roundish  head  which  is  8  or  9"  thicks     A  showy  plant. 


.;i/i 


I 


li 

1 

^Hi  W 

m 

^K        " 

(If 

•"^         i'  *j 

s* 

J 

1 

'^     '"^te.^ 


"■?. 


290 


Order  46.— LKUUMINOS^ 


near  1'  thick,  dL-jpro- 
Apr.,  May. 

spikes  loose,  oblong. 


(I  y 


12  P.  ndna  DC.  Low,  ascending;  lv8.  obovate  and  spatulate,  mostly  radical; 
heaib  ovale,  becoming  oblong,  dense;  wings  lance-ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate 
twice  longer  than  tlie  slightly  crested  keel. — S.  States,  in  pine  woods,  common. 
StH.  3  to  5'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  rosulate.  Head  often 
portiotiately  large,  the  lis.  citron-yellow,  changing  to  green. 

13  P.  ramdsa  Ell.  Erect,  corymboualy  branched  above ; 
numerous,  forming  one  or  more  dense,  level-topped  cymes;  radical  lvs.  few 
(small),  spatulate,  cauline  oblong-linear ;  seed  oval,  caruncled. — Swamps,  Del.  to 
Fla.  and  La  This  and  the  next  are  species  of  singular  aspect.  St.  1  f  high.  Lvs. 
about  6'  long,  few  at  the  root.  Spikes  about  4"  diam.,  the  fls.  greenisli  yellow, 
becoming  tinally  dark  green.     Fls.  podicelled.    Jn, — Aug.     (P.  corymbosa  Nutt.) 

14  P.  cymdsa  Walt.  Sts.  tall,  simple,  corymbously  branched  at  top ;  lvs.  mustly 
radical,  linear,  pointed,  crowded:  stem  lvs.  very  few,  linear-subulate ;  racemes 
spike-like,  numerous,  forming  a  dense,  fastigiato  cyme ;  seed  globular,  naked. — • 
Swamps,  in  the  pine  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  often  many  from  the  same  root, 
2  to  4  or  5f  high.  Lvs.  grass-like,  2  to  3'  long,  forming  a  dense  tuft  at  base. 
Fls.  pedicelled,  greenish  yellow,  becoming  finally  greenish-brown.  Jn. — Aug. 
(P.  altenuata  Ell.  graminifolia  Poir.  acutifolia  T.  &  G.) 

15  P.  verticill^ta  L.  St.  branched  above,  erect ;  lvs.  linear,  verticillate  both 
on  the  stem  and  opposite  branches ;  snikes  slender,  stalked ;  fls.  alternate,  crested ; 
calyeine  wings  roundish ;  seed  oblong,  smooth,  caruncle  hardly  half  as  long. — 
Found  on  dry  hills,  TJ.  S.  and  Can.  St.  very  slender,  square,  6  to  8'  high.  Lvs. 
in  whorls  of  6  or  6,  4  to  10''  long,  1"  wide.  Fls.  small,  greenish-white,  in 
racemes  3  to  10''  long,  which  are  higher  upon  the  branches  than  upon  the  maia 
stem.     Jl. — Oct. 

/•?,  AMBiGUA.  Branchea  filiform,  alternate ;  lower  lvs.  verticillate,  upper  alter- 
nate ;  spikes  elongated,  with  the  fls.  scattered ;  seed  exactly  as  in  a. — Dry 
fields  and  woods,  Mass.  to  Tenn. 

16  P.  Boykinii  Torr.  4;  Gr.  Sts.  erect  from  an  ascending  base,  simple;  lvs. 
obovate  and  lanceolate;  whorled,  a  few  of  the  upper  linear  and  alternate;  spike 
slender,  pointed,  dense ;  wings,  roundish,  concave ;  caruncle  §  the  length  of  the  very 
hairy  seed. — Ga.  and  Fla.  Sts.  slender,  several  from  the  same  root,  12  to  18' 
high.  Lvs.  6  to  12"  long,  in  3s,  4s,  and  5s.  Fls.  whitish,  the  wings  green,  with 
white  borders.     Jn.,  Aug. 

17  P.  cruci^ta  L.  St.  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate,  winged  at  the  angles ;  Iva. 
verticillate  in  4s,  linear-oblong,  punctate,  spikes  ovate,  dense,  obtuse,  sessile  or 
nearly  so ;  seed  ovate,  smooth,  caruncle  fully  as  long  ;  loings  deltoid-ovate,  cuspidate. 
— In  sphagnous  swamps  and  other  low  grounds,  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  3  to  12' 
high,  very  slender,  smooth,  slightly  winged  at  the  4  angles.  Lvs.  2  to  10''  or 
more  long,  1  to  2  "  wide  (upper  ones  largest),  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base,  with 
small,  resinous  dots.  Spikes  capitate,  5"  thick.  Wings  greenish- purple,  much 
dilated  at  base,     Jl.,  Aug. 

/?.  CUSPIDATA.  Lvs.  linear;  heads  larger,  oblong,  squarrous  with  the  elongated 
cusps  of  the  wings.  This  is  the  more  common  southern  form.  (P.  cuspidata 
Hook.) 

18  P.  brevifolia  Nutt.  Slender,  branched  above ;  lvs.  linear,  short,  remote,  in 
4s,  or  on  the  branches  scattered ;  spike  oblong,  dense,  obtuse,  on  long  peduncles ; 
wings  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  seed  just  as  in  No.  17. — N.  Y.  to  Fla.  About  If 
high.  Heads  4"  thick,  1  to  2'  long  (as  appears  from  the  squarrous  rachis).  Lvs. 
6  to  9  "  long.     Fls.  roseate.     Aug.,  Sept. 

P.  Baldwinii  Nutt,  of  S.  E.  Georgia  is  unknown  to  the  author,  unless  it  be  a 
rariety  of  P.  ramosa,  difiering  in  its  more  dense  heads  of  greeniah-wliite  flowers. 

Order  XLVI.     LEGUMINOS.f].     Leguminous  Plants. 

fferbf,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate, .  usually  compound,  margins  entiro, 
Siipvks  2,  at  the  tumid  base  of  the  petiole.  Stipels  commonly  2,  Sepals  5,  more 
or  less  united,  often  unequal,  the  odd  one  always  anterior.  Petals  5,  cither  papilio- 
oaoeous  or  regular,  perigynoua,  the  odd  one  (wheu  present)  posterior.     Stameiu 


i,  1 


Ordbb  46.— LEGUMINOSiE. 


297 


diadelphous,  monadelphous  or  distinct.  Anthers  versatile.  Ova  superior,  single  and 
simple.  Style  and  stigma  simple.  Pr.  a  legume,  either  continuous  (1 -celled),  or 
(a  loment),  joined  into  l-seeded  cells.  Sds.  solitary  or  several,  destitute  of  albumen. 
Illust.  In  figs.  99,  16S,  160, 161,  164,  105,  177,  ISO,  ISl,  1S4,  306,  310,  317,  363,  445,  446,  466. 
The  genera  and  species  of  this  vast  order  were  ostiinuted  by  Mr.  BsDthain  in  1846,  m 
follows: 

Suborder  1.  Pnpllioniicea-,  350  genera,  4800  species. 
"         2.  t'li'salpinoie,      '  ~ 
"  4.  Miuioseo;, 


88 
29 


700 
1000 


•♦  Total,       407       "       0500 

Geography.— The  Legtinilnosas  are  distributod  tliioimhout  ail  lands,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  unimportant  islands,  from  the  equator  to  the  frijifid  zones.  Of  Its  6600  species  now  known, 
about  350  are  natives  of  the  llDitcd  States  and  Territories. 

Properties.— li»  family  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  possesses  a  higher  claim  to  the  attention  of 
the  naturalist  than  tiie  Legiiminosw,  wliother  we  regard  them  as  oldects  of  ornament  or  utility. 
Of  the  former,  we  might  mention  the  splendifl  varieties  of  Cercis,  with  their  purple  flowers,  tlin 
Acacias,  with  their  airy  foliage  and  silken  stamens,  the  I'riiie  of  India,  Colutea  and  Cii'salpina, 
with  a  host  of  others,  which,  like  the  Sweet  Pea,  are  redolent  with  perfume.  Of  the  latter,  the 
beans,  peas,  lentils,  clover  and  lucerne,  are  too  well  known  to  require  recommendation.  Among 
timber  trees,  tlie  Rosewood  (a  IJrazilian  sjiecies  of  Mimosa),  the  Laburnum,  whose  wood  is 
durable  and  of  an  olive-green  color,  and  the  Locust  of  our  own  country  are  preeminent. 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  important  otiicinal  products  of  this  order.  In  medicine; 
liquorice  is  the  product  of  the  root  of  Giycyrrhiza  glabra  of  S.  Europe.  The  purgative  senna 
consists  of  leaves  of  Cassia  Senn.-i,  C.  acutilb'lia,  C.  ifethiopica,  and  other  species  of  Egypt  and 
Arabia.  C.  Marilandica  is  also  a  cathartie,  but  more  nulil  than  the  former.  The  sweet  pulp 
tamiirind,  is  the  product  of  a  large  and  beautiful  tree  (Tainarindus  Indlca)  of  the  E.  and  W . 
Indies.  Resins  and  Balsams:  Giim  Senegal  is  yielded  by  Acacia  Verek  of  the  River  Senegal ; 
Gum  Arabic,  by  several  species  of  Acacia  of  Central  Africa;  Gum  Tnigacanth,  by  Astrngulus 
verus,  ifec,  Persia.  Balsam  Copaivu  is  the  product  of  several  species  of  Copaifera,  natives  of 
Brazil  and  W.  Indies;  Balsam  Tolu  of  Myospermum  toluiferuni  of  Peru,  and  Bulstnti  I'erit 
of  M.  jieruiferum  of  the  same  country.  Dyes,  &c. :  Indigo,  the  most  valuable  of  all  (but  a  violent 
poison),  is  the  product  of  several  southern  species  of  Indigofera,  as  I.  anil  of  the  W.  Indies,  and 
I.  argentea  of  Egypt.  Brazil-wood  from  Ca»salpina  Braziiiensis.  Log-^cood  from  Iliematoxylon 
Cainpoachiauum,  of  Campeocby,  and  Red  Sandal-wood  from  Pterocarpus  snutalinus  of  Egypt, 
&c.,  &c. 

SUBORDERS,    TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 
%  Corolla  valvate  in  restivation,  regular.     Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes. 

Leaves  twice  pinnate Subordrr  I.  (a) 

%  Corolla  imbricate  in  aestivation,  the  upper  or  odd  petjil  interior  or  the 

flower  subregular Suborder  II.  (b) 

§  Corolla  imbricate  in   a'stivation,  the  upper  petal  (vexillum)  exterior 

Flowers  papilionaceous Subobokr  IIL  (.*) 

•  Stamens  10,  all  distinct.    Trike  1.  (c) 

♦  Stamens  10,  all  or  9  united    (2) 

2  Leaves  cirrhous,  the  raohls  ending  with  a  tendril.    Tribe  2.  (d) 
2  Leaves  not  cirrhous.  (3) 
3  Pod  a  loment  (§573),  of  transverse,  l-seeded  joints.    Tribe  3.  (e) 
3  Pod  a  legume  1 — 1 — GO-seeded,  not  in  joints.  (4) 
4  Erect  (or,  if  prostrate,  with  palmately  8-foliate  leaves).    Cotyledons  thin, 

becoming  leafy  in  germination.    Tribe  4.  (f ) 
4  Trailing  or  twining  vines  with   pinnately  compound    leaves. 
Cotyledons  thick,  not  becoming  leaves  In  germination.    Tribe  5.  (g) 

Suborder  T.    MIMOSEJE. 

a  Pods  flat,  composed  of  one  or  more  l-seeded  joints Mimosa.  1 

a  Pods  continuous,— prickly,  4-slded  and  4-valved Schrankia.  2 

—smooth,— turgid,  filled  with  pulp Vaciielua.  8 

—compressed,  dry, — Fls.  all  perfect Desm antiics.  4 

— Fls.  polygamous. Acaoia.  5 

Suborder  II.    C^SALPINE^. 

b  Fls  dioecious,  greenish,  stamens  10.     A  tree  unarmed GTMifociADUs.  6 

b  Fls.  polygamous,  green,  stamens  5.     Trees  thorny . , Gleditschia.  7 

b  Fie.  perfect, — yellow. — Leaves  equally  pinni  te Cassia.  8 

— purple,  papilionaceous.    Leaves  simple CBEOWi  t 

Suborder  III.    PAPILIOFACE^. 

O  1    FoDALTRiBiB. — Legume  flat  and  thin,8hort-8tiped.    Lv».  pinnate, 


—Legume  inflated,  stipitate. 


Gl'ADASTRIS.  10 

Lvs.  palmately  1— 8-foliate Baftisia.  U 


i  /  n^ 

rf  «|( 


J 


29b 


Obdkr  46.— LEGUMINOSiG. 


Im 

«'■' 

l{. 

Si ' 

i ' 

ii 

:  ■■  .e  r 


d  2.  ViciiA— ErACt    Tendrils  obsoleto.    S«e<ls  with  the  linear  hilum  at  end Faba.  12 

— Climbing. —Leaflets  nerrate.     Pods  2-8ecded Ciokr.  1ft 

—Leaflets  entire. — Style  grooved  outside,  hairy  inside Pisuai.  14 

— Stylo  flattened,  hitiry  most  inside..  ..Lathykvs.  1& 

—Style  Aliform,  hairy  most  outside V'icia.  16 

e  8.  IIeoysabbjl 

— FIs.  yellow.— Loaves  palmntely  4-follrtte.   Stam.  monadolph Zoknia.  17 

— Leaves  pinnate,  7  to  49-folinte.     Stam.  diodelphous..  ..i£sciivnumf.nf..  13 

— Leaves  pinnately  3-foliato.  Pod  slender  at  base Stvlobanthks.  ID 

— Leaves  pinnately  4-foliate.     Pod  gibbous  at  base Akachis.  20 

— FIb.  cyanic. — Lvs.  pinnate,  5  to 21-foliate. — Umbels  pedunculate Coronilla.  21 

— Racemes  pedunculate Heuvsakum.  2;j 

— Lvs.  pinnately  3-follate, — stipellate.    Pod  3  to  7-jointed Dksmodium.  23 

— exstipellato.   Pod  1-jointed Lespeoeza.  24 

f4.    LOTK^. 

—Leaves  simple,  with  yellow  flowers. — Keel  oblong,  straight Oe.sista.  25 

— Keel  falcate,  acuminate Cuutalakia.  2ft 

— Leaves  palmately  6  to  IS-foliato  (rarely  simple).    (Genus  32,  or) LrPiNUs.  27 

— Leaves  palmately  3-foliate. — Tree  with  yellow  flowers Laburnum.  28 

— Herbs  with  straight,  small  pods Tbifolium.  29 

— Herbs  with  curved  or  spiral  pods '. ...Meuioacjo.  30 

—Lvs.  pinnately  8-fol.— Pod  few-seeded.    FIs.  (scarlet  Gen.  49)  wh.  or  yel.MKLiLOTus.  31 

— Pod  1-seoded. — FIs.  yellow. — Lvs.  resinous-dotted (Gen.  47) 

— FIs.  cyanic. — Lvs.  dark-dotted Psoralf.a.  32 

— Lvs.  not  dotted (in  Gen.  24) 

—Lvs.  pinnate,  with  no  odd  leaflet,  15  to  25  pairs. — Pod  1— 2-seeded GLOTTinnrM.  33 

— Pod  00-seeded Srshania.  34 

—Lvs.  odd-pinnate,— dotted  with  dark  glands.— Shrub.    FIs.  spicato Amorpii a.  35 

"  —Herb  lO-androus Dale  a.  36 

"  — Herb  5-androus Petalo8TE.mon.  37 

— dotless. — Legume  2-celled  lenathwlso,  turgid Astbaoalus.  3S 

— Legume  half  2-cellod  lengthwise Piiaoa.  d9 

— Leg.  1-celled.— Herbs.    Stylo  hairy  outside. Tepiirosia.  40 

— Herbs.  Style  glabrous Indioofera.  41 

— Shrubs  or  trees.    Cyanic Robinia.  42 

— Trees  with  fls.  yellow Colutea.  48 

g.   (V.   PHASEOLEiB. 

—  Lvs.  pinnate,  6  to  15-foliate.— Vine  shrubby.  Keel  falcate Wistaria.  44 

—Herbs.    Keel  (straight.  Gen.  49)  spiral Ai'ios.  45 

— Lvs.  pinnately  3  (rarely  l)-foliate. — Fls.  yellow.    Legumes  5-8eeded Viona.  46 

—Fls.  yellow.    Legumes  1  to  2-8eeded.KnTNGii08iA.  47 
— Fls.  cyanic.  (*) 

*  Keel  witn  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted Piiaseoi-us.  48 

*  Keel  stralghtish. — Fls.  scarlet.   Erect  herbs  or  treus Erytiikina.  49 

— Fls.  purplish. — Calyx  ebracteolate Ampiiicabp^a.  50 

— Calyx  bibracteolate, — t-cleft Galactia.  51 

— 4-toothed. Doliciios.  52 

— 5-cleft,  long Clitokia.  5:^ 

,  — 5-cleft,  short.CENTBOSEMA.  54 

1.  MINO^SA,    L.     Sensitive  Plant.      (Gr.  fiiiiog,  a  buffoon;   the 

leaves  seem  sporting  with  the  hand  that  touches  them.)    Flowers  ?  $  <?  . 

^  Calyx  valvate,  6-toothed  ;  corolla  0,  or  6-toothed,  stamens  4  to  15  ; 

legume  separated  into  1-seeded  joints;  $  like  the  perfect,  but  without 

ovaries  or  fruit. —  U  Herbs  and  shrubs,  natives  of  tropical  America,  &c. 

1  M  Btrigilldsa  Torr  &  Gr.  Nearly  unarmed,  prostrate,  diffuse,  strigous;  stip. 
ovate;  petioles  and  peduncles  very  long;  lvs.  bipiunate,  pinnae  4  to  6  pairs;  Ifts. 
10  to  15  pairs,  oblong-linear;  heads  oblong;  leg.  broad,  1  to  3-jointed. — Banks  of 
the  Miss.  (Hale)  to  E.  Fia.  Sts.  several  feet  in  length,  reddish  and  in  appearance 
smooth.  Lfts.  3  to  4"  by  1",  crowded.  Ped.  and  lvs.  6  to  8'  long.  Hds.  rose- 
color,  with  innumerable  spreading  stamens.  Pods  crowded,  very  hispid.  Jl.,  Aug. 
2  M.  piidica  L.  St.  prickly,  more  or  less  hispid :  lvs.  digitate-pinnate,  pinnae 
4,  of  many  (20  or  more)  pairs  of  linear  lfts. — Native  of  Brazil     St.  shrubby,  about 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^ 


299 


a  foot  high.  Lfta  about  3"  long,  very  numerous.  Fls.  small,  capitate.  It  is  oe- 
oasionally  cultivated  for  the  curiosity  of  its  spontaneouH  motions ; — the  leaves  bend* 
ing,  folding,  and  apparently  shrinking  away  from  the  touch  of  the  hand. 

2.  SCHRAN'KIA,  Willd.  Sensitive  Brier.  (In  honor  of  Francis 
de  Paula  Schranky  a  German  botanist.)  Flowers  ^  $  ;  calyx  minute, 
5-toothed ;  petals  united  into  a  funnel-sliaped,  5-cleft  corolla ;  stamens 
8  to  10,  distinct  or  monadclphous ;  legume  long  and  narrow,  echinate, 
dry,  1-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded. —  i^  Prickly  herbs.  St.  procum- 
bent.    Lvs.  sensitive,  bipinnate.     Fls.  in  spherical  heads,  purplish. 

S.  uncinikta  Willd.  St.  angled,  grooved ;  pinnae  6  to  8  pairs ;  Ills,  numerous, 
minute,  elliptic-oblong  or  linear;  hda.  axillary,  1  to  2  together,  on  ;>edunclos 
shorter  than  the  lvs. ;  leg.  long  and  slender,  very  prickly. — Dry  soils,  Clark  Co., 
Mo.  (Mead),  and  Southern  States.  St.  2  to  4f  long,  and  '^-ith  the  petioles  and  pe- 
duncles armed  with  short,  sharp  prickles  turned  down  varu  ■«.  Lfts.  about  2"  by 
f .  Ped.  2  to  3'  long,  hds.  J  to  J'  diam.  Pods  2  to  4'  long.  May— Jl.  (S.  an- 
gustata  T.  &  G.) 

3.  YACHEL'LIA,  W.  and  Arn.  Sponoe  Tree.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous, distinct ;  legume  cylindrical,  turgid,  scarcely  dehiscent;  seeds 
in  a  double  row,  imbedded  in  pulp.  Otherwise  as  in  Acacia. — Tree 
armed  with  straight,  stipular  spines.  Lvs.  bipinnate,  with  a  gland.  Fls. 
in  globular  heads,  yellow. 

V.  Famesi^na  W.  &  Am.  Pinnae  4  to  8  pairs ;  lfts.  15  to  20  pairs,  veiny,  ob- 
long, crowded ;  ped.  2  or  3  together. — Growa  about  N.  Orleans  (Hale)  and  along 
the  Gulf  to  St.  Marks,  Fla.  Lfts.  about  2'  long.  Pods  2  to  3"  long,  blackish 
when  ripe.     Said  to  yield  gum. 

4.  DESMAN  THUS,  Willd.  (Gr.  de<7/i^,  a  bundle,  dveog,  flower.) 
Flowers  ^  or  0  5  ;  calyx  valvate,  campanulatc,  6-toothed ;  petals  5, 
distinct;  stamens  5  or  10,  distinct;  legume  dry,  flat,  2-valved,  4  to 
6-seeded,  smooth. — Herbs  with  bipinnate  lvs.  and  white  fls.  in  axillary, 
pedunculate  heads.    Stip.  setaceous.    Petioles  with  one  or  more  glands. 

D.  brach^lobua  Benth.  Erect,  smoothish;  pinnae  6  to  13  pairs,  lfta.  minute,  2% 
to  30  pairs;  fls.  all  perfect,  pentandrous;  pods  short  (1'  long),  oblong,  somewhat 
curved,  2  to  4-seeded,  and  crowded. — TiAlong  the  Miss,  from  111.  to  La.  Sts. 
striate,  1  to  3f  high.     Jn. — Aug.     (Darlingtonia  brachyloba  and  glandulosa  DC.) 

5.  ACAXIA,  Necker.  (Gr.  aKa^o),  to  sharpen  ;  alluding  to  the  spines.) 
Flowers  polygamous ;  calyx  valvate,  4  to  5-toothed ;  petals  4  or  5,  united 
below,  rarely  distinct ;  stamens  8  to  200 ;  legume  continuous,  not 
jointed,  dry,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  spineless, 
or  with  stipular  spines.  Lvs.  (in  the  N.  Am.  species)  bipinnate.  Fls. 
in  heads  or  spiked.  (This  is  a  large  and  ornamental  genus  of  chiefly 
tropical  plants,  much  cultivated  in  the  greenhouse.  In  many  of  them 
the  leaflets  disappear  and  phyllodia  (§  307)  take  their  places.) 

1  A.  liitea  Leav.  Prostrate,  herbaceotis,  minutely  strigous ;  stip.  lance-subulate ; 
pinncB  3  to  5  pairs,  lfts.  12  to  20  pairs,  very  small  (2"  long);  hds.  oblong-cylindric, 
the  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  yellow,  decandrous ;  pods  broad  and 
flat,  obtuse,  about  6-seeded,  and  raised  on  a  slender  stipe. — Prairies  Fla.,  La.  and 
Ala.  Its  herbage  much  resembles  Mimosa  strigillosa,  except  the  stipules.  Pods 
1  to  2'  long,  8"  wide,  the  stipe  about  6''.    Lvs.  ciliate,  sensitive,  with  no  glands. 

2  A.  Julibrdssin  Willd.  Tree  glabrous,  unarmed;  pinnce  8  to  12  pairs,  lfts.  20 
to  30,  halved,  acute,  inequilateral ;  gland  depressed  at  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  hds. 
pedunculate,  forming  a  terminal  panicle ;  stam.  numerous,  long,  exserted. — A  very 
ornamental  tree  cultivated  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  the  Gulf  States.  Corollas 
white,  with  purplish  stamens.  Pods  large,  pointed  at  both  ends,  contracted  bo* 
tweea  the  seeds. 


;  ;  ■   .ft.a 


%'i'a 


300 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^E. 


,t 


ly  '■ 


111 

1     :; 

I 


6.  GTMNOC'LADUS,  Lam.  Coffee  Tree.  (Gr.  yt^vof,  naked, 
KXddog,  a  bhoot ;  for  its  coarse,  naked  shoots  in  winter.)  Flowers  $  i , 
$  Calyx  tubular,  6-cleft,  equal ;  petals  5,  inserted  into  the  summit  of 
the  tube;  stamens  10,  distinct.  $  Calyx  and  corolla  as  above;  style 
1  ;  legumes  1 -celled,  oblong,  very  large,  pulpy  within. — A  slender,  un- 
armed tree,  with  unequally  bipinnate  Ivs.     Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate. 

G.  Canadensis  Lam.  Grows  in  Weatem  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  Ind.  S.  to  Tenn.,  on  tho 
borders  of  lakes  and  rivers.  Height  50^  with  a  trunk  15'  diam.,  straight  and  sim- 
ple to  the  height  of  25f,  covered  with  a  rough,  scaly  bark,  and  supporting  a  rather 
small  but  regular  head.  The  compound  Ivs.  are  2  to  3f  long,  and  15  to  20'  wide, 
being  doubly  compounded  of  a  great  number  of  dull  green  leaflets.  Single  leaf- 
lets often  occupy  the  place  of  some  of  the  pinnae.  Fls.  greenish- white,  in  long 
racemes,  succeeded  by  very  large  curved  pcds  containing  each  several  round, 
depressed,  brown,  polished,  and  very  hard  needs.     May — Jl 

7.  GLEDITS'CHIA,  L.  Honey  Locust.  (For  John  G.  Gleditsch,  a 
botanical  writer,  Leipzig.)  Flowers  ?  0  ^'  Sepals  equal,  3  to  6, 
united  at  base  ;  petals  3  to  5 ;  stamens  5  to  5,  distinct,  opposite  the 
sepals,  sometimes  by  abortion  fewer  or  0;  style  short,  often  abortive; 
legume  continuous,  compressed,  often  intercepted  between  the  seeds  by 
a  quantity  of  sweet  pulp. — Trees,  with  supra-axillary,  branched  spines. 
Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate  and  bipinnate,  often  in  the  same  specimen.  Fls. 
amall,  green,  racemous. 

1  G.  triacdnthus  L.  Branches  armed  with  stout,  triple  spines ;  lfts.  alternate,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, obtuse;  kg.  linear-oblong,  compressed,  many -seeded,  intervals 
fiUed  with  sweet  pulp. — Penn.  to  Mo.  and  La.  In  favorable  circumstances  it  attair.s 
tho  height  of  70f,  undivided  half  its  length,  with  a  diameter  of  3  to  4K  The 
thorns  are  2  to  12'  long,  ligneous,  numerously  branched,  forming  horrid  masses 
along  tho  trunk.  Foliage  light  and  elegant.  Lfts.  about  18,  1  to  1  J'  long,  ^  as 
wide,  1,  2  or  3  of  them  frequently  transformed,  either  partly  or  wholl> ,  into  smaller 
leaflets  (j?  290).  Fls.  succeeded  by  flat,  iwisted,  hanging  pods  12  to  18'  long,  of 
a  dull  red.  Sds.  flat,  hard,  brown,  imbedded  in  a  fleshy  substance,  at  first  sweet, 
but  becoming  sour.     Jn. — The  wood  is  very  heavy. 

2  G.  monosp6rma  Walt.  "Water  Locust.  Armed  with  few,  slender,  mostly 
simple  spines;  lfts.  ovate-oblong;  leg.  broadly  oval,  without  pulp,  one-seeded. — 
Swamps,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  not  common.  A  tree  of  smaller  dimensions  than 
the  former,  with  a  smoother  bark.  Pods  about  2'  long  with  the  stipe,  1'  wide. 
Fls.  greenish,  in  ament-like  racemes  like  the  other.     Jn. 

8.  CAS'SIA,  L.  Senna.  (Hebrew,  Katzioth.)  Sepals  6,  scarcely 
united  at  base,  nearly  equal ;  petals  6,  unequal,  but  not  papilionaceous ; 
stamens  distinct,  10,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  anthers  opening  by  terminal 
pores,  the  three  upper  often  sterile;  legume  many-seeded,  1-celled  or 
many-celled  transversely. — Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.  Lvs.  simply,  abruptly 
pinnate. 

6  Sttttn.  5  or  10,  all  perfect    Sepnls  acute.    Lfts.  smnll Nos.  1, 3 

f  Statu.  10,  the  8  upper  abortive.    Sep.  obtuse.    Lfts.  laix*'.  (a) 

a  Olnnd  on  the  petiole  at  or  iieiir  tho  base Nos.  8,  4 

a  Olnnd  on  the  inchis  betwoon  the  two  lowest  leaflets. . .  .Nos.  5,  < 

1  C.  ChamaBcrista  L.  Sensitive  Pea.  Lfts.  %  to  12  pairs,  oblong-linear, 
obtuse,  mucronate ;  .^,  large,  pedicillate,  2  or  4  in  each  fascicle;  anth.  10,  un- 
equal, all  fertile. — ^1)  An  elegant  plant  in  dry  soils,  Mass.,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States. 
St.  i  to  2f  high,  round,  pubescent.  Lfts.  crowded,  4  to  8''  by  1  to  2i",  smooth, 
subeessile.  Fls.  15  to  18  broad.  Bracts  lance-subulnte,  as  are  afeo  the  sti- 
pules, persistent.  Petals  bright  yellow,  the  2  upper  ones  with  a  purple  spot 
Aug. — The  leaves  possess  considerable  irritability. 

2  C.  nfotitans  L.  Wild  Sensitive  Plant.  Lfts.  6  to  16  pairs,  oblong-lineAr, 
obtuse,  mucrouate,  sessile;  Jis.  small,  2  or  3  in  each  subsessile  fascicle;  sta.  6,  suh' 


\<  1;;, 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


301 


eqtMl. — In  dry,  sandy  soils,  Mas&  to  La.  St.  about  If  long,  slender,  branching. 
Uta.  crowded,  4  to  6"  by  1  to  2''.  The  petiolar  gland,  ae  in  No.  1,  placed  2  or  3'' 
below  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets.  Fls.  very  small  (5''  broad),  pale  yellow,  on 
short  pedicels.  Jl. — The  leaves  are  quite  sensitive,  closing  by  night  and  when 
touched. 

3  C.  Marildndica  L.  American  Senna.  Perennial,  smooth ;  Ifts.  6  to  9  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  an  obovoid  gland  near  tlie  base  of  the  common  petiole ; 
fls.  in  axillary  racemes  and  terminal  panicles ;  leg.  curved,  12  to  '2.0-fieedecl. — This 
handsome  plant  is  frequently  met  with  in  alluvial  soils  (U.  S.)  growing  in  close 
masses,  3  to  5f  high.  St.  round,  striate,  often  with  scattered  hairs.  Petioles 
channeled  above,  and  distinguished  by  the  pedicelled  gland  near  the  base.  Lfis. 
1  to  2'  by  4  to  9".  Racemes  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  a  leafy  panicle.  Petals 
bright  yellow,  3  erect  and  2  declined.     In  medicine  it  is  a  mild  cathartic.     Aug. 

4  C.  occidentdlis  L.  A7inual,  smooth ;  Ifts.  3  to  &  pairs,  ovate  or  lance-ovate, 
shap'y  acuminate;  an  obtuse,  sessile  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole;  fls.  in  axil- 
lary, short  racemes,  and  pauicled  above;  kg.  nearly  straight,  2h  to  ^0-seeded. — 
Waste  grounds,  Va.  to  Ga.  (Feay),  and  La.  Stem  stout,  stilcate,  4  to  6f  high. 
Lv.s.  7  to  8'  long,  Ifts.  2  to  3'.  blip  deciduous.  Fls.  large,  yellow.  Pods  strongly 
margined,  rigid,  torulous.     July.     §  Cuba. 

5  C:  obtusifdlia  L.  Annual,  smoolhish ;  Ifts.  about  6,  obovate,  obtuse ;  stip. 
linear-subulate ;  leg,  very  long  and  narrow,  recurved,  20  to  40-sceded ;  seeds 
longitudinal. — Dry  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Plant  1  to  3  to  4f  high.  St. 
round,  striate.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  half  as  wide.  Pods  about  6'  long,  hardly  2  ' 
wide,  the  seeds  longest,  the  same  way  with  the  pod,  not  transversely  as  in  No.  4. 
Fls.  large,  on  slender  pedicels.     Jl. — Oct. 

6  C.  melanocdrpa  Vegel.  Shrubby;  Ifts.  2  or  3  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
ratfier  acute  at  each  end,  coriaceous;  gland  pedicellate;  rac.  pedunculate,  in  the 
upper  axils,  as  long  as  tho  leaves. — Ga.  Escaped  from  gardens  (Feay).  Lfts. 
12  to  18"  by  4  to  5".     Fls.  as  largo  as  in  C  Marilundica.    § 

9.  CERXIS,  L,  Ji'DAS  Tree.  Red-bud.  (iiv.  KEpKlg,  a  weaver's 
shuttle  ;  sc.  the  legumes.)  Calyx  broadly  caiiipanulate,  5-toothed ; 
petals  scarcely  papilionaceous,  all  distinct ;  wind's  longci'  than  the  vex- 
illum  and  sn\allei*  than  the  keel  petals ;  stamens  10,  distinct ;  legumu 
compressed,  with  tho  seed-bearing  suture  winged  ;  seeds  obovate. — 
Trees  with  simple,  cordate  lvs.  and  rose-colored  tis. 

C.  Canadensis  L.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  villous  on  the  veins 
beneath. — A  handsome  tree,  20  to  30f  high,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  The  wood  is 
finely  veined  with  black  and  green,  and  receives  a  fine  polish.  Lvs.  3  to  4  by  4 
to  5',  entire,  smooth,  7-veined,  on  petioles  1  to  2'  long.  The  flowers  appear  in 
advance  of  tho  leaves,  in  small,  lateral  clusters,  clothing  the  whole  tree  in  pur- 
ple, in  early  Spring.  Tho  young  twigs  will  dye  wool  a  nankeen  color.  The  old 
author  Geraide  in  compliance  with  tho  popular  notion  of  his  time,  says  "This  is 
the  tree  whereon  Judaa  did  hang  himself,  and  not  on  the  elder  tree,  as  it  is  said." 

10.  CLADASTRIS,  Raf.  Yellow-wood.  Calyx  5-toothed,  teeth 
short,  obtuse;  petals  of  nearly  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  distinct 
and  straight  like  the  wings;  vex.  large,  roundish,  rcHexed ;  stam.  10, 
dis'.iinct ;  filaments  glabrous,  incurved,  legume  flat  and  thin,  short-stiped, 
5  or  6-seeded. — A  tree  with  yellow  wood,  pinnate  lvs.,  and  pendulous 
clusters  of  white  fls. 

C.  tinotdria  Raf.  Hills,  in  rich  soils.  W.  Ky.  and  W.  Tenn.  Tree  20  to  40f 
higii,  with  a  smooth  greenish  bark.  Lfts.  7  to  11,  stalked,  oval,  acuminate,  3  to 
4'  long.  Rac.  6  to  10'  long,  compound,  thyrse-like,  sliowy,  resembling  those  of 
the  common  locust.     Leg.  us  long  as  tho  leaflets,  very  narrow.     Apr.,  May. 

11.  BAPTIS'IA,  Vent.  Wild  Indigo.  (Gr.  (idnTOi,  to  dye  ;  a  use 
to  which  some  species  are  applied.)     Calyx  4  to  6-cleft  half  way,  per* 


'!t. 


UiK' 


■%.'^  i 


ill 


'  M 


■i^j 


302 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


1 " 


'M  I  i; 


sistent ;  petals  of  about  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  nearly  distinct 
and  straight ;  vexillum  orbicular,  emarginate ;  stamens  10,  distinct, 
deciduous ;  legume  inflated,  stipitate,  many  (or  by  abortion  few)- 
seeded. —  U    Lvs.  palmately  3-foliate,  or  simple. 

I  Leaves  simple.    Flowers  yellow Nos.  1 — 3 

§  Leaves  3-foliate. — Fls.  blue,  in  few  elonguted  racemes No.  4 

— Fls.  white  in  few  elongated  racemes,  (a) 
— Fls.  yellow,  solitary  or  in  short  racemes,  (b) 

a  Stipules  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  petioles Nos.  5,  6 

a  Stipules  much  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles Nos.  7,  8 

b  Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx.    Drying  daric Nos.  9, 10 

b  Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  caly.\.    Dryingbright.Nos.il — 13 

1  B.  perfolidta  R.  Br.  Glabrotis  and  glaucous,  lvs.  oval,  orbicular,  perfoliate; 
fis.  solitary,  axillary. — S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Savannah,  Fcay)  iu  the  pine  woods.  St. 
branching,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  large  (2^  by  2),  all  turned  one  way,  and  com- 
pletely closed  at  baao  around  the  stem  or  branch.  Corolla  6"  long,  on  a  pedicel 
half  as  long.     Pod  large,  inflated.     A  remarkable  species.     May — Jl. 

2  B.  microph^lla  Nutt.  "Lvs.  simple,  sessile,  roundish,  cuneiform;  the  upper 
somewhat  clasping,  5<?pMfcs  roMnd«s/t ;  lis.  axillary;  legumes  short,  subglobous." — 
W.  Fla.  to  Ala.  St.  much  branched.  Lvs.  small  (7  to  1^  '  in  length),  the  upper 
partially  coalescing  with  the  stipules.  Described  by  Mr.  .  uttall  from  late  fruit- 
ing specimens.     Not  since  found  ? 

3  B.  Bimplicifolia  Groom.  Glabrous ;  lvs.  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  sessile ;  stip. 
none ;  racemes  terminal,  elongated,  many-flowered ;  bracts  ovate,  as  long  as  tho 
pedicels. — Quincy.  Fla.  St.  furrowed,  bivmchii'i^  9.  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  large  ('2  to 
4'  by  1^  to  3'),  rather  firm,  shining  above.  I'la.  S"  long,  the  pedicels  shorter. 
Leg.  ovate,  about  6"  long.     Jn. — Sept. 

4  B.  auBtrdlia  R.  Br.  Glabrous ;  petioles  short ;  Ifts.  obovate  or  somewhat  ob- 
long, obtuse ;  stip.  lanceolate,  rather  longer  than  the  petioles,  distinct  at  base ; 
rac.  long,  erect;  leg.  oblong-oval,  stipe  long  as  the  calyx. — Alluvial  soils,  Ohio 
River  to  Ga.  and  La.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  branched.  Petioles  1  to  6"  long.  Lfts. 
1 J  to  3'  by  f  to  1',  sometimes  acute.  Stip.  ^  to  1'  long.  Fls.  indigo  blue,  large, 
very  showy.     Pod  about  2'  long.     Jn. — Aug. 

5  B.  leucopheea  Nutt.  Villous;  petioles  almost  0;  lfts.  oblanceolate,  varying 
to  obovate ;  stip.  and  bracts  large,  triangular-ovate,  persistent ;  rac.  nodding,  the 
many  flowers  turned  to  the  upper  side  on  their  long  pedicels ;  leg.  ovoid  or  roundish, 
inflated. — Common  in  wild  prairies,  W.  States  and  southward.  St.  2  to  3f  high, 
smoothish  when  old.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  J  to  1',  stipules  more  than  half  as  large. 
Rac.  20  to  60-flowered,  inclined  horizontally.  Pedicels  1  to  2'  long.  Corollas 
very  large,  ochroleucous.     Apr. 

6  B.  villdsa  Ell.  Villous-pubescent ;  petioles  almost  o ;  !fts.  lance-oblong,  or 
oblanceolate;  stip.  lance-linear,  persistent;  rac.  long  (er!;  !"';  ].^mts  minute,  de- 
ciduous; ped.  notsecund;  leg.  oblong. — N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  rfi!<  ''laut  of  coarse  as- 
pect, as  well  as  No.  5,  2  to  3f  high.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  otnu.-.o,  vpering  at  base, 
becoming  smoothish  when  old.     Fls.  dirty  white,  nearly  1'  ic: ,       Jn.,  Jl. 

7  B.  leucdntha  Torr  &  Gr.  Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  lvs.  petiolate ;  lfts.  cunei- 
form-obovate,  obtuse ;  stip,  lance-linear  about  as  long  as  petioles,  often  caducous ; 
rac.  elongated,  erect ;  bracts  caducous ;  leg.  inflated,  stipitate. — Conspicuous  in 
rich  soils,  prairies,  etc.,  W.  States  to  Ga.  and  Fla.  St.  thick,  2  to  4f  high, 
branched  above.  Rac.  6  to  24'  long,  with  largo  white  fls.  Lfts.  1  to  2'  long. 
The  whole  plant  turns  bluish-black  in  drying.     May — Jl. 

8  B.  alba  R.  Br.  Glabrous,  fastigiate-branched  above;  petioles  slender;  lfts. 
elliptic-oblanceolato,  acute  at  base;  stip.  arid  bracts  ininute,  caducous;  rac.  erocl 
or  nodding,  on  a  long  peduncle ;  pedicels  rather  longer  than  calyx.  Ip  rich  soils, 
Va.  to  Fla.  Plant  2  to  3f  higii.  Lfts.  about  1'  long,  a  third  as  wide,  the  petiole 
about  iialf  as  long.   Fls.  pure  white.   Plant  does  not  blacken  iu  drying.    Mar.  Apr. 

9  B.  lanoeolita  Ell.  Much  branched,  busby;  lvs.  subsessile;  lfts.  narrowly 
elliptic,  varying  to  oblanceolate,  tapering  to  a  petiolule,  obtnse;  stip.  almost 
none ;  fis.  axillary,  subsoUtary,  short-pedicelled ;  leg.  ovate-globous.  Pino  woodai 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.    About  2f  high.    Foliage  yoUowish-grc^n ;  lvs.  2  to  3 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


303 


long,  coriaceous.  Fls.  large,  dull  yellow.  Apr.,  Jm.— Each  plant  forms  a  globu- 
lar mass  which  when  dry,  breaks  away  and  rolls  about  with  the  wind  frightening 
horses ;  heuce  called  horse-devils. 

l3.  Taller,  branches  less  iiexuous ;  Ifls.  obovate,  very  obtuse  j  fls.  solitary  and 
somewhat  '•rioemed  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. — Fla,  La. 

10  B.  tinctdriaR.  Br.  Glabrous,  branching;  Ivs.  subsessile;  Ifts.  small,  roundish- 
obovate,  acute  at  base,  very  obtuse  at  apex ;  stip.  setaceous,  caducous ;  rac.  loose, 
terminal;  leg.  subglobous. — A  plant  with  bluish-greeu  foliage,  frequent  in  dry 
soils,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  very  bushy,  about  2f  high.  Lfts.  about  7"  by  4  to  6  ', 
emarginate;  petiole  1  to  2"  long.  Fls.  6  to  12  or  more  in  each  raceme.  Petals 
6"  long,  yellow.  Leg.  about  as  large  a.s  a  pea,  on  a  long  stipe,  mostly  1 -seeded. 
Jl.— Sept. 

11  B.  Lec6ntii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Somewhat  pubescent;  Ivs.  short- petioled;  Ifls. 
obovate-oblong ;  pedicels  longer  thati  the  tls.,  with  two  bractlets ;  bracts  per- 
sistent; kg.  short-stiped ;  branches,  stipules  and  racemes  aa  in  No.  10. — Fla.  and 
S.  Ga.     Docs  not  turn  black  in  drying.     May. 

12  B.  megacarpa  Chapman.  Glabrous,  slender;  Ivs.  petioled;  l/(s.  oval;  rac. 
short  and  short-stalked;  stip.  and  brads  minute,  caducous;  fls.  nodding,  on  pedicels 
shorter  than  tJie  corolla;  kg.  large,  globular,  and  much  inflated. — Neai-  Quincy, 
Fla.  Fls.  and  Ivs.  nearly  as  large  as  in  No.  9.  Mature  pods  IJ'  diam.  Does  not 
blacken  i,^  drying.     May. 

13  B.  m611iB  Mx.  Minutely-hoary-pubescent,  sparingly  branched ;  petioles  lialt 
as  long  as  the  cuneiform-oblanceolate  Ifls. ;  stip.  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles ; 
pedicels  as  long  as  the  fls.,  in  terminal  racemes. — la  mountain  woods,  N.  Car. 
and  Tenn.  (Lookout  Mt.,  Chattanooga.)  A  tine,  bright-flowered  species,  IJf 
high.     Dries  bright.     May.    (Thermopsis  mollis  Curt.) 

12.  FA^BA,  Moinch.  lIoRSE  Bean.  Coffee  Bean.  Flowers  as  in 
Vicia,  but  the  seeds  oblong,  with  a  long  scar  (hiluui)  on  the  narrower  end, 
and  leathery,  tumid  legumes. — Lvs.  equally  pinnate,  with  the  tendril 
obsolete  (in  the  following  species).     Peduncle  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

P.  vulgaris  Moench.  St.  rigidly  erect,  with  very  short  axillary  racemes;  Ifls. 
2  to  4,  oval,  entire,  mucrouate  or  acute;  (tont^rils  obsolete  by  cultivation;)  stip. 
Si^misagittate,  dentate  at  base. — Native  of  Kgypt.  Frequently  found  in  gardens, 
but  not  so  much  admired  for  the  table  as  formerly.  Fls.  white,  with  a  largo  black 
spot  on  each  of  the  alae.  Leg.  torulous.  Sds.  very  large,  with  a  large  hilum  at 
one  end.     (Vicia  Faba  L.) 

13.  CI'CER  arieti'num,  the  Chick  Pea,  rarely  cultivated  may  he 
readily  known  by  its  ise»'rated  leaflets,  a  character  quite  strange  in  this 
Order. 

14.  PrSUM,  L.  Pea.  (Celtic  pis^  Lat.  pisum,  Eng.  pea,  Fr.  pols.) 
Calyx  segments  leafy,  the  upper  two  shortest ;  vexillum  large,  reflexcd  ; 
stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1) ;  style  grooved  on  the  back,  villous 
and  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side  ;  legume  oblong,  tumid,  many-seeded  ; 
seeds  globous,  with  an  orbicular  hilum. — Herbaceous,  climbing.  Lvs. 
abruptly  pinnate,  ending  with  branching  tendrils. 

P.  sativum  L.  Lfts.  ovate,  entire,  usually  4 ;  stip,  ovate,  semi-cordate  at  baa©, 
crenate ;  ped.  several-flowered. — (T)  One  of  the  most  valuable  of  leguminous  plants, 
smooth  and  glaucous.  St.  2  to  5f  long,  nearly  simple,  climbing  by  tendrils.  Lfls. 
2  to  3'  long,  §  aa  wide,  obtuse,  mucronate,  stip.  rather  larger  than  the  leaflets. 
Fls.  two  or  more,  on  axillary  peduncles,  large,  white.  This  plant  has  been  cul- 
tivated from  time  immemorial,  so  that  its  native  country  is  unknown.  There 
are  many  varieties. 

15.  LATH'YRUS,  L.  Calyx  campanulate,  the  two  upper  sepals  shortest; 
stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1) ;  style  flat,  dilated  above,  ascending^ 


i   1 


!•    t| 


1  * 


804  Obobb  46.— LEGUMINOS^ 

bent  at  a  right  angle  with  the  ovary,  pubescent  or  villou?  along  the  in- 
side next  the  free  stamen  ;  legume  oblong,  several-seeded. — Herbaceous, 
mostly  climbing.  Lvs.  ab  uptly  pinnate,  of  1  to  several  pairs  of  leaflets. 
Tctioles  produced  into  ter  Jrils.     Peduncles  axillary. 

♦  Leaflets  a  single  pair Southern,  No.  1 Exotic,  Nos.  6 — S 

♦  Leaflets  commonly  tiiieo  jiairs.     Poretmial Nos.  2,  3 

♦  Leaflets  commonly  ft  pairs.     Perennial Nos.  4,  5 

1  L.  pusilluB  Ell.     St.  winged ;  Ifts.  2,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  stiy. 
conspicuous,  lance-falcate,  half-sagittate ;  ped.  long,  1  to  3-flowered. — S.  Car,  to 
La.     A  weak,  scrambling  vine.     Lfta.  1 J  to  2'  long,  4  to  6"  wide;  stip.  about  a 
third  as  long.     Tendrils  branching.     Fls.  purple.     Leg.  linear-oblong,  15  to  20 
seeded.     Apr.,  May. 

2  L.  ochroleClcua  Hook.  St.  slender ;  Ifts.  about  3  pairs,  broadly  ovate ;  stip. 
serai-cordate,  large;  ped.  7  to  10-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves. — A  small,  delicate 
species,  rare,  in  shaJy  places  and  on  river  banks,  N.  J.  to  Wise,  N.  to  Arc. 
circle.  St.  2  to  3f  long,  leaning  or  climbing  on  other  plants.  Lfts.  1  to  IJ'  long. 
I  as  wide,  twice  larger  tlian  the  stipules.  Corolla  yellowish-white  (ochroleucous). 
Jn.,  Jl.     (L.  glaucifolius.  Beck.) 

3  L.  paliistris  L.  St.  winged ;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  ovate,  mucronato ;  lfts.  2  or 
3  pairs,  oblong-ovate,  mucronate ;  ped.  3  to  5-Jlowered,  longer  than  the  leaves. — 
A  slender  climber,  found  in  v.'et  meadows  and  thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  Or.  St. 
slender,  square,  broadly  winged  at  the  angles,  supported  by  the  tendrils.  Lvs. 
piunate-cirrlious ;  lfts.  broad,  or  narrow-ovate.  Fls.  drooping,  rather  large,  varie- 
gated with  blue  and  purple.    Jn.,  Jl. 

,d.  MYRTiFOLius  Gray.  St.  square,  often  slightly  winged,  weak ;  lfts.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  ratlier  obtuse. — Can.  to  Md.  and  Ind.  Fls.  pale  purple.  (L. 
myrlifolius  Muhl.) 

4  L.  veudsuB  Muhl.  St.  4-angled;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  lanceolate,  very  small; 
ped.  8  to  16-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  l/ts.  4  <o  7  pairs,  somewhat  alter- 
nate, obtusish,  mucronate. — In  shady  grounds.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  erect,  2  to  3f 
high,  mostly  smooth.  Ped.  axillary,  3  to  5'  long.  Lfts.  ovate,  IJ  to  2'  by  1 , 
the  veins  conspicuous.  Fls.  rather  large  and  showy,  purple.  Leg.  flat  and 
narrow.     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  L.  maritimuB  Bw.  Beach  Pea.  St.  4-angled,  compressed;  petioles  flat 
above;  stip.  cordate- hastate,  nearly  as  large  as  the  8  to  12  ovate  leaflets;  ped.  many- 
flowered. — A  pale  green  creeping  plant,  resembling  tiie  common  pea,  found  on 
sandy  shores,  N.  Y.  to  Lab.,  W.  to  Oreg.  St.  rigid,  1  to  2f  in  length.  Stip.  con- 
nate. Lvs.  ending  in  a  branching  tendril,  the  lower  pairs  of  leaflets  largest. 
Fls.  large,  blue.     May — Jl.     (Pisura  maritimum  Ph.) 

6  L.  latifdliUB  L.  Everlasting  Pea.  Ped.  many-flowered ;  lfts.  2,  lanceo- 
late; joints  membranous,  winged. — 11  A  very  showy  plant  for  gardens  and 
arbors,  native  of  England.  St.  6f  long,  clinihing,  winged  between  the  joints. 
Fls.  large,  pink,  clustered  on  a  peduncle  6  to  10'  in  length.     Jl.,  Aug. 

7  L.  odor^tus  L.  Sweet  Pea.  Ped.  2-flowered;  lfts.  2.  ovate-oblong;  lej-^. 
hirsute. — CT)  A  well  known  garden  flower,  native  of  Sicily.  The  flowers  appear 
in  June,  are  large,  variegated  with  red  and  white.     Very  fragrant. 

8  L.  sativuB  L.  Cuick  Pea.  Ped.  I 'flowered;  lfts.  2  to  4;  leg.  ovate;  com- 
p.ressed,  with  two  winged  margins  at  the  back. — (P  Native  of  S.  Europe,  where  it 
has  been  sometimes  cultivated  for  food ;  but  it  proves  to  be  a  slow  poison,  both 
to  man  and  beast,  producing  ultimately  entire  helplessness,  by  rendering  the 
limbs  rigid,  but  without  pain. 

16.  VIC'IA,  L.  Vetch.  (Celtic  gwiff,  whence,  Gr.  Plkiov,  Lat.  vicia, 
Fr.  vesce,  and  Eng.  vetch.)  Calyx  tubular,  with  the  3  inferior  segmetits 
straight,  and  longer  than  the  2  above  ;  vexilluni  emarginate ;  stamens 
10,  diadelphous  (9  and  l) ;  style  filiform,  bent  at  right  angles  with  the 
ovary,  villous  beneath  the  stigma  on  the  outside  (next  the  keel) ;  legun>e 
oblong,  several-seeded, — Uorbaceous,  mostly  climbing.     Lvs.  abruptly 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^- 


306 


pinnate,  with  several  paivi  of  leaflets,  and  a  branching  tendril.  Peduncles 
axillary. 

•  Leaflets  about  4  (3  to  7).     Annual Nos.  1,  « 

•  Leaflets  about  10  (S  to  2i). — Peduncle  many  (5— 20)-flo\vered  Perennial Nos.  3— i^ 

— Peduncle  few  (1 — 5)-flowered Nos.  fi,  7 

1  V.  tetraspdrma  Loisel.  Ped.  1  to  2-jlowered,  in  jl.  shorter  {infr.  longer)  than 
the  Ivs. ;  leg.  smooth,  4-seeded ;  Ifts.  4  to  6,  small,  linear,  obtuse  ;  stip.  lanceolate, 
somi-sagittato. — Slender  and  delicate  plants,  banks  of  streams,  &c..  Can.  to 
Peiin.  Sts.  almost  filiform,  1  to  2f  long.  Lfta.  6  to  10"  by  1",  acute  or  obtuse. 
Fls.  very  small,  bluish-white,  on  filiform  peduncles.  Leg.  4  to  6"  long,  4-  some- 
times S-seeded.     Jl.     (V.  pusilla  Muhl.     Ervuni,  L.) 

2  V.  acutifdlia  Ell.  Lfts.  3  to  6,  linear,  acute;  stip.  lance-linear;  tendrils mcstly 
simple ;  rac.  3  to  d-Jlowered,  longer  than  the  kaves. — da.  and  Fla.  Very  slender, 
glabrous.  St.  3  to  6f  long,  climbing.  Lfts.  6  to  12"  long,  1"  wide.  Fls.  small 
(3  '  long),  bluish  white.  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  tube.  Pods  1'  long,  about 
8-soeded  (4  to  10). 

3  V.  Americana  Muhl.  Ped.  4  to  8-flowered,  shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  stip.  semi- 
sagittate,  deeply  dentate;  lfts.  10  to  14,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  niucronate,  veined, 
somewhat  alternate ;  leg.  oblong-linear,  compressed,  reticulated. — N.  Y.  W.  to  the 
11.  Mts.  Sts.  slender,  1  to  3f  long.  Lfts.  1'  by  5' ,  subsossilo.  Fls.  blue  or  pur- 
ple. Lower  calyx  teeth  broad-lanceolate,  much  longer  thau  the  2  upper.  Style 
very  hairy  at  the  summit.     May. 

4  V.  Carolini^na  Walt,  Pod.  Q  to  10  or  \2-floiuered,  rather  shorter  than  the 
leaves ;  fls.  loose ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  two  upper  very 
short;  sty.  hairy  at  the  summit;  stip.  lance-linear,  entire;  lfts.  8  to  12,  linear-ob- 
long or  linear,  smoothish ;  leg.  not  reticulated,  oblong. — Woods  and  river  banks. 
A  slender  climber,  4  to  6f  long.  Lfts.  6  to  12"  by  1  to  ^",  mostly  alternate.  Fls. 
3"  long,  pale  blue,  the  banner  tipped  with  deep  purple.     May. 

5  V.  Crdcca  L.  Tufted  Vktcii.  Fls.  imbricated,  12  to  20  or  more  in  the  ru 
ceme;  lfts.  12  to  24,  oblong,  puberulent;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  linear-suh  late,  entire. — 
A  slender  climber,  2  to  3f  long,  about  fences,  hedges,  thickets,  <fec.,  lat.  39*^  to 
Can.  St.  square,  downy.  Lvs.  of  many  pairs  of  downy,  nmcronato  lfts.,  witli  a 
branched  tendril  at  the  end  of  the  principal  stalk.  Lfts.  6  to  8"  by  2  to  3' ,  peti- 
olulate.     Fls.  blue  and  purple,  in  a  lon<j,  dense,  one-sided  raceme.     Jl. 

6  V.  sativa  L.  Vetch.  Tares.  Fls.  solitary,  or  in  pairs,  suhsessile;  lfts.  10 
to  12,  oblong-obovate,  often  linear,  retuse,  mucronate;  stip.  semisagittate,  subden- 
tate,  dotted ;  kg.  erect,  roundish,  reticulated,  smooth, — (X'A  slender  climbing  plant, 
found  in  cultivated  fields,  introduced  irom  Europe.  St.  decumbent  or  climbing, 
2  to  3f  long.  Lfts.  8  to  12"  by  1  to  4'',  lower  ones  near  the  base  of  the  petiole. 
Fls.  pale  purple,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves.     Leg.  1  to  2'  long.     Jn.  § 

7  V.  hirstlta  Kooh.  Lfta.  linear,  truncate,  mucronate;  stip.  semisagittate,  nar- 
row ;  ped.  3  to  6-flowered,  shorter  than  leaves ;  leg.  hirsute,  '2-seeded. — A  creeping 
woi.'d  in  cultivated  fields,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  St.  very  slender,  1  to  3f  long.  I  ( ,s. 
8  to  20,  4  to  8"  long,  hardly  1"  wide,  broadest  above.  Ped.  axillary,  3  to  6  flow- 
ered. Cal.  segm.,  rather  sliorter  than  the  bluish  white  corolla.  Leg.  short,  with 
roundish,  compressed  brown  seeds.     Jn.     §  f     (Ervum,  L.) 

V.  micrantha  Nutt ,  with  the  fls.  minute  and  solitary  on  the  peduncle,  and 
V.  Ludoviciana  Nutt.  (V.  Leavenworthii  T.  &  G.,  is  the  same  plant  witli  a 
more  slender  habit)  sent  from  W.  La.  (Hale)  have  not  yet,  to  my  knowledge,  been 
found  East  of  the  Misa  River. 

i7.  ZOR'NIA,  Gmel.     (For  John  Zornc,  M.D.,  of  Bavaria.)     Calyx 

bilabiate,  upper  lip  obtuse,  emarginate,  lower  3-cleft ;  corolla  periLcy- 

nous,  vexillum  orbicular,  with  the  sides  revolute;  stamens  moiiadcl- 

phous,  the  alternate  anthers  different ;  legume  compressed,  of  2  to  5 

roundish  joints. — Herbs  with  palmately  2  to  4-foliate  lvs.  and  sagittate 

stip.,  which  are  enlarged  above  and  supply  the  place  of  bracts.   (Fig.  1 84.) 

Z.  tetraph;^lla  Mx.  Lfts.  4;  stip.  or  bracts  oval,  acute;  log.  aculeate,  about 
3-jointed. — A  plant  of  many  singular  murks,  N,  Cur.  to  Fla.  and  Tox.     Sis.  pro**- 


%% 


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M 


!1 


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■'f 


T 


306 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOSJS. 


trato,  slender,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles ;  Ifts.  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at 
each  end,  tlie  lower  often  obovate,  Stip.  as  such  very  small  (1"  long)  but  as 
bracts  they  are  as  broad  as  the  leaflets  but  much  shorter.  Fls.  deep  yellow.  Leg. 
small,  adhesive  by  their  retrorsely  rougli  spines.     Jn. — Aug. 

18.  ^SCHYNOM'ENE,  L.  (Gr.  alaxvvofiai,  to  be  modest ;  alluding 
to  its  scnsifve  property.)  Calyx  bilabiate,  bibracteolate ;  upper  lip 
bifid,  lower  t/^i;  vexillum  roundish;  keel  petals  boat-shaped,  distinct 
at  base  ;  stamens  diadclphoiis,  5  in  each  set ;  legume  exserted,  com- 
posed of  several  truncated,  separable,  1-seeded  joints. — Lvs,  odd-pinnate. 
Stip.  semi-sagittate.     Rac.  axillary. 

1  iB.  hfapida  Willd.  St.  erect,  somewhat  scabrous,  as  well  as  the  petioles,  pe- 
duncles and  legumes;  If  is.  very  smooth,  21  to  37  (49,  Nutt.),  oblong-linear,  ob- 
tuse; stip.  ovate,  acuminate;  rac.  3  to  5-Jlowered ;  bment  compressed,  6  to  9-joint- 
ed. — D  Marshes,  Ponn.  to  Fla,  and  La.  (Hale).  St.  2  to  3F  high.  Lfts.  about  f' 
long.  Rac.  usually  bearing  a  leaf.  Fls.  yellow,  reddish  outside.  Leg.  2'  long, 
sinuate  on  one  side,  some  of  tliem  deeply  parted.     Aug. 

2  .ZB.  viscidula  Mx.  Slender,  procumbent,  viscidly  pubescent;  lfts.  7  to  11, 
obovate;  stip.  and  bracts  veiny;  ped.  filiform,  1  to  2-flowcred;  cal.  slightly  bila- 
biate, 3  lower  teeth  nearly  equal ;  pod.  2  or  Z-jointed,  deeply  lobed.-Sj)  Sandy 
fields,,  S.  Car.  (Ell.)  to  E.  Fla.  St.  diliuse,  1  to  2f  long.  Lfts.  6"  long.  Fls.  small, 
yellow. 

19.  STYLOS'ANTHES,  Swtz.  Pencil  Flower.  (Gr.  arvXoq,  a  pen, 
dvdog.)  Calyx  between  2  bracts,  its  tube  slender  and  stalk-like,  its 
limb  half  5-cleft,  with  the  corolla  inserted  on  its  throat,  the  whole  eai'ly 
deciduous  leaving  the  ovary  to  ripen  naked;  anth.  10,  alternately  dif- 
ferent, filam.  united ;  vex.  orbicular ;  style  slender,  the  lower  part  form- 
ing an  uncinate  point  on  the  1-seeded  pod. — Lvs.  pinnately  3-foliolate. 
Stipules  sheath-like. 

S.  eldtior  Swartz.  Pencil  Flower.  St.  pubescent  on  one  side ;  lfts.  lanceolate, 
smooth,  acute  at  each  end ;  bracts  lanceolate,  ciliate ;  spikes  3  to  4-flowered ;  lo- 
ment  1 -seeded  (lower  joint  abortive). — 2^  Dry,  gravelly  woods,  Long  Isl.  to  Fla. 
and  Ark.  St.  mostly  erect,  branched.  If  in  hight,  remarkable  for  being  densely 
pubescent  on  that  side  only  which  is  opposite  the  insertion  of  each  leaf,  while  the 
other  side  is  smooth.  Lvs.  on  short  stalks;  lfts.  l' or  more  in  length.  Bracts 
fringed  with  yellow  bristles.     Fls.  yellow.     Jl.,  Aug. 

20  AR'ACHIS,  Willd.  Pea  Nut.  (Lat.  araco.%  used  by  Pliny  to 
designate  some  subterranean  plant.)  Calyx  bilabiate ;  corolla  reeupin- 
ate,  stamens  monadelphous,  legume  gibbous  at  base,  coriaceous,  veiny, 
turgid,  and  indehiscent,  the  joints  not  separating. — A  S.  American 
genus  with  equally  pinnate  lvs.  and  yellow  tis. 

A.  hypogeea  Willd.  Nearly  glabrous ;  lfts.  2  pairs,  oval  or  roundish,  cune- 
ate  at  base  ;  stip.  entire,  lance-subulate,  as  long  as  the  lfts ;  fruit  subterranean. — 
Cultivated  in  N.  Car.  and  S.  and  "W.  as  easily  as  the  sweet  potato,  and  is  very 
prolific.  The  specific  name  (Ino,  yrj,  under  ground)  alludes  to  the  curious  habit 
of  forcing  its  ovaries,  after  flowering,  into  the  soil  and  there  ripening  them. 

21.  CORONIL'LA,  L.  (Lat.  corona,  a  crown ;  from  the  inflores- 
cence.) Calyx  bilabiate,  petals  unguiculate ;  loment  somewhat  terete, 
jointed  ;  seeds  mostly  cylindrical. — Mostly  shrubs.  Lvs.  unequally  pin- 
nate.    Fls.  in  simple,  pedunculate  umbels. 

1  C.  EmeruB  L.  Scorpion  Senna.  St.  woody,  angular;  ped.  about  3-fU>wered; 
claws  of  the  petals  about  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx. — A  beautiful,  free  flower- 
ing slirub  from  France.  St.  about  3f  high,  square,  with  opposite  branches.  Lfts. 
about  7,  broadly  obcordate.  Fls.  rose-colored,  collected  in  little  tufta  on  the  ends 
©f  the  subaxillary  peduncles.     Apr.,  Jn.  f 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOSiE. 


307 


2  C  vAria  L.  St.  herbaceous,  erect,  smooth,  branching ;  Ivs.  sessile,  smooth ; 
Ifls.  11  to  19,  all  subsessik',  oblong,  obtuse;  umbels  long-podunculate,  10  to  15- 
Jlowered;  fls.  palo  purple. — An  elegant  European  species,  2  to  4f  high,  crowned 
with  many  hemispherical  umbels  V  diam.     Jl. — Sept.  f 

22.  HEDYS'ARUM,  L.  (Gr.  7]dv^,  sweet,  dpwjua,  smell.)  Calyx 
cleft  into  5  linear-subulate,  subequal  segments ;  keel  obliquely  truncate, 
longer  than  the  wings;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  and  with  the 
style  abruptly  bent  near  the  summit ;  legume  (loment)  of  several 
1-secdod  joints  connected  by  their  middle. —  ^  Mostly  herbaceous. 
Lvs.  unequally  pinnate. 

H.  bore  ale  Nutt.  Sta.  erect;  lvs.  subsessile,  of  6  to  10  pairs  of  oblong,  smooih- 
isii  Ifts. ;  stip.  united,  sheathing,  with  subulate  points  ;  rac.  spicate,  on  long  ped- 
uncles ;  fls.  numerous,  deflexed ;  cal.  teetli  short,  the  lower  longest ;  keel  longer 
than  the  banner  or  wings ;  joints  of  the  legume  1  to  4,  flat,  suborbicular,  rugoso- 
reticulate. — On  the  precipitous  sides  of  Willoughby  Mt.,  Westmore,  Vt.  500f 
above  tho  lake  b  low,  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  St.  rigid,  i  to  2f  high,  very  leafy. 
Lft?.  5  to  8"  by  2  to  4",  obtuse-mucronulate.  Rac.  2  to  4'  long,  on  rigid  pedun- 
cles 3  to  5'.     Fls.  largei  and  handsome,  violet- purple.     Jn. — Jl. 

23.  DESMO'DIUW,  DC.  (Iledysarum  L.)  Bush  Trefoil.  (Gr. 
dFafxag,  a  bond ;  m  reference  to  the  slightly  connected  joints  of  the 
loment.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  bilabiate,  sometimes  bibracteolate  at  base ; 
vexiHum  roundish;  keel  obtuse  ;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  some- 
times nionadelphous  ;  legume  (loment)  compressed,  jointed,  constricted 
most  on  the  lower  (dorsal)  suture,  the  joints  1-seedeu,  separable, 
mostly  aculeate  and  adhesive. —  U  Herbaceous  or  suftVuticous.  Lvs. 
pinnately  trifoliate.     Fls.  in  racemes  or  panicles,  purplish. 

§  Legumes  distinctly  stiped,  tho  stipes  about  as  long  as  tho  joints  (a). 

a  Stems  prostrate,  creepinff.    Lfts.  round  or  oval Nos.  1,  2 

a  Steins  erect.    Lfts.  oviite,  broadly  or  (in  No.  6)  narrowly,  (b). 

b  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  .the  tube Nos.  3 — 5 

b  Calyx  teeth  longer  than  the  tube, — upper  one  notched Nos.  6 — S 

— upper  one  entire . .' No,  9 

S  Legumes  subsessile,  the  stipe.s,  if  any,  not  exceeding  the  caly.x  (o). 
C  Bracts  large,  covering  the  flower  buds,  caducous  (d). 
c  Bracts  inconspicuous,  smaller  than  the  flower  buds  (e). 

d  Stipules  large  (6  to  9"  long),  ovate-lanceolate Nos.  10,  11 

d  Stipules  quite  small,  subulate Nos.  12,  13 

e  Leaflets  large  (2  to  3'  by  1  to  2').  oblong-ovate.  .Nos.  14,  15 

6  Li'iiflots  small,  orbicular  or  oval Nos.  16 — is 

e  Leurtets  long,  linear .'. . .No,  19 

1  D.  rotuniSifdliuin  DC.  St.  prostrate,  haii-y ;  lfts.  suborbicular,  hairy  on  both 
sides ;  bracts  and  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acuminate ;  rac.  few-flowered ;  loment 
constricted  on  both  margins  nearly  alike. — A  hairy,  prostrate  plant,  2  to  3f  in 
length,  found  in  rocky  woods  throughout  tlio  U.  S.  Lva  of  3  roundish  lfts.,  palt? 
beneatli,  1  to  2'  diam,,  on  hairy  stalks.  Stip.  cordate,  reflexed,  hairy.  Fls, 
purple,  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Pods  about  6-jointed.     Aug, 

2  D.  humifdaum  Bock.  St.  procumbent,  striate,  nearly  smooth ;  lfts.  oval,  sub- 
pubescent;  stip.  lance-ovate;  rac.  axillary  and  terminal;  lament  slightly  con- 
stricted on  the  upper  margin,  of  2  to  4,  obtusely  4-angled  joints. — Woods,  Waltliam, 
Mass.  (Bigelow),  Penn.  (Muhl).  A  species  much  resembling  the  last,  but  tho 
wliole  plant  is  much  smoother,  with  smaller  and  narrower  bracts.  St.  2  to  3f 
long.     lifts,  oval  or  ovate,  subacute.    Aug. 

3  D,  nudifldrum  DC.  Lfts.  roundish  ovate,  bluntly  acuminate,  slightly  glaucous 
beneath  ;  scape  radical,  pauicled,  smooth  ;  joints  of  the  lomeut  obtusely  iiiangu- 
lar. — Common  in  woods,  U.  S,  and  Can.  It  is  remarkably  distinguished  by  ii-av- 
ing  its  leaves  and  fls,  on  separate  stalks  often  distant  from  each  other.  St.  8  to 
10'  liigii,  with  several  ternate,  long-stalked,  smoothish,  terminal  lvs,  S'/ape  2 
to  .Sf  long,  glender,  Bmooth,  leafless,  paniclcd,  with  many  small,  purple  flowers. 
Aug, 


(m 


Is 

.if 


i 

"'/'I 


^  "1 


308 


Obder  46.— LEGUMINOS^ 


ill) 


mi, 


I' 


4  D.  aoumln^tum  DC.  Plant  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  only  at  top ;  Ifts. 
ovate,  long-acuminate,  the  odd  one  round-rhomboidal ;  pan.  terminal,  ou  a  very 
long  peduncle. — Common  in  woody,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  8  to  12'  liigh,  ending  in 
a  slender  panicle  1  or  2f  long.  Lvs.  at  the  top  of  the  stem  and  below  the  panicle ; 
terminal  1ft.  roundish,  3'  diaiii. ;  lateral  Ills,  smaller,  all  of  them  covered  with 
scattered,  appressed  hairs,  and  conspicuously  pointed.  Fls.  small,  flesh-colored. 
Pods  of  about  3  triangular  joints.     Jl.,  Aug. 

5  D.  paucifldrum  DC.  St.  assurgent,  leafy  all  the  way,  retrorsely  hairy ;  Ifts. 
membranous,  pale  beneatli,  scabrous-pubescent  above,  terminal  one  rhomboidal, 
lateral  ones  inequilateral-ovate,  all  rather  acute  or  subacuminato ;  rac.  terminal, 
few-flowered;  fls.  in  pairs;  petals  all  distinct,  spreading. — Woods,  Perm,  to  Hi. 


Rt.  creeping,  tubercular.     Sts.  often  clustered.  If  higii. 


Petioles  2  to 
Log. 


8 


and  La. 

;}'  long.     Lfts.  1  to  3'  long,  §  to  f  as  wide.    Fls.  2  to  6,  white  or  purplish. 

of  2  to  3  obtusely  triangular  joints.     JL,  Aug. 

D.  panicul^tum  DC.  Erect,  slender,  nearly  glabrous;  lfts.  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse  ;  slip,  subulate,  deciduous ;  fls.  on  long  (4  to  5")  and  slender  pedicels  in 
panicled  racemes;  loment  of  about  3  triangular  joints, — A  handsome  species, 
near  3f  in  hight,  found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  striate,  2  to  3f  higli.  Lvs. 
of  3  smooth,  narrow-ovate  lfts,,  broadest  at  the  base,  ending  with  an  obtuse 
point,  1  to  3'  in  length.  Pods  about  3  to  5-joiuted,  large.  Pis.  purple,  numerous. 
Jl.,  Aug, 

D,  viridifldrum  Beck.  St.  erect,  densely  pubescent  and  scabrous  above ;  lfts. 
ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  scabrous  above,  softly  villous  beneath ;  stip.  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  caducous ;  panicles  very  long,  leafless ;  lower  tooth  of  the  hairy  calyx 
tlirice  longer  than  the  upper;  kg.  of  3  to  4  triangular  joints,— Alluvial  soils,  N. 
Y,  to  Fla,  and  La,  St,  3  to  4f  high,  rigid,  branched.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  long.  Corolla 
violet,  turning  green  in  witherirg.     Leg.  1  to  2'  long, 

D.  laevig^tum  DC.  Glabrous  ornearly  so ;  st.  simple,  erect;  lvs.  on  long  pe- 
tioles, lfts.  ovate,  rather  obtuse;  pan.  terminal,  nearly  simple;  fls.  in  pairs,  on 
elongateil  pedicels ;  bracts  ovate,  very  small ;  lower  calyx  tooth  twice  longer  than 
the  upper. — Woods,  N.  J.,  Harper's  Ferry,  and  southward.  The  smoothest  of  our 
Desmodia,  2  to  3f  high.  Lfts.  rather  coriaceous,  1  to  3'  long,  §  as  wide.  Pedi- 
cels 5  to  8"  long.  Fla.  purple.  Joints  of  the  loment  2  to  4,  half  rhombic.  Sept, 
/3.  MOXOPHYLLUM.  Dwarf;  smaller  in  all  its  parts;  very  smooth;  lower  lvs. 
unifoliate;  rac,  simple. — Uxbridge,  Mass.     (Ricard.) 

D.  glab^llum  DC.  St.  erect,  smoothish ;  lfts.  ovate,  small,  scabrous-pubescent 
both  sides ;  stip.  subulate ;  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  twice  longer  than  the  upper 
entire  one ;  loment  nearly  straight  on  the  back,  with  about  4  half  rhombic  joints. 
— In  shjides,  Car.  (Ell.  Curtis).     Aug.,  Sept. 

10  D.  cuspiddtum  Torr.  &  Gr.  Erect,  smooth ;  lfts.  obiong-oval,  or  ovate,  sharply 
acuminate;  stip.  lanceolate-subulate;  rac.  paniculate,  terminal,  large,  with  scat- 
tered fls. ;  bracts  deciduous,  ovate,  acuminate,  striate,  smooth ;  joints  of  the  loment 
suboval. — A  larger  species  than  either  of  the  preceding,  found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  St.  branching,  erect,  4  to  5f  high.  Lfts.  3'  long,  widest  at  base,  smooth, 
entire,  Stip.  and  bracts  8  or  9"  long.  Stipels  subulate.  Fls.  large  (8"  long), 
purple.  Pods  in  about  6  joints,  long,  pendulous,  rough.  Aug.  (D.  braeteo- 
sum  DC.) 

11  D.  can^Bcens  DC.  St.  striate,  scabrous;  lfts.  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  scabrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  soft-viUous  beneath;  stip.  large,  oblique,  acuminate;  pan.  ter- 
minal, very  long,  densely  canesoent,  naked;  joints  of  the  loment  obliquely  oval; 
upper  lip  of  the  calyx  nearly  entire. — Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.  and  La.  An  up- 
riglit,  branching  plant,  with  very  long  panicles  of  flowers,  greenish  externally, 
purple  within.  St.  3f  high,  pubescent.  Pods  about  4-jointed,  most  constricted 
on  the  lower  side.     Jl,,  Aug,     (D.  Aikinianum  Beck.) 

12  D,  Canad^nae  DC.  St.  pubescent;  lfts.  oblong-lanceolate;  obtuse,  nearly 
smooth ;  stip.  filiform ;  bracts  ovate,  long-acuminate ;  fls,  racemed ;  joints  of  the 
loment  obtusely  triangular,  hispid. — Rather  common  in  woods,  Can,,  Penn.  and 
Ind.  A  handsome  plant  3f  m  height.  St.  upright  striate.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  1' 
wide,  with  6  pairs  of  straightish  veina.     Fla  purple,  about  as  large  as  in  No.  10, 


9 


Obueu  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


300 


In  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Bracts  conspicuous  before  flowering.     Pods 
about  5-jointed. 

13  D.  aessilifdlium  Torr.  k,  6r.  St.  erect,  tomentous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  sessile, 
Ifts.  linear  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  scabrous  above,  softly  tomentous  be- 
neath ;  stip.  subulate ;  pan.  of  spicatc  racemes,  very  long ;  bracts,  minute ;  leg. 
small,  hispid,  of  2  to  3  semi-orbicular  joints. — Woods,  tlie  W.  States  and  Tex.  St. 
2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  about  2'  by  ^'.     Fls.  small,  numerous  and  crowded.     Aug. 

14  D.  DlU^nii  Darl.  Plant  erect,  branching,  hairy  ;  lfts.  oblong,  villous  beneath ; 
fitip.  subulate ;  rac.  panicled ;  joints  of  tlie  loment  3,  rhomboidal,  reticulate,  a  little 
hairy,  connected  by  a  narrow  neclc. — Moist  soils,  N.  and  W.  Stat»'S.  St.  sulcate. 
scabrous,  2  to  3f  high.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  smooth  above.  Panicle  large, 
terminal,  naked.     Fls.  purple.     Jl.     (D.  Marilandicum  DC.) 

15  D.  rfgidum  DC.  Erect,  branching,  scabrous,  pubescent;  lfts.  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  terminal  one  the  longest;  petioles  short,  hairy;  stip.  ovate-acuminate,  cili- 
ate,  caducous,  rac.  paniculate,  very  long;  kg.  with  2  <o  3  obliquely  oval  or  semi- 
obovate  joints. — Hills  and  woods,  Mass.  to  La.  St.  2  to  3f  higli,  often  with  numer- 
ous long,  erect,  rigid  branches.  Lfts.  1  to  3'  long,  ^  as  witie,  rather  coriaceous, 
reticulate-veined.     Fls.  violet-purple.     Aug. 

16  D.  cili^re  DC.  Erect,  slender,  scabrous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  crowded,  on  short 
hairy  petioles;  lfts.  small,  ovate,  short-stalked,  pubescent  beneath,  ciliate  on  the 
margin  ;  stip.  filiform,  caducous ;  pan.  terminal,  lower  branches  much  longer ; 
joints  of  the  short  stiped  loment  2  or  3,  obliqudy  roundish,  hispid,  reticulate. — 
Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  La.     Eight  2f.     Fls.  purple.     Aug. 

17  D.  Marildndicum  Boott.  Erect,  brandling,  hairy;  lfts.  ovate,  obtuse,  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  the  lateral  ones  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  stip.  subulate  ;  pan.  ter- 
minal ;  loment  sHpe  as  long  as  calyx,  joints  1  or  2,  obliquely  obovate. — Woods,  N. 
States  to  Fla.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  Lfts.  6  to  12"  by  4  to  8".  Fls.  violet-purple, 
small.     Aug.     (D.  obtusum  DC.) 

18  D.  line^tum  DC.  Slender,  assurgent ;  st  finely  striate  with  colored  lines  j 
lfts.  small,  roundish  oval,  smoothish,  green  both  sides ;  rac.  terminal  and  lateral, 
very  long  and  loose;  loni'-nt  quite  sessile  in  the  calyx,  joints  about  2,  roundish 
oval. — Dry  woods,  Can.  to  .  la.  and  La.  Sts.  2  or  3f  long.  Lvs.  on  short  stalks; 
Ifta.  6  to  12"  diam.,  quite  obiuse.     Fls.  and  leg.  small. 

19  D.  Btrictum  DC.  Erect,  slender,  nearly  glabrous ;  lvs.  petiolate ;  lfts.  linear, 
elongated,  coriaceous  and  reticulately  veined,  mucronate ;  stip.  subulate ;  pan. 
slender,  few-flowered ;  leg.  hispid,  incurved,  of  1  to  3  lunately  triangular  joints, 
with  a  filiform  isthmus,  the  stipe  shorter  than,  or  about  ;\a  long  as  the  calyx. — 
Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  about  3f  high.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3", 
longer  than  the  petioles.  Fls.  small,  purple,  on  slender  pedicels.  Aug.  (D. 
teuuifolium  T.  &  G.) 

24.  LESPEDE^ZA,  Mx.  (In  honor  of  Lespedez,  Governor  of  Flori- 
da, who  protected  Michaux  in  his  travels  tiiere.)  Calyx  5-parted,  bi- 
bracteolate,  segments  nearly  equal ;  keel  of  the  corolla  very  obtuse,  on 
slender  claws ;  legume  (loment)  lenticular,  compressed,  small,  unarmed, 
indehiscent,  1 -seeded. — Genus  taken  from  Hedysarum.  U  Lvs.  pin- 
nately  trifoliate,  reticulately  veined. 

I  Flowers  all  comidete.    Caly-x  villous,  long.    Gov.  whitish  with  a  pnrple  spot Nos.  1,  2 

I  Fls.  partly  apetalous.    Calyx  short.    Corolla  violet. — Stems  upright Nos.  8, 4 

— Steins  prostrate No.  5 

1  L.  capitdta  Mx.  Bush  Clover.  Lfts.  elliptical,  silky  beneath ;  stip.  subulate ; 
fascicles  of  fls.  ovate,  subcapitate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary ;  loments  hairy, 
shorter  tiian  the  villous  calyx. — An  erect,  hairy,  half  shrubby  plant,  in  dry  .^oils. 
Can.  to  Car.  St.  nearly  simple,  villous,  2  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  numerous,  on  short 
petioles,  consisting  of  3  coriaceous  lfts.  Lfts.  1  to  1  J'  by  3  to  6",  nearly  .«mooth 
above,  covered  with  silky  pubescence  beneath.     Aug.,  Sept.     (L.  fruteacens  Ell.) 

fi.  ANOUSTIFOLIA  Ph.     Lfts.  linear,  smooth  above.     (L.  angustifolia  Ell.) 

2  L.  birta  Ell.  St.  villous;  Ift-i.  roundish  oval,  pubescent  beneath;  rac.  capitnte, 
axillary,  oblong,  lotiger  than  the  leaves;  eor.  and  loment  about  as  long  as  the 


ii! 

-Mi' 


1      ^'3 
I     -"PS 


I 


310 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


calyx. — Plant  2  to  4f  high,  found  in  dry  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  erect,  branchiniof 
and  very  hairy.  Lva.  leas  numerous  than  in  the  last,  on  very  short  stalks  con- 
siatiiig  of  3,  oval  leaflets  haiiy  beneath.  Pud.  hairy,  becoming  longer  than  the 
r.iceme.     Fls.  reddish-white,  crowded.     A.ug.,  Sept. 

3  L.  Steiivi  Nutt.  Branched  and  bushy,  tortentotis  or  pubescent ;  Ifts.  oval-chovate 
or  roundish,  longer  than  the  petiole ;  rac.  axillary,  capitate  or  loose,  equaling  or 
exceeding  the  leaves ;  leg.  villous-pubescert,  ovate-acuminate ;  apetalous  fls. 
few. — Dry  soils,  Mass.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.  Sts.  assurgent,  2  to  3f  higli.  Lvs.  always 
hairy  beneath,  generally  so  above.  Aug.  to  Sept. — Quite  variable,  approaching 
the  next  species. 

4  L.  violdcea  Pers.  Erect  or  diffuse,  sj)aringly  pahescent ;  Ifts.  oval,  varying  to 
oblong  and  linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  as  long  as,  or  a  little  longer  than  the  petioles ; 
rac.  axillary,  few-flowered,  the  apetalous  one.°  generally  below  and  subsessile ; 
leg.  roundish-ovate,  being  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — Dry  woods.  Can  and  U. 
S.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high.  Cor.  3  to  4"  long.  Pods  about  2"  long.  Jl.,  Aug.— • 
Varies  gradually  into  the  following  diverse  extremes. 

a.  Lfts.  large  (9  to  12"  by  6  to  8  "),  not  longer  than  the  petioles;  fls.  few,  mostly 

complete,  and  near  the  upper  part  of  the  brandies;  rt.  strong,  creeping;  sts. 

clustered,  slender,  diffuse  or  erect. 
/3.  SESSILIFLORA  T.  &  G.    Lfts.  Small  (3  to  6  to  8"  by  1  to  2"),  oblong  to  linear, 

longer  tlian  the  petioles ;   fls.  mostly  apetalous,  numerous,  in  axillary  glo- 

merules ;  st.  erect  branched.    (L.  sessiliflora  Ph.) 
y.  RETICULATA.     Lfts.  all  linear  (10  to  18"  by  2  to  3"),  rigid,  on  short,  erect 

petioles;  fls.  fascicled,  on  short  stalks. — Erect,  slender;  branches  short  or 

none.     (L.  reticulata  Pers.) 
6,  DIVKRGENS  T.  k  G.     Lfts.  ovate,  the  upper  peduncles  filiform,  much  longer 

than  the  leaves  and  mostly  unfruitful.     (L.  divergens  Ph.) 

5  L.  repens  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  prostrate,  diffuse,  sparingly  pubescent ;  lfts.  oval 
or  obovate-elliptical,  smooth  above,  on  very  short  petioles ;  ped.  axillary,  filiform, 
simple,  few-flowered,  lower  ones  bearing  apetalous  flowers;  leg.  suborbicular, 
subpubescent. — Dry  soils,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  very  slender,  numerous.  Lfts. 
5  to  9"  by  3  to  5",  obtuse.     Ped.  2  to  5'  long.     Aug.,  Sept.     (H.  repens  L.) 

/?.  PBOCUMBENS.  Tomentous-pubescent,  varying  to  pubescent,  but  the  lvs. 
always  smooth  above.     (L.  procumbens  Mx.) 

y.  FEAYANA.  Smoothish ;  sts.  decumbent  and  assurgent ;  lfts.  obovate,  twice 
longer  than  the  petioles ;  upper  ped.  elongated  and  bearing  apetalous  fls. — 
Savannah.     (Feay.)    Appears  intermediate  between  Nos.  3  and  5. 

25.  GENISTA,  L.  Dyer's  Broom.  Woad-waxen.  (Celtic,  [/en^ 
Fr.,  genet ;  a  small  shrub.)  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  2-parted  and  the 
lower  3-toothed  ;  vcxillum  obloniif ;  keel  oblong,  scarcely  including  the 
stamens  and  style ;  stigma  involute ;  stamens  monadelphous. — Shrubby 
plants,  with  simple  lvs.  and  yellow  fls. 

O.  tinctdria  L.  Branches  round,  striate,  unarmed,  erect ;  lva.  lanceolate,  smooth ; 
leg.  smooth. — 11  A  naturalized  species,  in  dry,  hilly  grounds,  Mass.  Sts.  or 
branches  numerous,  ascending  or  erect,  If  high,  from  long,  woody,  creeping  roots. 
Lvs.  sessile,  alternate.  Fls.  bright-yellow,  axillary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary. 
The  whole  plant  dyes  yellow,  and,  with  Woad,  green.     Aug.     §  Bur. 

26.  CROTALA'RIA,  L.  Battle  Pod.  (Gr.  Kfj6ra?iov,  a  rattle; 
from  the  rattling  of  the  loose  seeds  in  the  horny  pod.)  Calyx  5-cleft, 
somewhat  bilabiate  ;  vexillum  cordate,  large ;  keel  acuminate ;  stamens 
10,  monadelphous;  fihmicntous  sheath  cleft  on  the  upper  side;  legume 
pedicellate,  turgid. — Herbs  or  siirubs.  Lvs.  simple  or  palmately  com- 
pound.    Fls.  yellow. 

1  C.  sagittalis  L.  Annual,  erect,  branching,  hairy;  lvs.  simple,  lance-oval  to  lance- 
linear;  stp  opposite,  aruminate,  decutrent ;  rac.  3-flowered,  opposite  to  the  lvs.; 
cor.  shorter  than  the  cal. — About  a  foot  high,  witii  a  hairy  aspect,  in  woods  and 
sandy  fields,  N.  H.  to  Ark.     St.  herbaceous,  rigid.     Lva  alternate,  entire,  nearly 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOSiE. 


311 


gessile,  rounded  at  the  base.  Its  most  remarkable  feature  is  the  opposite,  united, 
decurreDt  stipules,  so  situated  that  each  pair  appears  inversely  sagittate.  Sep. 
long,  hairy.     Cor.  small,  yellow.     Sds.  few,  rattling  in  the  turgid  pod.     Jl. 

2  C.  ov^lis  Ph.  Perennial,  hairy,  diffuse;  Ivn.  simplo,  oval  and  elliptic,  on  very 
short  petioles ;  stip.  few,  small  or  minute,  partly  decurrent ;  pedicels  long,  3  to  6- 
flowered ;  cor.  longer  tfuin  the  cal. — In  sandy  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Rt. 
strong,  fusiform.  Sts.  annual,  4  t  10  to  12'  long,  pro.strato  or  assurgent ;  Ivs. 
about  r  'ong.  Fls.  rather  showy  and  remote,  with  minute,  lanceolate  bracts. 
Pods  1'  long,  rattling.     Ap. — Jn. 

3  C.  Ftirshii  DC.  Perennial;  slender,  assurgent,  nearly  smooth;  Ivs.  simple, 
oblong-linear  or  linear,  subsessile  ;  stip.  narrowly  decurrent  through  the  whole  inter- 
node ;  pedicels  long,  5  to  7-flowered;  cor.  as  long  as  the  cal. — In  damp  shades,  S. 
Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Pods  much  inflated, 
black,  horny,  and  rattling  like  the  other  species  when  fully  ripe.     Apr.  Jl. 

27.  LUPrNUS,  Tourn.  Lupine.  (Lat.  liij^ns,  a  wolf;  because  it 
overruns  the  field  and  devours  its  fertility?)  Calyx  '?eply  bilabiate; 
upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  entire  or  3-toothed  ;  wings  united  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  keel  falcate,  acuminate ;  stamens  monadelphous,  the  filamentous 
sheath  entire ;  anthers  alternately  oblong  and  globous ;  legume  coria- 
ceous, compressed. — Herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Lvs.  palmately  5  to  15 
foliate,  rarely  unifoliate. 

1  L.  villdBUB  Willd.  Unifoliate,  den,sely  silky-tomentous ;  sts.  decumbent-assur- 
geiit ;  lvs.  large,  elliptic-oblong,  long-petioled ;  rac.  terminal,  long,  dense-flowered. 
— A  very  showy  plant  in  the  pine  barrens,  etc.,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  Plant  1  to  2  f  high, 
remarkably  clothed  in  silky  wool,  tiie  lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  mostly  at  the  base,  and 
the  numerous  (50  to  100),  large,  violet,  and  roseate  flowers  above  them.  Pods 
covered  with  shaggy  wool,  oolong,  4  or  5-seeded.     Apr.,  Jn. 

fi  DiFFbsus  T.  &  G.  Somewhat  branched  at  base,  and  diffuse ;  lvs.  shorter 
(2  to  3'),  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  sofl-silky,  but  hardly  tomentous ;  pods  very 
silky. — Near  Savannah,  etc.  (Feay  and  Pond.)     (L.  diffusus  Nutt.) 

2  L.  per^nnis  L.  Minutely  pubescent,  5  to  1 -foliate ;  Ifts.  oblanceolate,  mucron- 
ate ;  fls.  alternate ;  calyx  without  appendages,  upper  lip  emargiuate,  lower  en- 
tire.— 11  In  sandy  woods  and  hills,  Can.  to  Fla.  It  is  a  beautiful  plant,  cultivated 
in  gardens.  It  is  often  called  sun-dial,  from  the  circumstance  of  its  lvs.  turning 
to  lace  the  sun  from  morning  till  night.  St.  erect,  soft,  smoothish,  a  foot  high. 
Lvs.  soft-downy,  on  long  stalks;  Ifts.  IJ  to  2'  by  4  to  6'',  lanceolate,  broadest 
above  the  mid(Ue.  Fls.  blue,  varying  to  white  in  a  terminal  spike  or  raceme. 
May,  Jn. 

3  L.  polyph;$'llu8  Lindl.  Tall,  11  to  l5-foliate;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  sericeous 
beneath ;  fls.  alternate,  in  a  very  long  raceme ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  lanceo- 
late, deciduous  bracts ;  cal.  ebracteolate,  both  lips  subeniire ;  leg.  densely  hairy. — 
If  A  splendid  ornament  of  the  garden  from  Oreg.  St.  3  to  5f  high.  Rac.  a  foot 
or  more  long.  Fls.  scattered  (subverticillate  in  /3.  grandifolius,  Lindl.),  white, 
purple,  or  yellow,  in  different  varieties,  f 

4  L.  Nootkat^nsis  Donn.  Nootka  Sound  Lupine.  St.  villous,  with 
long,  spreading  hairs,  5  to  9-foliate ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  attenuate 
at  base,  sericeous  beneath ;  cal.  very  hairy,  both  lips  nearly  entire  ;  bracts  linear, 
hairy,  longer  taan  the  calyx. — A  handsome  species  from  the  N.  West  Coast,  2 
to  3f  high,  in  gardens.    Fls.  purple,  f 

5  L.  arbdreuB  L.  Tree  Lupine.  Shrubby;  fls.  yellow,  in  whorls;  cal. 
appendaged,  lip  acute,  entire. — A  handsome  exotic  shrub,  6f  high,  with  large, 
yellow  fls.  f 

Ohs. — Several  uiinHal  species  are  occasionally  sown  in  gardens,  as  L.  albub,  'with  white  fls. ; 
L.  PIL08U8,  with  1  ose-colorcd  fls. ;  L.  lutkus,  with  yellow  fls. ;  and  L.  hikbctcs,  with  blue  fla. 
and  an  appendaged  calyx. 

28.  LABUR'NUM,  Benth.  Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
2,  lower  3-toothed  ;  vexillum  ovate,  erect,  as  long  as  the  straight  wings', 
filaments  diadelphous  (9  &  1)  ;  legume  continuous,  tapering  to  the 


812 


Obder  46— LEGUMINOti^ 


I 


Sij 


baao,  several -seeded. — Oriental,  thoniless  shrubs  or  trees.      Lvs.  pal- 
mately  trifoliate.     Fls.  mostly  yellow. 

1  L.  vulgdre  L.  Golden  Chaik.  Arborescent ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  acute  at 
base,  a/uminate ;  rac.  simple,  elongated,  pendulous ;  kg.  hirsute. — A  small,  orna- 
mental tree,  15f  high,  from  Switzerland.  Fls.  numerous,  large,  in  rac.  If  long, 
f  (Cytisua  Laburnum  L.) 

2  L.  alpinum  L.  Arborescent;  Ij'ts.  oblong-ovate,  roundtd  at  base;  rac. 
lonp,  simple,  pendulous ;  leg.  glabrous. — A  beautiful  tree,  30f  high,  native  of 
various  Alpine  regions  of  Europe.  Like  the  former  it  develops  numerous  bril- 
liant, yellow  Hs.,  in  long,  drooping  clusters.  There  are  varieties  with  ochroleu- 
cous,  white,  and  even  purple  lis. 

29.  TRIFO'LIUM,  Tourn.  Clover.  (Gr.  rpf^vAAov,  (three-leaved) ; 
Lat.  trifolium  ;  Fr.  trejle ;  Eng.  trefoil.)  Calyx  tubular  or  campanu- 
late,  6-toothed,  persistent ;  petals  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  with- 
ering; vexillum  retlexed ;  ahu  oblong,  shorter  than  the  vexillum ; 
carina  shorter  than  the  aise;  stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1); 
legume  short,  membranous,  mostly  indehiscent,  covered  by  and  scarcely 
longer  than  th^  calyx,  2  to  4-seeded  ;  seeds  roundish. — Herbs.  Lvs. 
palmately  trifoliate ;  Ifts.  with  straight,  scarcely  reticulated  veins.  Fls, 
in  dense  heads  or  spikes. 

§  Flowers  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  roiindish  lieiids Nos.  1,  3 

I  Flowers  cyanic, — pedicellate,  Anally  deflexed.  (a) 
— subsessilo,  never  detlexed.  (b) 

a  Heads  small,  on  stalks  some  ten  times  loneer Nos.  8,  4 

a  Heads  large,  on  stalks  two  or  three  times  longer Nos.  5,  6 

b  Calyx  teeth  plumose,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla No.  7 

b  Calyx  teeth  shorter  t'  'a  the  purple  or  roseate  corolla..  .Nos.  8— 10 

1  T.  proclimbena  L.  Yellow  Clov:  St.  procumbent  or  ascending;  Ifts. 
obtuse  or  retuse,  denticulate,  terminal  on  ^ul  ,te ;  slip,  ovate-lanceolate  acumin- 
ate, rmtch  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  hds.  small,  subglobous ;  cor.  yellow ;  sty.  3  or 
4  times  shorter  than  the  1-seeded  leg. — (p  In  dry  soils,  N.  H.  to  Va.  Sis.  many 
from  the  same  root,  slender,  more  or  less  pubescent,  striate,  3  to  10'  long,  often 
suberect.  Lfts.  4  to  8"  long,  ^  to  equally  as  wide,  lateral  ones  placed  I  to  2  "  be- 
low the  terminal  one.  lids.  2  to  3"  diam.,  on  slender  peduncles  1'  long.  Fls. 
at  length  reflexed.     Jn.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

2  T.  agrdrium  L.  St.  ascending  or  erect;  lfts.  often  emarginate,  denticulate, 
all  subsesaile ;  slip,  linear-lanceolate,  cohering  with  and  longer  than  the  petiole ;  hds. 
ovoid-elliptic ;  sty.  about  equaling  the  1-seeded  leg. — (T)  Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  Sts. 
6  to  15'  high,  branched,  minutely  pubescent.  Lfts.  5  to  10"  by  1  to  3".  Com- 
mon petioles  3  to  10  "  long,  the  upper  ones  shorter  than  their  stip.  Hds.  of  fls. 
twice  larger  than  in  the  last,  on  peduncles  about  1'  long.  Fls.  at  length  reflexed. 
JL,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

3  T.  Carolini^num  Mx.  Slender,  diffuse;  lfts.  cuneate-obovate,  the  middle 
one  obcordate;  stip.  ovate-acuminate,  foliaceous ;  hds.  long-stalked;  cal.  teeth 
thrice  longer  than  its  tube;  leg.  4-seeded. — (T)  Fields,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex., 
almost  forming  a  turf  and  poor  pasturage.  Sts.  6  to  12'  long,  many  from  one 
root.     Fls.  white  or  purplish.     Ped.  4  to  G'  long.     Mar. — May. 

4  T.  repena  L.  White  Clover.  Shamrock.  St.  creeping,  diffuse ;  lfts.  obcor- 
date, denticulate ;  stip.  narrow,  scarious ;  hds.  subumbellate,  on  very  long,  axil- 
lary peduncles;  leg.  about  4-seeded;  cal.  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube. — %  In  all 
soils,  mountainous,  meadow  or  rocky,  throughout  N.  Am.  Sts.  several  from  the 
same  root,  extending  6  to  12',  rooting  at  the  joints.  Ped.  angular,  much  longer 
than  the  lvs.     Fls.  white.     May — Sept.     Highly  valued  for  pasturage. 

5  T.  refl^zum  L.  Buffalo  Clover.  Pubescent;  ascending  or  procumbent: 
lfts.  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  serrulate,  some  of  them  emarginate ;  stip.  leafy, 
semicordate ;  hds.  umbel-like ;  cal.  teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  cor. ;  leg.  about 
4-seeded.— ''2)  Prairies  and  meadows,  "W.  and  S.  States.  St.  8  to  16  high.  Lfta. 
subsesaile,  7  to  8''  by  4  to  5"  ;  petioles  1  to  2'  long.  Hds.  large  and  handsome 
Ped.  1  to  3'  long.     Fls.  rose-red,  turning  brownish  when  deflected.     Apr. — Jn. 


ORDEa  46.-LKGCMINOS^. 


<n'3 


6  T.  •tolonffenim  Muhi      rn  ,  "*'> 

by  5  to  9 '.     Fit  wh  '/      '■'^'^  ''•'^''  «"e  head   vhioh  L  , '""J^'  '''^^''■«'   Aether 

very  .soft  and  downy   SgIV,    ''"*''      "''''•  "f  white  or  n  i      ^1""^'  °"  «!'"« 

i>anvers,  Afass.  (OakTs)     ti        'a  '■^'-  ^^''''t''  setaceous '  I.f  ^"T^'^^'^*-  acumi,.- 
a  border  flower  and  l^oo  .      ^  ^'"'^  species  from  /f.Iv         ^  '  Pedunculate;  q,x\ 

1  M.  lupuifna  L  "  "^nv '      '"  ^'  '^'  ^'         *  *  ^"^«  «Piny 

2  M.  .atlva  1.   i„o„„    ^  *    "' "  '""■''"^-    ^V-O^^l 

deep  rooV..       mZfil^'T'^'  ^•^t^^»'ated.--V  g ''-aI.  i"?'':^'''*^^«^- «/^arS 

3  M.  aoutelUta  L.     s.vuis     ta      „  ^'  ^^"^  "s  spanugly 

stip.  ovate,  dentate;  vediff'oJ'^^-  ^"'Pt'cal,    denticulate    ^^.  i 
r:^5^^-.   «at  £-e^''J^!fr-5«i-«eVtlJ'?^^^^^^^^ 


*<«>.om^^,  dentate; 'ioerf ''77:%  Z^'^**-  eiiiptical,   denticulate    ^i,.  i 


♦  M.  denuonwta  fffllrt     n  >eseu,bimg  »ua,l  ,helta.    jj 

the  border  ecMnnJ^?^  ^P"'^^'  ^^ith  2  or  3  tnrn«  a  l*°  3-flowered,  shorter  than 


,1 


,*' 


J 


314 


OftPER  46.— I,EGUMINOS^. 


[f 


6  M.  maculdta  "VVilkl,  with  Ivs.  marked  with  a  purple  spot,  and  pods  compactly 
spiral,  and  echinate  somewhat  like  No.  4,  said  to  be  naturalized  South ;  we  have 
not  met  with  it,  unless  an  imperfect  specimen  from  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  be  this  plant 
Other  species  of  tiiis  curious  genus  are  occasionally  found  in  gardens. 

3i.  MELILOTUS,  Tourn.  Melilot.  (Lat.  mel^  honey,  and  lotus ; 
in  drying  it  exhales  a  sweet  odor.)  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  persist- 
ent ;  corolla  deciduous,  keel  petals  completely  united,  shorter  than  the 
ake  or  vexillum ;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  <fe  1)  ;  legume  rugous,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  1  to  few-seeded. — Genus  taken  from  Trifolium.  Lvs. 
pinnatcly  trifoliate,  veins  of  the  Ifts.  simple  or  forked.     Fls.  in  racemes. 

1  M.  officinalis  "Willd.  St.  erect,  with  spreading  branches;  Ifts.  obovate  oblonp:, 
obtuse,  dentate;  rac.  spicate,  axillary,  paniculate,  loose;  cal.  half  as  long  as  the 
yellow  corolla;  leg.  2-soedi'(l,  ovoid. — Alluvial  meadows.  St.  sulcate,  about  3{ 
higli.  Lfts.  smooth,  with  remote,  mucronate  teeth.  Fls.  in  long,  1-sided,  slender 
racemes;  petals  of  nearly  equal  length.  The  whole  plant  is  sweet- scented.  Jn. 
§Eur. 

2  'M.  dlba  Liun.  Sweet-scented  Clover.  White  Melilot.  St.  erect,  branched, 
Ifta  ovate-oblong,  truncate  and  nmcronato  at  the  apex,  remotely  serrate ;  slip, 
setaceous ;  cal.  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  white  cor. ;  leg.  2-seeded,  ovoid. — 
d;  A-Uuvial  soils.  St.  robust,  very  branching,  sulcate,  4  to  6f  high.  Lfts.  1  to  2' 
long,  more  obtuse  at  the  apex  than  at  base,  mucrona'  ^ly  serrate.  Fls.  numerous, 
the  racemes  more  loose  and  longer  tliaii  in  the  last.  Petals  unequal :  banuef 
longer  than  wings  or  keel.     Very  fragrant  when  dried.     JL,  Aug.     §  \  Eur. 

32.  PSORA'LEA.  (Gr.  ipojpdXtog,  leprous  or  scaly ;  alluding  to  the 
glandular  dots.)  Calyx  6-cleft,  campanulate ;  segments  acuminate,  lower 
one  longest ;  stamens  diadelphous,  rarely  somewhat  monadelphous ;  leg- 
umes as  long  as  the  caly.v,  1-seeded,  iudehiscent. —  ^  or  ^.  Often 
glandular-dotted  ;  stip.  cohering  with  tli';  base  of  the  petiole. .  Fls. 
cyanic. 

•  Leaves  pdlmtttoly  1  and  3  (rarely  5)-foliate Nos,  1,  2 

♦  Leaves  pahnately  6,  or  5  and  7-foliuto Nos.  3,  4 

*  Leaves  i)iiinately  3  or  1-foliate Nos.  5--3 

*  Leaves  pinnate,  19  to  21-foliate No.  9 

1  P.  cau^Bcena  Mx.  Very  branching,  cancscently  pubcscLnit,  loiver  lvs.  3-foliate, 
upper  l-foUate,  lfts.  rou7idish-obovaie,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiolule,  dot- 
ted.— Sandy  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Plant  2f  high,  excessively  branclied,  form- 
ing a  globular  bush.  Fls.  in  small  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets ;  small, 
"  blue  at  first,  changing  to  dull  yellow"  (Mettauer).  Cal,  gibbous,  almost  spurred 
at  base.     May — Jl. 

2  P.  floribiinda  Nutt.  Canescent,  much  branched ;  lfts.  3,  rarely  5,  dotted,  ob- 
long-obovate,  varying  to  linear ;  stip.  setaceous ;  rac.  slender,  many -flowered,  twice 
longer  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers,  and  longer  than  the  small, 
ovato-acuminate  bracts;  vex.  roundish;  leg.  smooth. — Alluvial  soils,  111.  (Mead), 
Ark.  W.  to  the  R.  Mts.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  branches  spreading,  Lfts.  1  to  2'  by 
2  to  4''.  Common  petiole  j  to  1'  long.  Fls.  bluish  purple,  3"  long,  15  to  30  in 
the  very  canescent  racemes.     Jn. 

3  P.  subacailliB  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  acaukscent,  hirsute;  lvs.  7-foliato  on  v^ry 
long  petioles;  lfts.  obovate-oblong ;  fls.  in  dense,  egg-shaped  racemes;  cal.  much 
shorter  than  the  cor. — Tenn.,  near  Nashville  (Dr.  Roam  in  N.  Am.  Flora).  Lvs. 
and  flower-stalks  almost  radical,  6  to  10'  long;  lfts.  about  1'  long. 

4  P.  LupinelluB  Mx.  St.  slender,  glabrous;  lvs.  5  to  7 -foliate ;  lfts.  linear-fili- 
form ;  rac.  longer  than  the  lvs.,  many-flowered  ;  pod  incurved  at  base,  recurved 
at  apox,  so  aa  to  simulate  the  letter  S. — Pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  about 
2fhigh.     Lfts.  2  to  3' long.     Fls.  as  large  as  in  P.  floribunda,     Mav,  Jn. 

5  P.  virgdta  Nutl.  Virgate,  smootliish ;  lvs.  l-tbliate,  remote ;  lfts.  linear  (the 
lower  rarely  H-foliate  and  oblong) ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  lvs. ;  spikes  rather  dena»- 
flowered.— Near  St.  Mary's,  Ga.  i3t,  about  2f  high,  Lfta.  2  to  4'  by  2  to  4  . 
Fls.  pale  violet. 


Ohdeb  46.-LfiyuMIx\OS^. 


« P.  stlpuiata  Torr  A  Gr     V     I  315 

Sts.  bLched  from  ■.h?'hf  ''t?"«-*'»"^  oTt  ™ofc  S  <'?'«°'  "v'a  Jf  £3' 
Ofae  «d  clover  "'^''"^"-    '^"^ '»^  »"?"'- a^tl^j^X '"Jjl"-  ««S' 

eglandulosaEU.)  ^  ^''"^''  i  as  wide.     Ped,   6  to  1^  ,    *""'  ^'•^"ched,  erect, 

e  P.  Onobiychis  I^ntfc     pk  °'     ^^''y-^^-     (P. 

S,etr^--aSn:aV^.SX-T:X^  -  *--,  .. 

3  to  5f  high.     Lftr2  to  !  ?  """'''  ^-  States.  ^S    ri JX  i'''^?'   t'-'»'«vo',-sely 

.  33    GLOTTID'IOM,  Desv     /fv      i  - 

or  2  —m  rJlaK..  "^  '^"%^^'Gds  after  the  outer  Imvo  J- i    '         ^""^''"  '»ein- 

tall  aad  ran"?  t??onTr7T  ''''^^  damp  soiLs  S  ct  1     i/  "'''^• 

W.    ^l^.abiut^tSP^dS^'L'''^'^'"'^^-^^^^^  St. 

S.  macroo^rpa  AfuhJ      tt.  u  J'^^'owibh 

obtuse  mucronate;  rac  abou^T""''  f^^^'^'^'l  Jfta  30  to  fiO      n 

than  the  Ivs— T)..m,.  ,  ^'"^^^red,  shorter  h„f\i     ,      ^"'  oblong-linear 

-abrc.  SX'<luT.r  .""rs-  ^"'""hat  cTvcJ  "at  ;r'    '""!" ' 


•*•  A.  frutiodaa  L     Nrinri.,    i  u        Nos.2,;3 

8  »  WW.  to  La.  and  FJa.,  W.  to  R. 


316  Order  46.— LEGUMINOSiE. 

Mte.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long;  Ills,  about  1  by  J',  rather  remote  from  each  other  and 
from  the  stem.  Petiolules  scarcely  2"  long.  Spicate  rac.  terminal,  solitary  or 
fascicled,  3  to  4'  long.     Vexillura  purple,  emarginate.     May,  Jn. 

2  A.  glabra  Desf.  Nearly  glabrous,  shrubby ;  Ifts.  oblong  or  elliptical,  dotted, 
petiolulate,  the  lowest  pair  close  to  the  stem  ;  fls.  subsessile ;  cal.  teeth  short,  the 
2  upper  obtuse,  the  3  lower  longer,  or  nearly  equal,  villous;  sty.  hairy  towards  the 
base. — Near  Wilmington  and  Newberi:,  N.  Car.  Plant  4  to  5f  high.  Fls.  dark 
blue.    Jl.     (v.  s.  in  herb.  Curtis.)    (A.  Caroliniana  Groom). 

3  A.  herbAcea  "Walt.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary,  shrubby;  Ifts.  20  to  25 
pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  dotted,  the  lowest  pair  close  to  the  stem ;  fls.  subsessile ; 
teeth  of  the  cal.  nearly  equal,  short;  cor,  whitish. — Pine  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 
Plant  2  to  4f  high,  grayish.  Lvs.  6  to  7'  long;  Ifts.  6  to  8"  by  3".  Petiolules 
1 '  long.     Spikes  many,  clustered  at  top,  very  downy,  6  to  8'  long.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  A.  oaniscens  Nutt.  Suffruticous,  and  canescently  villous,  Ifts.  small,  numerous, 
crowdi.'d,  ovate-elliptical^  subsessile,  mucronaie ;  spikes  aggregate ;  fls.  subsessile ; 
calyx  teeth  equal,  oval  acute;  vex.  bright  blue;  leg.  1-seoded. — A  beautiful 
species?,  2  to  4f  high,  in  dry,  sandy  soils,  "Wia  to  La.  and  R.  Mts.,  and  is  supposed 
to  prefer  localities  of  lead  ore.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long;  Ifts.  coriaceous,  16  to  24  pairs, 
obtuse  at  base,  4  to  6"  by  1  to  2".    Spikes  2  to  3'  long,    Jl.,  Aug. 

36.  DA^LEA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Thomas  Dale.,  an  English  botanist.) 
Calyx  subequally  cleft  or  toothed  ;  petals  unguiculato,  claws  of  the 
wings  and  keel  adnate  to  the  staminate  tube  half  way  up ;  vexillun) 
free,  the  limb  cordate;  stamens  10,  united  into  a  cleft  tube;  ovary 
2-ovuled ;  legume  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. — Mostly 
herbaceous  and  glandular-punctate.  Lvs.  odd-pinnate.  Stipels  0,  stij). 
minute,  setaceous.     Spikes  mostly  dense. 

D.  alopecuroides  Willd.  Glabrous  and  much  branched ;  Ids.  8  to  14  pairs, 
linear-oval,  obtuse  or  refuse,  punctate  beneath ;  spike  pedunculate,  obloug-cylin- 
dric,  terminal,  silky-villous ;  bracts  about  equaling  the  acuminate  segments  oftiio 
cal. — d)  Prairies  and  bottoms,  III,  Mo.,  Car.  Plant  about  2f  high,  bushy  and 
leafy  and  pale  green.  Lfts.  not  more  than  4''  by  1",  sessile,  and  nearly  in  muturil 
contact.  Spikes  1  to  2'  long.  Vexillum  white,  wings  and  keel  pale  violet.  (D 
Linuaji  Mx.     Petalostemon  Ph.) 

37.  PETALOSTE'MON,  Mx.  (Alluding  to  the  union  of  the  petah 
and  stamens.)  Calyx  6-toothed,  nearly  equal ;  petals  6,  on  filiform 
claws,  4  of  them  nearly  equal,  alternate  witn  the  stamens  and  united 
with  the  staminate  tube  ;  stamens  5,  monadelphous,  tube  cleft ;  legume 
1-secded,  indehiscent,  included  in  the  calyx. — Mostly  ^ .  Lvs.  un- 
equally pinnate,  exstipellate.  Fls.  in  dense,  pedunculate,  terminal 
spikes  or  heads. 

§  Petalostemon  proper.    Calyx  teeth  short.    Heads  not  Invohicrate.    Bracts  small  (a). 

a  Bracts  arlstate-pointed,  longer  than  the  calyx Nos.  1,  2 

a  Bracts  obtuse  or  acute,  not  aristate,  short Nos.  3,  4 

§  KuiiMSTERA,  Lam.    Calyx  toeth  verv  long,  setaceous,  pluinous,  pappus-like.    Hits. 

invoiucnito,  witli  broail,  scale-like  bracts No.  5 

1  P.  cdndidum  Mx.  Glabrous,  erect ;  lfts.  7  to  9,  all  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 
mucronate,  glandular  beneath;  spikes  on  long  peduncles;  bracts  setaceous, 
longer  than  the  white  petals ;  vex.  broadly  cordate,  the  other  pets,  ovate. — A  fine- 
looking  plant  in  dry  prairies,  S.  and  W.  States.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  sparingly 
branched,  slender.  Lfts.  9  to  18"  by  3  to  5",  terminal  one  largest.  Fls.  small, 
white,  crowded  in  dense  spikes  which  are  1  to  3'  long.     Jl. 

2  P.  violaceum  Mx.  Minutely  pubescent,  erect ,  lfts.  5,  linear,  glandular  be- 
neath ;  spikes  pedunculate,  oblong  or  oval,  bracts  shorter  than  the  violet  petals ; 
vox.  cordate,  the  other  petals  oblong,  obtuse  at  base. — A  beautiful  plant,  of 
similar  habits  with  the  last.  St.  slender,  sfriate,  subsimpJe,  1^  to  2f  high.  Lfls. 
about  1'  by  1'',  all  sessile.  Spikea  1  to  8,  very  dense,  ^  to  1|'  long.  Petals  of  a 
bright  violet-purple.    Jl.,  Aug. 


Obdek   46.— LEGUMINOSvE. 


317 


3  P.  Ceirneum  Mx.  Glabrous,  erect ;  Ifts.  5  to  7,  lance-linear ;  apikes  oblong,  pe- 
dunculate ;  bracts  obovate,  somewhat  exceeding  the  short  teeth  of  the  glabrous 
calyx ;  pet.  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  in  the  long  claws. — Ga.  and  Fla.  Slender, 
branching,  1  to  2i  high;  Ivs.  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Lfts.  acute,  5  to  8"  long. 
Spikes  1'  long.     Fls.  roseate  or  white.     Aug. 

4  P.  gracile  Nutt.  Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base ;  lfts.  7,  lance-linoar ;  spikes 
oblong  or  cylindrical,  somewhat  sessile;  bracts  acute,  about  equaling  the  sliort, 
blunt  calyx  teeth ;  petals  ovate ;  vex.  broadly  cordate. — 'X^  W.  Fla.  and  Ala. 
nearly  simple,  1  to  2f  long,  leaty  to  near  the  top.  Lfts.  3  to  G"  long.  Spikes  6 
to  12''  long,     Fls.  white. 

5  P.  corymbdaum  Mx.  St.  corymbously  branched ;  spikes  capitate,  sessile ; 
bracts  broad,  colored,  the  outer  leaf-boaring  and  flowerless;  lfts.  linear,  5  to  7. — 
A  singularly  elegant  plant  of  the  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high, 
many  from  one  root,  each  with  a  corymb  at  summit.  Heads  resemble  the  Cora- 
positaj,  with  red  scales  and  white  lanco-oblong  petals.     Sept.,  Oct. 

38.  ASTRAG'ALUS,  L.  Milk  Vetch.  Calyx  5-toothe(l ;  keel  of 
the  corolla  obtuse  ;  stamens  diadelplious  (9  ami  1) ;  legumes  2-celle(.l  by 
the  introtlexion  of  tlie  lower  suture. — Herbaceous  or  suffruticous,  with 
unequally  pinnate  Ivs.,  and  the  lis.  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

§  Logiiiiio.s  straight,  cylindric.    Fiowevs  ocliroloncons No.  1 

I  l-ogiiliU'S  curved,  iirisiimtic.      Fl.s.  wliitisli  or  bluish Nos.  '.' — t 

§  Legumes  gtobuLir,  llesliy.     Fls.  wliitish  or  blue No.  .*) 

1  A.  Canadensis  L.  Canescent,  erect,  dilTuso ;  stip.  broad-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate ;  lfts.  about  10  pairs,  elliptical,  obtuse  at  both  ends ;  the  lowest  ovate,  ob- 
tuse; ped.  about  as  long  as  the  Ivs.,  wlicn  in  fruit  sliorter;  bracts  subulate,  as 
long  as  the  cal. ;  fl  \  somewhat  reflexed ;  leg.  ovate-oblong,  terete,  subcrect, 
s:nooth,  many-seeded,  abrupt  at  the  end  and  tipped  witii  llie  permanent  stylo. — 
11  River  banks,  etc.,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  bushy,  about  3f  higli,  very  leaty. 
Fls.  greenish-yellow,  in  dense  spikes.     Pods  ^'  iu  length,  leathery.     Jl.  Aug. 

2  A.  gldber  Mx.  Nearly  glabrous,  erect;  stip.  minute  or  0;  lfts.  8  to  11  pair?, 
oblong-lancooluto  or  linear,  obtuse  or  emargiuato ;  spikes  hose,  much  longer  than 
the  Ivs. ;  bracts  subulate,  s-arcely  lunger  than  the  pedicels;  leg.  flattened,  retiou- 
lated. — 2|  Pino  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  St.  1  to  2f  liigli.  Fls.  greenish  white. 
Pods  distant,  IV  long,  spreading,  incurved,  acute  at  each  end.     Apr. 

3  A.  obcord^tus  Ell.  Nearly  glabrous,  decumbent  or  assurgent ;  stip.  lance- 
olate ;  lfts.  7  to  12  pairs,  obcordate  or  obovate,  ped.  abou*'.  as  long  ius  the  Ivs.,  few- 
llowored,  fls.  pedicellate;  ccd.  teeth  subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  leg.  curved, 
pointed,  stroyigly  reticulated. — River  banks,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Plant  low  and  leaf\-, 
ascending  4  to  8'.     Fls.  blue  and  white.     Pod  1'  in  length.     Lfts.  3  to  4  "  lonu'. 

4  A.  distortus  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  and  ped.  as  in  No.  3;  stip.  ovate;  Iva.  lon;:- 
l)etioled,  i/te.  o6fo7i(7-o6o!'«/e,  mostly  eniarginate,  7  to  12  pairs;  spikes  siiort ;  cal. 
teeth  triangular-acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the  tube ;  leg.  smooth,  declinate,  curved. — 
Prairies,  \V.  111.  (Mead)  to  Ark.  Branches  ascending  4  to  6'.  Lfts.  3  to  5''  by  1 
to  2'.  Fls.  blue,  6  '  long.  Pods  I'lung,  beaked  with  the  coiled  stylo.  Probably 
a  variety  of  the  last. 

5  A  .Mexic^nus  A.  DC.  Low,  branches  decumbent,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  pedunculate, 
lfts.  7  to  10  pairs,  obovate,  emargiuato;  ped.  rather  longer  than  the  Ivs.;  spikes 
t^liort,  10  to  15-flowered;  leg.  globular,  obtuse,  succulent,  sweet-tasted. — Prairies, 
111.,  Mo.  to  Ark.  Plant  3  to  5'  liigli.  Lfts.  2  to  3"  by  1  to  2".  Fls.  about  9'' 
long  (yellowish  white  in  h.  s.),  bluish?  Fr.  as  largo  as  the  plum,  and  "eaten 
unripe  by  travelers,  raw  or  cooked." 

39.  PHAXA,  L.  (Gr.  (j-aV;;,  lentil,  from  0ay6),  to  eat.)  Calyx 
5-tootlicd,  keel  obtuse;  stamens  diadclplious  (9  and  1);  lepjumc  con- 
tinuous, turgid,  1-celled  ;  placenta)  tumid,  several-seeded.  U  Lvs,  un- 
CHjually  pinnate.  Fls.  in  axillaiy,  pedunculate  raceme.  (Differs  from 
Astragalus  only  in  its  fruit.) 

*  Pl«nt  densely  villous.     Flowers  prci  iiHi  yollow No,  1 

*  rinnt  ntarly  {Jabtous.    Flowns  Hhltu  or'i)t>r|il<' .Non.  ti— 4 


m; 


'fl 


v  \i 


318 


Ordkr  46.— LEGUMINOSiE. 


i 


1i 


1  P.  villdBUB  Nutt.  Low,  villoua-hirsute,  dscumbent;  Ivs.  petiolate,  Ifks.  diB- 
tant,  9  to  15,  oval  or  oblong,  tlie  odd  one  obovate;  ped.  rather  longer  than  the 
Ivs. ;  spikes  short,  somewhat  loose ;  cal.  teeth  longer  than  the  tube ;  leg.  clothed 
with  long  woolly  hairs. — Dry  sandy  fields  and  woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts. 
spreading  on  the  sand,  2  to  3'  long.  Lfts.  3  to  4"  by  1  to  2".  Fls.  10  to  15  in  a 
head,  4  to  5"  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  P.  iiegl6cta  Torr.  &  Gr.  Erect;  lfts.  elliptical,  7  to  13  pairs;  stip.  minute; 
roc.  many-flowered,  rather  loose  and  some  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  kg.  Jiot  stiped, 
smooth,  roundish  ovate,  much  inflated,  with  a  deep  groove  at  the  ventral  suture. — By 
streams  and  lakes,  W.  N.  Y.  to  Wis.  Plant  resembling  Astragalus  Canadensis, 
but  of  fairer  and  finer  look.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  terete.  Lfts.  9  to  15"  by  3  to  5", 
minutely  puberulent  beneath.  Fls.  white,  10  to  20  in  a  raceme.  Pods  about 
f  long,  with  many  small  sds.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  P.  Robbfnail  Oakcj.  Erect;  lfts.  5  to  11,  elliptical,  terminal  one  largest, 
stip.  triangular-ovate;  ped.  twice  longer  than  Ivs.;  roc.  short,  ovate;  cor.  hori- 
zontal, twice  as  long  as  the  cal. ;  kg.  stiped,  oblong,  keekd  at  the  ventral  suture, 
tipped  with  the  recurved,  persistent  style. — Ledges  by  rivers  and  lakes,  northern 
Yt.,  rare.  Plant  nearly  smooth.  St.  slender,  8  to  14'  high.  Lvs.  remote,  2  to 
4'  long.  Lft;9,  4  to  8"  by  IJ  to  3",  petiolulate.  Rac.  surpassing  the  stem,  on 
ped.  6  to  10'  long,  12  to  18-flowered.  Cor.  white,  about  6"  long.  Pods  1'  lonft 
4  to  8-seeded.     May,  Jn. 

4  P.  astragalina  DC.  Low,  ascending  or  nearly  stemless;  lfts.  15  to  21,  oval; 
stip.  ovate;  ped.  at  length  longer  than  the  lvs.;  rac.  dense,  with  8  or  10  viokt' 
colored  fls. ;  cal.  tefth  shorter  than  tube ;  leg.  pendulous,  stiped. — Can.  along  the 


St.  Lawrence  and  northward. 


Sts.  1  to  6'  high. 


40.  TEPHRO'SIA,  L.  Goat's  Rue.  Cat-gut.  (Gr.  re^pSf,  ash- 
colored  ;  from  the  color  of  the  foliage.)  Calyx  with  5,  nearly  equal, 
subulate  teeth ;  bracteoles  0 ;  vexillum  large,  orbicular ;  keel  obtuse, 
cohering  with  the  wings ;  stamens  diadelphous  (in  the  following  spe- 
cies) or  monadelphous ;  legume  linear,  much  compressed,  many- seeded. 
— Herbs  and  shrubs,  with  unequally  pinnate  lvs. 

§  Flowers  large  (9  to  10"  lonjr),  in  a  leafy,  terminal  cluster No.  1 

§  Flowers  small  (5  to  6"  luug),  spicate  on  long,  leafless  peduncles Nos.  2 — 4 

1  T.  Virgini^na  Pers.  Erect,  villous ;  lfts.  numerous,  oblong,  mucronate ;  rac. 
terminal,  subsessile  among  the  lvs. ;  leg.  falcate,  villous. —  If  Plant  1  to  21'  high, 
in  dry,  sandy  soils.  Can.,  Ind.,  Ill,  S.  to  Fla.  St.  simple,  very  leafy.  Lfts.  15  to 
27,  10  to  13"  by  2  to  3",  straight-veined,  odd  one  oblong-obcordate,  petiolulcs 
1"  long.  Stip.  subulate,  deciduous.  Fls.  as  largo  as  those  of  the  locust,  in  a 
tiliort,  crowded  cluster.  Cal.  very  villous.  Banner  white,  keel  rose-colored,  wings 
rod.    Jl. 

2  T.  spic^ta  Torr  A;Gr.  Villous  with  rusty  hairs;  st.  subsimpk;  lfts.  9  to  17, 
oblong-oval  or  elliptic,  mucronate,  obtuse  or  rotuso ;  ped.  very  long,  few-flowered ; 
cal.  segm.  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube. — Common  in  dry  soils,  S.  States.  An 
unsiglitly  plant.  Sts.  ascending,  1  to  3f  long,  flexuous,  scfTcely  branched,  tough. 
Lvs.  few,  distant;  Iftd.  1'  long.  Ped.  6  to  12  to  18'  long.  Fls.  purplish  rod. 
Jn.,  Aug. 

3  T.  hispfdula  Ph.  Minutely  hispid  or  pubescent;  sts.  dichoiomous,  slender,  de- 
cumbent; lfts.  9  to  19,  elliptic-oblong,  acute;  ped,  several,  few-flowered;  cal 
segm.  not  longer  than  the  tube ;  pods  falcate. — Dry  «olls,  S.  States.  Sts.  1  to  2f 
long.  Lvs.  remote;  lfts.  10  to  15"  long,  mucronate,  sometimes  nearly  linear. 
Pod.  3  to  6'  long.     Fls.  reddish  purple.     May,  Aug. 

/i.  ELEQANS  'T.  &  G.  Very  slender,  nearly  glabrous ;  lfts.  11  to  17,  narrowly 
elliptical,  acute;  ped.  filiform;  pods  nearly  straight. — Savannah  (Pond). 
(T.  elegans  Nutt.) 

4  T.  ohrysoph^lla  Ph.  Soft-pubescent,  prostrate,  dichotomous ;  lfts.  5  to  9,  oval 
or  ohovate,  coriaceor.s,  glabrous  above,  silky  pubescent  beneath ;  ped.  longer  than 
tlie  lvs. ;  cal.  segm,  sliortor  than  the  tube.— Ga.  (Savannah,  Pond)  and  Fla.  St. 
If  or  more  long,  clothed  with  a  rusty  down.     Foliage  with  a  lively  tinge  of  yel* 


K'i 


ii 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^ 


310 


iC. 

to 

Jes 
a 

fg9 


He- 
W 
l2f 
|ar. 

Id). 


low.     Lfts.  about  9"  by  7'',  beautifully  striate,  and  wavy  at  edge.     Pods  straight 

(^ways?)    May,  Jl. 
y3.  GKACILIOR.     Nearly  glabrous,  slender;  Ifls.  few,  oblong  (9"  by  3'.)     Plant 
3  to  9'  long.     Pod  small  (15"  long.)    Fls.  reddish  purple  as  above.— -Coving- 
ton, La .  (Hale.) 

41.  INDIGO'FERA,  L.  Indigo-plant.  (Lat.  Indirjo,  fero,  to  bear.) 
Calyx  with  5  acute  segments ;  vexillum  roundish,  emarginate  ;  keel 
spurred  each  side,  at  length  reflexed  ;  legume  2-valved,  1  to  oo-seeded. 


Fl 


.s. 


lfts.  11 
pendu- 


-Herbs   or   shrubs.      Stip.    small,    distinct   from   the    petiole, 
cyanic. 

1  I.  Carolinian  a  Walt.  Herb  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnate ; 
to  15,  oblong-ovate,  petiolulate;  rac.  slender,  longer  than  the  Ivs.;  le<j. 
lous,  oblong,  rugose,  veiny,  2-seeded.  —  'll  Sandj'  woods,  N.  Car.  (Dr.  Porcher)  to 
Fla.  St.  3  to  7f  high.  Lfts.  9  to  12"  long,  obtuse  or  rctuse.  wm.  3  to  6'  long; 
fls.  pedicellate,  yellowish-brown.  Calyx  pubescent,  small,  with  5  short,  subulate 
teeth.     Jl.,  Sept. 

2  I.  leptOB^pala  Nutt.  Herbs  decumbent,  strigous,  with  ashy  hairs ;  Ivs.  un- 
equally pinnate,  lfts.  7  to  9,  obovate-oblong,  subsessile,  nearly  glabrous  above; 
rac.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  fls.  nearly  sessile  ;  leg.  linear,  reflexed,  6  to  9-seeded.— 
Ga.  to  Ark.     St.  2  to  3f  long.     Fls.  pale  scarlet.     Pods  1^'  long,  pointed. 

42.  ROBIN'IA,  L.  Locust.  (In  memory  of  John  Robin,  herbalist 
to  Louis  XIV.)  Calyx  short,  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  seg- 
ments more  or  less  coherent;  vexillum  large;  alae  obtuse;  stamens 
diadelphous  (9  &  1);  style  bearded  inside;  legume  compressed,  elon- 
gated, many-seeded. — Trees  and  shrubs  with  stipular  spines.  Lvs. 
unequally  pinnate.     Fls.  showy,  in  axillary  rac. 

1  R.  Paeudacdcia  L.  Common  Locust.  _  Branches  armed  with  stipular 
prickles;  lfts.  ovate  and  oblong-ovate  ;  rac.  pendulous,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  le- 
gumes.— Native  in  Penn.  and  the  more  Southern  and  Western  States,  and  abun- 
dantly naturalized  in  N.  Eng.  Hight  30  to  80f,  with  a  diani.  of  1  to  3  or  4f. 
The  pinnate  lvs.  have  a  beautiful  symmetry  of  form,  eacli  composed  of  8  to  12 
pairs  of  lfts.,  with  one  at  the  end.  These  are  oval,  thin,  nearly  sessile,  and  very 
smooth,  closing  as  if  in  sleep  by  night.  Fls.  in  numerous,  pendulous  clusters, 
diausing  an  agreeable  fragrance.  Pod  narrow,  flat,  with  6  or  6  small,  brown 
seeds.  When  young  the  tree  is  armed  with  thorns,  which  disappear  in  its  matur- 
ity.    Apr.,  May. — The  wood  is  very  hard  and  durable. 

2  R.  viscdsa  Vent.  Clammy  Locust.  Stipular  spines  very  short ;  branches, 
petioles,  and  leg.  glandular-viscid ;  lfts.  ovate;  rac.  crowded,  erect. — This  beautiful 
tree  is  native  of  the  lilts,  of  N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  where  it  attains  the  hight  of  40f.  The 
fls.  numerous,  rose-colored,  in  erect,  axillary  clusters,  with  the  thick,  dark  green 
foliage,  render  this  tree  one  o*"  the  most  brilliant  ornaments  of  the  park  or  the 
garden.     Apr.,  Jn. 

3  R.  hispida  L.  Rose  Acacia.  Stipular  spines  almost  wanting,  shrub  mostly 
hi^spid;  rac.  looso,  suberect. — A  beautiful  shrub,  native  of  the  Southern  States, 
much  cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  sake  of  its  numerous,  large,  deep  rose-colored 
and  very  showy  fls.  Hight  3  to  6  or  8f.  Lfts.  5  or  6  pairs,  broadly  oval.  Fls. 
inodorous,  twice  larger  than  those  of  the  common  locust. 

43.  COLUTEA,  L.    Bladder   Senna.     Calyx  5-toothed ;  vexillnm 

with  2  callosities,  expanded,  larger  than  the  obtuse  carina;   stigma 

lateral,  under  the  hooked  summit  of  the  style,  which  is  longitudinally 

bearded  on  the  back  side  ;  legume  inflated,  scarious.     Shrubs  with  un- 

equally  pinnate  lvs. 

C.  arbor^scens  L.  Lfts.  elliptical,  retuso  •  vex.  shortly  gibbous  behind. — A 
bardy,  free-flowerhig  shrub,  native  of  Italy,  Ac,  growing  almost  alone  on  the 
Bummits  of  Mt.  Vesuvius.     Sts.  8  to  12f  high.     Lfts.  noout  9.     Fls.  large,  yellow, 


J 


849 


^    !:, 


320 


Obdee  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


i. 


•f^i 


1 1 1 

j'; 
1 1 


11 

4  'I 


with  a  broadly  expanded  baoner.     In  medicine  the  leares  are  used  instead  ot 
senna.     Jn. — Aug.  f 

44.  WISTA'RIA,  Nutt.  (In  memory  of  Caspar  Wistar,  M.JJ., 
President  of  Am.  Phil.  Soc.)  Calyx  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate, 
the  lower  one  3  subequal  teeth  ;  vexillum  with  2  callosities  ascending 
the  claw  and  sepyrating  above  ;  wings  and  keel  falcate,  the  former  ad- 
hering at  top;  legume  torulous;  seeds  many,  reniform. — Twining, 
shrubby  plants,  with  pinnate  Ivs.  Rac.  large,  with  large,  colored  bracts. 
Fls.  lilac-colorod. 

1  W.  frut^Bcens  DC.  Sts,  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  glabrous ;  Ifts.  9  to 
13,  ovate  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  subpubesoent ;  wings  with  2  auricles  at 
base;  ova.  glabrous. — An  ornamental,  vigorous  vine,  in  rich  alluvion,  S.  &  W. 
States.  Sts.  several  yards  long,  climbing  over  bushes,  etc.  Lfts.  1  to  2'  by  ^  to 
1'.  Fls.  nearly  as  large  as  those  of  the  sweet  pea,  numerous,  in  rac.  3  to  6  or  8' 
long,  sheatiied  in  very  conspicuous  bracts.  Sds.  spotted.  Apr.,  May.  \  (Glycine 
frutescens  L.     Thyosanthus  Ell.) 

2  W.  consequana  Benth.  Lfts.  9  to  13,  ovate-lanceolate,  silky-pubescent; 
rac.  terminal,  nodding,  loosely  many-flowered. — A.  splendid  flowering  vine  from 
Cliina.  St.  of  rapid  growth,  12f  or  more  in  length.  Fls.  in  long,  pendulous 
clusters.     May,  Jn,  f 

45.  A'PIOS,  L.  Ground  Nut.  {'Aniog,  the  pear;  from  the  form  of 
its  tubers.)  Calyx  campannlate,  obscurely  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  of  2 
very  short,  rounded  teeth,  the  2  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the  lower 
one  acute  and  elongated;  keel  falcate,  pushing  ba^k  the  broad,  plicate 
vexillum  at  top  ;  ovary  sheathed  at  base. —  U  Twining,  smooth.  Root 
bearing  edible  tubers.     Lvs.  pinnately  5  to  7-foliate. 

A.  tuberdsa  Ph.  St.  twining';  lvs.  pinnate,  of  1  ovate-lanceolate  lfts. ;  rac. 
shorter  than  the  lvs. — Thickets  and  shady  woods.  Can.  and  U.  S.,  twining  about 
other  plants.  St.  round,  2  to  4f  in  length.  Lvs.  rather  numerous,  each  consist- 
ing of  3  (rarely  2)  pairs  of  leaflets  and  an  odd  terminal  one.  These  are  ovate, 
narrow,  more  or  less  pointed,  smooth,  on  short  pedicels.  Rac.  axillary,  solitary, 
1  to  3'  long,  crowded.  Fls.  dark  purple.  To  the  root  are  appended  oval,  fleshy 
tubers,  which  are  very  nutritious,  and  would  perhaps  be  cultivated  had  wo  not 
the  potato,     Jl.,  Aug.     (Glycine  Apios  L.) 

46.  VIG'NA,  Savi.  (In  memory  of  Dominic  Vigna,  Commentator 
on  Theophrastus.)  Calyx  of  4  lobes,  the  upper  twice  broader,  the 
lower  longer ;  vexillum  broad  with  2  callosities  near  the  base  of  the 
limb ;  keel  not  twisted ;  stigma  latei-al ;  legume  terete  ;  seeds  not  com- 
pressed.— Twining  herbs.     Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate. 

V.  hiraillta  Feay.  Plant  hirsute,  the  stem  retrorsely  so ;  cal.  with  1  bractlet  at 
base,  segm.  all  acute,  the  lower  acuminate ;  lfts.  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed. — Rice 
field  dams.  Savannah  (Feay),  swamps,  N,  Orleans  (Hale),  Sts,  scrambling  over 
bushes,  many  feet  long,  slender.  Lft,s,  2  to  3'  by  ^  to  1',  with  scattered,  ap- 
preased  hairs  both  .sides,  and  minute  .stipels.  Ped,  8  to  12'  long,  3  to  6-flowered 
aA  the  top,  Fls.  pale  yellow,  the  banner  6"  long  and  9"  broad.  Pods  2'  long, 
with  4  to  6  large,  black,  polyhedral  seeds,  Oct.,  Nov.  (V.  glabra  Savi?  Doli- 
choa  liiteolus  Ell) 

47.  RHYNCHO'SIA,  DC.  (Gr.  pvyxo^,  a  beak ;  in  reference  to  the 
projecting  keel.)  Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate,  or  4-parted,  with  the  up- 
per segm.  2  cleft ;  vexillum  without  callosities ;  keel  falcate ;  style 
glabrous ;  legume  oblique,  short,  compressed,  1  to  2-seeded  ;  seeds 
carunculate. —  "4  Erect,  or  twining.  Lvs,  resinous-dotted  beneath,  pui« 
nately  3-foliate,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet.     Fls.  yellow. 


I  at 
Ice 
}er 


lli- 


tie 


IP- 

lie 


lu> 


Order  4ti.— LEGUMINOS^B. 


321 


I  Rhtnchosia  proper.    Calyx  segments  subulate,  the  lower  much  the  longest,  shorter 

than  the  corolla.    Fls.  in  slender  racemes No.  1 

i  Arcyphyllum,  Ell.     Calyx  persistent,  leafy,  segments  nearly  equal,  as  long  as  the 

corollti.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  rugose.     Fls.  fascicled  or  racemed Nos.  2 — 4 

S  PiT<;iiBRiA,  Nutt.    Calyx  segments  lance-subulate,  the  upper  rather  the  longer,  shorter 

than  tbd  corolla.     Fls.  axillary,  subsolltary No.  6 

1  R.  minima  DC.  Scrambling,  puberulent;  Ifta.  membranous,  rhomboidal,  acute 
with  a  lari^e  angle;  rac.  much  longer  than  the  lvs.,  about  12-tiowered;  fls.  small, 
remote,  retlexed. — Along  rivers,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  delicate  vine,  several 
feet  iu  length.  Lfts.  not  rugose,  6  to  9"  square,  petiole  hardly  1'  long.  Rac. 
axillary,  about  6'  long.     Pods  J'  long,  mucronate. 

2  R.  voliibilia.  Twining,  pubescent ;  Iv.s.  3-fr  liato,  Ifls.  broadly  oval  or  orbicu- 
lar, somewhat  rhomboidal,  obtuse  or  acute;  rao.  few  (3  to  10)-tiowered,  peduncu- 
late; cal.  segm.  ovaie-lanceolate,  cuspidate. — Dry  woods,  Ga.  (Miss  Keen),  to 
La,  (Hale).  Sta  2  to  4f  long,  square,  especially  downy  on  the  angles.  Lower 
lvs.  sometimes?  monophyllus;  Ifts.  smaller  than  in  No.  3.  Sep.  becoming  quite 
large  in  fruit.     (R.  ditlbrmi.s  DC.  and  R.  latilblia  Nutt.) 

3  R.  simplicifdlia.  Dwarfish,  pubescent,  erect ;  lvs.  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet 
orbicular  or  reiiiforui,  obtuse. — Dry  sandy  woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Bt 
angular,  1  to  3'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  broad,  very  veiny  and  rugous.  Fls.  small, 
in  one  or  more  dense  tufts.  Pods  ovate-oblong,  7"  in  length.  Apr.,  May.  (R. 
tomentosa,  a.  T.  &  G.) 

4  R.  er6cta  DC.  Tall,  erect,  velvety-pubescent;  lvs.  3-foliale.  Iftf,.  elliptic  or 
oval,  acute,  terminal  one  sotnetitues  roundish ;  tis.  fiuscicled  or  racemed,  axillary 
and  terminal;  cal.  segm.  parted  almost  to  tho  base,  lance-ovate  to  lance-linear. — 
Dry  soils,  Md.  to  Fla.  Sts.  about  6-angled,  2 — 5f  high.  Tho  lowest  leaf  or  Iva 
sometimes  monophylloui'  Lfts.  about  as  large  as  iu  No.  3.  Rac.  1  to  3'  long. 
(3  to  7'  Ell.  in  Glycine  moUissima.) — Tiie  leaflets  are  sometimes  strikingly  varie- 
gated with  lines  of  black  dots  along  tho  veins  above.  (R.  tomentosa,  var.  Tor.  A 
Gr.     G.  tomentosa,  var.  Mx. 

5  R.  galactoides.  Erect,  rigid,  with  many  simple,  angular,  pubescent  branches ; 
lvs.  trilbliate.  Ills,  (small)  coriaceous,  elliptic  or  oval,  margins  reflexed,  under  sur- 
face with  numerous  resinous  atoms;  pedicels  about  equaling  tiie  petioles,  half  as 
long  as  the  fls.— Ala.  aid  W.  Fla.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high.  Llts.  6  to  9"  by  3  to  6", 
those  of  the  virgate  branches  much  smaller.     Fls.  yellow. 

48.  PHASE'OLUS,  L.  Kidney  Bean.  (Lat.  phaselus,  a  little  boat ; 
from  the  form  of  the  pods.)  Calyx  subbilabiate,  upper  lip  2-toothed, 
lower  3-toothed ;  keel  with  the  stamens  and  stylo  spirally  twisted  ; 
legume  compressed  and  falcate,  or  cylindric,  many-seeded ;  seeds  com- 
pressed, rcniform. —  Herbaceous,  twining  or  trailing.  Lvs.  pinnately 
trifoliate ;  lfts.  stipellate. 

Native  species— Fls.  racemed.     Pods  falcate No.  1 

— Fls.  1  or  few  in  a  head.     I'ods  st.  aight Nos.  2 — t 

Exotic— Stems  climbing Nos.  5—7 

—Stems  erect,  bushy No.  8 

IP.  perenniB  Walt.  Wild  Be.vn  Vine.  Twining,  pubescent;  rac.  paniculate, 
mostly  in  pairs,  axillary ;  Ifls.  ovate,  acuminate,  3-veined ;  leg.  pendulous,  fal- 
cate, broad- mucronate. —  If  A  slender,  twining  vine,  in  dry  woods,  Can.  and  U. 
S.,  common.  St.  4  to  7f  long,  somewhat  branching.  Lfts.  IJ  to  3^'  long,  \ 
to  equal  width ;  terminal  one  often  subcordate,  lateral  ones  unequally  enlarged 
at  base  outside,  under  surface  scabrous.  Rac.  1  to  3  together,  6  to  12'  long, 
loose,  often  unfruitful.  Cor.  purple  and  violet.  Leg.  about  2'  long,  ^'  wide,  with 
compressed,  reniform,  dark  purple  seeds.    ,T1.,  Aug. 

2  P.  diversifdliuB  Pera  St.  prostrate,  diffuse,  scabrous  with  recurved  hairs ; 
Ifis.  angular,  2  to  3-lobed  or  entire;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaf)  few-flowered, 
lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube ;  leg.  pubescent,  broadly-linear, 
cylindric. — (2)  A  creeping  or  climbing  plant,  3  to  5f  long,  on  sandy  shores  and 
prairies.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Lfts.  1  to  2'  long,  f  as  wide,  with  scattered  hairs 
beneath,  often  variously  and  very  obtusely  lobed.  Ped.  2  to  8-flowered,  3  to  6' 
long.     Cor.  purplish.     Leg.  becomes  black  when  ripe,  5  to  7-seeded.    Aug. — Oct. 

21 


^m 


•/ 


i^'A 


ii 


J.  ,r  i 


V 


I 


I 


322 


Orsbb  46.— LEGUMINOS^ 


3  P.  h61volu8  L.  St.  Blender,  twining ;  Ifts.  between  oblong-ovate  and  lance-wate, 
not  bbed;  ped.  slender,  several  times  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  few-flowered;  leg. 
straight,  cylindric,  8  to  10-seeded. —  If  Sandj  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St. 
3  to  5f  long.  Lfts.  1  to  2'  by  {  to  1'.  Ped.  4  to  8'  long,  4  to  7-flowered.  CaL 
with  2  bracts  at  base.  Cor.  purplish,  vexillum  large,  roundish.  Leg.  2  to  3' 
long,  very  narrow,  subfalcate.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Strophostylia  peduncularis  Ell.) 

4  P.  paucifldruB  Benth.  St.  slender,  retrorsely  hirsute;  lfts.  linear-oblong,  not 
lobea,  as  long  as  the  petiole,  hirsute  and  reticulated  on  both  surfaces;  stip. 
subulate  ;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  hds.  few-flowered ;  leg.  hirsute,  5  to 
8-seeded. — Prairies,  III  (Mead).  Also  Ark.  and  La.  St.  2  to  4f  long,  prostrate. 
Lfta.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  5".  Pods  1  to  IJ'  long,  straight  and  slender.  Jl.,  Aug. 
(P.  leiospermus  T.  &  G.) 

5  P.  vulgaris  L.  St.  twining ;  lfts.  ovate-acuminate ;  roc.  solitary,  shorter 
than  the  Ivs. ;  pedicels  in  pairs ;  cal.  as  short  as  its  two  bracts  at  base ;  leg.  pen- 
dulous, long-raucronate ;  seed  reniform,  variously,  often  brightly  colored. — 1) 
Native  of  PJ.  Indies.  Universally  cultivated  in  gardens,  not  only  for  the  mature 
fruit  but  for  the  young  pods  which  constitute  that  favorite  dish,  stri7ig  beans. 
St  3  to  8f  long,  twining  against  the  sun.     Fls.  mostly  white.     Jl. 

6  P.  inultifldruB  L.  Scarlet  Pole  Bean.  St.  twining ;  lfts.  ovate-acute ; 
rac.  solitary,  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  pedicels  opposite ;  cal.  longer  than  the  2  ap- 
prossod  bracts  at  base ;  leg.  pendulous ;  seeds  reniform. — (1)  Native  of  S.  America. 
St.  6  to  lOf  long,  twining  against  the  sun.  FLs.  scarlet,  numerous,  and  very  bril- 
liant.    Fr.  not  so  generally  admired  as  the  last.     Jl. 

7  P.  lundtUB  L.  Lima  Bean.  St.  twining ;  lfts.  ovale,  deltoid,  acute ;  rac. 
shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  ped.  in  pair?  ^  cal.  longer  than  its  2  bracts  at  base ;  leg. 
scimetar-shaped,  or  somewhat  Iraate;  sds.  large,  much  compressed,  purplisb- 
whito. — Native  of  E.  Indies.  St.  6  to  8f  long.  Fls.  smaU,  whitish.  Much 
valued  and  cultivated.     Jl. 

8  P.  n^nuB  L.  Bush  Bean.  St.  smooth,  very  branching,  erect ;  lfts.  broad- 
ovate,  acute ;  cal.  shorter  than  its  2  bracts  at  base ;  leg.  pendulous,  compressed, 
rugous. — ^^X>  Native  of  India.  St.  If  high.  Fls.  white.  Seeds  white,  small,  but 
tliere  are  many  varieties.    Much  cultivated.     Jn. 

49.  ERYTHRrWA,  L.  (Gr.  epvOpbc;,  red ;  from  the  color  of  the 
flower.)  Calyx  campanulate,  tubular,  truncate  oi  lobed ;  vexillum 
long,  lanceolate,  with  no  callosities ;  wings  and  Iceel  much  smaller ; 
stamens  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the  vexillum  ;  style  glabrous  ;  le- 
gume torulous. — Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  often  pric«ly.  Lvs.  pinnately 
trifoliate.     Fls.  racemed. 

1  E  herbdcea  L.  Glabrous;  lfts.  rhombic-hastate,  with  3  rounded,  shallow 
lobes,  petioles,  with  here  and  there  a  small  hooked  prickle ;  rac.  terminal ;  cal. 
truncate;  leg.  dehiscent. — In  rich  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  plant  of  splen- 
did hues,  arising  from  a  thick  subterranean  rhizome,  3  to  4f  high.  Sts.  simple, 
purple.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  §  as  wide,  the  petiole  twice  as  long.  Fls.  numerous, 
slender,  the  banner  2'  long,  deep  scarlet,  the  keel  and  wings  very  small.  Sds. 
scarlet,  the  size  of  a  small  bean.     Apr.,  Jn. 

2  E.  Crista-gdlli  L.  Cocks-comb.  St.  arboreous,  unarmed ;  lfts.  ovate  or 
elliptical,  coriaceous,  the  petiole  and  midvein  armed  with  strong,  hooked  prickles; 
cal.  short,  campanulate,  vex.  strongly  curved. — A  handsome  flowering  shrub  or 
tree,  planted  at  the  South.  Rac.  of  many  large  scarlet  flowers,  terminal  on  the 
branches.     Apr.,  Jn.     From  Brazil. 

50.  AMPHICARPVC'A,  Ell.  Pea  Vine.  (Gr.  dju0f,  Lat.  ambo, 
both,  Kagnbg,  fruit ;  i.  e.,  two  kinds  of  fructification.)  Calyx  tubular, 
campanulate,  with  4  or  6  nearly  equal  segments ;  petals  oblong ;  vex- 
illum with  the  sides  appressed  ;  stigma  capitate  ;  ovary  on  a  sheathed 
stipe  ;  legume  flat,  2  to  4-seeded.— (D  Slender,  twining.     Lvs.  piunately 


Ordeh  46.— LEGUMINOSA 


323 


trifoliate.     The  upper  fls.  complete,  but  usually  barren,  the  lower  apet- 
aloufi  and  fruitful.  s 

1  A.  monoica  Nutt.  St.  retrorsely  pubescent ;  Ifta.  ovate,  tliin;  cauline  rao. 
simple,  peuduloua ;  cal.  segrn.  very  short,  triaugular-acuminate ;  bracts  minute. — 
A  very  slender  viye  in  woods  and  thickets,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  twining,  rough 
backwards,  4  to  8f  in  length.  Lfts.  very  thin,  1  to  3'  long,  f  as  wide,  lateral 
ones  oblique  at  base.  Rac.  axillary,  few-flowered.  Pis.  pale  purple.  Cauline 
leg.  smoothish,  witli  3  to  4  dark  purple  seeds.  Radical  leg.  often  subterraneous, 
with  one  largo,  compressed,  brown  seed.     Jl,  Sept. 

2  A.  Pitcheri  Torr  &  Gr.  St.  villous,  with  ferruginous,  spreading  hairs ;  lfts. 
rliombic-ovato ;  rac.  erect,  often  '  ached;  cal.  segm.  lance-subulate,  a  third  of  the 
length  of  the  tube ;  bracts  broad,  conspicuous. — Alluvion  about  N.  Orleans  and 
"W.  La.  (Hale).  Lfts.  rather  thick,  2  to  3'  by  IJ  to  2',  hirsute  both  sides.  Fls. 
a  little  smaller  (6"  long) ;  fr.  a  little  larger  (16  to  18"  long)  than  in  No.  1.  Sds. 
3,  compressed,  purplish-black. 

51.  GALACTIA,  L.  (Gr.  ydXa,  milk ;  some  species  have  a  milky 
juice.)  Calyx  bibracteolate,  4-cleft,  the  segments  of  nearly  equal 
length,  upper  one  broadest,  entire ;  pet.  oblong ;  vexillum  broadest  and 
incumbent ;  keel  petsils  slightly  cohering  at  top  ;  legume  many-seeded. 
— Herbs  prostrate  or  twining,  sometimes  shrubby.  Lvs.  pinnatcly 
compound.     Rac.  axillary.     Fls.  cyanic. 

5  Leaves  pinnate,  7  to  9-fi)liato.    Stems  prostrate,  twininpt No.  1 

I  L''iives  plnniitely  8-foliate.    Stems  i)rostrato,  twiniiiR. NDs.  2^4 

§  Leaves  pinnately  8-foliate.    Steins  erect  or  ascending N os.  6,  6 

1  G.  Xillidttii  Nutt.  Lfts.  7  to  9,  coriaceous,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse  at  each 
end ;  ped.  longer  than  the  lvs.,  few-flowered  at  the  top ;  upper  sep.  (double) 
broad,  ovate,  subulate-mucronate. — Ga.  (Feay  and  Pond).  Sts.  runninp  or  climb- 
ing many  feet.  Lfts.  1'  or  more  long,  minutely  pubescent  beneath.  Pods  vil- 
lous, 2'  long,  4  to  6-seeded.     Corolla  white  or  rose  color,  7"  long.     May — Jl. 

2  G.  glabella  Mx.  St.  nearly  glabrous;  lfts.  3,  elliptic-oblong,  emarginate  at 
each  end,  sub-coriaceous,  shining  above,  a  little  hairy  beneath ;  rac.  pedunculate, 
about  the  length  of  the  lvs.,  fls.  pedicellate. — In  arid  soils,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  Sts.  2  to 
4f  long.  Lfts.  10  to  20"  by  5  to  10",  varying  in  form  from  elliptic  through  ob- 
lonqf  to  ovate.  Fls.  rather  large  (7  to  8"  long),  reddish-purple,  greenish  exter- 
nally.    Pods  IJ'  long  (immature),  erect,  falcate.     Aug. — Sept. 

3  G.  mollis  Mx.  St.  softly  pubescent;  lfts.  oval,  obtuse,  nearly  smooth  above, 
softly  villous  and  whitish  beneath ;  rac.  longer  than  the  lvs.,  pedunculate,  fascicu- 
late ;  fls.  on  very  short  pedicels ;  leg.  villous. — Dry  .soils,  Md.  to  Ga.  St.  several 
feet  long.  Lfts.  about  1'  long,  8  '  wide.  Fls.  about  half  as  large  as  in  the  last. 
Aug. — Sept. 

4  G.  pildsa  Nutt.  St.  retrorsely  hirsute;  lfts.  3,  oval-oblong,  retuse  at  apex, 
finely  hirsute  on  both  surfaces,  paler  beneath ;  rac,  tiuice  or  thrice  longer  than  the 
lvs.,  with  scattered,  distant  fls. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  several  feet  in 
length  Lfts.  1  to  2'  long,  half  as  wide,  petioles  1  to  Ih'  long.  Fls.  a  fourtli 
smaller  than  in  No.  2,  pale  roseate,  pedicellate.     Pods  villous.    Jn. — Sept. 

5  G.  brach^poda  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  flexuous,  somewhat  erect ;  lfts.  3,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  odd  one  petiolulate,  petioles  longer  than  the  lfts.  or  the  few-llowered, 
stalked  rac. — Pine  barrens,  W,  Fla.  Sts.  leaning,  2  or  more  f  high.  Lft8.  12  to 
18"  by  4  to  6".     Fls.  purplish,  about  half  as  large  as  in  No.  2. 

6  G.  sessilifldra  Torr.  &,  Gr.  St.  flexuous,  erect ;  lfts.  oblong-linear  or  linear, 
odd  one  subsessile ;  petioles  longer  than  the  lfts. ;  rac.  very  short,  sessile. — Ala.  and 
W.  Fla.  Sts.  two  or  more  together,  1  to  2f  high.  Lfts.  12  to  20"  by  3  to  7", 
obtuse  or  emarginate.  Fascicles  3  to  6-flowered.  Fls.  purple.  Pods  erect,  6  to 
S-eeeded. 

52.  DOL'ICHOS,  L.  (Gr.  dokixb^,  long ;  from  the  great  length  or 
these  vines.)     Calyx  4-lobed,  the  upper  lobe  2-toothed  or  entire,  vexil- 


nt 


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m 

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r 

im 

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li 

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824 


Obdeb  47.— rosacea 


lum,  with  2  or  4  callosities  near  the  base  of  the  limb ;  stigma  terminal, 
legume  compressed,  with  few  oval,  compressed  seeds. — Twining  herbs 
with  pinnately  trifoliate  Ivs. 

D.  multifldniB  Torr.  <k  Gr.  Lfts.  large,  rouni-ovate,  with  a  short  acuniination ; 
rac.  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  dense,  many-flowered  ;  upper  segm.  of  the  caL 
entire,  lower  longest,  lanceolate;  leg.  broad,  3  to  5-8eeded. — River  banks,  Ua.  to 
La.  and  Ark.  Sts.  very  Jong,  retrorsely  pubescent.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  diam.,  smooth 
when  old.  Pods  2'  long,  8"  wide,  with  an  abrupt,  incurved  beak.  yds.  brown, 
much  flattened.     Jn.,  Jl. 

li.   IIalei.    St.  minutely  pubescent ;    Ivs.  glabrous ;    petif)le8  3  times  longer 
than  the  few  (5  to  8)-flowered  rac. — Near  N.  Orleans  (Hale.) 

D.  aesquiped^lis  W.  a  vine  with  very  long  pods,  native  of  the  W.  Indies,  and 
D.  Cat-iang  W.,  with  two  erect  pods  at  top  of  the  peduncle,  native  of  E.  Indies, 
are  occasionally  seen  in  cultivation  at  the  South  (Feay). 

53.  CLITO^RIA,  L.  Cal3'x  bibracteolatc,  tubular,  5-toothed,  seg- 
ments acuminate  ;  vcxillum  large,  spreading,  roundish,  emarginate,  not 
spurred ;  keel  smaller  than  the  wings,  acute,  on  long  claws ;  legume 
linear  oblong,  torulous,  several-seeded. — H  Mostly  twining.  Lvs.  pin- 
nately 3  to  5-foliate.     Fls.  very  large,  solitary  or  several  together. 

C.  Mariana  L.  Glabrous ;  st.  suberect  or  twining,  suft'ruticous ;  lfts.  3,  oblong, 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  lateral  ones  petiolulato ;  ped.  short,  1  to  3-flowered ; 
bracteoles  and  bracts  very  short ;  leg.  torulous,  3  to  4-seedeti. — Dry  soils,  N.  J. 
to  Fla.  St.  1  to  3f  long,  round,  slender,  branched.  Lfts.  rather  remote,  about 
1'  by  6".    Cor.  pale  purple,  2  to  2J'  in  length,  calyx  f ,  bracteoles  2".    JL,  Aug. 

54.  CENTROSE^MA,  DC.  (Gr.  Kivrpov,  a  spur,  ar/jua,  a  standard; 
the  vexillum  spurred.)  Sepals  lance-linear,  slightly  united,  the  lower 
longest,  and  with  2  broad  bracteoles;  vex.  very  large,  with  a  short 
spur  on  the  back  near  the  base ;  keel  and  stamens  nmch  shorter,  in- 
curved; legume  long,  linear,  margined  and  long  pointed. —  U  Twining. 
Lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate.  Fls.  very  large.  Bracts,  bractlets,  and  calyx 
striated. 

C.  Virgini^na  Benth.  St.  very  slender ;  lfts.  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-linear,  firm, 
very  veiny,  the  veins  incurved ;  ped.  I  to  4-flowered  bracteoles  larger  (not 
longer)  than  the  cal. ;  pod.  veined  along  the  margin. — Dry  soils,  S.  States. 
Whole  plant  of  firm  texture,  glabrous  and  very  slonder,  several  feet  in  length. 
Banner  orlncular,  1|'  broad,  violet  blue.    Pod  4  to  6'  long,  2  to  3"  wide.  Jl.,  Aug. 

Order  XLVII.     ROSA''EyE.     Roseworts. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  stipulate  lvs.  and  regular  flowers.  Sej)als  5, 
rarely  fewer,  united,  often  reenforced  by  as  many  bractlets.  Petals  5,  rarely-  0,  dis- 
tinct, inserted  on  the  disk  which  lines  the  calyx  tube.  Stamens  OO,  rarely  few, 
distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals  (perigynous).  Ovaries  1,  2,  5  or  oo,  distinct,  or 
often  coherent  with  each  other,  or  immersed  in  an  excavated  receptacle  (§  444). 
Fruit  a  drupe,  or  achenia,  or  a  dry  or  juicy  eta^rio  (§  565\  or  pome.  Seeds  1  or  few 
in  each  carpel,  anatropous,  exalbuminous ;  embryo  straight.  (Illustr.  in  figs.  33,  41, 
65,  66,  79,  91,  100,  106,  179,  166,  167,  159,  293,  307,  385,  289,  380,  381,  414,  439, 
440,  441,  443,  452,  461,  462.) 

Tlws  order,  as  here  constituted,  includes  five  suborders,  and  together  87  genera  nnd  1000  «/>e- 
cies.     A  large  '^—"'•-tion  of  these  are  natives  of  temperate  climates  north  of  the  equator. 

Propej'tien-  -.  inghly  important  order,  whether  we  regard  its  delirious  fruit,  its  medicinal 
products,  or  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  None  of  its  species  (exceptint;  tiiose  of  the  almond  tribe) 
are  unwholesome.  An  astringent  principle  characterizes  the  family,  residing  chiefly  in  the  hark 
and  the  roots.  The  roots  of  the  blackberry  have  been  used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent ;  those 
of  the  Gillenia,  as  an  emetic;  Agrlmonia,  as  a  vermifuge.  The  petals  of  Rosa  damascena  yield 
uie  well  known  fragrant  oil  called  atta r  of  rose.   The  almond,  iieaoh,  &c    aboupd  in  prussic  acid, 


Ordeh  47.— ROSACEiE.  325 

tk  deadly  poison,  reMding  chleflv  In  the  kernels. — Of  tho  Kosaceie,  oa  ornamentul  tlowerinK  Hhrub^ 
tt  Is  scarcely  necesMary  to  sjiuiiK,  neither  of  its  many  (lelicloiiis  fruit:!,  as  the  Apple,  Pear,  Quince, 
Apricot,  Pooch,  Plum,  Cherry,  Strawberry,  blackberry  and  Raspberry. 

SUBORDERS,    TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

$  Si-BOKDER  I.     SANOl'ISOKBE^.     Carpels  1  (rarely  2—4).     Petals  0.     Herbs,    (a) 

a  Stamens  1  to  4,  stylo  lateral.    Flowers  scattered Ai.niK.Mii.i.A,  1 

a  Stamens  4,  style  tenniiial.    Flowers  in  dense  sjjikes S.vNtirisouuA.  2 

a  Stamens  00,  style  terminal,  stigma  fringed.     Fls.  splcato I'otkkium  3 

8  SuBoiiUER  II.     CIIKYSOLIALANE.E.    rurpoll,  style  lateral.    PetaN  5. 

Shrubs .  ClIKYSOBALANU.M.      4 

§  SuiioRDEB  HI.     AMYGDALEiE.     Carpel  1,  style  terminal.     IVt.  6.    Trees,  vtc.  (b) 

b  Stone  smooth,  globular.     Fruit  smooth  but  not  glaucous Cekasis.  5 

b  Stone  smooth,  flattened.     Fruit  glaucous  with  bloom,  or  downy Pkunus  6 

b  Stone  roughened  with  pits  and  furrows.— Fruit  pulpy Peusica  7 

— Fruit  dry \.MY(ii)ALUS  8 

5  ScnoRDKR  IV.     POME.E.    Carpels  2  to  6,  consolidated  witli  tlie  calyx.     Fr.  a  pome,  (c) 

C  <  )vary  half-superior,  2-carpeled.     Leaves  very  thick,  luoitl 1'iiotinia.  9 

0  Ovary  inferior, — Petals  bearded.     Radicle  retracted Khvohotky a  UI 

— Petals  smooth, — oblong-spatulate Amel.\n(iiikii  11 

— roundish. — Carpels  l-sec<Ied CuAT.tcils  12 

— Carpels  2-seedeil Pvitt-s  13 

— Carpels  00 -seeded Cydo.ma  14 

$  SuBOKDEB  V.    R08E.iE.    Carpels  2  to  60,  free.  In  an  open  or  closed  caly.\.  (*) 

♦  Tril)e  1.  RosiOKJi.     Carp.  1-seeded  aclienia  inclosed  in  tho  calyx  tube,  (d) 

♦  Tribe  2.  Fragarii)E.e.    Carp,  l-seeded.    Achenia  dry  or  pul|)y  in  an  o|icu  caly.x.  (e) 

♦  Tribe  8.  Spiride.*.    Carpels  several-seeded  follicles  in  an  open  calyx,  (f) 

d  Carpels  many,  in  the  fleshy  calyx.    Fls.  often  double Rosa.  IB 

d  Carpels  2  only,  in  the  dry,  fluted,  echinate,  calyx V'iuiMoNi a.  16 

e  Styles  persistent  on  the  dry  achenia.     Petals  8  or  9 Dkyas.  17 

e  Styles  persistent  on  the  dry  achenia.    Petals  5 Oei'.m.  IS 

e  Styles  deciduous. — Calyx  bractless.    Fr.  a  heap  of  pulpy  achenia Runus.  19 

— Calyx  bractless.     Ach.  dryish.     Sepals  unequal Dalibarda.  2ii 

— Calyx  bractless  or  nunutely  bracteoled.  Sep.  equal. .  Waldstkima.  21 

— Calyx  bracteolate,— Receptacle  pulpy,  globular,  red-FuAQAKiA.  22 

■ — Recept.  8pongy,glob.Fls.  purple.CoMAiii-\f,  23 

— Receptacle  dry. — Stamens  00  .  .Pote.ntilla.  24 

— Stamens  5. .  .SiBBALUiA.  25 

f  Follicles  2  to  10-seeded,     Petals  obovate,  cyanic Spir.ea.  26 

f  Follicles  2  to  4-8eecle(l.     Petals  lance-linoar,  cyanic Gillenia.  27 

f  Follicles  1-seeded.     Petals  multiplied,  orange-yellow Kerkia.  2'i 

1.  ALCHENIL'LA,  L.  Ladies'  Mantle.  (The  plant  is  called  in 
Arabic  dlkemebjeh.)  Calyx  4-tootlicd,  with  4  external  bracteoles ;  pe- 
tals 0 ;  stamens  1  to  4,  carpels  (1  to  4)  mostly  solitary,  with  the  style 
latei  al,  stij^ma  capitate  ;  seed  suspended. — Herbs  with  palmate-lobed  or 
incised  Ivs.  and  small  green  fls. 

1  A.  arvenais  Scop.  Parsley  Piert.  Lvs.  incisely  3-lobed  or  parted,  the  sep- 
ments  2  or  .H-cleft,  pubescent,  cuneate  at  base;  fls.  axillary,  clustered. —  1)  Wa;5to 
grounds,  E.  Va.     A  \\  orthless  weed,  so  small  as  to  bo  easily  overlooked. 

2  A.  alpinua  L.  Lvs.  radical,  silky  beneath,  digitately  5  to  t -foliate,  segm.  ob- 
lanceolato,  cuneiform  at  base,  incisely  serrate  at  apex;  fls.  corymbous. — "On  tho 
peaks  of  high  mts.,  Vt.  and  N.  II."  (Pursh).  But  the  plant  has  never  been  re- 
discovered there.     It  is  an  elegant  plant,  sometimes  cultivated.    Common  in  IJJur. 

2.  SANGUISOR'BA,  L.  Burnet.  Saxifrage.  (Lat.  mnguis^  sor- 
bere,  to  absorb  blood  ;  the  plant  is  esteemed  a  vulnerary.)  Calyx  tube 
4-sided,  2  or  3-bracted  at  base ;  limb  4-parted  ;  petals  0  ;  stamens  4, 
opposite  the  calyx  segments ;  filaments  dilated  upward  ;  style  1,  filiform; 
acheniiun  dry,  included  in  the  calyx. — Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate 
ivs.     Fls.  in  dense  spikes. 


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826 


Order  47.— ROSACEiE. 


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6.  Canadensis  L.  Glabrous ;  Ifls.  oblong,  cordate,  obtuse,  serrate ;  spikea  cjlin- 
dric,  very  long;  stam.  much  longer  than  the  cal. —  2(  In  wet  meadows,  Brit.  Am. 
to  Ga.  along  the  mts.,  and  cultivated  in  gardens.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  smooth,  striate, 
sparingly  branched.  Stip.  leafy,  serrate.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  long,  ^  to  J  as  wide,  petio- 
late,  mostly  stipellate.  Spikes  3  to  6'  long,  terminating  tlio  long,  naked  branches. 
Bracteoles  3.     Calyx  greeuish-white,  resembling  a  corolla.     Aug. 

3.  POTE^RIUM,  L.    Buknet.     (Literally  [in  Lat.]  a  drinking  ves.scl, 

and  hence  a  beverage,)     Flowers  8  .     Calyx  tube   contracted   at  the 

mouth,  3-bracteolate,  limb  4-parted,  petals  0  ;  stamens  20  lo  30  ;  ovaries 

2  ;  stigma  penicillate ;  achenia  dry,  included  in  the  calyx.     Herbs  with 

unequally  pinnate  Ivs.     Fls.  spicate. 

P.  Sangui86rba  L.  Herbaceous ;  st.  unarmed,  angular,  and  with  the  Ivs.,  smooth ; 
Ifls.  7  to  11,  ovate  or  roundish,  deeply  serrate ;  spikes  or  heads  subglobous,  the 
lower  fls.  staminate. — 1(.  Occasionally  cultivated  as  a  salad,  but  is  now  less  valued 
in  medicine  than  formerly.     It  is  said  by  Hooker  to  be  native  about  Lake  Huron. 

4.  CHRYSOBALA^NUS,  L.  Cocoa  Plum.  (Gr.  xp^<^k,  gold,  fidka- 
voq,  acorn  ;  in  reference  to  the  yellow  fruit.)  Calyx  6-cleft ;  petals  6  ; 
stamens  about  20,  in  a  single  series,  ovary  solitary,  sessile,  the  style  aris- 
ing from  the  base  ;  ovules  2,  collateral ;  drupe  1-seeded,  with  thin  pulp. 
• — Shrubs  unarmed,  with  entire,  veiny  Ivs.,  minute  stipules,  and  terminal 
panicles. 

C.  oblonglfdlius  Mx.  Lvs.  oblong,  varying  to  oblanceolate,  subsessilo,  pedicels 
and  calyx  tomentous-hoary ;  filaments  and  ovary  glabrous ;  petals  sessile ;  nucleus 
of  the  fruit  not  grooved. — Pine  barrens,  Ga,,  Ala.  and  Fla.  A  shrub  with  a  slen- 
der, prostrate  stem  or  woody  rhizome,  sending  up  short  branches  (8  to  12'),  with 
smooth,  coriaceous,  subentire  lvs.,  very  glossy  above,  and  very  strongly  veined, 
acute  or  obtuse.  Fls.  quite  small,  white.  Fruit  oblong,  as  large  as  a  plum. 
May,  Jn. 

5.  CER'ASUS,  Juss.  Cherry.  (Prunus  L.)  (Name  from  Cerasus, 
a  town  in  Pontus,  whence  originated  the  garden  cherry.)  Calyx  5- 
cleft,  regular,  deciduous;  petals  much  spreading;  stamens  15 — 20; 
ovary  2-ovuled ;  drupe  globous,  succulent,  very  smooth,  destitute  of  a 
glaucous  !  loom ;  stone  subglobous,  smooth,  with  no  border. — Trees  or 
shrubs.     Lvs.  conduplicate  (folded)  in  vernation. 

8  Leaves  evergreen.    Racemes  axillary,  braotless No.  1 

§  Leaves  deciduous. — Itacemes  leafy  at  base Nos.  2,  3 

— Umbels  lateral,  leafless, — Native Nos.  4,  5 

— Exotic Nos.  C,  7 

1  C.  Caroliniina  Mx.  Cherry  Laurel.  Lvs.  oblong-oblanceolate,  acuminate, 
on  short  petioles,  entire,  coriaceous;  fls.  small,  in  numerous,  dense  racemes 
shorter  than  the  lvs. ;  drupes  persistent. — Along  rivers,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La., 
and  much  cultivated.  A  small,  beautiful  evergreen  tree,  30  to  50f  high.  Lvs. 
about  2^'  by  1',  glabrous,  shining  above.  Drupes  black,  juiceless,  4"  long.  They 
are  considered  poisonous  as  well  as  the  leaves.  In  gardens  this  tree  is  trimmed 
into  the  semblance  of  walls,  domes,  arbors,  and  all  manner  of  fantastic  forms. 

2  C.  serotina  DC.  Black  or  Wild  Cherry.  Lvs.  firm,  oval-oblong  or  ellip- 
tic, acuminate,  smooth,  shining  above,  unequally  glandular-serrate;  petioles  witli 
2  to  4  glands ;  rac.  spreading,  elongated. — A  large  forest  tree  throughout  the  U. 
S.  Trunk  50  to  80f  high,  of  uniform  size  and  undivided  to  the  height  of  20  to 
30f,  2  to  4f  diam.  Bark  black  and  rough.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  ^  as  wide.  In  May 
and  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  cylindric  clusters  of  white  fls.  Fruit  nearly 
black  when  mature,  bitterish,  yet  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  is  greedily  devoured 
by  birds.  The  wood,  extensively  used  in  cabinet  work,  is  compact,  fine-grained, 
and  receives  a  high  polish.     The  bark  is  tonic,  with  a  strong,  bitter  taste. 

3  C.  Virgini^na  DC.  Choke  Cherry.  Lvs.  smooth,  oval  or  obovate,  short- 
pointed,  thin,  not  shining,  with  sharp,  s^ibulate  serratures,  veins  bearded  on  each 


Order  47— ROSACE-fi. 


827 


Bide  toward  tho  base ;  petiole  with  2  glands ;  rac.  lax,  short,  apreadiug ;  petals 
orbicular. — A  small  tree  or  shrub,  5  to  20f  high,  in  woods  and  hedges.  Bark 
grayish.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  2'  wide,  with  a  short,  abrupt  acumination.  Fls. 
appearing  in  May.  Fruit  (cherries)  abundant,  of  a  dark-red  color,  very  astringent 
to  the  taste,  yet  on  the  whole  agreeable. 

4  C.  piimila  Mx.  Sand  Cherry.  Lvs.  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  acute,  subserrate, 
smooth,  paler  beneath ;  umbels  few-flowered,  sessile,  drupe  ovoid.  A  small  trail- 
ing shrub,  in  gravelly  soils.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Branches  ascending,  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  i  as  wide,  very  acute  at  each  end.  Fls.  wiiito,  3,  4  or  6  iu 
each  umbel,  tho  pedicels  smooth,  1'  in  length.  Fruit  small,  dark  red,  acid  but 
agreeable  to  the  taste.     May.    (Prunus  depressa  Ph.) 

5  C.  Pennsylvdnica  Ait.  Wild  Rku  Cueruy.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
finely  serrate,  membranous,  smooth;  un)bel3  corymbous,  with  elongated  pedicels; 
drupe  small,  ovoid-subglobous. — A  small  tree,  common  in  woods  and  thickets  in 
the  Northern  States.  Tlio  trunk  rarely  exceeds  25f  in  height,  with  a  diam.  of  6 
to  8'.  Bark  smooth,  reddish  brown.  Lvs.  2  to  5'  long,  \  as  wide,  the  fine  teelk 
mostly  glandular,  apex  tapering  to  a  long  acumination.  Fls.  white,  on  long  ('Jj  ) 
slender  pedicels  collected  into  a  sort  of  umbel.  Fruit  red,  very  acid. — This  tree 
is  of  rapid  growtli,  and  quickly  succeeds  a  forest  clearing,  if  neglected.  May. 
(Prunus  borealw  Ph.) 

6  C.  A'vlum  Mcench.  Duke  Cherry.  Ox-heart.  English  Cherry. 
BiGAREAU,  &c.  Blanches  erect  or  ascending;  lvs.  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  hcury 
beneath;  umbels  sessile,  with  rather  long  pedicels;  drupe  ovoid  globous,  .suhcor- 
date  at  base. — Cultivated  iu  gardens,  fields,  &c.,  common.  Trunk  20  to  50f  in 
height,  with  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  head.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  ^  as  wide,  on  peti- 
oles 1  to  2'  long,  often  with  2  glands.  Fls.  expanding  with  tiie  leaves,  white. 
Drupes  various  shades  of  red,  firm  but  juicy.  May. — About  75  varieties  are  pub- 
lished in  American  catalogues.     % 

7  C.  vulgdria  Mill.  Sour  Cherry.  Large  Red.  IIorello,  &c.  Branches 
spreading;  lvs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex,  narroiuedat  base,  nearly  smooOi ;  um- 
bels subsessile,  with  short  pedicels ;  drupes  globous. — A  smaller  tree  than  the  pre- 
ceding, much  cultivated.  Trunk  15  to  20f  high,  with  a  roundish,  compact  head. 
Branclies  slender.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  §  as  wide,  unequally  serrate,  on  j)etiolos  J 
as  long,  with  2  glands.  Fls.  white,  expanding  sooner  than  the  leaves,  2  or  3  from 
each  bud,  on  pedicels  §'  long.  Fr.  large,  vai-ious  shades  of  red,  acid  or  subacid. 
Apr. — More  than  50  varieties  are  enumerated,  if  (Prunus  Cerasus  L.) 

6.  PRU^NUS,  Tonrn.  Plum,  Apricot.  Calyx  6-cleft,  regular,  ue- 
ciduous;  petals  much  spreading;  stamens  15  to  30  ;  ovary  2-ovuled  ; 
drupe  ovate,  fleshy,  generally  clothed  with  a  glaucous  bloom  or  with  a 
soft  pubescence  ;  nucleus  compressed,  smooth. — Small  trees  or  shrubs. 
Lvs.  convolute  in  vernation.  Fls.  white,  in  simple  umbels  from  lateral 
buds,  mostly  preceding  the  lvs. 

§  Drupe  downy  ;  stone  furrowed  at  edges.    Lvs.  acuminate Nos.  8,  9 

$  Drupe  glabrous — umbels  1  or  2-flo\vered.    Lvs.  acute Nos.  6—7 

— umbels  2  to6-flowered. — Lvs.  rather  acute Nos.  2—4 

— Lvs.  acuminate No  1 

1  P.  Axnericdna  Marsh.  Red  Plum.  Yellow  Plum.  Somewhat  thorny, 
lvs.  oblong-oval  and  obovate,  abruptly  and  strongly  acuminate,  doubly  serrate ; 
drupes  roundish  oval,  reddish  orange,  with  a  thick,  coriaceous  skin. — Hedges  and 
low  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  often  cultivated  for  its  sweet  and  pleasant  fruit, 
which  is  about  the  size  of  the  Damson.  Shrub  10  to  15f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long, 
f  as  wide,  petioles  \  to  J'  long,  mostly  with  2  glands  at  the  summit.  Fls.  pre- 
ceding the  lvs.,  3  to  4  in  each  of  the  numerous  umbels,  white.  Drupes  nearly 
destitute  of  bloom,  ripe  in  Aug.     Flowers  in  May.  X  (Cerasus  nigra  Loisel.) 

2  P.  marftima  Wang.  Beach  Plum.  Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  slightly  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate ;  petioles  with  2  glands;  umbels  few-flowered;  pedicels  short,  pu- 
bescent; fV.  nearly  round. — A  small  shrub  abundant  on  the  sea-beach,  particu- 
larly on  Plum  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Merrimac  River.  Very  branching.  Lva 
1  to  3'  long,  downy-caneaoent  beneatli  when  young,  becoming  at  length  nearly 


^    :M 


* 


S28 


Ordek  47.-^-R0SACE^. 


smooth.  Fls.  white,  2  to  5  in  each  of  the  numerous  umbela  Pr,  globular,  eat- 
able, red  or  purple,  little  inferior  in  size  to  tiie  coniTnon  garden  pium.  Ripe  in 
Aug..  Sept.     Fl.  in  May.     (P.  littoralis  B\v.) 

3  P.  umbellata  Pill.  Lvs.  lanctolate  or  lance-ovnl,  acute  or  barely  acuminate, 
obscurely  serrulate  ;  petioles  (jlandk'ss ;  wuhels  3  to  b-jiowered ;  fr.  oval,  small,  glau- 
C0U8,  rod. — Dry  toils,  in  copses,  etc.,  Savannah  (Feay,  Pond)  to  Bainbridge,  Ga. 
and  Fla.  A  small,  bushy  tree,  scarcely  thorny.  The  flowers  bloom  and  decay 
before  the  lvs.  appear.  Lvs.  small  (about  18  '  by  9  "),  downy  all  over  or  often 
glabrous,  with  1  or  2  glands,  if  any,  on  the  margin  near  the  base.  Drupes  pleas- 
antly acid  and  much  used,  ripe  in  Jl.  and  Aug.     Fl.  in  Mar. 

4  P.  Chicasa  Mx.  Chickasaw  Plum.  Branches  spinous;  lvs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  oblanceoluto,  glandular  serrulat",  with  the  <jlaiuis  2Jelliicid,  not  at  all  anuiti- 
nate,  nearly  smooth;  umtiels  2  to  3-Jlou:tred,  pedicels  siiort,  smooth;  drupe 
globous. — A  lino  fruit  siirub.  Del.  {Ganby)  to  III.  and  southward.  Hei!j;lit  8  to 
12f,  with  a  bushy  head.  Lvs.  1  to  2',  ^»etiole3  about  \,  long.  Fla.  small,  white, 
expanding  with  the  lvs.,  in  Apr.  Fr.  red  or  yelhnvisli-red,  tender  and  succulent, 
ri|)o  in  Jl.     There  are  several  varieties.  \  (Oerasu.s,  DC.) 

5  P.  spinosa  L.  Black  Thokn.  Si.oe.  Branches  thorny ;  fls.  solitary ;  cal.  eam- 
piiiiiilate,  lobes  obtuse,  longer  than  the  tube;  lvs.  pubescent  beneath,  obovato- 
elliptieal,  varying  to  ovate,  .«harply  and  doubly  dentate ;  drupe  globous. — Hedge 
rows  and  cultivated  grounds,  Penn,  (Pursli.)  A  thorny  shrub  12  to  15f  high, 
native  of  Europe.  ^ — Some  botanists  regard  the  next  two  numbers  as  varieties 
of  this,  altered  by  cultivation. 

6  P.  iusititia  L.  Wild  Bulla ce.  Plum.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  petiole,  acute,  serrate,  pahesrent-viUous  beneath ;  branches  some- 
wliat  spiny  ;  fls.  generally  in  jiairs ;  cal.  segrn.  entire,  obtuso ;  pet.  obovate  ;  fr. 
globular. — Tree  15  to  20f  high,  sparingly  naturulizeil.  Lvs.  1  to  1^'  long,  with 
short  petioles.     Petals  white.     Fr.  black,  covered  with  a  yellowish  bloom.  §. 

7  P.  dom^stica  L.  Commox  GARr)E>f  Plum.  Damson  Plum.  Branches 
unarmed;  lvs.  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  pedicels  nearly  solitary ;  drupo 
globous,  oval,  ovoid  and  oI)ovoid. — This  long  cultivated  tree  or  shrub  is  said  to 
be  a  native  of  Italy.  It  rarely  exceeds  15f  in  height.  Lvs.  quite  variable  in  form, 
1  to  3'  long,  §  as  wide,  sometimes  obtuso,  on  petioles  about  1'  in  length.  Fls. 
white,  generally  but  one  from  a  bud,  expanding  while  the  lvs,  are  but  half 
grown,  in  Apr.  and  May.  Fr.  black,  varying  through  many  colors  to  white, 
covered  with  a  rich  glaucous  bloom,  ripo  in  Aug.  About  150  varieties  arc  pub- 
lished in  the  catalogues  of  American  gardeners.  :j:. 

8  P.  Armeniaca  Willd.  Apricot.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  denticulate;  slip.  p(dniate ;  fli^.  sessile,  subsolitary,  preceding  the 
lvs.;  dru^o  somewhat  compres.sed,  subglobous,  large. — Occasionally  cultivated  in 
gardens,  &c.  Tree  10 — 15f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  fas  wide,  smooth,  petioles 
nearly  2'  long,  with  several  glands.  Fls.  white.  Apr.  Fr.  purplish-yellow,  &o., 
1  to  2'  diam. ;  ripe  Jl.  Aug.     There  are  about  20  varieties.  :j: 

9  P.  dasycdrpa  Ehrh.  Black  Apuicot.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly 
Bi'rrate;  petioles  with  1  or  2  glands;  fls.  pedicellate;  drupe  subglobous. — Tliis 
species  is  from  Siberia. — The  tree  or  shrub  is  about  the  size  of  the  last,  hardy  and 
thrifty.  Lvs.  smooth  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  2  to  3'  long,  g  as 
wide,  on  petioles  near  1'  long.  .F!".  white,  preceding  the  lvs.,  distinctly  pedicel- 
late. Fr.  dark  purple  when  mature,  in  July.  Fls.  Apr.  |  Neither  species  is 
yet  common. 

7.  PER'SICA,  Tourn.  Peach.  Nectar:nk.  (Named  from  Pcrtfia, 
Its  native  country.)  Calyx  S-deft,  tnbuliir-campanulate,  deciduous ; 
petals  5  ;  drupe  fleshy,  tomentous  or  smootii ;  nucleus  somewliat  com- 
pressed, ovate,  acute,  rugosely  furrowed  and  perforated  on  the  surface. 
— Small  trees.     Lvs.  conduplicato  in  vernation. 

P.  vulgaris  Mill.  Peach.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  eerrate,  with  all  the  serraturea 
acute ;  fla.  solitary,  subse*<sile,  precedhig  the  lvs. ;  drupe  iomentous. — Tree  or 
shrub,  8  to  15f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  ^  as  wide,  smooth,  petiolea  phort,  witli 


f>\\ 


Obder  47.— ROSACEiE. 


329 


1  or  2  glands.  Fls.  rose-color,  with  the  odor  of  prussio  acid.  Fr.  large,  1  to  2J' 
diara.,  yellowish,  tinged  with  purple,  densely  toineatous. — About  200  varieties 
of  this  delicious  fruit  are  named  ami  described  in  the  catalogues  of  American 
nurserymen.  The  doubie-tlowered  peach  is  a  liighly  ornamenttil  variety,  blos- 
soming in  Apr.  and  May,  but  fruitle.ss. 

ii.  L^vis.  Nectarine.  Drupe  gldlirous. — Closely  resembles  the  peach  hi 
form,  foliage,  and  fls.  The  fr.  is  1  to  3  diara.,  smooth,  yellow,  purple,  red, 
&c.  Of  its  numerous  aVjout  25)  subvarietios  about  a  fourth  are  cUny-stonts — 
flesh  adhering  to  tlie  stone,  and  the  remainder  freestones  or  clear-t-tones — 
flesh  free  or  separating  from  the  stone.  X 

8.  AMYG'DALUS,  Willd.  Almond.  Calyx  5-cleft,  carnpanulate, 
deciduous  ;  petals  5  :  drupes  not  fleshy,  compressed  :  nucleus  })erforato 
and  furrowed,  ovate,  compressed,  one  edi^e  acute,  the  other  broad,  ob- 
tuse.—Trees  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  conduplicato  in  vernation. 

1  A.  commtlniB  Willd.  Lvs.  lani  ;■/«,'/,  sprrate.  with  the  lower  scrraturei 
glandular;  ils.  sessile,  in  pairs,  ap;  euru;;^  before  the  lvs. — From  Burbary. 
Scarcely  cultivated  in  tliis  country  for  :iO  IV.iii.  which  we  receive  mostly  from  S. 
Europe.     A  doublo-ttowered  variety  is  uie'  'j  ornamental  in  shrubberies,  f 

2  A.  ndna  Ait.  Dwarf  sixule-ft.oweuinu  Almond.  Lvs.  ovate,  attenuate 
at  base,  simply  and  finely  serrate;  lis.  su  s^^ssile,  appearing  before  the  lvs. — A 
very  ornamental  shrub  from  Russia.  Height  about  3f,  branching.  Lvs.  3  to  6 
long,  \  as  wide,  smooth,  acuminate  at  eacii  end.  Fls.  numeroua  Petals  oblong, 
obtuse,  roseate,  often  double.     May,  Ji..  f 

3  A.  pumila  Ait.  Dwarf  dou»le-flowerin(J  Almond.  Ltts.  lanceolate, 
douiily  serrate;  fis.  pedicellate. — Nativo  of  China.  A  low  shrub,  highly  orna- 
mental, common  in  cultivation.  Sts.  2  to  3f  higli.  brandling.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  ^ 
to  r,  acut  at  each  end,  smooth.  Fls.  very  numerous,  clothing  the  whole  shrub 
in  their  roseate  hue,  wiiQe  the  lvs.  are  yet  small.     May,  Jn.  f 

9.  PHOTIN'IA,  Lindi.  (Gr.  (Jjojc,  (f)(jJTbg^  light;  on  account  of  its 
brilliant  leaves.)  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  petals  retlexed  ;  ovary  villous,  2- 
carpelcd,  iialf-superior  styles  glabrous ;  fruit  included  in  the  fleshy 
calyx;  testa  cartilaginous. — Elegant  shrubs  or  trees,  with  coriaceous, 
persistent  lvs.     l*a!iiclcs  terminal. 

1  P.  arbutifdlia  Lindl.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  distinctly  serrate; 
pedicels  shorter  than  thecal. — California.  Height  10  to  20f.  Lvs.  dark,  shining 
green,  very  rigid,  revolu*e  at  edge.     I'ls.  small,  numerous,  white. 

2  .  serrulata  Lindl.  Lvs.  oblong,  acute,  senulate;  pedicels  longer  than 
calyx. — Cliinn.  Lvs.  very  smooth  and  siiiniug.  Fla.  small,  white.  Both  are 
hardy  at  the  South. 

10.  ERIOBOTRYA,  Lindl.     Loquat.     (Or.  epiov,  wool,  fiiWpvg,  a 

cluster  of  grapes  ;  alluding  to  its  villous  flowers.)     Calyx  woolly,  of  5 

obtuse  teeth  ;  petals  bearded  ;  stamens  erect,  as  long  as  the  sepals  ; 

Btylns  5,  filiform,  included,  hairy  ;  pome  3  to  5-celle<l,  closed  ;  chalaza 

Hone  ;  radicle  retracted  within  the  cotyledons. — Shrubs  or  trees,  with 

persistent  lvs. 

B.  Jap6nica  Lindl.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  wavy,  and  serrate;  fls.  in  terminal, 
woolly  racemes,  with  very  short  pedicels;  fr.  oval  or  roundish. — Cultivated  and 
hardy  at  tiie  South.  Fls.  small  (3"  diam.),  white.  Fr.  about  the  size  of  the 
goOiW'berry,  bright  yellow,  and  agreeable  in  taste,  ripe  early,  f  Japan. 

t1.  AMELAN'CHIER,  Medic.  Shad-Floweu.  Wild  Service.  (Fr. 
Atiitldncicr^  the  })()})ular  ntiiue  of  A.  vidgaris.)  Calyx  6  cleft,  petals 
<5,  obl(/r)f/-obovate  or  oblanceolate ;  stamens  short ;  styles  6,  somewhat 
united  at  base ;  porno  3  to  6-celled,  cells  partially  divided,  2-8eeded. — 
Small  trees  or  slirtibs.  Lvs.  simple,  serrate.  Fls.  racemous,  white. 
A.    Canad^nsla  Torr.  k  Or.     Lvh.  oval  or  ol)long-ovato    often  cordate  at  ba«€v 


■■!■  .  i'n 
''i.,. 


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j./ii 


830 


Order  47.— ROSACEA 


H   ^ 


acuminate  or  cuspidate  or  mucronate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth ;  rac.  loose,  elon> 
gated ;  segm.  of  the  cal  triangular-laaceolate,  nearljiras  long  as  the  tube  ;   petals 
linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate ;    fr.  purplish,  globous. — A  small  tree  or  ^hrub, 
found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  rarely  exceeding  35f  in  height.     Lva. 
2  to  3'  long,  downy-tomentous  when  young,   at  length  very  sraootli    on  both 
sides,  very  acute  and  finely  serrate.     Fls.  large,  white,  in   terminal   racemes,  ap- 
pearing in  early  spring,  rendering  the  tree  quite  conspicuous  in  the  yet  naked 
forest.     Fruit  pleasant  to  the  taste,  ripening  in  June.     (Pyrus  Botryapium  L.  t.) 
/3.  OBLONGiFoLi.A.  T.  &.  Gr.     Shrubby;  lv3.  oblong-oval,  mucronate,   and  with 
small,  sharp   serratures;   rac.  and   flowers   sn.:.ller;    pet.    obloug-obovate, 
thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.     (A.  ovalis  Hook.) 
y.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  T.  &.  Gr.     Lvs.  broad-oval ;  petals  linear-oblong.     Shrub  10 

to  20f  high.  (Pyrua  ovaUs  Willd.) 
i.  ALNiFoLiA  T.  &  Gr.  Slirubby  or  arborescent;  lvs.  orbicular-oval,  rounded  or 
retuso  at  each  end,  serrate  only  near  the  apex ;  pet.  linear-oblong  ;  stam. 
very  short.  (Aronia  alnifolia  Nutt.) 
(.  OLiGOCARPA  T.  &  G.  Slirubby;  lvs.  mostly  glabrous  from  the  first,  elliptic- 
oblong,  cuspidate;  ras.  2  to  4-flowered,  pet.  obovate-oblong. — Mountain 
swamps,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.  and  northward. 

12.  CRAT^^GUS,  L.  Thorn.  Hawthorn.  (Or.  Kpdro^,  strength  ; 
on  account  of  the  firmness  of  the  wood.)  Calyx  urceolato,  limb  5-oleft ; 
petals  5;  stamens  Qo;  ovaries  1  to  5,  with  as  many  styles;  pome 
doshy,  containing  1  to  6  bony,  1-seeded  carpels,  and  crowned  at  tho 
summit  by  the  persistent  calyx  and  disk. — Trees  or  shrubs,  armed  with 
thorns.  Lvs.  simple,  often  lobed.  Bracts  subulate,  deciduous,  mostly 
ghmdulav.     Fls.  corymbous. 

S  Corymbs  6  to  30-flowere(l,  nppearinp:  with  the  leaves,  (a) 

a  Villous  or  pubescont.    Lvs.  plicate  or  silicate  along  the  veins Nos.  ),  2 

a  rubesccnt.    Lvs.  ])lain,  not  at  all  plicate,  cleft  or  not Nos.  8,  4 

a  Glabrous  throughout. — Lvs.  abrupt  ut  base,  lobed,  petioled Nos.  5 — 7 

—Lvs.  attenuate  at  base,  seldom  lobed Nos.  8,  9 

i  Corymbs  1  to  6-flowered,— appearing  before  tho  downy  leaves • No.  10 

—appearing  with  tho  leaves,— j)ubescent No.  11 

— glabrous N  os.  12, 13 

1  C.  tomentdsa  L.  Black  Thorv.  Lvs.  broad-oiate  or  oval,  abrupt  at  base,  the 
nuiargin  doubly  and  sharply  serrate  or  cut  Mo  many  small  lobes,  villous  or  pubescent 
when  young  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  compound  corymbs  of  large  fls.,  veins 
prominent  beneath,  sulcate  above;  fruit  ratlier  large  (8  to  9"  diam.)  oval  or 
globular,  u-carpeled,  2  to  5-seeded,  crimson,  tinged  yellowish.—  Can.  to  Ky.  and 
Gar.  Mts.  A  large  shrub  or  tree  15  to  25f  high.  Lvs.  half  grown  with  the  hand- 
some white  fls.,  finally  2  to  3  by  1  to  2'.     Fl.  Apr.,  May.     Fr.  Jl.  Aug. 

/J    PLICATA.     Lvs.  smaller,  nearly  glabrous  and  strongly  plicate.    Vt.  (T.  &G.), 

N.  H.  and  N.  Y. 
y.  PYRiFoLi  V  Ait.     Lvs.   ovate-elliptic  or  oval,  acute  at  base,  and  with  the 
slender  petioles  and  corymbs  thinly  pubescent,  plicate,  sharply  toothed  and 
slightly  cut-lobed.     Styles  mostly  3. — Mich,  to  Iowa. 
6.   FLABEf-LATA   Bosc.      Lvs.    roundisli-cunciform    or    somewhat    tanshapcd, 
glabrous,  dentate  and  cut-lobed  above ;  corymbs  and  bracts  pubescent,  glan- 
dular.— 111.,  Iowa. 
e.  MOLLIS  Gray.     Lvs.  largo,  softly  villous,  subcordale,  with  the  margin  quite 
oonspicuously,  many  (9  to   13)-lobed;   corymbs   eantscently  villous;    fruit 
downy  when  young. — Ohio  to  Iowa. 
S  C.  punctata  Jac(|.     Lvs,    cuueifarm-obovate,  doubly  and   often  incisely  serrate, 
entire  at  base,  and  narrowed  in  a  short,  u'inged  petiole,  veins  straight  and  prominent, 
pubescent  beneath;  corymbs  and  cal.   villous-pubescent ;    sty.  3   (1   or  2);   ir. 
globous,  pnnriate. — Borders  of  woods,  U.  S.   and  Can.     Tree   12  to  25f  high. 
Brunches  wnle-spreading,  crooked,  covered  with   cinerous  bark.     Thorns  f^tout, 
sharp,  1  to  2'  long,  sometimes  wanting.     Lvs.  U  to  2/1'  long,  j  as  wide,  acute  or 
lAort  aeuniinate  :  petioles  \  to  1   long.     F'~  white,  in  somewhat  leafv,  compound 
corymbs  of  8  to  I't.      Fr.  5  to  8  '  dlam.,  rcv.  or  yeliowiah,  eatable  in  Sept.     Fla. 
Apr.— Jb 


Order  47.— ROSACEA. 


331 


3  C.   arbor^soens  Ell.      Unarmed;   Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  deeplj 
.  serrate,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  in  the  axles  of  the  veins  beneath ;  cal.  hairy, 

segm.  subulate,  obtuse,  entire ;  sty.  5. — Fort  Argyle,  on  the  Ogeechee  R.  (Elliott). 
■  A  tree  20  to  30f  high,  with  spreading  branches.     Petioles  short,  with  shorter, 
linear-lanceolate  caducous  stipules.     Segm.  of  the  cal.  reflected.     Fr.  small,  red, 
3"  diam.     Mar.,  Apr. 

4  C.  apiifdlia  Mx.  Pubescent,  thorny ;  Ivs.  deltoid,  truncate  at  base,  deeply  5  to  1- 
ctU-lobed,  lobes  incisely  toothed  at  end,  petiole  slender,  often  longer  than  the  blade; 
sep.  lanceolate ;  sty.  2  or  3 ;  fr.  small,  red. — In  woods,  Va  to  Fla.  and  La.  A 
handsome  shrub,  8  to  12f  high,  with  rather  short,  stout  thorns,  and  large,  white 
or  roseate  fls.  Lvs.  small,  broader  (10  to  18")  than  long,  fascicled,  numerous. 
Corymbs  10  to  12-flowered.     Fr.  oval,  about  3"  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

5  C.  Oxycintha  L.  Hawthorn.  English  Thorn.  Lvs.  ohnvate,  obtuse,  3  to 
5-lobed,  serrate,  smoothish,  shining  above,  wedge-shaped  at  base;  corymbs 
glabrous;  sty.  1  to  3;  fr.  ovoid,  small. — Hedges,  &c.,  sparingly  naturalized. 
Shrub  very  branching,  8  to  18f  high.  Thorns  slender,  very  sharp,  axillary.  Lvs. 
1^  to  2'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  deeply  lobed;  petioles  ^  to  1'  long.  Fls.  white, 
varying  to  roseate.  Fr.  2  to  3"  diam.,  usually  1-seeded,  purple.  Used  for  hedges 
(extensively  in  Europe).     Tiiere  are  several  varieties.  §  f 

6  C.  coccinea  L.  WinTB  Thorn.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acutely  serrate,  7  to  9- 
lobed  {lobes  shallow),  thin  and  smooth,  abrupt  at  base ;  petioles  long,  slender,  and 
(with  the  calyx)  smooth  and  subglandular ;  sty.  3  to  5. — A  thorny  slirub  or  small 
tree,  10  to  20f  high,  in  thickets  by  streams,  <fec..  Can.  and  U.  S.  Branches 
crooked  and  spreading,  branchlets  and  thorns  whitish.  Thorns  stout,  rigid, 
sharp,  a  little  recurved,  about  1^'  long.  Lvs.  1^  to  2  J'  long,  J  as  wide,  lobed,  or 
(rather)  coarsely,  doubly  acuminate-serrate.  Petioles  very  slender,  J  as  long  aa 
the  lamina.  Fls.  white,  in  paniculate,  lateral  corymbs  of  about  12.  Fr.  5"  diam., 
bright  purple,  eatable  in  Sept.     Fls.  May. 

7  C.  cord^ta  Ait.  Washington  Thorn.  Thorny,  glabrous  and  glandless ;  lvs. 
cordate-ovate,  somewhcU  deltoid,  incisely  and  often   deeply  3  to  5-lobed,  serrate, 

with  long  and  slender  petioles ;  sep.  short;  sty.  6  ;  fr.  small,  globous-depressed 

Banks  and  streams,  Va.  to  Ga.,  cultivated  in  the  Middle  States  for  hedgerows. 
Shrub  15  to  20f  high,  the  branches  with  very  sharp  and  slender  thorns  2  to  3' 
long.  Lvs.  about  2  by  1^',  the  upper  rather  cuneato  at  base,  the  others  truncate 
or  heart-sliaped.     Pomes  \'  diam.,  numerous,  red.     Jn.  §  \ 

8  C.  Crua-gdlli  L.  Cock-spur  Thorn."  Glabrous ;  lvs.  obovate-cuneiform,  or  oh- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole,  serrate,  coriaceous,  shining  above ;  spines 
very  long;  corymbs  glabrous;  sep.  lanceolate,  subserrato;  sty.  1  (2  or  3). — ■ 
Hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Siirub  10  to  20f  high,  much  branched. 
Thorns  2  to  3'  long,  straight,  sharp  and  ratlier  slender.  Lvs.  1  to  2^'  long,  a 
tliird  as  wide,  tapering  and  entire  at  base,  mostly  obtuse  at  apex;  petioles  1  to 
5"  long.  Fls.  white,  fragrant,  in  corymbs  of  about  15,  on  very  short,  lateral 
branchlets.  Fr.  pyriiirm,  iluU  red,  2  to  3"  diam.,  persistent  during  winter,  unless 
eaten  by  birds.     Jn. —  \'arie3  with  the  lvs.  somewhat  oblong  or  oval. 

9  C.  spathulata  Mx.  Glabrous  and  glandless ;  lvs.  small,  coriaceous,  shininfr, 
oblong -spalulate,  attenuated  to  the  subsessiln  base,  crenate  above,  Honietimes  lobed ; 
corymbs  numerous,  lateral,  20  to  25-fiowered;  sepals  ver}'-  short;  fr.  very  small, 
scarlet. — Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  A  handsome  shrub  10  to  15f  high,  profusely 
flowering.  Lvs.  mostly  1'  in  length,  much  inclined  to  vary,  those  on  the  barren 
shoots  much  larger,  becoming  rhomboidal  and  lobed.  Fr.  2  to  3"  diam.  Spines 
few  and  small.     Fls.  small,  white.     Apr,,  May. 

VC.  eestivalia  Torr.  &  lir.  Apple  Haw.  Fls.  just  before  the  elliptical,  repand, 
shcirt-petioled  lvs.,  which,  when  young,  are  glandular  at  edge,  and  clotJied  with 
a,  rusty  tomeiituin,  at  length  glabrous  above;  corymbs  glabrous,  2  to  5-(l()wered; 
caL  segm.  short,  triangular,  glandless;  fr.  quite  large  (8  to  9' ),  globular,  red. — 
In  the  edges  of  pond?-  and  rivers,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale).  Tree  much 
branched,  20  to  301'  high.  Fr.  ripe  in  May,  juicy,  pleasant  flavored,  and  luudx 
used.     Fls.  in  Feb.,  Mar.     (Mespilus  tpstivalis  Walt.) 

lie  parvifldra  Ait.  Thorns  straight  and  slender,  U)s.  coriaceous,  j5«?«,vre7i<, 
aiQoate-obovute,  subtetsile,  ureaate-serrate ;  fls.  subttolitary ,  cai.  with  tlie  pedicels 


'4] 


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:S  I 


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d 


1' 


j 


i  ■. 


I' 


332  Order  47.— ROSACEA. 

and  branchleia  villous-tomentotis ;  sep.  incised,  leafy,  as  long  as  the  pet. ;  fty.  5  ?  fr, 
large,  roundish-obovoid,  with  5  bony,  l-seeded  nuts. — Sandy  wooiiB,  N.  J.  ifad 
Southern  States.  A  much  branched  shrub,  4  to  'Tf  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  J  to 
§',  the  upper  surface  shining  and  nearly  glabrous  when  oW.  Fr.  greenish-yel- 
low, near  \'  diam.,  eatable  when  ripe.  Apr.,  May. 
ji.  I'UBESCENS.     Shrubs  somewhat  larger,  with  larger,   roundish,   less  downy 

ivs. ;  petals  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.     Spines  very  slender. — Ga.  (C. 

clliptica  Ait.) 
12.  C.  fl^va  Ait.  Summer  Haw.  Glabrous;  thorns  straight  or  arcuate;  Iv.s. 
membranous,  rhombic-obovate,  attenuate  into  a  gftoTiduZar  pe<iofe,  incised,  glandular' 
toothed  and  slightly  lolled  above;  corymbs  1  (often  2  or  3)-Jtowered,  glabrous; 
fis.  large ;  sty.  4  or  5 ;  fr.  large,  pear-shaped,  yellowish. — In  dry,  shady  places, 
Va.  to  Fla.  Tree  15  to  25f  high.  Lvs.  when  mature,  2  to  3'  long;  Fr.  9"  long, 
not  well-flavored.    Bracts  and  sepals  as  well  as  the  petioles  glandular.  Apr.,  May. 

13  C.  vfridis  L.  Glabrous ;  thorns  few  and  short ;  lvs.  thin,  roundish  or  oval, 
acuto  at  each  end,  sharply  and  doubly  toothed  above ;  petioles  glandless  (always  ?) ; 
rorymbs  3  to  S-floivered;  fls.  rather  large,  the  bracts  very  glandular;  sep.  subu- 
late; sty.  2  or  3  (rarely  5?);  fr.  large,  globular,  red,  tinged  with  yellow. — Iowa 
(Cousciis)  to  Fla.  Shrubs  12  to  18f  liigh.  Lvs.  1  to  2' long,  varying  from  ellip- 
tic-ovate to  deltoid-ovate  (C.  populifolia  Ell.)  or  even  cordate,  sometimes  slightly 
lobed,  the  petioles  slender,  often  as  long  as  the  leaf  Fr.  4"  diam.,  purplish,  eata- 
ble.    Apr.,  May.     (C.  coccinea  /i.  Torr.  &  Gr.) 

14  C.  berberifolia  Torr.  &  Gr.,  with  coriaceous,  oblong-cuneiform  lvs.  and  (in 
Sept.)  large  (6'  diam.),  deep  blue  pomes  sent  from  Louisburg,  La.  by  Dr.  Hale,  is 
a  doubtful  member  of  this  difficult  genus. 

13.  PY'RUS,  L.  Pear,  Apple,  etc.  (Celtic  peren ;  Anglo-Saxon 
perc ;  Fr.  poire ;  Lat.  ^jyrMS ;  Eng.  pear.)  Calyx  urceolate,  limb 
5-<rleft ;  netals  5,  roundish  ;  styles  6  (2  or  3),  often  united  at  base ; 
pome  closed,  2  to  5  carpeled,  fleshy  or  baccate ;  carpels  cartilaginous, 
2-»<"ed*d. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  simple  or  pinnate.  Fls.  white  or 
r»)ee-colored,  in  cyraous  corymbs. 

il'YRtis.  Lvs.  simple,  glandless;  styles  distinct;  pome  pyriform , No.  1 
Mams.  Lvs.  simple,  glandless  ;  styles  united  below  ;  fr.  globous .Nos.  2— t 
VitiisiA.  Lvs.  simple,  glandular  on  the  midvein;  styles  united,  etc No  "» 
^oKHiiH.    Lvs.  i»innate  ;  styles  2  to  5,  distinct Nos.  <i,  7 

1  P.  commtiniB  L.  Pear  Tree.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  crenate, 
glabrous  and  polished  above,  acute  or  acuminate ;  corymbs  racemous ;  cal.  and 
pedicels  pubescent ;  sty.  5,  distinct  and  villous  at  base. — Tree  usually  taller  than 
the  apple,  20  to  35f  high.  Branches  ascending.  Lvs.  2  to  3^'  long,  §  as  wide ; 
petioles  1  t)  2  long.  Fls.  white.  Native  in  Europe,  where  in  its  wild  state  the 
fruit  is  aiiiall  juQd  unpalatable.  The  Romans  cultivated  36  varieties  (PHny)  but, 
hke  thf  apple  varieties  without  end  are  now  raised  from  the  seed  of  this  delictus 
fruit.  X 

2  F  M^UB  L.  Common  Applf  Tree.  Zra.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  serjate, 
not  tubed,  tknvny,  the  veins  all  incurved;  corymbs  subumbellate ;  pedicels  and 
calyx  villous-tomentous ;  pet.  with  short  claius ;  sty.  5,  luiited  and  villous  at  base; 
pome  globous. — Native  in  Europe,  and  almost  naturalized  here.  Tree  20  to  25f 
high  (ill  thickets  50  to  60).  Branches  rigid,  crooked,  spreading.  Lvs.  2  to  3' 
long,  i;  ah  wide,  petioles  ^  to  1'  long.  Fls.  expanding  with  tho  lvs.,  fragrant, 
large,  clothing  the  tree  in  tiicir  light  roseate  hue,  making  ample  amends  for  its 
roughniiesH  and  deformity. — 'llio  Komans  hiid  22  varieti  s  (I'linj)  but  the  number 
is  now  greatly  increased.    rrol)ably  nearly  1000  varieties  are  cultivated  in  the 

u.  s.  X 

3  P.  coron^ria  L.  Sweet-scented  Crab-tree.  Lvs.  ovate,  rounded  at 
base,  incmeUj  serrate,  often  sublobafe,  straight-veined,  pubescent  when  young,  at 
l«"ngth  smoothi-^h,  on  slender  petiole* :  pet  clawed;  pedicels  glabrous;  sep.  subu- 
l»te;  sty,  united  aii'i  wodlly  af  tiio  base;  fr  as  well  'is  fla,  yery  rragrant,  corymb 
ous. — Borders  ot  woods  Mid.,  West,  and  Souih.  States,  A  small  tree  10  to  20f 
high,  with  spreading  branches.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  half  tis  wide,  petioles  ^  to  l' 


Orleu  47.— rosace.*. 


331', 


long-.     Fls.  very  large,  rose-colored,  in  loose  corymbs  of  5  to  10.     Fr.  as  largo 
(1  to  1^'  diam.)  as  a  small  apple,  yellowish,  hard  aud  sour  but  esteemed  lor  pro- 
serves.     May.  ^ 
iJ.  loENSis.     Lvs.  (when  young),  pedicels  and  calyx  densely  tomentous.     Lvs. 

ovate  and  oblong,  distinctly  lobed ;  (Ir.  not  seen). — Sent  from  Iowa  by  Dr 

Couaens. 

4  P.  angUBtifdlia  Ait.  Lvs,  lanceolate,  acute,  or  obtuse  at  base,  glabrous,  scarcely 
veiny,  crenute-serrato  or  almost  entire,  on  short  petioles ;  corymbs  racemous,  few 
(4  to  7)-flowered;  pedicels  and  calyx  outside  glabrous;  sep.  ovale,  villous  within; 
sty.  distinct,  villous  at  base. — Penn.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Tree  20  to  HOt  high  (in 
woods  near  Ogeechee  causeway).  Lvs.  about  4  times  longer  than  wide.  Fli. 
similar  to  Xo.  3,  rose-purple,  large,  fine  and  fragrant.  Mar. — T.  &  G.  describe  u 
variety  with  the  styles  glabrous. 

5  P.  arbutifdlia  L.  f  Choke  Bkrry.  Lvs.  oblong-obovate  or  oval-lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  crenato  serrulate,  smooth  above,  tomentous  beneath  whtu  young, 
attenuate  at  base  into  a  short  petiole  ;  ped.  ami  cal.,  when  young,  tomentous;  fr 
pyriform  or  aubglobous,  dark  red. — Low,  moist  woodlands,  U.  S.  and  Can.  A 
shrub  5  to  8f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  ^  as  wide,  often  subacuminate,  subcoria- 
ceous,  .serratures  small,  with  a  glandular,  incurved  point;  petioles  2  to  4'  long. 
Fls.  white,  in  compound,  terminal  corymbs  of  12  or  more.  Fr.  astringent,  ag 
large  as  a  currant.     May,  Jii.  f 

ji.  MEi.ANOCAUPA  Hook.     Lvs.,  cal.  and  ped.  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  fr.  blackish- 
purple. — Swamps.     Height  2  to  4f    (P.  melanocarpa  Willd.) 

6  P.  Americana  DC.  Mountain  Ash.  Lfts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
mucronately  serrate,  Smooth,  subsessile;  cymes  compound,  with  numerous  fls.; 
pome  small,  globous;  sty.  3  to  5. — A  small  tree  in  mountain  woods,  N.  Eng.  and 
Mid.  States.  Trunk  15  to  20f  high,  covered  with  a  reddish  brown  bark.  Lvs.  8 
to  12'  long,  composed  of  9  to  15  leaflets;  lfts.  2  to  3 J'  by  \  to  1',  subopposite, 
often  acute,  on  petioles  1"  in  length.  Fls.  small,  white,  in  terminal  cymes  of  60 
to  100  or  more.     Fr.  scarlet,  'i  to  3"  diam.,  beautiful.     May.  f 

li.  MICROCARPA  T.  &  G.  Fr.  smaller.  (P.  microcarpa  DC.) 
7  P.  AucupSria  L.  English  Mountain  Ash.  Lfts.  as  in  P.  Americana, 
except  that  they  are  always  smooth  on  both  sides,  and,  with  the  serratures,  lees 
acute  at  apex ;  fls.  corymbous ;  fr.  globous. — Native  of  Europe.  A  tree  20  to 
40f  high,  often  cultivated  as  well  as  the  last  species,  for  its  (ornamental  clusters 
of  scarlet  berries.  It  is  a  tree  of  larger  size  and  rougher  bark  than  the  last,  but 
is  hardly  to  be  distinguished  by  the  foliage,  flowers  or  fruit,  f 

14.  CYOO'NIA,  Tourn.  Quince.  (Named  from  Cydonia,  a  town  in 
Crete,  from  whence  it  was  brought.)  Calyx  urceolato,  limb  6-cIeft; 
petals  5  ;  styles  6;  pome  6  carpeled,  carpels  cartilaginous,  many-seeded, 
seeds  covered  with  mucilaginous  pulp. — Trees  and  shrubs.  Lvs.  sim- 
ple.    Fls.  mostly  solitary. 

1  C.  vulgaris  Pers.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  very 
entire,  smooth  above,  tomentous  beneath ;  ped.  solitary,  and,  with  the  cal,  woolly ; 
pome  tomentous,  obovoid. — Shrub  8  to  12f  (rarely  20f)  high,  with  crooked,  strag- 
gling branches.  Lvs.  about  as  large  as  those  of  the  pear  tree.  Fls.  white,  with 
a  tinge  of  purple,  large,  terminal.  Fr.  large,  lengthened  at  base,  clothed  with  a 
soft  down,  yellow  wlien  ripe,  highly  esteemed  lor  jellies  and  preserves.  Tlw 
plant  is  reared  fi-om  layers.  :J:     Eur. 

2  C.  Jap6nica  Pers.  Japan  Quince.  Lvs.  glabrous,  shining,  coriaceous, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrulate;  stip.  renitbrm ;  spine  short,  straight; 
fls.  axillary,  subsessile. — From  Japan.  A  low  shrub,  beautiftil  or  even  brilliant 
when  in  bloom.  Fls.  about  as  large  as  in  No.  1,  varying  in  color  from  the  richest 
scarlet  to  a  delicate  blush  or  white.  It  is  hardy  and  easily  reared.  Apr.  (Pyrua 
Japonica  L.) 

15.  ROSA,  Toum.  Rose.  (Celtic  rhos,  red  ;  Gr.  p66ov ;  Lat.  rosa ; 
Eng.  rose.)  Calyx  tube  urceolate,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  limb 
S-cleft,  the  segments  Bomewhat  imbricated  in  activation,  and  mostlj 


f 

1 
.11 


t-j. ' 


% 


-  ^ 


Vittt^l 


\  hi 


334 


Oedkr  47.— rosacea. 


1^,   . 


I 


I 


with  a  leafy  appendage ;  petals  5  (greatly  multiplied  by  culture) ; 
achenia  oo,  bony,  hispid,  included  in  and  attached  to  the  iijside  of  the 
fleshy  tube  of  the  calyx. — Shrubby  and  prickly.  Lvs.  unequally  pin- 
nate.    Stip.  mostly  adnate  to  the  petiole. 

O'lt.  Our  innuraerablo  varieties  of  garden  Koses  have  mostly  originated  with  the  few  specie* 
mentioned  below.  To  define  these  vitrieties  in  order  to  their  recognition  would  generally  be  im- 
possible, for  their  forms  are  as  evanescent  as  their  names  are  arbitrary.  All  that  the  author  here 
proposes  is  to  aid  tlio  botanist  in  tracing  l>ack  each  form  to  the  species  whence  it  sprung.  ThU 
will  be  easily  done  in  all  cases  except  with  the  hybrids. 

i  Styles  cohering  in  an  exserted  column.    Climbers  (a). 
Styles  not  cohering. — (Stipules  nearly  free  and  caducous  (b). 

— itipules  adnate  to  the  petiole. — Prickles  recurved  (c). 

— Prickles  straight  (d). 

a  Leaflets  8  to  5,  mostly  8.    Native  and  cultivated No.  1 

a  Leaflets  6  to  9. — 8tiitulesand  sepals  mostly  entire Nos.  11,  12 

— Stii>ules  pectinate.    Sepals  entire No.  H 

—Stii)ules  entire.    8epals  pinnatifld No.  1« 

b  Penduncle  very  short,  enveloped  in  bracts.    Leaflets  5  to  9 No.  4 

b  Penduncle  elongated,  bractless.    Leaflets  3  to  5. — Thorny,  mostly  climbing.. Nos. '2. 19 

— Thornless,  erect No.  "24 

C  Leaflets  not  at  all  glandular.    Shrubs  erect, — wild No.  8 

—cultivated Nos.  13,  14 

0  Leaflets  glandular  and  fragrant  beneath Flowers  single Nos.  9,  10 

— Flowers  double No.s.  15—17 

d  Wild,  native  Hoses,  1— 3f  erect Nos.  5,  6,  7 

d  Cultivated  exotics,  climbing  (No.  20)  or  erect Nos.  21—23 

1  R.  setfgera  Mx.  Michigan  or  Prairie  Rose.  Branches  elongated,  ascend, 
glabrous;  spines  few,  strong,  stipular;  Ifts.  large,  3  to  5,  ovate;  stip.  narrow, 
adherent,  acuminaie;  fls.  corymbous;  cal.  glandular,  segm.  subentire ;  sty.  united; 
fr.  globous. — Tiiis  splendid  species  is  a  native  of  Mich,  and  other  States  W.  and 
S.  About  20  varieties  are  enumerated  in  cultivation,  among  which  is  the  Balti- 
more Belle.  They  are  hardy,  of  rapid  growth,  and  capable  of  being  trained  1 2  to 
20f.  Fls.  in  very  large  clusters,  changeable  in  hue,  nearly  scentless,  and  of  short 
duration. 

2  R.  laevigata  Mx.  Cherokkb  Rose.  Glabrous  and  polished ;  branche.s  long, 
trailing,  armed  with  very  strong,  curved  prickles ;  Ifta.  3,  rarely  6,  coriaceous, 
evergreen,  shining,  elliptical,  sharply  serrate ;  stip.  free,  setaceous,  deciduous;  fls. 
solitary ;  cal.  bristly,  sep.  entire. — In  hedges,  etc.,  Fla.  (Tallahassee),  N.  to  Tenn., 
etc.  Sts.  very  long,  numerous,  and  with  their  broad,  hooked  pricks,  make  the 
most  impervious  of  all  hedges.  Fls.  often  3'  diam.,  white.  Apr. — Common  also 
in  gardens.     §  China. 

3  R.  multifldra  Seringe.  Many-flowered,  or  Japan  Rose.  Branches,  ped. 
and  cal.  tomentous ;  shoots  very  long ;  prickles  slender,  scattered ;  Ifts.  6  to  7, 
ovate-lanceolate,  soft  and  slightly  rugous;  stip.  pectinate,  fimbriate;  fls.  corymb- 
ous, often  numerous;  flower-bud  ovoid-globous ;  sep.  short;  sty.  exsertcd, 
scarcely  cohering  in  an  elongated  pilous  column ;  pet.  white,  varying  through 
roseate  to  purple. — Grows  in  hedges  with  No.  2,  about  Tallahassee  (Plank  road  to 
Bellair).  Shrub  with  luxuriant  shoots,  easily  trained  to  the  height  of  16  to  '.?or. 
— Among  its  varieties  are  the  Seven  Sisters,  Boursault's,  etc.     §  Japar. 

4  R.  bracteita  Linn.  M.\cartney  Rose.  Branches  erect,  tomentous ;  prickles 
recurved,  often  double ;  Ifts.  5  to  9,  obovate,  subserrate,  coriaceous,  smooth,  and 
shining;  stip.  fimbriato-setaceous ;  ^•.  solitary,  terminal,  Wi</i  i!arye /yracte  subtend- 
ing the  calyx ;  pod.  and  cal.  tomentous ;  fr.  globous,  largo,  oraugo.  — Naturalized 
in  hedges  near  N.  Orleans  (Riddell  in  T.  and  G.)  Fls.  large,  white.  §  China. 
Varieties  with  cream-colored  to  scarlet  fls. 

5  R.  liicida  Ehrh.  Shining,  or  "Wild  Rose.  St.  low ;  prickles  scattered,  seta- 
ceous, the  stipular  largest,  straight ;  Ifts.  5  to  9,  elliptical,  simply  serrate,  smooth 
and  shining  above ;  petioles  glabrous  or  subhispid;  fls.  gens'. ally  in  pairs  (1  to 
3);  fr.  depressed,  globous,  and  with  the  peduncles,  glandular-hispid. — Shrub  1  to 
3f  high,  in  dry  woods  or  thickets  throughout  the  U.  S.,  slender,  with  greenish 
branches.  Lfts.  acute  or  obtuse,  odd  one  petiolate,  tho  others  sessile.  Sep&la 
often  appendiculate,  as  long  as  the  large,  obcordate,  pal&-red  petala  Fr.  small, 
red.    Jn.  Jl.  (R.  Carolina  Mx.,  nee  Bw.) 


Obdkr  47.— rosacea 


335 


:i 


p.  PARViPLORA.    Lfts.  oval,  mostly  very  obtuse,  paler  beneath  ;  petioles  smooth 
or  pubescent.     (R.  parviHora  Ehrh.) 

6  R.  nitida  Willd.  Wild  Rose.  St.  low,  densely  armed  with  $traight,  slender, 
reddish  prickles ;  lfts.  5  to  9,  narrow-lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining,  sharply  ser- 
rate ;  stip.  narrow,  often  reaching  to  the  lower  lfts. ;  Us.  solitary ;  cal.  hispid ;  fr. 
globous.— In  swamps,  N.  Eng.  &N.Y.{C.  H. Peck).  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  reddish 
from  its  dense  armor  of  prickles.  Lfts.  1  to  IJ'  ^ong,  subsessile,  odd  one  petio- 
lulate.  Stip.  5  to  8"  long,  adnate  to  the  petiole,  each  side.  Fls.  with  red,  obcor- 
date  petals.     Fr.  scarlet.     Jn. 

7  R.  bldnda  Ait.  Bland  Rose.  Taller ;  st.  armed  with  few,  scattered,  straight, 
deciduous  prickles;  lfts.  5  to  7,  oblong,  ohtvtse,  serrate,  smootli,  but  not  shining 
above,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  petiole  unarmed ;  stip.  dilated ; 
fls.  mostly  in  pairs  (1  to  3) ;  ped.  short,  and  with  the  cal.  smooth  and  glaucous ; 
fr.  globous. — Shrub,  found  on  dry,  sunny  hills,  N.  and  M.  States.  Sts.  2  to  3f 
high,  with  reddish  bark.  Fls.  ratlier  large.  Sep.  entire,  si  rter  than  the  reddish, 
emarginate  petals.     Bracts  large,  downy.     Jn. 

8  R.  Caroliua  L.  Carolina  Rose.  Swamp  Rose.  St.  tall,  glabrous,  with 
strong,  recurved,  stipular  prickles ;  lfts.  5  to  9,  elliptical,  acute,  sharply  and  doubly 
serrate,  glaucous  beneath,  not  shining  above,  petioles  hairy  or  subaculeate ;  fls. 
corymbous ;  fr.  depressed-globous,  and  with  the  peduncles  hispid. — Swamps  and 
damp  woods,  forming  thickets.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  4  to  8f  high,  bushy,  witli 
reddish  branches,  rrickles  mostly  2  at  the  base  of  the  stipules.  Lfts.  1  to  2' 
long,  J  as  wide,  rather  variable  in  form.  Fls.  in  a  leafy  corymb  of  3  to  7.  Petalg 
obcordate,  large,  varying  between  red  and  white.     Fr.  dark  red.  Jn.,  Jl. 

9  R.  rubigindsa  L.  Eglantine.  Sweet  Brier.  St.  glabrous,'  armed  with 
very  strong,  recurved  prickles,  with  many  weaker  ones;  lfts.  5  to  7,  broad-oval, 
with  feruginous  glands  beneath ;  Jts.  mostly  solitary ;  sep.  permanent ;  fr.  obovoid, 
and  ped.  glandular-hispid. — A  stout,  prickly  shrub,  4  to  8f  high,  in  fields  and 
roadsides  throughout  the  U.  S.  The  older  stems  are  bushy,  much  branclied.  1' 
diam.,  the  younger  shoots  nearly  simple,  decUned  at  top.  Lfts.  small,  serrate  (tlie 
glands  beneath  not  always  present),  when  rubbed  very  fragrant.  Fls.  liglit-red, 
fragrant.  Fr.  orange  red.  Jn.  There  are  about  25  cultivated  varieties,  single 
and  double.     §  Eur.     (R.  suaveolens  Ph.) 

10  R.  micrdntha  Smith.  Small-flowered  Sweet  Brier.  St.  glabrous,  armed 
with  few,  equal,  strong,  recurved  prickles ;  lfts.  5  to  7,  ovate,  rusty-glandular  be- 
neath, fls.  solitary,  small ;  sep.  deciduous  from  the  ovate  or  oblong  fruit ;  ped. 
somewhat  hispid. — Roadsides  and  pastures,  N.  Eng.  A  large  shrub,  6  to  8f  higli, 
much  resembling  the  last.  Fls.  usually  white,  much  smaller  (15'  diam.)  than  in 
that  species.    Jn.    §  Eur. 

11  R.  sempervirens  Ser.  Evergreen  Rose.  St.  climbing ;  prickles  suit- 
equal;  lfts.  persistent,  5  to  7,  coriaceous ;  fls.  subsolitary  or  corymbous;  sep.  sub- 
entire,  elongated ;  sty.  coherent  into  an  elongated  column ;  fr.  ovoid  or  subglob- 
ous,  yellow,  and  witli  the  ped.  glandular-liispid. — Allied  to  the  following,  but  its 
leaves  are  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  persistent  until  January. — Among  the  varie- 
ties of  this  (or  the  next  ?)  species  is  the  Virginia  Lass,  with  blush  white  fls. 

12  R.  arv^nsis  L.  Ayrshire  Rose.  Shoots  very  long  and  flexile  ;  prickles 
unequal,  falcate;  lfts.  5  to  7,  smooth,  or  with  scattered  hairs,  and  glaucous  be- 
neath, deciduous;  fls.  solitary  or  corymbous;  sep.  subentire,  short:  st>.  coheruig 
in  a  long,  glabrous  colunm ;  fr.  ovoid-globous,  smoothish. — England.  The  shoots 
grow  15  to  20f  in  a  season,  and  are  very  hardy.  Fls.  white  to  blush,  crim- 
son and  purple. — Here  belong  the  varieties  known  as  the  Adam  Tea,  Mrs. 
Pierce's,  etc. 

13  R.  cinnamdmea  L.  Cinnamon  Rose.  St.  tall,  with  ascending  branches-, 
prickles  of  the  younger  stems  numerous,  scattered,  of  the  branches  few,  largely 
stipular,  curved;  lfts.  5  to  7,  oval-oblong,  simply  serrate,  grayish-pubescent  be 
neath ;  slip,  dilated  and  acuminate  above,  more  or  less  involute,  wavy ;  ped.  short 
and  cal.  glabrous;  sep.  entire,  as  long  as  the  petals ;  fr.  smooth,  globous,  crowned 
with  the  connirent  calyx  lobes. — Native  of  Eur.  Sts.  6  to  12f  hign,  with  red- 
dish bark.     Fls.  mostly  double,  pink,  purple,  or  red. 


i 

1 

4. 

I^Bi 

i  ''^tlii 

t 

1 

1 

m 


Ai» 


. 


»se 


Ordek  47.— rosacea 


14  R.  canlna  L.  Doo  Rose.  Pricklee  remote,  strong,  compressed,  fal- 
cate; Ula,  5  to  9,  with  acute,  incurred,  and  often  double  serratures;  slip,  rather 
broad,  serrulate ;  ped.  and  cal.  smooth  or  hispid ;  aep.  after  flowering  dejtexed  and 
deciduous ;  fr.  ovoid,  red. — Native  of  Europe.     Shrub  4  to  8f  iiigh. 

ft.  BuRBONiAN'A  Ser.  Lfts.  ovate,  subcordate,  simply  dentate;  fls.  purple^ 
double  and  somidouble ;  pet.  concave ;  s  ;i\  entire. — A  splendid  class  of 
roses,  of  which  more  than  100  varieties  .re  cultivated.  They  are  hardy, 
with  ample  and  j^lossy  foliage,  18  other  varieties  are  described  by  Seringe 
in  DC. 

15  R.  centifdlia  L.  Hundred-leaved  or  Provens  Rose.  Prickles  nearly 
ttraight,  scarcely  dilated  at  base ;  lits.  5  to  7,  ovate,  glandular-ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gin, subpilou.s  beneath ;  flower-bud  short-ovoid ;  sep.  spreading  (not  deflexed)  in 
tic'ver ;  fr.  ovoid ;  cal.  and  ped.  glandular-hispid,  viscid  and  fragrant. — From  S. 
Europe.  *^!irab  '^  to  4f  high,  very  prickly.  ¥\s.  usually  of  a  pink  color,  but 
varying  in  hue,  form,  size,  etc.,  through  a  hundred  known  varieties,  among 
which  are  the  incomparable  moss  rose,  tlio  cabbage,  etc 

16  R.  damascdna  Ait.  Damask  Rose.  St.  branching  and  bushy,  armed 
with  unequal  ."^ines,  mostly  stipular,  cauline  ones  b/oad,  falcate  or  hooked ;  Ifts. 
large,  broadly  elliptical,  downy -cane.scent ;  sep.  reUexed;  fr.  ovoid,  elongated. — 
Native  of  the  Levant.  Shrub  3  to  4f  high.  Fls  rather  numerous,  of  a  delicate, 
pale,  roseate  hue,  usually  with  very  numerous  petals,  and  a  delicious  fragrance. 
Among  its  numerous  varieties  is  the  common  Monthly,  low,  blooming  at  all 
seasons. 

17  R.  ilba  L.  White  Garden  Rose.  Erect,  tall,  slightly  glaucous : 
prickles  sleader,  recurved,  sometimes  wanting;  Ifts.  roundish-ovate,  shortly 
acuminate;  petioles  and  veins  subtomentous,  glandular;  sep.  pinnatijld;  pet. 
spreading ;  fr.  ovoid,  nearly  smooth. — From  Germany.  Shrub  5  to  8f  high.  Fls. 
large,  corymbous,  sweet-scented,  generally  pure  white,  but  often  in  its  numerous 
varieties,  tinged  with  the  most  delicate  blush. 

18  R.  moBchdta  L.  Muhk  Rose.  Shoots  ascending  and  climbing ;  prickles 
cauline,  slender,  recurved ;  Ifts.  5  to  1,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smoothish,  discolored ; 
slip,  very  narrow,  acute;  fls.  often  V3ry  numerous;  ped.  and  cal.  subhispid;  sep. 

subpinnatifid,  elongated  and  append!  ?ulp.te  ;  fr.  ovoid,  red.     Native  of .  Sts. 

trailing  or  climbing  10  to  12f.     Fls.  peculiarly  fragrant,  rather  large,  white,  pro- 
duced in  panicles. 

19  R.  Indica  L.  Chinese  Monthly  or  Beng.*.t.  Rose.  Erect  or  climbing, 
purplish,  prickles  strong,  remote;  Ifts.  3  <o  5,  ovate,  acummate,  coriaceous,  shining, 
smooth,  serrulate,  discolored;  slip,  very  narrow;  fls.  solitjry  or  paniculate;  ped. 
often  tiiickened,  and,  with  tlie  cal.  smooth,  or  glandular-hispid;  sep.  mostly  entire ; 
stam.  indexed;  fr.  turbinate? — Splendid  varieties,  bloomhig  from  Apr.  to  Nov. 
Fls.  of  every  hue  from  pure  white  to  crimson,  as  the  Noisette,  Sanyuinea  (foliage 
as  well  as  fls.  blood-red),  Youland  of  Aragon,  Giant  of  battles,  Cloth-of-gold  (sulplmr 
yellow),  and  the  favorite  Tea  Hoses. 

l3.  lawrenciana.  Miss  Lawrence's  Rose.  St.  and  branches  aculeate, 
bristly  and subglabrous ;  Ifts.  ovate,  purplish  beneath:  ped.  obovate-acumin- 
ate. — A  class  of  varieties  with  very  small  flowers,  pink  to  deep  purple.  (U. 
Lawrenciana  Lindl.     R.  Indica  acuminata  Ser.) 

20  R.  alpina  Ser.  Alpine  or  Boursault  Rose.  Younger  shoots  echinate 
witli  numerous  weak  prickles,  older  ones  smooth,  rarely  armed  with  strono: 
prickles;  Ifts.  5  to  11,  ovate  or  obovate,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate;  stip. 
narrow,  apex  diverging ;  ped.  deflexed  after  flowering,  and  with  the  cal.  hispid 
or  smooth ;  sep.  entire,  spreading ;  fr.  ovoid,  pendulous,  crowned  with  the  con- 
nivent  calyx. — Hardy,  vigorous,  climbing,  with  pink,  red  or  crimson  flowers. 

21  R.  eglant^ria  Ser.  Yellow  Rose.  Austrian  Eglantine.  St.  with 
a  cinorous  bark,  brandies  red,  both  armed  with  straight,  slender,  scattered 
prickles ;  Ivs.  5  to  7,  small,  broad-oval  or  obovate,  smooth,  shining  above,  sharply 
serrate ;  cal.  nearly  naked  and  entire ;  pet.  large,  broad-obcordate. — From  Ger- 
many. Shrub  about  3f  high,  bushy.  Fls.  numerous  of  a  golden  yellow,  very 
fugacious,  of  less  agreeable  fragrance  than  the  leaves.  There  are  many  varieties^ 
both  single  and  double,  variegated  with  red.    Jn.     (R.  lutea  Mill.) 


Order  47.— ROSACK^. 


rni 


22  R.  Odllica  L.  Common  French  Rose.  St.  and  petioles  armed  with 
numerous,  tine,  scattered  prickles;  Ifts.  mostly  5,  elliptical  or  ovtil,  thick;  tis. 
erect;  petals,  large,  spreading;  sep.  ovate;  fr.  ovoid  and  with  tlie  pedunclea 
hispid. — The  common  red  rose  of  gardens,  from  which  have  originated  not  less 
than  300  varieties,  known  in  cultivation,  and  registered  in  catalogues,  as  the 
Velvet,  Oar/nine,  Carnation,  &c.  Many  of  them  are  beautifully  variegated,  aa  the 
Tricolor,  York  and  Lancaster,  Nbsetjay,  Picotee,  &c.  The  dried  p'.'tals  are  used  in 
medicine,  and  from  them  are  extracted  tinctures  for  cooking,     uu.,  Jl. 

23  R.  pimpinellifolia  Ser.  Scotch,  or  Burnet  Rose.  St.  densely  armed 
with  straight,  a:;eroso  prickles;  Ifts.  5  to  9,  roundish-obtuse,  smooth,  simply 
serrate ;  Hs.  small,  usually  roseate,  but  changing  in  the  numerous  varieties  to 
white,  red  or  yellow. — Native  of  Scotland  and  other  parts  of  Europe.  Thes* 
shrubs  are  but  2  to  3f  high,  with  small,  delicate  leaflets.  Fls.  numerous, 
globular,  very  fine,  of  all  colors,  even  yellow.     May,  Jn.     (R.  spinosissliuu  L.) 

24  R.  Bdnksia  L.  Banks'  Rose.  Smooth ;  Ifl?.  lanceolate,  crowded.  3  to 
5,  scarcely  serrate  ;  stip.  deciduous ;  lis.  umbellate ;  fr.  globular,  ncai  ly  black. — 
From  China.     Thornless  shrubs,  with  small,  cup-shaped  Hs.     Xot  hardy. 

16.  AGRINO^NIA,  L.  Agrimony.  (Gr.  aypbg,  "  fleld,  fitwoc^  alone, 
a  Tiaiiie  of  dignity  for  its  medicinal  qualities.)  Caly.x  tube  turbinate; 
contracted  at  the  throat,  armed  with  hooked  bristles  above,  limb  5- 
cleft,  connivent  in  fruit;  petals  5  ;  stamens  12  to  15;  ovaries  2;  styles 
terminal;  achenia  included  in  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx. —  'U 
Lvs.  pinnately  divided.     Fls.  yellow,  in  long,  slender  racemes. 

1  A.  Ziupatdria  L.  Hirsute ;  lvs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  upper  ones  3-foliate, 
Ifts.  0  to  1,  lance-oval  or  obovate,  with  small  ones  interposed,  coarsely  dentate  ;  stip. 
large,  dentate ;  petals  twice  longer  than  the  reflexed  calyx. — Roadsides,  borders 
of  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  common.  St.  1  to  3f  high,  l)rancliing,  leafy.  Lfts. 
nearly  smooth  beneaili,  1^  to  3'  long,  J  as  wide,  sessile,  terminal  one  witli  a 
petiolule  1  to  3"  long.  Rae.  6  to  12'  long,  spicate.  Fls.  yellow,  a))()Ut  4  '  diam. 
on  very  sliort  pedicels.  Calyx  tube  curiously  fluted  with  10  ribs,  and  sur- 
mounted with  reddish,  hooked  bristles.     Jl. 

/i.  HiRSUTA  Torr.     Smaller  and  more  liair}'. 

y.  PARViFLoRA  Hook.     Less  hairy;  Us.  smaUer,  on  longer  pedicels.     (A.  par- 
viflora  DC ) 

2  A.  parvifldra  Ait.  St.  and  petioles  hirsute;  lvs.  interruptedly  pinnate;  lfts. 
numero'LS  (9  to  17),  crowded,  pubescent  beneath,  linear-^nceolate,  equally  and  in- 
cisely  serrate,  with  small  ones  interposed:  stip.  acutely  incised;  rae.  siiicate- 
virgate ;  fls.  small;  petals  longer  than  the  erect  calyx;  fr.  hispid. — AVoods  and 
dry  meadows,  Penn.  to  S.  Car.  W.  to  Iowa  and  Teim.  Sts.  3  to  4f  iiigh,  tlie 
hairs  spreading,  brownish  and  glandular.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  \  to  V,  with  smaller 
ones  hitermixed.  Petals  yellow.  The  plant  has  an  agreeable  balsamic  odor. 
Aug.     (A.  suaveolens  Ph.) 

3  A.  incisa  Torr.  &  Gr.  Pubescent  and  hirsute ;  lvs.  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  lfts. 
1  to  11,  with  smaller  ones  interposed,  oblong,  incisely  pinnatifid,  ca,nesrei,t 
beneath;  stip.  deeply  clefl;  fls.  small,  remote,  nearly  sessile  in  the  slender 
racemes. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.  (at  Macon,  Ga.)  Fls.  rather  larger  than  in  Xo.  2.  Cal. 
seyin.  very  short.     Jl.,  Aug. 

17.  DRY^AS,  integrifoUa  Yahl— On  the  White  Hills  of  X,  II. 
Prof.  Pick  (Pursh), — but  never  since  seen  within  our  limits. 

18.  GE^UM,  L.  AvENS.  (Gr.  yerw,  to  taste  well ;  in  allusion  to  the 
taste  of  the  roots.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate  segments  or  bractlets 
smaller  and  exterior ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  oo  ;  achenia  oo,  aggregated  on 
a  dry  receptacle,  atul  caudate  with  the  persistent,  mostly  jointed,  geni- 
culate and  bearded  style. —  4  Lvs.  pinnately  divided. 

22 


V^ 


A 


338 


Order  47.— U0SACP:.E. 


I     t 


I 


II :; 


\ 


"    .(■ 


S  style  straiffht,  Jointless,  all  of  it  persistent.    Sikvkksia Nos.  1,  S 
Stylo  bunt  anil  jointed  in  the  middle,  hooked  or  pliiinoso.  (a) 

a  fleud  of  fruits  rai.-sed  on  a  stipe.     Fls.  yellow  or  purple Nos.  4—5 

a  Head  of  fruits  sessile  (no  stipe). — Fls.  yellow Nos.  6.  7 

— Flowers  white Nos.  8.  !> 

1  G.  trifldnim  Pur.sh.  Villous ;  at.  erect,  about  ^-flowered ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical, 
iuterruplodly  pinnate,  of  numerous  cuneate,  incisely  dentate,  suboqual  Ifls. ; 
hrartlets  linear,  longer  than  the  sepals;  sty.  pluni'iiw,  very  long  in  fruit. — Brit. 
Am.  and  N.  W.  States,  rare  in  tlie  Nortiieru.  Sts.  ecarcely  a  foot  high,  with  a 
pair  of  opposite,  laciniate  Ivs.  near  the  middle,  and  several  bracts  at  the  base  of  tlio 
long,  slender  petioles.  Radical  Ivs.  u  to  G'  long,  the  terminal  lit.  not  eulargeil. 
Fls.  rather  large,  purplish  white.     Sty.  2'  long  in  fruii.     Ma)',  Jn. 

2  G.  Peckii  Pursh.  Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  erect,  several-flowered,  nearly  naked ; 
radical  Ivs.  lyrate-pinnate ;  the  trrminal  Ift.  very  large,  truncate  at  base,  the  lateral 
ones  minute;  pet.  obovate,  much  lon^rer  than  the  cal. — White  Mts.  Scape  9  to 
15'  high,  with  several  .small,  incised  bracts.  Petioles  3  to  5'  long,  bearing  4  or 
5  dentate,  lateral  Ifts.  1  to  4"  long,  and  ending  in  a  half  round  lit.  2  to  4'  wide, 
lobed  and  dentate.  Fls.  8''  diam.,  yellow,  terminal  on  the  elongated  branches. 
Jl.,  Aug,     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  next. 

3  G.  radi^tum  Mx.  Very  hairy,  hispid;  st.  leafy,  5  to  10-flowered  ;  rt.  Ivs. 
lyraie-pinnate,  the  terminal  Ift.  very  large,  broadly  reni/onn-cordate,  incised,  this 
lateral  ones  very  small;  st.  Ivs.  sessile,  cleft  and  toothed;  petals  obcordate;  sty. 
persistent,  much  longer  than  cal.  in  fruit. — Roan  AJi  N.  Oar.  (Curtis).  Sts.  1  to 
2f  high,  bearing  a  spreading  panicle  of  large,  yellow  lis. 

4  G.  vernum  Torr.  A  Gr.  Slender  and  slightly  pubescent;  st.  ascending  at  base  ; 
radical  Ivs.  piunately  5  to  9-fbliate,  with  incised  Itts.  or  often  simple  and  cordate, 
incisely  lobed  and  dentate  ;  cauline  Ivs.  3  to  5-lbliate  or  lobed  ;  stip.  large  and 
inci.-ed:  th.  yellow,  erect,  very  small;  sep.  rejiexed;  head  of  carpels  globous,  raised 
on  u  sK-  r  stipe. — Sliades  and  thickets,  Ohi(>  to  111.  and  Tex.  St.  8  to  20'  high, 
striate,  ui-  or  trichomotous  at  top,  few-leaved  and  few-flowered.  Petals  yellow 
and  with  the  sepals  hardly  more  than  1"  in  length.  Stipe  of  tlie  head  of  carpels 
i'  long.     Apr. — Jn.     (Stylipus  vernus  Raf.) 

5  G  rivale.  L.  Pubescent;  st.  siibsimple;  radical  Ivs.  lyrate ;  slip,  ovate,  acute; 
/Is.  noddiwj,  2yurple;  ^*e^  as  long  as  the  ererf  col  segm. ;  upper  joint  of  the  persis- 
tent style  plumous. — A  flue  plant,  conspicuous  among  the  grass  in  wet  meadows 
N.  and  M.  States.  Rhizome  woody,  creeping.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  paniculate  at 
top.  Root  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  inclining  to  lyrate,  4  to  6'  long,  terminal 
lit.  large,  roundish,  lobed  and  crenate-dentate.  St.  Ivs.  1  to  3,  3-foliate  or  lobed, 
subsessile.  Fls.  subglobous.  Cal.  purplish-brown.  Petals  broad-obcordate, 
clawed,  purplish-yellow,  veined.     Jn. — The  root  is  aromatic  and  astringent. 

6  G.  strfctum  Ait.  Hirsute;  radical  Ivs. 'mten\i.^ted\y pinnate ;  cauline  3  to  5- 
foliate;  Ills,  obovate  and  ovate,  lobi'd  and  toothed;  stip.  large  and  ere  •  br-" 
lets  linear,  sliorter  than  the  sep.;  pot.  roundish,  longer  than  the  cal. ;  sty.  .^  .  )ih 
upper  joint  hairy. — Field.'',  moist  or  dry,  N.  States  and  lirit.  Am.  St.  hispid  at 
base,  2  to  3f  higli,  dichotuinous,  and  with  spreading  hairs  at  summit.  Rt.  Ivs.  5 
to  8'  long,  inclining  to  lyrate,  the  terminal  1ft.  largest,  obovate  and  lobed.  Fl.s. 
numerous,  rather  large,  yellow.     Receptacle  densely  pubescent.     Jl.,  Aug. 

7  G.  macroph^Uum  Willd.  Hispid;  radical  Ivs.  interruptedly  lyrate-pinnate, 
the  terminal  Ift.  much  the  largest,  roundish-cordate,  cauline  with  minute  lateral  Ifts., 
and  a  largo,  roundish,  terminal  one,  all  unequally  dentate  ;  petals  longer  tlianthe 
calyx ;  recept.  nearly  smooth. — White  Mts.  and  Brit.  Aui.  St.  1  to  2f  high, 
stout,  very  hispid  and  leafy.     Terminal  1ft.  3  to  5'  diam.     Fls.  yellow.     Jn.,  Jl. 

8  G.  album  (1  mel.  Smoothish  or  pubescent ;  root-lrs.  ternate  or  the  very  lowest 
simple;  upper  Ivs.  simple;  Ifts.  ovate,  lobed  and  toothed,  the  lower  mostly 
obtuse,  upper  lanceolate;  petals  as  long  as  calyx;  torus  eloihed  with  white 
bristles.     Thickets,  com.  2— 3f.    Jl.  (G.  Virginianum  T.  &  G.) 

9  G.  Virginidnum  L.  Hirsute  with  spreading  iiairs,  stout ;  Ivs.  piimnte  below, 
then  ternate,  tlie  upjter  simple;  Ifts.  incisely  lobed,  lobes  wedge-iaiic('o]atv,  very 
acme,  cut-dei:uate,  upper  lanceolate;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx;  !  uus  nearly 
naked.     W* .  tliiclicts.    2— 3f.    July. 


Ori>br  47— rosace.*:.  339 

19.  RU'BUS,  L.  Lhamhle.  (<  ultic  rub,  red;  the  rolor  ot  the  fruit 
of  some  species.)  Calyx  spreaciins^,  5-parted  ;  petals  5,  cle(;ichious  ;  sta- 
mens oc.  inserted  into  the  border  of  tlie  disk ;  ovaries  many,  with  2 
ovules,  one  of  them  ahortivc ;  aehenia  pulpy,  drupaceous,  a^grefjated 
into  a  cuinpound  herry  ;  radicle  superior, —  11  II;ilf  shrubby  plants.  Sts. 
usually  '2,  and  armed  with  prickles.  InHorescenee  imperfectly  centri' 
^ujral.     Fr.  esculent. 

$  Fruit  insfpftrnWe  from  the  Juicy,  dppidiionn  reccptaolo.    Ri.ArKnKRKiirs  (a) 

a  steins  (mostly)  orect,  stout,  uriiied  with  stdut,  fcctirveil  prioivU'S No*,  ^.•i 

a  Stilus*  [irocuinlx'iil.  tniiliiijr.  iiiostiy  witii  slender,  minute  priokles N(»».  3  to  5 

§S  Fruit  scparntinir  from  the  iliy,  pfi'sistent  receptacle.     Uaspbekkikh  (b) 

b  Li'iivei  simple,  lobeil.    Not  prickly Nos.  6  to  ■< 

b  Leaves  coiupuuud. — Stems  not  prickly,  herbaceous No.  9 

— Stems  prickly,  shrubby. — Oorollus  »iii;.'le Nos.  1(1 — It 

— Corollas  double No.  l:i 

1  R.  villosus  Ait.  ITigh  Blackberry.  Pubescent,  viscid  and  prickly;  st.  an- 
gular; Iftfi.  3  to  5,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  liairy  both  sides  ;  petioles  prickly;  cal. 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  petals;  rac.  leajiess,  about  20-Jiowered. — A  well  known, 
thorny  shrub,  Can.  and  U.  S.  f^is.  tall  and  slcudor,  branching,  rcciirvi  d  at  top, 
3  to  Gf  high.  Lfts.  2k  to  4'  by  I  ,  to  2.^',  ternuiial  one  on  a  long  petiolule,  the 
otliers  on  sliort  ones  or  none.  IVdiccls  slender,  1'  long.  Pctal.'^  white,  obovate 
or  oblong,  obtuse.  Fr.  consisting  of  about  20  rounchsh.  shining,  black,  fleshy 
carpels,  closely  connicted  into  an  ovate  or  oblong  head,  subacid,  well-flavored, 
ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 

d.  FROJfnoSL'S  Torr.  Lfls,  incisely  serrate  ;  rac.  with  a  few  simple  Ivs.  or  leafy 
bracts  at  base;  Hs.  about  10  in  each  cluster,  tlio  terminal  one  ()i)ening  first, 
as  in  all  the  species,  the  low«'St  next,  and  tiio  iiighest  but  one  last.  Fr.  more 
acid  and  with  fewer  cari)el.s.     (K.  frondosus  Bw.) 

}.  JIUMIFL'SUS  T.  &  G.  St.  procumbent  or  trailing;  Ivs.  smaller;  ped.  few- 
liowered. — Often  oi'curs  southward  with  the  erect  forms,  aixl  with  R.  trlvia- 
lis,  from  which  it  is  sometimes  hard  to  bo  distinguished. 

2  R  cuneifdliuB  Pii.  Sand  Llacki!Krrv.  St.  erect,  shrubby,  armed  v  ith  rc- 
curvi  d  jjrickks;  Ivs.  3-lbliate,  and  with  the  young  branches  and  pet.  pubescent 
beneath  ;  Ills,  cuneate-obovate,  entire  at  base,  dentate  above,  subplicate,  tomentous 
beneatii ;  rac.  loose,  few-fiowered. — A  low  shrub,  2  to  3f  high,  in  sandy  woods,  L.  I. 
to  Fla.  Pt'tioles  often  prickly.  Lfts.  rarely  5,  I  to  2'  long,  |  as  wide,  obtuse, 
or  with  a  sUoit  acumination.  Petals  white  or  roseate,  3  times  as  long  as  the  cnl. 
Fr.  black,  juicy,  well-Havored,  ripe  in  Jl.,  Aug.     Fls.  May,  Jn. 

3  R.  hispiduB  L.  St.  slender,  reclining  or  prostrate,  hispid  with  retrorse  bristles ; 
Ivs.  3-fbliate,  rarely  quinate,  smooth  and  green  botii  sides;  lfts.  coarsely  serrate, 
obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  thickish.  persistent;  ped.  corymbous,  many  Howered,  with 
filiform  pedicels  and  short  bracts;  fls.  and  fr.  small. — In  damp  woods.  Can.  to  Car. 
Sts.  slender,  trailing  several  feet,  witii  suberect  branches  8  to  12'  high.  Lfts.  1  to 
2'  long,  J  as  wide,  nearly  sessile,  persistent  through  the  winter.  Fls.  white.  Fr. 
dusky-purple,  sour.     May,  Jn.     (R.  sempervirens  Bw.) 

p!.  SEToSLS  T.  &  G.  Lfts.  oblanceolate,  rather  narrow,  1  i  to  2|'  long,  tapertng, 
and  (like  variety  a)  entire  at  base,  sharply  serrate  above.  Fr.  red.  (R.  seto 
sus  Bw.) 

4  R.  Canadensis  L.  Northerv  Dewberry,  St.  procumbent  or  trailing,  a 
little  prickly;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  rarely  quinate,  lfts.  elliptical  or  rhomboid-oval  OA^ute  or 
acuminate,  thin,  uneiiually  cut-serrate;  .  ?dicels  solitary,  elongated,  somewhat 
corymbed;  fr.  large,  black. — Common  i"  rv,  stony  fields.  Can.  to  Va.,  trailing 
several  yards  upon  the  ground.  Lfts.  li;  .,  green  and  membranous,  nearly  sessile, 
1  to  1|'  long,  ^  iis  wide.  Fls.  large,  on  slender  pedicela  Petals  obovate,  white, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Fr.  ^  to  1'  dbm..  very  sweet  and  juicy  in  Jl.  and 
Aug.     Fls.  May.     (R.  trivialis  Ph.) 

5  R.  trivialis  Mx.  Soctiierk  Dewberry.  Procumbent,  trailing,  with  root- 
ing runners,  shrubby,  armed  with  bristles  and  recurved  prickles ;  Ivs.  3-foliate  and 
quinati'.  j>ersist«nt,  lfts.  coriaceoUiS,  ovate-obhmg  or  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  sharply 
sorrat-' ;  [ted.  1  to  3-flowered;  fis.  large,  jx'i.  roundish-obovate ;  sep.  oblong,  obtuse. 


¥ 


m 


*f.. 


I, 


!>  ;    ': 


'  -?^ 


1L>* 


340 


Obdeb  47.— rosacea. 


reflexed;  fr.  large,  black. — Md.  to  Fhi.,  common.  Sts.  long,  .slcndor,  toroto,  some 
olltie  prickles  at  length  recurved.  Lfts.  sniuli  (about  12"  by  8'),  minutely  pubes- 
cent. Petiolea  slender,  much  shorter  tiiau  the  slender  peduncles.  Petals  wiiite. 
Fr.  well-flavored,  rlpo  in  May. 
€  R.  odorfltus  L.  Mulberry.  St.  erect  or  reclining,  unarmed,  glandular-pilous; 
Ivs.  palmately  3  to  5-lobed,  middle  lobe  longest,  unequally  serrate;  Us.  large,  in  ter- 
minal corymbs;  pet.  orbicular,  purple. — A  flne  flowering  shrub,  3  to  5f'  high,  in 
upland  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  long,  nearly  as  wide, 
cordate  at  base,  lobes  acuminate,  petioles  2  to  3'  long,  and,  with  tiie  briinches, 
calyx  and  peduncles  clotlied  with  viscid  hairs.  Fls.  nearly  2'  diam.,  not  very  un- 
like A  rose,  save  the  (100  to  200)  stamens  are  whitish.  Fr.  broad  and  tliin,  bright 
red,  sweet,  ripy  in  Aug.     Fls.  Ju.,  JL     f 

7  R.  Nutk^iiUB  Mocino.  St.  shrubby,  somewhat  pilous,  with  glandular  hairs 
above ;  lvs.  broad  5-lohtd,  lobes  nearly  equal,  unequally  and  coarsely  serrate ;  pcd. 
few-llowered ;  sep.  long-acuminate,  shorter  tlian  the  very  large,  roimd-oviil.  v:hite 
petals. — A  fine  species,  Mich.,  Wis.  to  Oreg.,  Ac,  with  very  large,  showy,  white 
fls.     It  ha-s  received  some  notice  in  cultivation  as  a  flowering  plant. 

8  R.  Ci>stnaBmdruB  L.  Cloudberry.  Herbaceous,  dioecious;  st.  decumbent 
at  base,  erect,  unarmed,  \-flowered;  lvs.  mostly  but  2,  cordate  renilbrm,  rugous,  with 
5-rounded lobes,  serrate;  scp.  obtuse  ;  pet.  obovate,  wiiile. — An  alpine  species  with 
us,  found  by  Dr.  Bobbins  (also  by  the  author,  1855)  on  the  White  Mts.,  and  by 
Mr.  Oakes  in  Me. ;  N.  to  the  Arc.  Sea.  Fr.  largo,  yellow  or  amber  color,  sweet 
and  juicy,  ripe  in  Sept.  Fls.  in  May,  Jn. — This  plant  may  easily  be  mistaken  for 
Hydrastis. 

9  R.  trifldrua  Rich,  St,  shrubby,  unarmed,  declined;  branches  herbaceous, 
gucen;  Ivs.  3  or  5-foliate,  lfts.  nearly  smooth,  thin,  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  unequally 
cut-dentate,  odd  one  petiolulate ;  stip.  ovate,  entire ;  ped.  termiual,  1  to  G-llow- 
ered ;  pet.  erect,  oblong-obovate. — Moist  woods  and  shady  hills,  Penn.  to  Brit. 
Am.  Sts.  flexuous,  smooth,  reddish.  Petioles  very  slender,  1  to  2'  long,  Ltls 
1  to  2'  by  ^  to  1',  lateral  ones  sessile,  oblique  or  unequally  2-lobed.  Pet.  wliile, 
ratiior  longer  than  the  triangular-lanceolate,  rellexed  sepals.  Fr.  consisting  of  a 
few  large,  dark  red  grains,  acid,  ripe  in  Aug.     Fls.  May.     (R.  saxatilis  Bw.) 

10  R.  Id^ua  L.  Garden  Raspberry.  Hispid  or  armed  with  recurved  prick- 
les; lvs.  pinnately  3  or  6-foliato;  lfts.  broad-ovato  or  rhomboidal,  acuminut'-.  un- 
equally and  incisely  serrate,  hoary-tomentous  beneath,  sessile,  odd  one  petiolulate ; 
fls.  in  paniculate  corymbs;  pet.  entire,  shorter  than  the  hoary'tonieutous  aruviinate 
cat. — Many  varieties  of  this  plant  are  cultivated  for  the  delicious  fruit.  Sts. 
shrubby,  3  to  5f  high.  Lft.s.  sinoothish  above,  2  to  4'  long.  §  as  wide.  Fls. 
white,  in  lax,  terminal  clusters.  Fr.  red,  amber  color,  or  white. — Plants  essen- 
tially agreeing  with  the  above  described  were  found  at  Cambridge,  Vt.,  in  woods, 
also  at  Colebrook,  Ct.,  by  Dr.  liobbins. 

11  R.  BtrigdsuB  Mx.  Wild  Red  Raspberry.  Si.  strongly  hispid;  lvs.  pin- 
nately 3  or  5-foliate,  lfts,  oblong-ovata  or  oval,  obtuse  at  base,  coarsely  aii'l  un- 
equally serrate,  canescent-tomentous  beneath,  odd  one  often  subcordate  at  base, 
lateral  ones  sessile;  cor.  cup  shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  cal. — In  hedges  ancl 
neglected  fields.  Can.  and  X.  States,  very  abundant.  St.  without  prickles,  cov- 
ered with  strong  bristles  instead.  Lfts.  IJ  to  2^'  long,  J  to  $  as  wide,  terminal 
one  distinctly  petiolulate.  Fls.  white.  Fr.  hemispherical,  light  red,  and  of  a  pe- 
culiar rich  flavor,  in  Jn. — Aug.     Fls.  May. 

12  R.  occident^lis  L.  Black  Raspberry.  Thimble  Berry.  St.  glaucous 
with  bloom,  armed  with  recurved  prickles ;  lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate,  lfts.  ovate,  acu- 
minate, sublobate  or  doubly  serrate,  hoar^-tomentous  beneath,  lateral  ones  .sessile ; 
fls.  axillary  and  terminal;  fr.  black. — A  tall,  slender  bramble,  4  to  Bf  high,  in 
thickets,  rocky  fields,  &c.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  recurved,  often  rooting  at  the  end. 
lils.  2  to  3'  long,  ^  to  §  as  wide;  common  petiole  terete,  long.  Fls.  white,  lower 
ones  solitary,  upper  coryrabous.  Fr.  roundish,  glaucous,  of  a  lively,  agreeable 
taste,  ripe  in  Jl.     Fls.  May.     J 

13  R.  roBaefdIius  L.  Bridal  Rose.  Erect,  branching,  armed  with  nearly 
straight  prickles ;  lvs.  pinnately  3  to  7-foliate,  lfts.  ovate-lanceolate,  subplicato, 
doubly  serrate,  smooth  beneath,  velvety  above ;  stip.  minute,  subulate ;  sep.  spread' 


Ordeu  47.— ROSACEiE. 


341 


I 

ts. 
p. 
Iii- 


|e; 

liu 

Id. 
let 
ke 


Id- 


int»,  long-ncuminato,  shorter  than  the  narrow-obovate,  cmarjyinate  petals ;  sty.  x  • — 
A  delicate  house  plant,  with  snow  white  double  tls.     Nativo  of  Mauritius. 

20.  DALIBAR'DA,  L.  False  Violet.  (Xaniotl  by  LiniiiLus,  in 
honor  of  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist.)  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5  to 
6-|)artcMl,  spreadinfj,  3  of  the  sei^nients  larger ;  petals  5  ;  stamens 
numerous ;  styles  5  to  8,  long,  deciduous  ;  fruit  achenia,  dry  or  some- 
what drupaceous. —  li  Low  herbs.  St.  creeping.  Lvs.  uiulivide(l. 
Scapes  1  to  2-Howered. 

p.  ripens  L.  Ditfu.se,  pubescent,  bearing  creeping  slioots;  lv.s.  simple,  roinid- 
ish-conlate,  crenate ;  stip.  linear-setaceous ;  cai.  spreading  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit. — 
In  low  woods,  Penn.  to  Can.    Creeping  stems  1  or  2  to  10  or  12'  in  length.    Lvs. 

1  to  2'  diam.,  rounded  at  apex,  cordate  at  base,  villous-pubescent  on  pi'tiolfs  1, 

2  or  .3'  long.     Scapes  1-floweied,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles.     I'etals  wliite, 
obovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.     Jn. 

21.  WALDSTEPNIA,  Willd.  Pkv  Strawherry.  (In  honor  of 
Franz  dc  Waldsteni,  a  German  bt)tanist.)  Calyx  5-cIeft,  with  5  alter- 
ate,  sometimes  min\ite  and  deciduous  bractlets ;  petals  5  or  more,  ses- 
sile, deciiluous;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  calyx  ;  styles  2  to 
6  ;  achenia  few,  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle. —  U  Acaulescent  herl>s,  with 
lobed  or  divided  radical  lvs.,  and  yellow  Us. 

1  W.  fragarioides  Traut.  Lm.  trifoliate;  Ifts.  broad-cuneiform,  iucisely  den- 
tato-crenato,  cilialc ;  scapes  bracteate,  many-tiowered ;  cal.  tube  obeonie. — A 
handsome  plant,  in  hilly  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  tlio 
strawberry.  Rhizome  thick,  scaly,  blackish.  Petioles  3  to  6'  long,  slightly  pu- 
bescent. Lfis.  1  to  2'  diam.,  nearly  sessile,  dark,  shining  greyn  above,  apex 
rounded  and  cut  into  lobes  and  teeth.  Scape  about  as  high  as  the  lvs.,  divided 
at  top,  bearing  2  to  G  flowers  J'  diam.     Petals  varying  from  5  to  10.     Jn. 

2  W.  lobata  Torr.  &  Gr.  Lvs.  simple,  roundish,  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed.  intLsoly 
crenate;  scapes  filiform,  bracted,  3  to  7-fiowered;  cal.  tube  narrow. — Hills,  tla. 
(liainbridge,  Columbus).  Plant  hairy,  about  6'  high,  from  a  slender  rliizomc. 
Achenia  about  2.  Petals  scarcely  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Apr. — Jn.  (Dalibarda 
lobata  Baldw.) 

22.  FRAGA^RIA,  L.  Strawberry.  (Lat.  fragrans,  fragrant.) 
Calyx  concave,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  an  equal  number  of  alternate,  ex- 
terior segments  or  bractlets ;  petals  5,  obcordate,    stamens  cc  ;  styles 

00  ;  lateral,  achenia  smooth,  affixed  to  a  large,  pulpy,  deciduous  recep- 
tacle.—  'H-  Sts.  stoloniferous.     Lvs.  trifoliate.     Fr.  red. 

§  Rractli'ts  entire  ;  petnls  white.     Stoinlo.ss,  .xtDJoniferons Nos.  1,  2 

§  l)uniKSNi.\.     Bi'acUets  8-lol»eil ;  petals  yellow.    Stoiiis  trailing No.  S 

1  F.  Virginiana  Elirh.  Pubescent;  cal.  of  the  fr.  erect,  spreading;  wh.  im- 
bedded in  pits  in  the  glohous  receptacle;  ped.  commonly  shorter  than  the  lvs. — 
Fields  and  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stolons  slender,  terete,  reddish,  often  If 
or  more  long,  rooting  at  the  ends.  Petioles  radical,  2  to  6'  long,  with  spreading 
hairs.  Lfls.  3,  oval,  obtuse,  coarsely  dentate,  subsessile,  lateral  ones  oblique. 
Scape  less  hairy  than  tiie  petioles,  cymous  at  top.  Flowers  Mar. — May.  Fr. 
May — Jl.,  highly  fragrant  and  delicious  when  ripened  in  the  sun. 

2  F.  v6sca  Linn.  Alpine,  Wood,  or  English  Strawberry.  Pubescent; 
cal.  of  th^  fr.  much  spreading  or  refiexed;  ach.  superficial  on  the  coniral  or  hemi- 
spherical receptacle  which  is  without  pits,  ped.  usually  longer  than  the  leaves. — Fields 
and  woods,  N.  States,  etc.  Stolons  often  creeping  several  feet.  Lvs.  pubescent,  and 
fls.  as  in  F.  Virginiana. — Numerous  varieties  are  cultivated  in  gardens,  where  the 
fruit  is  sometimes  an  ounce  or  more  in  weight. — Fl.  Apr.,  May.     Fr.  Jn.,  Jl. 

3  F.  Indica  Ait.  Pubescent,  trailing,  rooting  at  the  joints ;  Ifts.  ovate ;  obtuse, 
incisely  crenate-serrate ;  stipules  lanceolate,  free ;  pedicels  axillary,  solitarj- 
1-flowered ;  bractlets  aix)ut  equaling  the  petals,  enlarging  and  leafy  in  fruit.— 


4 


rr: 


/      '   'i  ■*': 


>v,*i 


I 


342 


Obdbb  47.— ROSACEiE. 


h 


'ij 


Jlscaped  from  cultivation,  now  common  everywhere  from  Charleston.  S.  C.  to 
Tallahassee,  etc.  The  large  crimson,  oval  fruit  is  quite  ornamental  but  insipid. 
Kipc  in  May  and  Jo.  §  ludia.  (Duchesnia  Indica  Smith.  Potentilla  Durandii 
T.  &  G.) 

23.  CO'MARUM,  L.  (Gr.  KoiiaQog,  tlie  strawberry  tree,  which  tliis 
plant  resembles.)  Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  bractlets  alternating 
with  the  segments ;  petals  5,  miieh  smaller  than  the  sepals  ;  stamens 
numerous,  inserted  into  the  disk ;  achenia  smooth,  crowded  upon  the 
enlarged,  ovate,  spongy,  persistent  receptacle. —  U  Lvs.  pinnate.  Fls. 
purple. 

C.  palustre  L.  In  aphagnous  swamps,  N.  States,  Wise,  to  the  Arc.  Circ.  Sts. 
creepint^  at  base,  1  to  '2f  high,  nearly  smooth,  branching.  Lfts.  3,  5  and  7, 
crowded,  U  to  2^'  long,  ^  as  wide,  oblong-lanceolate,  iioary  beneath,  obtuse, 
sharply  serrate,  subsessile ;  petiole  longer  than  the  scarious,  woolly,  adnate  sti- 
pules at  base.  Fls.  large.  Cal.  segm.  several  times  larger  ilian  the  petals.  Pet- 
nls  about  3"  long,  ovate- lanceolate,  and,  with  the  stamens,  styles,  and  upper  sur- 
face of  the  sepals,  dark  purple.     I  r.  permanent.     Jn. 

24.  POTENTIL'LA,  L.  Cinquefoil.  (Lat.  potentia,  power ;  in  allu- 
sion to  its  supposed  potency  in  medicine.)  Calyx  concave,  deeply  4  to 
6-cleft ;  with  an  equal  number  of  alternate,  exterior  segments  or  bract- 
lets  ;  petals  4  to  5,  roundish  ;  stamens  oo  ;  filaments  slender ;  ovaries 
collected  into  a  head  on  a  small,  dry  receptacle  ;  styles  terminal  and 
lateral,  deciduous;  achenia  oo. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  pin- 
n.itely  or  palmat<;>Iy  compound.     Fls.  solitary  or  c}mous,  mostly  yellow. 

•^  Leaves  palinatc'ly  8-foliate Nos.  1—3 

*  Leavos  iialmately  5-t'oliatc Nos.  4 — 6 

♦  Leaves  pinnate.— Shrubs  witli  axillary  iie<iicyls No.  7 

— Herbs  witli  axilliiry  pedicels Nos.  8,  9 

— Herbs  witii  teriiiliml  cymes Nos.  I(t,  11 

1  P.  Norv^gica  L.  Hirsute ;  st.  erect,  dichotomous  above ;  lfts.  3,  elliptical  of 
obovate,  dentate-serrate,  petiolulato ;  cymes  leafy;  cal.  exceeding  the  emarginatt 
pettiis. — Old  fields  and  thickets,  Arc.  Am.  to  Car.  Sts.  1  to  4f  high,  covered  with 
silky  hairs,  terete,  at  length  forked  near  tiio  top.  Cauline  petioles  shorter  than 
the  lvs..  Ills.  .]  to  IJ'  by  4  to  ^'  (lower  and  radical  ones  very  small),  often  incised. 
Slip,  large,  ovate,  subentiro.  fls.  many,  crowded,  with  pale  yellow  petals,  shorter 
than  the  lanceolate,  acute  hairy  aopals.     Jl. — Sept. 

^.  HIRSUTA  T.  &  G.  Hairs  loose,  silky;  st.  slender,  erect,  subsimple,  lower 
and  middle  lvs.  equal,  long-petiolate,  It'ts.  roundish-olwvate,  sessile,  inciaely 
dentate ;  fls.  few ;  petals  rather  conspicuous,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 
Dry  fields.     (P.  hirsuta  Mx.) 

2  P.  tridentata  Ait.  Smooth;  st.  ascending,  woody  and  creeping  at  base; 
l/Ls.  3,  obovate-cuneate,  evergreen,  entire,  with  3  large  teeth  at  tfie  apex ;  oymes 
nearly  naked;  petals  white,  obovate?. — On  the  White  Mts.  and  other  Alpine  sum- 
mits in  the  N.  States.  Flowering  sts.  G  to  12'  high,  round,  often  with  minute, 
appressed  hairs.  Petioles  mostly  lou^rer  tlian  the  loaves.  Lfts.  sessile,  9  to  18  ' 
by  4  to  G",  coriaceous,  smooth.  Petals  twice  longer  tlian  the  cal.  Carp,  and 
aeh.  with  scattered  hairs.    Jn.,  .11. 

3  P.  minima  Ilaller.  St.  2mhesctmt,  ascending,  mostly  1 -flowered;  lvs.  trifoli- 
ate, lfts.  obovate,  obtuse,  incisely  serrate,  with  f)  to  9  teeth  above ;  petals  yellow, 
longer  than  tlio  sop. — Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.  Sts.  numerous  and 
leafy,  1  to  3'  high.  Lfts.  witli  the  margins  and  veins  beneath  hairy.  Fls.  small. 
Petals  olxMirilate.     Braetlets  oval-ol)tuse,  narrow  at  the  base.     Jn. — Jl. 

4  P.  Canadensis  L.  "Villous-pubescent ;  st.  sarmentous,  procumbent  and  as- 
cending; lfts.  5,  obovate,  silky  beneath,  cut-dentate  towards  the  apex,  entire 
and  attenuate  below ;  stip.  hairy,  oflen  cleft ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary ;  bractlets 
longer  than  the  sepals,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals. — Common  in  fields  and 
tliiokets,  U.  S.  luid  Can.     Sts.  more  or  It  sa  procumbent  at  base,  from  a  few  inclies 


ym\ 


Order  47.— ROSACE^E. 


343 


to  a  foot  or  more  in  length.     Fid.  yellow,  ou  long  pedicels.     Cal.  scgm.  lanceolate 
or  lineur.     Apr. — Aug. 

3.  PUMILA  T.  &  G.  Very  small  and  delicate,  flowering  in  Apr.  and  May, 
everywhere ;  sts.  a  few  inches  long.     (P.  pumila  Ph.) 

}  siMPLE.x:  T.  &  G.  Plant  less  hirsute  ;  st.  simple,  erect  or  ascending  at  base  ; 
Ifts.  oval-cuneiform.  P'lowering  Jn.  to  Aug.  in  richer  soils.  Sts.  8  to  l-l 
high.     Llts.  about  1 '  long,  §  as  wide.     (P.  simplex  Mx.) 

5  P.  argentea  L.  St.  ascending,  tomentous,  branclied  above  ;  IfU.  ohlong-mnei- 
foriii,  witli  a  tew,  large,  incised  teeth,  smootii  abov",  silvery  canescunt  beneaUi., 
sessile  ;  jh.  in  a  ryniovs  rorymb ;  petals  longer  than  the  obtusisii  sep. — A  pretty 
plant,  on  dry  or  rocky  hills,  Can.  and  N.  States,  remarkable  for  the  silvery  white- 
ness of  tlie  lower  surface  of  the  Ivs.  Sts.  6  to  19 ,  long,  at  lengtli  with  slender 
branches.  Lfts.  5  to  9  '  by  1  to  2",  with  2  or  3  slender,  spreadii\g  teeth  each 
side;   upper  ones  linear,  entire.     Fls.  small;  cal.  canescent;   petals" yellow.      Jn. 

Sept. 

6  P.  recta  Willd.  Erect,  simple,  pubescent ;  Ills.  5  to  7,  oblong  or  oblanceolato, 
coarsely  serrate,  with  large,  cleft  stipules;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  expanding  cyme; 
petals  obcordate,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  sep. — Cultivated  and  sparingly 
naturalized,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     Fls.  light  yellow. 

V  r.  fruticdaa  I^  St.  fruticous,  very  branching,  hirsute,  erect;  lfts.  5  to  7,  lin- 
ear-ublong,  all  sessile,  margin  entire  and  revolute ;  petals  largo,  much  longer  than 
the  cidyx. — A  low,  bushy  shrub,  N.  States  (Niagara  Falls,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt. 
etc.)  and  Brit.  Am.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  with  a  reddish  bark.  Petioles  shorter  than 
the  leaves.  Leaf  about  1'  by  2',  acute,  crowded,  pubescent,  Stip.  nearly  as 
long  as  the  petiole.^.  Fls.  1'  diam.,  yellow,  in  terminal  clusters.  Jn.,  Aug.  (P. 
iloribunda,  Pli.) 

8  P.  anserina  L.  Silver  "Weed.  Goose  Grass.  St,  slender,  creeping,  pros- 
trate, rooting ;  Ivs.  initrruptedly  pinnate,  lfts.  many  pairs,  oblong,  deeply  serrate, 
canescent  beneath;  ped.  solitary,  1-tloweri'd,  very  long. — A  lino  speeie.s,  on  wet 
shores  and  meadows,  N.  Kng.  to  Arc.  Am.  Sts.  subterraneous,  sending  out 
reddish  stolons  1  to  2f  long.  Petioles  mostly  radical,  6  to  10' long.  Lfts.  1  to 
1^'  by  3  to  6",  sessile,  with  several  minute  pairs  interposed.  Ped.  as  long  as  the 
Ivs.     Fls.  yellow,  1'  diam.     Jn. — Sept. 

9  P.  paradoza  Nutt.  Decumbent  at  base,  jjui'icsren/ ;  Ivs.  pinnate,  lfts.  7  to  9, 
obovatc-oblong,  incised,  tlie  upper  ones  confluent;  stip.  ovate;  ped.  solitar}-,  ro- 
curvod  in  fruit;  petals  obovate,  about  equaling  the  s  p. ;  ach.  2-lobed,  the  lower 
portion  a  thick,  starchy  appendage. — River  banks,  Oiiio  to  Greg.,  Isl.  opposite  St. 
Louis.  St.  8  to  12'  long.  Lfts.  G'  long,  scarcely  larger  than  the  entire  stipules. 
Jn.,  Jl.     (P.  supina  Mx.) 

10  P.  Pennsylvdnica  L.  Erect,  canesciently  tomentous  or  soft-villous ;  lfts.  5 
to  9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatilid  or  pectini.te,  upper  ones  crowded  or  confluent, 
larger ;  cyme  fastiijiate,  at  Itnglh  e.f])andinj ;  netals  tmarginate,  scarcely  longer 
tlian  the  acute  sepals. — N.  Eng.  (Pursli.),  Can.  N.  \V.  to  Siberia.  (P.  pectinata 
Fisch.) 

11  P.  argdta  Ph.  Erect,  g^mj/w/;,  pubescent  and  villous;  radical  Iv.s.  on  lontr 
petioles,  7  to  9-foliate,  cauline  few,  3  to  7-foliate,  lfts.  broadly  ovate,  cut-.serrate, 
crowded ;  jls.  in  dense  terminal  cymes. — Along  streiims,  etc..  Can.  and  N.  States, 
W.  to  tho  Rocky  Mts.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  stout,  terete,  striate,  and  with  nearly 
the  whole  plant  veiy  hairy.  Radical  ivs.  one  foot  or  more  long  •  lfts.  1  to  2'  by 
8  to  16'',  sessile,  odd  one  petiolulato.  Fls.  about  8''  diam.  ;  pet.  roundish,  yel- 
lowi?!h  white,  longer  than  tho  sepals;  disk  glandular,  5-lobcd ;  nntii.  blackish, 
with  a  white  border.  May,  Jn.  (P.  confeitiflora  Hitchcock.  Booltia  sylves- 
trisBw.) 

25.  SIBBAL'DIA  procumbens,  L.  "  Mountains  of  Can.  and  Vt." 
(Pursh) ;  but  not  since  found  within  our  limits. 

26.  SPIR^E^A,  L.  (Or.  arrRipn,  a  cord  or  wroatli  ;  tho  flovcrg  are 
or  Jiiay  bo  used  in  garlands.)  C'alyx  5-oleit,  persistent ;  ])etals  5,  round- 
ish ;   stamens  10  to  50,  cxserted  ;  carpi's   distinct,    3   to  12,  follicular, 


-If' 


344 


Order  47.— ROSACEA. 


til 
i        ,' 


V     t 


1-cellcd,  1  to  2-valved,  1  to  lO-sceded;  styles  terminal. —  U  Unarmed 
shrubs  or  herbs.  liranches  and  Ivs.  alternate.  Fls.  white  or  rose- 
color,  never  yellow.  * 

i  Shrubs  witli  lobed  or  pinniito,  Rtipulnte  leaves Nos.  1,  2 
SliruljS  with  simple  leavt-s  :inil  im  stipules Nns.  3 — 6 
Herbs  perennial,  with  interruptedly  |)iiinate  leaves  and  perfect  fls Nos.  T— 9 
Herbs  perennial,  with  twice  and  thrice  pinnate-leaves  and  diiecious  Hs No.  10 

1  S.  opulifdlia  L.  Ninehark.  Nearly  glabrous;  Ivs.  roundish,  3-lobe'l,  petio- 
lata,  doubly  serrato ;  corymbs  pedunculate ;  carp.  3  to  5,  inflated,  and  exceeding 
the  cal.  in  fruit. — A  beautiful  shrub,  3  to  5f  high,  on  the  banks  of  streams,  dm., 
Ind.,  Mo.,  S.  to  Ga.,  rare.  Bark  loose,  outer  layers  deciduous.  Lvs.  1  to  2  J' 
long,  nearly  as  wide,  sometimes  cordate  at  base,  with  3  obtuse  lolies  above; 
petioles  6  to  9''  long.  Corymbs  resembling  simple  umbels,  hemispherical,  2i' 
diara.  Fls.  white,  often  tinged  with  purple.  Follicles  diverging,  smooth,  shining, 
purple,  2-seeded.     Jn.  f 

1^.  FERRUGINEA  Nutt.     Lvs.  and  branches  brownish  tomentous. — Ga.,  Fla. 

2  S.  Borbifdiia  L.  Shrub  stout,  with  straggling  branches  and  rough  bnrk; 
lvs.  uneqvxiUy  pinnate,  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  terminal  often  larger,  irregularly 
lobed,  all  acuminate,  sessile  and  doubly  serrato ;  lis.  in  thjTsoid  panicles,  large, 
numerous,  wiiite. — In  shrubberies.     Height  4  to  6f.     May.     \  Siberia. 

3  S.  tomentosa  L.  Hardhack.  Ferruginous  tomentous ;  lvs.  simple,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  snioothish  above,  unequally  serrate  ;  rac.  short,  dense,  aggregated  in 
a  dense,  slender,  terminal  panide ;  carp.  5. — A  stnall  slirub,  common  in  pastures 
and  low  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  particularly  eastward.  St.  very  hard,  brittle, 
consequently  troublesome  to  the  scythe  of  the  haymaker.  Lvs.  dark  green 
above,  rusty-white,  with  a  dense  tomcntum  beneath,  crowded,  and  on  short  peti- 

■  oles.  Fls.  small,  very  numerous,  with  conspicuous  stamens,  light  purple,  Ibrming 
a  slender,  pyramidal  cluster  of  some  beauty.  The  persistent  fruit  in  winter  fur- 
nishes food  for  the  snow-bird.     Jl.  Aug. 

4  S.  salicifolia  L.  Nearly  glabrous ;  lvs.  oblong,  obovate  or  lanceolate,  sharply 
serrato;  rac.  forming  a  more  or  less  demise,  terminal  panicle ;  carp.  5. — A  small 
shrub,  in  meadows,  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  slender,  pur- 
plisii,  brittle.  Lvs.  smooth,  li^  to  .3' long,  ^  to  ^  as  wide,  acute  at  each  end,  petio- 
late,  often  with  smaK  leaves  in  the  axils.  Fls.  white,  often  tinged  with  red, 
small,  numerous,  with  conspicuous  stamens,  in  a  more  or  less  spreading  panicle. 
Jl.  Aug.     f  (S.  alba  Bw.) 

5  S.  cor>'m]bdsa  Raf.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong- oval,  incisely  and  unequally  serrate 
near  the  apex,  whitish,  with  minute  tomentum  beneath ;  corymbs  lanje,  terminal, 
pedunculate, fastigiate,  compound,  dense,  often  leafy;  sty.  and  carp.  3  to  5. — Moim- 
tains,  Peim.,  Fauquier  Co.,  Va.  (Bobbins),  to  Ky.,  S.  to  Fla.  St.  slightly  pubes- 
cent, reddisii,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  nearly  smooth  above,  entire  towards  the  base, 
2  to  3'  by  I  to  If.  Fls.  innumerable,  white  or  rose-colored,  in  a  corymb  4  to  6' 
broad.     May,  Jn.     f  (S.  Chama;drifolia  Ph.) 

6  S.  hypericifolia  L.  Italian  May.  St.  Petkr's  Wreath.  Lvs.  oi'o- 
vate-oblang,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  to  a  petiole,  entire  or  slightly  dentate,  nearly 
smooth  ;  Jh.  in  lateral,  pedunculate  corynibs,  or  sessile  umbels ;  pedicels  smooth  or 
pubescent;  sogni.  of  the  cal.  ascending. — Cultivated  in  gardens  and  shrubberies. 
Shrub  3  to  Hf  high,  nearly  smooth  in  all  its  parts.  Fls.  white,  in  numerous  um- 
bels, terminating  the  short,  lateral  branches.  Pedicels  as  long  as  the  lvs. 
May.  t 

7  S.  ulm^rla  L.  Double  Meadow  Sweet.  Lvs.  3  to  T-foliate,  with  minute 
Ifts.  interposed,  lateral  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  terminal  one  much  larger,  palmafely  5 
to  l-lobed,  all  doubly  tjerrate,  and  whitish  tomentous  beneath ;  stip.  renilbnn,  ser- 
rate; pan.  corymbuo.s,  long-pedunculate. — In  gardens,  where  the  numerous  white 
lis  are  mostly  double.     Jl.  f 

8  S.  lobdta  L.  QiiEKN  op  the  Prairie.  Lvs.  pinnately  3  to  7-foliate,  often 
with  smalkT  Ifts.  interposed,  lateral  Ifts.  of  3  lanceolate  lubes,  cuneate  at  base,  ter- 
minal one  large,  pedately  7  to  9-parted,  lobes  nil  doubly  serrate;  stip.  renitiirm; 
pan.  large,  cymously  branched;  /is.  deep  rose-color;  carp.  6  to  8. — An  herb  of 


Order   48.— CALYCANTHACE^. 


845 


exquisite  beauty  in  meadows  and  prairies,  Mich.,  Iowa,  to  Car.     St.  4  to  8f  high. 
Fls.  numerous,  and  exceedingly  delicate.     Jn.,  Jl.  f 

9  L.  filipendula  L.  Pride  of  the  Meadow.  Herbaceous,  smooth,  Ifls. 
pinnatindly  serrate,  9  to  21,  with  many  minute  ones  interposed;  ?tip.  large,  semi- 
cordate,  serrate ;  corymb  on  a  long,  terminal  peduncle. — A  very  delicate  herb, 
often  cultivated.  Sts.  1  to  31"  high.  Lvs.  3  to  G  long;  Ifts.  1  or  2'  long,  linear, 
tlie  serratures  tipped  with  short  bristles.  Fls.  white,  4  or  5  '  diam.,  petals  oblong- 
obovate.     Jn. 

Other  species  of  tiiis  beautifid  genus  are  sometimes  cultivated. 
10  S.  Aruncus  L.  Go.\t's-beaiuj.  Lvs.  membranous,  tripinnate,  Ifts.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  straiglit-veined,  doubly  serrate,  suboordate,  the  odd  ones 
ovate-lanceolate:  lis.  very  numerous,  small,  whitish,  in  munenms  slender  racemes, 
forming  a  hirgo  compound  paniclo ;  carp,  disthict,  glabrous,  3  to  5. — ChieHy  along 
the  mountains,  Catskiil,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  aiidOa.  Sts.  slender,  3  to  fif  high.  Carp. 
1"  long.     Jn.,  Jl.  f     Plant  more  delicate  than  Astilbe,  which  see,  page  371. 

27.  GILLE'NIA,  MaMich.  Indian  Physic.  {(i\\  y^ldo),  to  huiirli  ; 
on  aocount  of  its  exhilarnting  qualities.)  Calyx  tubular-cainpamilate, 
contracted  at  the  orifice,  5-cleft ;  petals  5,  linear-lanceolate,  very  lonu;, 
unequal;  stamens  10  to  15,  very  short;  carpels  5,  connate  at  base  ; 
styles  terminal;  follicles  2-valved,  2  to  4-seei.leJ. —  4  llcrhs  with  tri- 
foliate, (luiibly  serrate  lvs. 

1  G.  trifoliata  Moench.  Lfts.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate ;  stip.  linear -setaceous, 
entire;  tls.  on  long  pedicels,  in  pedunculate,  corymbous  panicles. — In  wocjds,  W. 
N.  York  to  Ga.  A  handsome  herb  2  to  3f  higii,  slender  and  nearly  smooth. 
Lower  lvs.  petiolate ;  Ifts.  2  to  4'  long,  i^  as  wide,  pubescent  beneath,  subsessile. 
Fls.  axillary  and  terminal.  Petals  rose  color  or  nearly  white.  8  '  by  2".  Sds. 
brown,  bitter.  Jn.,  Jl.  Roots  said  to  be  emetic,  cathartic,  or  tonic,  according  to 
the  (lose. 

2  G.  Btipul^cea  Nutt.  Bowman's  Root.  Lfts.  lanceolate,  deeply  incised ; 
radical  Iv.s.  pinnatitid  ;  stip.  leafy,  ovate,  doubly  incised,  claspimj;  fls.  large,  in  loose 
panicles. — Western  N.  Y.  to  Ala.  Readily  distinguished  from  tlie  former  by  the 
large  clasping  stipules.  Fls.  fewer,  rose  colored.  Jn.  Properties  of  the  root 
like  the  former. 

28.  KER'RIA,  DC.  (In  lionor  of  W)ti.  Kerr.,  a  botanical  collector, 
•who  sent  plants  from  China.)  Calyx  of  5,  acuminate,  nearly  distinct 
sepals ;  corolla  of  5  orbicular  petals  ;  ovaries  5  to  8,  smooth,  globous, 
ovules  solitary;  styles  filiform;  achenia  globous. — A  slender  shrub, 
native  of  Japan.  Lvs.  simple,  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  with 
stij>ulcs.  Fls.  terminal  on  the  branches,  solitary  or  few  togethei',  orange 
vellow. 

K.  Jap6nica  DC.  Japan  Globe  Flower.  Common  in  gardens,  etc.  Sta. 
numerous.  5  to  8f  high,  with  a  smooth  bark.  Iivs.  minutely  pubescent,  2  to  3' 
by  1  to  U',  with  a  very  sharp,  slender  point ;  petioles  3  to  5"  long.  Fls.  double 
in  cultivation,  abortive,  glooous,  near  1   diam.  f 


1- 


'I '-. 


A: 


Order  XLVIII.     CALYCANTIIACE.E.     Calycantiis. 

Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  entire,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  solitary,  axil- 
lary, with  the  numerous  sepals  and  petals  confounded,  in  several  rows,  all  united 
below  into  a  llesliy  tube  or  cup.  Stamens  indefinite,  perigynous,  with  adnate,  ex- 
trorse  anthers.     Seeds  with  convolute  cotyledons,  otherwise  as  in  the  tribe  Rosidae 

The  order  consists  of  but  2  gcvfrii,  Cnlycunthiis,  Amorican,  and  Cliiinonnntlms  of  .Inpftn. 
The  spfi'ies  iiri'  prolmbly  but  3.  Tliu  flowers  aro  hifilily  uroiiintic,  f\iul  tlio  siimc  <iiittlity  rosidifi 
In  tlie  biirk. 

CALYCANTHUS,  L.  Sweet-scented  Shrub.  (Gr.  kuXv^,  calyx, 
dvOo^^  n  flower;  from  the  character.^     Lobes  of  the  calyx  imbricated 


i^itaaiWimit^^ 


346 


Order  49.— MYUi'ACKJi. 


in  many  rows,  lanceolate,  somewhat  coriaceous  and  fleshy,  colored ; 
stamens  unequal,  about  12,  outer  ones  fertile;  anthers  extrorst* ;  |>i!»tils 
few  or  many,  inclosed  in  the  calyx  tube,  fruit  many  times  lar^^er  than 
that  of  the  rose,  loosely  enclosing  the  large  achenia. — The  bark  and 
Ivs.  exhale  the  odor  of  camphor.     Fls,  of  a  lurid  purple. 

C.   floridus    L.      L\h.    oval,    mostly   acute   or  acuininate,    tomenlous   benratii ; 
braaclias  spreadiiij,' ;  flu.  nearly  sessile. — Fertile  soils,  along  streams,  Va.  and  all 
the  S.  States.     Not   uncommon  in  g.irdens  farther  north,  and  valued  lor  its  ex- 
quisite, strawberry-like  fragrance.     Shrub  3  to  7f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  5  to  7'  long. 
Fls.  on  short  branches.     Fr.  rare,  of  the  size  and  form  of  a  fig,  acute  at  base, 
truncate  and  involute  at  top,  longitudinally  veined.     (Sent  by  Prof  Pond. ) 
li.  l^evigXtus  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  gradually 
acute,  glabrous  or  somewhat  scabrous  above ;  branches  erect,  f     (C.  laeviga- 
tus  Willd.) 
■y.  GLAUCUS  T.  &  Gr.     Lvs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  much  acuminate,  large, 
glaucous  and  glabrous  or  minutely  downy  beneath ;  branches  spreading,  f 
(C.  glaucus  WiUd.) 
(5.  INODORUS  T.  &  Gr.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  scabrous  and  shining  above,  smooth  be- 
low ;  branches  spreading ;  lis.  inodorous.     (C.  iuodorus  Ell.) 

Order  XLIX.     MYKTACE.E.     MvRTLEnLooMS. 


Trees  and  shrubs,  without  stipules.  Lvs.  opposite,  entire,  punctate,  usually  with  a 
vein  running  close  to  the  margin.  Cal.  adherent  below  to  the  compound  ovary, 
the  limb  4  or  5-cleft,  valvate.  Petals  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  indefinite.  Anthers  introrse.  Style  and  stigma  simple.  Fruit  with  many 
seeds.     Albumen  none. 

A  fine  order  of  45  genera  and  1300  species,  native  of  warm  and  torrid  countries,  especially  of 
R.  America,  and  the  E.  Indies. 

Properties. — A  frajiranl  or  itiiniErent  volatile  oil,  residinp  chiefly  in  the  pellucid  dotting  of  the 
leaves,  perva<les  the  odor.  The  Caryophyllus  nrdiiiatieiis,  native  of  Aruliiii,  a  tree  ahoiit  liOf  in 
hei^iit,  yields  the  clove  (<7o«,  Fr.  a  "  -''\  which  i.s  the  dried  flower.  C'ajeput  oil  i.s  distilled  tVoni 
the  leaves  of  the  Melaleuca  Ciijepiiti  ve  of  the  E.  Indies.     A  kind  Of  gum  kino  is  olitiiincd 

from  Eucalyptus  rcsinifera,  also  a  na.  „  if  India.  The  root  of  tiie  I'omegninate  yields  an  e.v- 
tract  which  is  an  excellent  vermifuge.  All  the  genera  are  exotic  with  us.  Many  of  them  are 
highly  ornamental  in  culture. 

1.  MYR'TUS,  Tourn.  Mvrtle.  (Gr.  fivpov,  perfume.)  Calyx  5- 
cleft ;  petals  5;  berry  2  or  3-celled  ;  radicle  and  cotyledons  distinct. — 
Shrubs  with  evergreen  lvs.  marked  by  a  marginal  vein. 

M.  commiiniB  L.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate;  fls.  solitary;  involucre  2-h'aved. — 
This  popular  shrub  is  a  native  of  S.  Europe.  In  this  country  it  is  reared  only  in 
houses  and  conservatories.  Leaves  about  1  by  6'.  Flowers  white.  Among  the 
ancients  it  was  a  great  favorite  for  its  elegance  of  form,  and  its  fragrant,  ever- 
green leaves.  It  was  sacred  to  Venus.  The  brows  of  bloodless  victors  were 
adorned  with  myrtle  wreaths,  and  at  Athens  it  was  an  t-inblem  of  civic  au- 
thority. 

2.  PU^NICA,  L.  Pomegranate.  (Lat.  pun'ica  ;  Carthaginian  or 
of  Carthage,  where  it  first  grew.)  Calyx  5-clcft ;  petals  5  ;  berry 
many-celled,  many-seeded,  seeds  baccate  ;  placenta  parietal. — Deci- 
duous trees  and  siirubs. 

1  P.  Oran^tum  L.  Arborescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  vi'ith  no  marginal  vein. 
— A  tl'.orny  bush  when  wild,  from  S.  Europe,  where  it  is  sometimes  used  fur 
hedges  like  the  hawthorn.  In  i-';a.;  iV''  it  is  a  tree  16  to  20f  high.  Lvs.  entire, 
smooth,  2  to  3'  by  1  to  V^  '  m'  tugo  The  0  .  are  scarlet,  large,  and  make  a  fine 
appearance.  The  fr.  is  large,  iiii^nly  oniame/ital,  and  of  a  fine  flavor.  Much 
care   is  requisite  for  "ts  culti\''iti.>ii.      It  r*nii"^s  a  rich  loan),  a  simiiy  situu- 


Obdeb  50.— MELASTOMACE.E. 


347 


tion,  protected  norlliward  by  glass.     In  thia  way  double  flowers  of  great  beauty 
muy  bo  nvodUDid.  f 

I  p.  ndna  L.  Shrubby;  Ivs  linear-lanceolate,  acute. — Native  of  the  "W. 
Indies,  where  it  is  used  aa  a  hedge  plant.  Shrub  4  to  6f  high,  witli  araaller 
purple  ris.,  often  double,   f 

Order  L.     MELASTOMAOE^.     Melastomes. 

Trees,  shrubs  ob  herbs  with  square  branches,  and  usually  exatipulate.  Lvs.  op- 
posite, entire  and  undivided,  witiiout  dots  and  witli  several  veins.  Cal.  persistent, 
the  tube  urceolate,  cohering  witli  only  the  angles  of  the  ovary.  Petals  as  many  aa 
the  f-egments  of  the  calyx  (4  to  G),  twisted  iji  aestivation.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
as  petals,  sometimes  the  same  number,  inflexed  in  aestivation.  Anthers  before 
flowering  contained  in  the  cavity  between  the  calyx  and  the  sides  of  ovary.  Fruit 
capsular  or  baccate. 

Gentra  118.  «/)«•««.>(  1200.  Tlie  order  is  representor  in  tlie  U.  S.  by  ft  siimlc  penu.s,  tlio  r*- 
mnlniier  beinij  natives  cliiefly  of  India  and  tropieal  America.  No  plant  of  tliis  order  is  poisonous. 
All  are  slightly  astringent. 

RHEX'IA,  L.  Deer-grass.  (Gr.  pe^^f,  a  rupture ;  some  of  the 
species  are  good  vulnerarics.)  Calyx  4-cleft,  swellinjr  at  the  base  ; 
petals  4  ;  stamens  8,  1-celled;  style  declined;  capsule  4-celled,  nearly 
free  from  tlie  investing  calyx  tube;  placentaj  prominent;  seeds  nu- 
merous.—  y  Lvs.  opposite,  exstipulate,  3-veined. 

S  Antliers  curved,  saccate  at  ba.se,  witli  a  bristly  appendage  at  the  insertion 

of  the  filament. — Stem  scjuaro,  wiugeil Nos.  1,  2 

— r'tem  terete  or  teretish Nos.  •'!— 5 

§  Anthers  straight,  torniinal. — Stems  simi)le,  with  purple  flowers Nos.  »),  7 

— Stems  brachiate,  witli  yellow  flowers No.  8 

1  R.  Virginlca  L.  Meadow  Beautt.  St.  square,  the  angles  narrowly  winged ; 
lvs.  sessile,  oval-lanceolate,  ciliato-serrulate,  and  witli  the  stem  clothed  with  scattered 
hairs;  cal.  hispid. — Grows  in  wet  grounds,  Mass.  to  111.  and  La.  St.  If  or  more 
high,  often  .3-forked  above.  Lvs.  with  3  (rarely  5  or  7)  prominent  veins,  1  to  3' 
long,  about  \  aa  wide,  acute,  Fls.  large,  in  corymbous  cymes.  Petals  bright 
purple,  obovate,  hispid  beneath,  caducous.  Anth.  long  and  i)rominent,  crooked, 
golden  yellow  above,  with  a  purple  line  beneath.  Sty.  somewhat  Icnger  than  the 
stamens,  a  little  declined,     Jl.,  Aug, 

2  R.  Btricta  Ph.  St.  tall,  with  4  stron^'ly  winged  angles,  glabrous :  lvs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  setaceously  serrate,  glabrous,  or  slightly  hispid  above; 
cal.  glabrutis,  the  tube  very  short. — liogs  around  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Ala.  and 
I''la.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  slightly  bearded  at  the  joints.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Fls. 
purple,  large  and  fine.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  R.  Mariana  L.  St.  nearly  terete,  covered  with  bristly  hairs ;  ivs.  lanctolate. 
acute,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  very  siiort  petiole,  and,  with  the  calyx  clothed  with 
scattered  hairs. — In  sandy  bogs,  N.  J,  to  Flor.  The  whole  plant  is  hispid,  even 
tiie  petals  externally.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  slender,  and  generally  with  few  branches. 
Lvs.  olten  narrowly  oblong,  4  to  6  times  longer  than  wide,  serrate-ciliato.  I'etuls 
large,  obovate,  purple.     Jn. — Scut, 

4  R.  lanceoldta  "Walt.  St.  much  h-anched,  hirsute,  teretish ;  Ics.  livear  and 
lance-linear,  attenuate  to  u  short  petiole,  slightly  hispid  and  ciliute ;  fls.  veiy  pule, 
in  fastigiato  c\mes;  cal.  glabrous. — Damp  soils,  N.  Car.  to  J'la.  iiiid  La.  Sts.  1 
to  2f  higii,  ve'y  leaiy,  growing  in  dense  patches,  with  numerous  white  or  pala 
purpl'i  fls,     Lvs.  7  or  8  times  longer  than  wide,     Jii. — Aug. 

5  R.  glabella  Ph,  Glabrous  and  somewhat  glauco'..-);  st.  simple,  teretish;  lvs. 
lanoeolat(> ;  calyx  glandular-hispid. — Damp  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Si, 
,  -0  3f  high,  dividing  at  top  into  a  few  peduncles,  Lva,  mostly  longer  tlian  the 
internodes  (I  to  2),  obscurely  serrulat*^,  acute,  spssilo.  Cal,  rather  funnel  foin» 
abovi.  the  ovary.     Petals  pale  purple,  large,  expanding  near  2'.     Jn, — Aug. 


r\ 


m 


.,.f-'  ,'•11 


1 1 . 


Si" 


■  r  .lii 


Mi 


i'^ 


J3 


348 


OUUER  51.— LYTUUACE^. 


S  M 


6  R.  ciliosa  Mx.  St,  tall  (1  to  2f  liigli),  sqiiarisli,  jrlabrous ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate, 
glalirous  bonuath,  sparsely  hispid  above,  the  inar^jiii  sorrute-ciliate,  with  long, 
spreading  bristles;  Ha.  ni'  y  sessile  between  the  upper  pair  of  lv3 ;  cal.  glabrous, 
the  lobes  acute. — Danip  pin  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Lvs.  nearly  1'  long,  ij  as  wide, 
acute,  on  sliort  pjtioies  (s(  .^  ily  1").  Fls.  terminal,  1  to  3  together,  large,  the 
pftai.s  rouiidisli,  9  '  long,  purpie.     Jn. — Aug. 

7  R.  serrulata  Nutt.  St.  low  (6  to  8')  square,  glabrous;  lvs.  small,  roundish- 
oval,  ^/«^?'«iwf /^c^/t  .v/(^;.s,  the  margui  serrulate,  ciliate;  fls.  subsessile,  1  to  3  be- 
tween the  upper  pair  of  lvs. ;  cal.  ijlanduUir-hispid,  the  lobes  short,  obtme. — Open 
swamps,  ria.,  Fla.  Mueii  like  the  last,  but  smaller  in  all  its  parts.  Lvs.  3  to  6 ' 
loDg.     Fls.  large,  purple.     Jn  ,  Jl. 

8  R.  Idtea  Walt.  Sparsely  hispid;  st.  square,  brach lately  branched;  lvs.  lance- 
liiiear  and  oblong-linear;  cal.  much  constricted  above  the  ovary,  the  upper  por- 
tion campanulale,  with  cuspidate  teeth. — Damp  pine  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  St. 
about  18  high.  The  soft,  scattered  bristles  on  all  its  parts  are  quite  characteristic, 
us  well  us  its  showy,  yellow,  paniculate  lis.     Jn. — Aug. 

Order   LI.     LYTIIKACE.E.     Loosestrifes. 

Ifirh',  rarely  shrubs,  with  mostly  opposite,  entire,  cxstlpulate  leaves.  Calyx  tubu- 
lar, the  limb  4  to  7-lobed,  sometimes  with  as  many  iutermediitte  teeth.  Petals  in- 
serted Into  the  calyx  between  the  lobes,  very  deciduous  or  0.  Stamens  equal  in 
number  to  the  petals,  or  2  to  4  times  as  many,  Inserted  Into  the  calyx.  Ovary  free, 
inclosed  In  the  calyx  tube,  2  to  4-celled.  Styles  united  into  one.  Fruit,  cap.sulo 
membranous,  enveloped  In  the  calyx,  usually  by  abortion  1-celled.  Seeds  small,  CO, 
attached  to  a  central  placenta.     Albumen  0. 

Geneiut  .35,  spev'en  .300.  Smne  of  tlio  .spccio.s  are  fonml  in  tomporate  rlitnos,  but  most  of  tliom 
«re  tn>i>\ciil.  Lytlirmii  snlicariii,  imtivu  of  Kurojie,  N.  Holland,  and  U.  S.,  is  Ubud  for  tunniiij$ 
where  it  ubuuiid'^.    All  thu  i>])ecie8  are  ustriiigutit.  •!   -^ ,  .  \     m,. 

(JKNERA. 

J'Piiruli.s  witli  nuinerou.s  .stamens  mid  (da\ve<l  i)etal.s Laijeksthikmia.  1 

%  lk'rl)s — I'ls.  irrejrtilar.     Calyx  inflated,  j:il)lious  at  ha.se Ctri'iiKA.  2 

— I'l.'s.  regular  — Calyx  oylindrlcal.  striate,  with  T)  minute  liorn.s Lytiikum.  8 

— Calyx  cumpanulate, — 5  teeth  with  5  lon<;  horns. .  .Nks.ka.  4 

— 4  teeth  with  4  .short  horns. .  Ammannia.  S 

— t  teeth.     Horns  0,  petals O..IIvi>oiiui(;niA.  6 

1.  LAGERSTRd'MIA,  L.  Crape  Myrtle.  (In  lienor  of  Magnus 
Lof/erstrofm,  a  Swedish  traveler.)  Calyx  broadly  campanulate,  6-cleft, 
with  2  bracts  below;  petals  6,  on  claws  inserted  into  the  calyx  tube; 
staineii.s  (x  ;  capsule  3  to  6-cellod ;  seeds  many,  winged. — East  Indian 
shrubs. 

L.  In'dica  L.  Petals  crisped,  on  slender  claws;  lvs.  alternate,  roundish  ovate, 
coriaceous,  subpetlolate,  glabrous;  branches  winged ;  fls.  in  terminal  panicles. — 
A  common  and  beautiful  exotic,  with  large,  delicately  crisped,  bluish  purple  fls.  § 

2.  CU'PHEA,  Jacq.  (Gr.  KV(f)6g,  curved  or  gibbous;  in  reference  to 
the  cajtsule.)  Calyx  tubular,  ventricous,  with  G  erect  teeth,  and  often 
as  )naiiy  intermediate  processes;  [)eta!s  6  or  7,  uneqiud  ;  stamens  11  to 
14,  rait'ly  0  or  7,  une(]ual ;  style  filiform;  capsule  menibranou.**,  1  to  2- 
t'cllt'ij,  i'ew-seeded. — Herbaceous  or  sutfruticous.  Lvs.  opposite,  entile. 
Fls.  a.xillary  and  terminal.  '  '' 

C  viscosissima  .Iac(i.  Herbaceous,  viscid-pubescent ;  Iv.s.  ovate-lanceolate,  |if- 
iloliite.  sciiliidus  ;  lis.  on  short  |)edunclus  ;  cal.  gibbous  at  base  on  tlie  upper  side, 
rj-vcincd,()-t(Mitiicd,V('ry  viscid.  —(J)  Wetgroiuids,  I'ittsticld,  Mass.  (Hitchcock), 
Camliridgc,  X.  Y.  (Stcven.son)  to  (la.  and  Ark.  St.  !)  to  18'  iiigh,  with  altermite 
braiii'lics.     Lvs.  .somuwhut  repuutl,  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  solitary,  one  in  each  axil. 


Order  51.— LYTIIRACE^. 


349 


C»!yx  often  purplisli.     Petals  violet,  obovato ;  stumeiis  included.     Capsulo  burst- 
ing lengthwise  before  the  seeds  are  ripe.     Aug.     (Lythruni  petiolatuiii  L.) 

3.  LYTHRUM,  L.  Loosestrife.  (Gr.  Xv^^pov,  Llack  blood  ;  rofer- 
riiij;  to  tlio  ct»lor  of  tho  flower)  Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  limb  4  to  G- 
tootJKMl,  with  as  many  intermediate,  niimite  processes  ;  ])etals  4  to  6, 
equal  ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  in  tlio 
calyx;  style  filiform ;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded. — Mostly  ^1 ,  with 
entire  Ivs. 

S  Stiiiiiens  lis  many  as  tho  ficttils.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary Nos.  1 — ,3 

§  SiaiiU'US  twice  us  muny  iis  the  petals.     Fls.  spicate  or  raceriiu<l Ni>s.  4,  5 

1  L.  hyasopifdlia  L.  fiUASS-POLY.  Glabrous,  croct,  bninchiiiff ;  Iv.s.  alteniatp 
or  opposite,  linear  or  ohlomj-lanceolate,  obtuse;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  aubsessilo ; 
pet.  and  stain.  5  or  6. — A  slender,  weed-like  plant,  found  in  low  grounds,  dry 
beds  of  pond.s,  &c.,  Mass.  and  N.  Y.,  near  tho  coast,  rare.  Plant  (>  to  10'  liigh, 
with  spreading,  square  branches.  Lvs.  s>'ssile,  acute  at  base,  pale  green,  each 
with  a  single  small  flower,  sessile  in  its  axil.  I'etals  pale  purple.  Calyx  ob- 
scurely .striate,  with  short  lobes.     Jl. 

2  L.  alatum  Ph.  Glabrous,  erect,  branched ;  st.  winged  below ;  lvs.  lance-ovate, 
acute,  sessile,  broadest  at  base,  alternate  and  opposite ;  lis.  axillary,  solitary. — 
Damp  grounds  3.  .and  W.  States,  common.  St.  1  to  2f  iiigii,  striate,  tlie  winga 
narrow.  Lv.s.  I  to  2' long,  \  as  wide.  Calyx  tube  1'2-striate,  12  toothed,  alter- 
nate teelh  cornute.     Corolla  purple,  wavy,  ti-petaled.    Stain.  G,  included.    Jn.,  J  I. 

3  L.  lineare  L.  St.  sl-nder,  somewhat  i-angled,  branched  above;  lvs.  linear, 
mostly  opposite  and  o6<Mst:;  fls.  nearly  .«essilo;  petals  and  stamens  tJ.- -Swamps 
near  the  coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  the  angles  sometimes  slightly 
winged.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  2  to  4",  rather  Heshy.     Fls.  small,  nearly  white. 

4  L.  Salicaria  L.  More  or  less  pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  cordate  at  base ;  fls. 
nearly  sessile,  in  a  long,  somewhat  verticellate,  interrupted  spike ;  petals  G  or  7  ; 
stam.  twi(!oas  many  as  pet. — An  ornamental  plant,  native  in  wet  meadows.  Can. 
and  X.  Kng.,  rare.  St.  2  to  5f  high,  branching.  Lvs.  .'5  to  6'  long,  \  as  wide, 
gra  lually  acuminate,  entire,  on  a  short  petiok',  op|)Osito  or  in  vertici.'ls  of  ;^,  upper 
one-  reduced  to  sessile  bracts.  Fls.  large,  numerous  and  showy;  petals  purple. 
JL,  Aug.  t 

5  L.  virgatum  L.  St.  erect,  branched,  virgato;  lvs.  lanceolate,  wide  each  end, 
floral  ones  small;  fls.  about  3  in  each  axil  of  the  virgate  raccnio;  stam.  12. — .V 
ttnc  species  for  the  garden,  native  of  Austria.  St.  3  to  Jf  high.  Fls.  purple. 
Jn. — Sept.  f 

4.  NES^'A,  Juss.  Calyx  short,  broadly  campanulatc,  with  5  erect 
teeth,  and  5  eloiiirated,  spreading,  hornlike  processes  ;  stamens  10  iltcr- 
tiate  ones  veryloiio-;  style  filiform;  capsule  globou.s,  included,  many- 
seeded. —  U  Lvs.  opposite  or  verticillate,  entire.     Fls.  axillary,  purple. 

N.  verticill^ta  Kuntli.  Swamps,  throughout  tho  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  woody  at 
biisi',  ofti'u  pnwtrate,  and  rooting  at  the  summit,  3  to  8f  in  length,  or  erect,  and 
'2  to  3f  high,  4  to  G-angled.  Lvs.  opposite,  or  in  whorls  of  3,  lanceolate,  on  short 
petioles,  acute  at  base,  3  to  5'  long,  gradually  acuminate  and  acute  at  apex.  Fls. 
in  axillary,  subscssile  uml)els  of^  3  or  more,  aj)parently  whorled,  constituting  a 
long,  leafy,  terminal  and  showy  panicle.  Petals  5  or  6,  large,  and  of  a  tine  purple. 
Jl.,  Aug.     (l)ecodon  vorticiUatuin  Ell.) 

«.  I'UHESCEsa.     St.  and  lvs.  beneath  pubescent. — R.  Island  (rare)  to  La. 

^i.  LJ^VKiATUM.     Glabrous  and  bright  gro««. — Mere  common.     N.  Eng.  to  111. 

5.  AiyiMAN'NIA,  L.  (To  John  Awman,  of  Silxu'ia,  profes.sor  of  l)ot- 
any  at  St.  I'ctcrsliurg. )  Calyx  caini)anulate,  4  to  .^-toothed  or  lobod. 
gencr.iily  with  as  miiny  horn-like  processi^s,  altcniiitin;!,'  with  tlic  lobes  ; 
petals  4  or  5  j  stamens  as  many,  rarely  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  • 


;     ill' 

I.  til 


"!- 


I 


-Y-'^Tf"'" '•  """ 


350 


Ordeb  62.— U^'AGHACE^. 


capsule  globular,  2  to  4-celled,  many-seeded. — CD  In  wet  places.     Sta. 
square  and  Ivs.  opposite,  entire.     Fls.  axillary. 

1  A.  htimilis  Mx.  St.  branched  from  the  base,  ascending  ;  Ivs.  linear-obloiig,  or 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  fis.  solitary,  closely  sessile, 
all  tlie  parts  in  4s ;  sty.  verj-  sliort. — An  obscure  and  bumble  plant  in  wet  places, 
Conn,  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Oreg.  Sts.  square,  procumbent  at  base,  6  to  10'  high.  Fls. 
minute,  with  4  purplish,  caducous  petals. — A  variety  has  the  leaves  somewhat 
dilated  iit  base,  approaching  the  next  species.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Amraanniu  ranio- 
Bior  L.) 

2  A.  latifolia  L.  (S^/.  ere<?<,  branching ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  dilated  and  au- 
ricukited  at  the  sessile  base  ;  fls.  crowded,  and  apparently  verticillate,  upper  subsol- 
itary  and  pedunculate ;  cal.  4-angled,  4-horned ;  Sep.,  pet.,  stam.  and  cells  of  ca|> 
suio  4.— Wot  prairies,  W.  States  to  La.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvg.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  5". 
Fla.  purpb.     Jl. — Sept.     (A.  ramosior  L.) 

6.  HYPOBRICH'IA,  Curtis.  Calyx  4-lobed,  without  accessory  teeth  ; 
petals  6 ;  stamens  2  to  4  ;  ovary  2-celled;  stigma  2-lobed,  subsessile; 
caj)sule  globous,  bursting  irregularly,  many-seeded. — A  submersed, 
aquatic  herb.  Lvs.  opposite,  crowded,  linear.  Fls.  axillary,  sessile, 
minute.    (Didiplis  Raf.) 

H.  ITuttdllii  Curt.  A  little  inhabitant  of  ponds  and  sluggish  streams.  111.  (Meid, 
Buckley)  to  N.  Car.  and  La.  Its  habit  is  similar  to  a  CaUitriche.  St.  mostly  sub- 
mersed, 10  to  20'  long.  Lvs.  10  to  15"  by  1  to  2",  very  numerous.  Ju. — Aug. 
(Pcplis  diandra  Nutt.) 


II 


Order  LII.     ONAGRACE^E.     Onagbads. 

Herbs  rarely  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  4  (sometimes  2  or  3)-merous,  with  tlie  calyx 
tube  adhering  to  the  2  to  4-celled  ovary,  and  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud ;  tlie  petals 
convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  obsolete  as  well  as  the  calyx  teeth.  Stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  calyx  teeth ;  ovary  1  to  2  to  4-eelled,  styles 
united,  and  stigmas  capitate  or  4-lobed ;  fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  2  to  4-celled, 
seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen.     Illust.  in  Figs.  116,  311,  403,  il7. 

Two  Suborders  nro  conipreliondod  iiiidiT  this  Order,  viz  : — the  Onagracea"  proper  or  E[)il()biefe, 
and  Maloraftea'.  The  latter  are  aquatic  herbs  of  low  grade, — reduced  Epilobes,  the  flowers  l)eing 
imperfect  or  reduced  to  solitary  organs.  Both  together  contain  88  generaaiul  520  xpecien,  par- 
ticularly abundant  thronghout  Aineiicn,  more  rare  in  tlie  Old  World. 

Tliey  ])i)SRcss  no  reniarkablo  propellles.  Many  of  them  are  ornamental,  as  the  genus  Fuchsia, 
CJiirkia,  etc. 

SUBORDERS   AND   GENERA. 

I.  EPILOBIE.E.     Flowers  perfect  and  complete  (sometimes  apetalous  in  Ludwigia)  2-i)arted 

or  4-parted.     Pollen  connected  by  cobwebs.  (♦) 

II.  IIALOIIAGE^.    Flowers  incomplete  and  often  imperfect,  small  and  greenish,  1,  3,  and 

4-parted.     Plants  aquatic,  often  submer.sed.  (c) 

•  Stamens  8  (or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals),  (a) 

♦  Stamens  4  or  2, — as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals,  (b) 

a  Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. — Seeds  comous.  .Epilobiitm.  1 

— Seeds  glabrous.  ..Iussi.ea.  2 

a  Calyx  tube  prolonged,  the  free  sunmiit— slender.    Seeds  oo..  .(Enotiikka..  3 

— slender.    Seeds  1  to  4.0aura.  4 

—short.  Petals  clawed. Clarkia.  S 

— long  and  enlarged.. ..FuoiieiA.'  6 

b  Flowers  4-parte(l,  perfect,  sometimes  apetalous.  .Ludwigia.  7 

b  Flowers  2-purted,  perfe>     and  complete Cikc.ea.  8 

0  riowc>rs  3-parted,  perfect,  apetalous Pkosbrpinac a.  9 

0  Flowers  4-parted,  msnoeclous,  petals  4  or  0.     Submersed Mtriophyllum.  10 

C  Flowers  1-ported,  perfect,  apetalou; Hippurii.  11 

1.  EPILO'BIUM,  L.  Willow  Herb.  Rose  Bay.  ((ir.  Itti,  upon, 
Xoiioc,  a  pod,  lov,  a  violet;  i.  e.,  a  violet  growing  upon  a  pod.)     Calyx 


H'S^'^ft^K^ 


' »«».  JJ^ftfJ  yfai-Y^^ 


ORDER  o2.-ONAGRACB^. 


tube  not  prolonged  bevonr)  fj  ^^^ 

petals  4  ;  stamens  8,  a„Srs  fi      ^"^'^'  ^^^  ^«^P^3'  4-eIeft  d     • , 

4    spreading   Jobe,     ?  ^'^''''^  "^^r  the  middle  •  J      '  ^^'''^"""s; 

4-vaJved;  sfejs  <^ '/'^'^  ^"^    ^^^P^ule    linear    4.    ^'"^^^^«"  ^^tJ 

violet  pu;pi:t.^;r"^"^'^^'^^  ^'"^^  of  c^  :;ir;sj^^^^^ 

I  Leaves  alternate.    Fis  sl,„.r.                                                                       «"S.— 4    ^.Jg^ 
-*•  B.  aneu«HrAi.-.         -r  '«^tasentiie No.  1 

inerous  and  showy  all  Sn^'  *  ^'  "'''«'  a^'uminate    vh-h  . ^"'"".'^''ed  above.     ].vs 
(^  tod' long)  palig?     JS,P;;f,;-^^^^^^    P'^*^'  ^elpl  ia^t'S.^         ^^^^'- ""■ 

^  B.  :;"L^"?'vt  "^^-^^ "  ""■'■""'"'■  °™'-  '"-^»- 

C»I«.  2  or  3  io"'":' °;,";'"  ?  l-ow  ...mute  tltu  "X""""""'-  '  '"^""nft 

entJy  winged  along  the  mid  Lk   .f'  /"  ^-  ^"^  cin     'st    7  ^'0.  f  ^^P'^tiolate, 

to  12-  cin,n  '  ;   1'*^^'  Pe'-sistent;  petals  ff.«'^  ^^^'^nd  the  ovary 

the  ribs??;!/  "^  '-^^^'^^'  <^omSy  length'  'Pr^"'^'  «t«"'^^"«^ 

'  ''''^'  '''y  '^""^erot,..    Herbs  wYth  afc^'l  'P'"'"^'  ^^^^-^^'" 

^  alternate  Ivs.  and  jellow  flj;. 


I  '1' 


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Ohder    52.— (JNAGUACr;^. 


1  J.  decurrens  DC.  Glabrous  ;  Jis.  ^-merous ;  sts.  erect,  with  slender  branches, 
and  winged  by  the  decurreut  Ivs. ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessile ;  caps,  clavato,  4-angled, 
thrice  longer  than  the  pedicel,  crowned  witli  the  lauce-ovate,  acuminate  caly.v 
lobes. —  U  In  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  common.  Sts.  G  to  12  to  20'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  ;{   long.     Fls.  showy,  expandin^r  about  9  .     Jl. — Sept. 

2  J.  grandifldra  Mx.  Iliraule ;  Jis.  b-merous;  st.  crcvping  at  base,  erect;  lvs. 
elliiitical,  the  lower  ppaiulate,  acutish,  short-potioled ;  Jis.  large;  ova.  sleudtr, 
sliorter  than  tiio  jicdicels  ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute. — 11  Bogs  and  ditclu  j.  S.  Car. 
Ga.  (Savannah,  Feayaiid  I'ond).  Creeping  stems  several  feet  long,  branches  1  to 
2i'  high.     Ova.  with  2  tubercles  at  base.     Fla.  expanding  nearly  2  .    May — Aug. 

3  J.  leptocarpa  Xutt.  Hirsute;  Jis.  mostly  &-merous,  small;  st.  ertct;  lvs. 
lanceolate,  subscssile ;  caps,  linear,  much  longer  than  the  pedictl,  crowned  with  the 
lanc.'Olate,  acuminate  scp. — T  Fla.  and  La.  to  Mo.  St.  nearly  simple,  1  to  2f 
higli.     Caps,  nearly  2'  long,  terete,  at  length  nearly  smooth. 

4  J.  repeiis  L.  Nearly  glabrous;  Jis.  b-merous,  large;  st.  creeping,  ascending: 
lvs.  lance-oval,  mostly  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  slender  jyetiole;  cai»s.  cylindrical,  much 
shoru,  than  the  long  pedicel,  with  2  bracteoles  at  l>ase. — 11  Ponds,  La.,  Ark. 
Sts.  lung  creeping  and  lioating.     Petioles  and  j)edicel3  aljout  2   long.     Ja. — Aug. 

3.  (ENOTHE'RA,  L.  Evening  Primrose,  (dr.  otvor,  Aviiic,  07/pao), 
to  hunt ;  tlio  root  is  said  to  cause  a  tliir-st  for  wiiie.)  ( 'alyx  tube  pro- 
longed beyond  the  ovary,  deciduou.s,  segments  4,  retlexed  ;  petals  4, 
equal,  obcordate  ov  obovate,  inserted  into  the  top  of  the  calyx  tube ; 
stamens  8;  capsule  4-cellcd,  4-valved  ;  stigma  4-lobed ;  seeds  many, 
without  a  coma. — Herbs  with  alternate  lvs.     Fls.  yellow. 

§  Fls.  nocturnal  (oi)on  by  night  only).    Ovary  sessile,  oblong Nos.  "  — 3 

§  Fls.  diurnal. — C.ily.^  tube  not  longer  than  the  ovary Nos.  i,  5 

— Calyx  tube  about  twice  longer  tlian  the  ovary Nos.  (i — S 

— Caly .\  tube  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  ovary Nos.  9,  ID 

1  CE.  biennis  L.  St.  erect,  hirsute ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  r^jiand-dentictitate ; 
lis.  sessile,  in  a  terminal,  leafy  spike;  cal.  tul)e  2  to  H  times  longer  than  theovarv; 
stam.  shorter  tiian  iXie  obcordate  or  ohtnse  petals;  ca2)S.  oblong,  obtusely  4-angk'  .. — 
(r  and  ^2)  Common  in  fields  and  waste  places,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  St.  mostly 
simple.  2  to  5f  higli.  Lv.s.  3  to  6'  long,  roughly  pubescent,  .slightly  toothed,  ses- 
sile on  the  stem,  radical  ones  tapering  into  a  petiole.  Fls.  numerous,  largo,  open- 
ing by  niglit  and  withering  i  lie  next  day.     Jn. — Aug. 

/i.  MURK'A  r.v,     St.  nmricata  or  strigosely  hirsute,  red ;  petals  scarcely  longer 

than  the  stamens.     St.  1  t)  2f  higii.     ((E.  muricata  Pli.) 
y.  GRAKDiFiiOR.\.     Petals  much  longer  than  the  stam,  rather  decfjly  obcordate. 

St.  branched,  f     ((E.  grandillora  Ait.) 
c5,  PAHViFLr>R.\..     Petals  small,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens  ;  tube  of  the  cal. 

elongated.     ((E,  parviflora  L.) 
c.  CUCCI.\TA.     Petals  linear-oblong,   .shorter  than  the  stamens.     (CE.  cruciat:i 

Xutt,) 
f  CANKSCENS  Torr.  &  Gr.     Petals  enlarged;   whole  plant  canescently  hairy. — 

Iowa,  etc. 

2  dJ.  rhombip6tala  Nutt,  Tall,  erect ;  lvs,  lance-linear,  sessile,  acut?,  rpread- 
iag,  lower  ones  petiolate,  becoming  somewhat  pinnatilid;  spike  strict,  Hs.  largo, 
longer  than  the  lealy  bracts ;  cal.  tube  very  slender,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the 
sessile  ovary  ;  petals  rhoinbir-elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate ;  caps,  small, — Wis, 
(Dr.  Parry)  to  Ark.  (Prot!  Robertson.)  A  lino  species,  with  a  profusion  of  straw- 
yellow  fis.     Jn, 

3  CE,  ainuata  L.  St.  pubescent,  diffusely  branched  or  subsiraple,  decumbenJ 
and  assurgent ;  lvs.  pubescent,  oblong-oval,  sinuate-dental,  or  incised ;  fls.  axil- 
lary, solitary,  sessile ;  cal.  villous,  the  tube  twice  longer  than  the  ovary ;  caps, 
prismatic, — <t)  Fields,  N,  J.  to  Ga,  and  La.  St.  3  to  8'  long.  Lvs.  often  pinnati- 
lid,    Fls,  about  6''  diam.,  pale  yellow,  turning  roseate  in  withering, 

f-i.  MINIMA  Nutt.     Low,  simple,  1-fiowered;  lvs.  nearly  entire. — Pine  barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Ga.     (CE.  minima,  Ph.) 


"■"""  ^-'.-U.VAGK.VtJi^ 


culate;  rae    h-yfv  P^^'!''"'^'^^  <^  hirsute  ■  Ivs    „//..    , 

n  pubescence,  form  in,!i;l    1    *^"^  ^"^^  slirul)bv)   1   t./'^f-  i     V   ^"l""'  ^-  i'-  to 
fvv  or  juauv,  I  '    diZ      f  '      '"  '   ^^  ^  ^^  «' ,  iis  iJe  ^  I'l^]''     -^vs-   variable 
C'al-  tube  longer  .nan'tl.'o  ov.;;.  "•'r"!'  '^'^^^^^^'^^^ZZT'''-     ''^ 
'^-  AMBiGL-A.     Lvs  nuMnl.r  '       "^ ''^''^^  ^'''^a'l-obeordate  v-  II  /"*"  '■"^^''"*-'- 

piJi-ploand  polish..d-  ,,  '".'^^P^'a'Ji'ous;  stem  erect  win  ^i.  ^  , 
denticulate,  co  Sus  'fll'T''-^'^"''^"^«^^.  ^cutSfLt  b  tl  e^t'  ^''"^''^*^-  ^-^"al'j 
nearly  twice  longed  ^^.^  ^'''•^'^'.  ^««««J7  «oryml^^ed  .tt  '?;'"'  P*^''"'"^^.  ^-Paud- 
tJ2J  Alcng  rivers,  S  j  ?^  vf  P^^J^^^Ued  ovar/;  S  daS'  '*^"''"^''  ••  ^'-^l  tube 
^  as  large  as  in  xVo  6  "  1  handt"^  ^^'^  '^^-  ' ^^  ^^n^^  tj^Tr!^ r"^'"^- 
8  CB.  linearis   Mx       f/  'P'^'^'"'"-     ^^^^Y' Jn         ■^^'- ^ '« -^  Jong.    i-is. 

i^^s^^^tt^'S  ----:"- "nr£F  ?--- - 

expanding  4  incl  ef  r.i  ^  ^''^  'nagnitudo  of  its  fls  ^7^^^  margins.-Drv 

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Photographic 

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23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

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Ordeb  52.— ONAGRACE^. 


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sessile.    CaL  reddish ;  cor.  at  first  rose-color,  changing  to  deep  red    stig.  4*lobed. 
Fr.  rarely  maturing  more  than  one  seed.     Aug. 

2  G.  fHipee  Spach.  Paniculate  and  naked  above;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  repand- 
deutiite,  lo'ver  ones  almost  piimatitid ;  branches  of  the  panicle  very  slender, 
naked,  with  tufted  Ivs.  at  their  base ;  col.  segm.  canescent,  longer  than  the  tube  or 
tfit  petab) ;  fr.  obovate-riavate,  on  a  JUiform  pedicel — Dry  ground,  S.  and  W. 
States.  St  rigid,  3  to  5f  higii,  leafy  just  below  the  panicle.  Lva.  1  to  3'  long, 
2  to  6"  wide,  tapering  at  each  end.  Petals  oblong-spatuiute,  rose-color  or  white. 
Jl,  Aiig. 

3  (1-.  aiigustifdlia  Mx.  TTerbaceous,  pubescent;  Ivs.  linear,  repand-denticulate, 
very  acute ;  cal.  lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube  or  the  petals  ;  /;•.  sessile,  ovate, 
with  4  sharp,  almost  winged  angles,  and  rather  obtuse  at  each  end,  1  or  2-8eeded. 
— S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Mettauer),  Fla.  (Chapman.)  Plant  strict  and  slender,  few- 
branched.     Fls.  small,  white,  in  paniculate  spikes.     Jl.,  Aug. 

5.  CLAR'KIA,  Pli.  (In  honor  of  Gen.  Clark,  the  companion  of 
Lewis  across  the  Rocky  Mts.)  Calyx  tube  slightly  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  limb  4-parted,  deciduous  ;  petals  4,  unguiculate,  3-lobed  or 
entire,  claws  wifh  2  minute  teeth  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  1,  filiform  ;  stigma 
4-lobod  ;  capsule  largest  at  base,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded. — 
Qp  Herbs  (from  Oreg.  and  Cal.)  with  showy,  axillary  fls. 

1  C.  pulch^Ua  Ph.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate ;  petals  large,  broadly  cuneiform, 
tapering  into  a  slender  claw,  with  2  refiexed  teeth,  limb  with  3  spreading  lobes ; 
alternate  stam.  abortive ;  caps,  pedicellate. — Gardens.  A  handsome  annual,  with 
lilac -purple  or  white  fls.,  of  easy  culture,  f 

2  C.  Slogans  Lmdl.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate,  on  short  petioles; 
petals  undivided,  rhombic  or  triangular  ovate,  with  a  toothless  claw ;  stam.  all 
fertile,  with  a  hairy  scale  at  the  base  of  each ;  stig.  hairy ;  caps,  subsessile,  hairy. 
— Gardens.  Fls.  smaller  than  in  the  last.  Petals  and  stig.  purple.  Hairs  at 
base  of  stamens  red.  f 

6.  FUCH'SIA,  L.  Ladies'  EARnROP.  (To  Leonard  Fuchs ;  an 
early  German  botanist  of  the  fifteenth  century.)  Calyx  tubular-infundi- 
buliform,  colored,  deciduous,  limb  4-lobed  ;  petals  4,  in  the  throat  of 
the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  segments ;  disk  glandular,  8-furrowed ; 
baccate  capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  4-sided. — Mostly  shrubby.  South 
American  plants  of  great  beauty. 

1  F.  coccinea  Ait.  Ladies'  Earduop.  Branches  smooth;  lvs.  opposite, 
and  in  verticils  of  3s,  ovale,  acute,  denticulate,  on  short  petioles ;  fls.  axillary, 
nodding;  sep.  oblong,  acute ;  petals  convolute,  half  as  long  as  calyx. — Native  of 
Chili.  A  very  delicate  and  beautiful  greenhouse  shrub,  1  to  6t  high.  Fls.  on 
long,  filiform  pedicels.  Cal.  scarlet,  much  longer  than  tlio  included,  violet-purple 
petals.  Stam.  crimson,  much  oxserted.  Berry  purple.  There  are  many  varie* 
ties.     (F.  Magellan ica  Lam.) 

2  F.  grdcilia  Lindl.  St  suffruticous,  often  simple;  lvs.  opposite,  ovnte, 
potiolate,  slightly  acuminate,  glandular-deiitato ;  fls.  oppcsito,  solitary,  pendulous, 
lunger  than  the  lvs.,  petals  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals  and  much  broader. — 
Chili.  A  beautiful  parlor  plant,  quite  common.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  thick.  Fls. 
larger,  but  less  elegant  than  in  the  former,  with  a  red  calyx  aad  crimson  corolla. 
I  Many  varieties. 

3  F.  fdlgena  DC.  Lvs.  opposite,  potiolate,  cordate-ovate,  acute,  denticulate; 
pedicels  axillary,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  upper  ones  racemed  ;  cal.  tube  long, 
truinpet-ahaped,  lobes  ovate-lauceolate,  scarcely  exoeeding  tliu  petals. — From 
Mexico.     Fls.  bright-rod.    . 

7.  LUDWIG'IA,  L.  Bastard  Loosestrifb.  (To  C.  D.  Ludwig, 
Prof,  of  Botany  at  Leipzic,  1760.)  Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  limb  4-lobed,  mostly  persisteut ;  petals  4,  equal,  obcordate, 


Obubk  52.— ONaGRACE.E. 


355 


often  minute  or  none;  stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals;  style  short; 
capsule  short,  often  perforated  at  top,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded, 
and  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx  lobes. —  U  Herbs  in  wet  grounds. 
Lvs.  entire. 

§  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  (a) 

a  Petals  largo,  yellow.     Fruit  pedicellate,  short Nos.  1 — ^ 

a  Petals  small,  yellowish.     Fruit  se.-isile,  elongated,  smooth Nos.  4,  5 

a  Pot.  0  or  minute.— Fruit  elongated,  hii.iry  or  .smooth Nos.  0,  7 

— Fruit  8h»irt,  .smooth. — .Stem  winged No.  3 

— Stem  teretisU.— FK  a.\illary.Nt«.  9 — II 

— Fls.  capitate No.  12 

•  Leaves  opposite,  petiolate. — Fls.  sessile,  m  -,ly  apetalous. . , Nos.  13  —  15 

—Fls.  pedicellat( ,  with  showy  petals No.  lO 

1  L.  alternifolia.  L.  Seed-Box.  Erect,  branched,  glatnous;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
acute,  sessile,  pale  beneath ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  1-Howered,  2-bracte(i  above 
the  middle;  putals  scarcely  ov  large  as  the  spreading,  acuminate  sepals;  cups, 
large,  with  4,  winged  angles,  crowned  with  the  colored  calyx. — Shady  swatnps. 
St.  1  to  3f  high,  round,  with  a  strong  bark,  and  several  branches.  Lvs.  with 
marginal  veins,  2  to  3'  long,  J  to  1'  wide.  Caps,  convex  at  apex,  the  angles 
conspicuously  winged.  Sep.  large,  purplish.  Petals  large,  yellow,  showy. 
Jl;,  Aug. 

2  L.  hirt^lla  Raf.  Hairy,  erect,  sparingly  branched ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  sessile, 
obtiise ;  Hs.  axillary,  solitary,  pedicellate,  v/ith  2  bractlets  below  it ;  sep.  nearly 
as  long  as  the  pet. ;  caps,  subglobous,  4-angled  and  winged. — Moist  soils,  N.  J. 
to  Fla.  St.  1  to  31'  high.  Lvs.  numerous,  hairy  on  both  sides,  ^  to  1  J'  by  2  to 
8'.  Fls.  yellow,  about  ^'  diam.  Cal.  spreading,  and,  with  caps,  villous.  Jn. — 
Sept.     (L.  hirsuia  Ph.) 

3  L.  virg^ta  Ph.  Nearly  glabrous,  erect,  virgate;  lvs.  ohlong,  closely  sessile, 
obtuse,  the  upper  linear;  Hs.  large,  on  o.  slender  pedicel ;  petiUs  longer  than  the 
leaty  calyx  lobes;  caps,  roundish-cubica',  with  winged  angles,  and  finally  as  long 
as  the  retlexed  cal.  lobes. — In  dry  soils,  S.  States.  Sts.  2  to  31"  high.  Lvs.  1  t'> 
2'  long.     Pis.  spieading  1',  on  pedicels  6''  long.     May — Sent. 

4  L.  linearis  Walt.  Glabrous,  slender,  with  angular,  erect  branches ;  lvs.  lance- 
li)iear,  acute  at  each  end;  lis.  axillary,  solitary,  sessile;  pet  obovute-oblong, 
slightly  longer  than  the  triangular-ovate  sep.  wliicli  aro  much  shorter  than  the 
elongated,  obovoid-clavato,  A-sided  capsules. — Swan-ps,  N.  J.  and  S.  States.  Plant 
1  to  2f  high,  with  the  habit  of  Lythruin  alatum,  often  sending  out  ruimeri  at  the 
base,  with  obovalo  leaves.    Fls.  sometimes  apetalous.    Jl. — Sept.    (Lsnaruia  DC.) 

5  L.  linifdlia  Poir.  Glabrous,  mostly  simple,  creeping  at  base,  then  ^rect ; 
lvs.  spreading,  linear,  rather  acute,  tapering  to  a  slender  base;  fls.  closely  „  ;ie; 
cal.-lobes  ovate,  acuminate,  about  the  length  of  the  petals  and  of  the  ^-long,  4- 
sided  capsules. — Muddy  places,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Plant  If  high,  with  much  tl>« 
habit  of  Prosorpinaca  paluslris.     Lvs.  1' long. 

6  L.  cylindrica  Ell.  Glabrous,  erect,  much  branched;  lvs.  lanreolate,  acute; 
fls  minute,  1  to  3  together,  apetalous;  cal.  lobes  much  shorter  than  tho  rather 
slender,  cyHtidrical,  abrupt  capsule. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  St.  3f  high.  ].,vs. 
veiny  and  somewhat  denticulate.  Capsules  2  to  4  '  in  length,  I  '  wide.  Jl. — 
Sept.     (Isnardia  DC.) 

7  L.  pildsa  Walt.  Vi lions-pubescent,  erect,  much  branclied;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute; 
Hs.  axillary  and  spiked  above ;  cal.  lobes  ovate-acuminate,  about  as  long  as  tho 
oblong,  4-sidod,  villous  capsule. — Swamp,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Plant  2  to  3f 
hi-'h.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  those  of  the  branches  much  diminished,  of  the  stolons 
spatulate.     Caps,  about  4'   by  2  or  3".     Jl. — Sept.     (Isnardia  DC.) 

8  L.  al^ta  Ell.  Glabrous,  few-branched,  erect ;  st.  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases 
of  the  lanceolate  lvs.;  fls.  solitary,  apetalous;  cal.  lobes  broadly  ovate,  nearly  as 
long  as  tho  small,  4-sided,  obconic  capsule. — Swamps,  S.  States.  Plant  about  2f 
high.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  the  lower  broad-oval.     Jl. — Sept     (Isnardia  DC.) 

9  L.  BphaBroo^ipa  Ell.  Erect,  smooth,  or  nearly  so ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  at- 
tenuate at  base ;  fls.  axillary,  subsolitary,  on  very  ehort  pedicels ;  pet.  minute  or 
wanHng,  aa  well  aa  the  bractlets ;  sep.  aa  long  as  \^iQ  waoW  subglobous  caps. — lu 


; 


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iBI 


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366 


Order  52.— JNAGRACE^. 


water,  S.  to  Ga.,  partly  submerged,  or  in  very  wet  grounds,  rear  Boston,  MaM. 
St.  2  to  3f  liigl),  blanching,  angular.  Margin  of  the  Ivs.  rough,  sometimes  re- 
motely and  obscurely  denticulate.  Fls.  greenish,  inconspioious.  Jl. — ticpr. 
(Isnardia  DC.) 

10  L.  polyc^rpa  Short  k  Peter.  Glubrous,  erect,  mucii  branched,  and  often 
stolon iferous ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  gradually  acute  at  each  end;  fls.  apetalous, 
axillary,  solitary,  with  2  subulate  braotlets  at  biuse  ;  caps  i-angled,  truncated 
above,  tapering  below,  crowned  with  the  4-lobt)d  stylopodium. — Swamps,  \V. 
States.  St.  1  to  31  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  4  ',  ten  times  longer  than  the 
flowers.     Aug. — Oct. 

11  L.  microcdrpa  Mx.  Glabrous;  st.  creeping  at  base,  then  ascending;  k.s. 
spafidate-obovate,  minutely  denticulate;  cal.  lobes  roundish,  acuminate,  larger  thiui 
the  vei-y  small,  ohovnie  capsule ;  stig.  sessile. — Wet  grounds,  S  Car.  to  Fla.  iSt. 
mostly  simple,  If  high,  often  with  stolons  at  base.  Jl. — Sept.  (Isnardia  lan- 
ceoiata  DC.) 

12  L.  capit^ta  Mx.  Glabrous,  erect,  slender;  lvs.  lance-linear  or  lance-obloiig, 
obtuse  at  the  sessile  base,  obtuse  or  very  acute  at  the  apex ;  Jls.  sessile,  croivikd 
in  a  terminal  bracted  head  or  spike ;  cal.  lobes  shorter  than  the  4-angled  capsule. 
— 6.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  simple,  or  with  few  virgate  branches.  Lvs. 
1  to  6  long,  the  upper  linear  and  taper-pointed.     Aug. — Oct.     (Isuardia  DC.) 

13  L.  paluBtria  KU.  Water  Purslane.  Prostrate  and  creeping,  smooih,  and 
slightly  feucculent ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate-spatulate,  acute,  tapering  at  base  into  a 
petiole;  fls.  se.«sile,  solitary;  pet.  0,  or  very  small,  flesh  color;  caps,  oblong, 
abrupt  at  both  ends,  witli  4  green  angles ;  bractlets  0. — In  U.  S.  and  Can.,  creeping 
in  muddy  places  or  floating  in  water.  St.  round,  reddish,  10  to  18  long.  Cal. 
lobes  and  sty.  very  short.     Caps.  2  '  long.     Jn. — Sept.     (Isnardia  L.) 

14  L.  nutans  Ell.  Cretping  w  floating,  smooth  and  slightly  succulent ;  lvs.  ob- 
long, tapering  to  a  petiole,  or  the  lower  snbsessile ;  fls.  sessile ;  cal.  lobes  triangu- 
lar-ovate, acute,  as  long  as  the  yellow  petals ;  ova.  with  2  conspicuous  bracteoles ; 
fr.  4-angled,  tapering  to  the  base. — Swamps,  S.  States.  Caps,  about  4  '  long,  at 
first  top-shaped.     Jl. — Oct. 

15  L.  spatiildta  Torr.  &  Gr.  Branched,  ascending,  downy  and  not  succulent; 
lvs.  oval,  t  ipering  to  a  petiole ;  fli.  very  small,  apetalous,  sessile ;  caps,  pulescmt, 
ovate,  somewhat  4-sided,  small. — 2f  Middle  Fla.  Plant  near  If  high,  dilliisely 
branched  from  the  base.     Lvs.  and  margined  petiole  about  2'  long. 

16  L.  arcuata  Walt.  Nearly  smooth,  creeping ;  lvs.  oblanceolate,  tapering  to 
the  sessile  base ;  fls.  solitary,  on  a  slender  axillary  peduncle,  which  is  twice  longer 
than  the  lvs. ;  pet;ds  bright  yellow,  longer  than  tlie  lance-linear,  spreading  sepals ; 
cnps.  clavate,  linally  arcuate,  as  long  ns  the  persistent  calyx  lobes — Swamps, 
Va.  to  Fla.,  along  the  coast.  Sts.  3  to  10  long.  Lvs.  10"  long.  Fls.  10"  broad. 
Ma  J' — Jl.     (Isnardia  pedunculo.sa  DO.) 

8.  CIRC^^A,  L.  Enchanter's  Nightshade.  (Circe  was  siipposctl 
to  liHVo  used  tlioso  plants  in  her  encliatitinetits.)  Calyx  sHi>litly  pro- 
duced above  tht  ovary,  deciduous,  limb  2-parted  ;  petals  2,  obooniate  ; 
stamens  2,  opposite  the  sepals;  capsule  obovoid,  uncinate- hispid  or 
pubescent,  2-cellcd,  2-seeded  ;  styles  united. —  4  Lvs.  opposite. 

1  C.  Luteti^na  L.  St.  erect,  pubescent  above;  lvs,  ovate,  suboordate,  npuminiite, 
slightly  repand-dentato,  opaqw.,  longer  than  the  petioles;  brncts  none;  fr.  re- 
flexed,  hispiii  uncinate. — Damp  shades  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  III.  St. 
1  to  2f  higli,  sparingly  branched,  tumid  at  the  nodes.  Lvs.  dark  green,  sniootlj 
or  slightly  pubescent,  2  to  4'  long,  J  as  wide;  petiole  8  to  15"  long.  Fls.  small, 
rose  color,  in  long,  terminal,  axillary  racemes.  Fr.  olwordate,  with  conspicuous 
hooks.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  C.  alpina  L.  Smooth;  .'K  ascending  at  base,  weak  ;  lvs.  broad -cordate,  mem- 
branvus,  dentate,  as  long  as  the  ])etioles  ;  brcu'Ls  setaceous ;  caps,  pubescent. — 
A  small,  delicate  plant,  common  in  wet,  rocky  woodlands,  in  mountainous  dis- 
tricts, N.  Eng.,  Brit.  Am.,  W.  to  Or.     St.  diai>hanous,  juicy,  6  to  10'  high.   Lv.s. 


Order  62.— ONAGRACE^. 


357 


1  to  2'  long  S  as  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  small,  remote  teeth,  pale  green 
and  shining.     Fls.  white,  rarely  reddish,  minute,  in  terminal  racemes.     Jl. 

9.  PROSERPINA'CA,  L.  Mermaid  Weed.  (Lat.  Proserpina,  a 
Ruiuan  goddess;  from  some  fancied  resemblance.)  Calyx  tube  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  3-sided,  limb  3-parted  ;  petals  none ;  stamens  3  ; 
stignijis  3  ;  fruit  3-angled,  3-celled,  bony,  crowned  with  the  permanent 
calyx. —  U  Aquatic.     Lvs.  alternate. 

1  P.  paluBtris  L.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  above  the  water,  those 
below  (if  any)  pinn.''titid. — Ditches,  swamps  and  ponds,  olten  partly  submerged, 
N,  Eng.,  Fla.  and  La.  Rt.  creeping.  Sts.  ascending  at  base,  G  to  20  high, 
striate,  roundish.  Lvs.  10  to  16  by  2  to  3",  acute  at  each  end,  lower  ones  on 
short  petioles  and,  if  growing  in  water  pinnatitid  with  linear  segments.  Fls. 
greenish,  sessile,  1  to  3  together,  in  the  axils  of  the  uppjr  loaves,  succeeded  by 
a  very  hard,  triangular  nut.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  P.  pectindcea  La.n.  Lvs.  all  pectinate,  with  linear-subuiato  segm. ;  fr,  obtusely 
3-angled. — Sandy  swamps,  in  Mass.  (rare)  S.  to  Fla.  St.  6  to  10  high,  ascending 
at  base  from  long,  creeping  roots.  Lvs.  all  finely  and  regularly  divided  into  very 
narrow  segments.  Sty.  0 ;  stig.  attenuate  above.  Fr.  ratlier  smaller  (less  tliau 
1"  diam.)  than  in  P.  palustris,  rugous  when  mature.     JL,  Aug. 

10.  MYRIOPHYL'LUM,  Yaill.  Water  Milfoil.  (Gr.  fivpiog,  innu- 
merable, (pvXXa,  leaves.)  Flowers  8  ,  or  frequently  ^  ;  calyx  4-tootlied 
in  the  ^  and  ?  flowers,  4-parted  in  the  .t ;  petals  4,  often  inconspicu- 
ous or  none;  stamens  4  to  8;  stigmas  4,  pubescent,  sessile  ;  fruit  of  4, 
nut-like  carpels,  cohering  by  their  inner  angles. —  U  submersed,  aquatic 
herbs.  Submersed  lvs.  parted  into  capillary  segments.  Upper  fls.  usu- 
ally $  ,  middle  ones  ^  ,  lower  ?  . 

§  Stamrns  8.    Caipds  smooth  and  even.    Leaves  wliorled  in  Ss Nos.  1,  2 

§  8tauieD:j  4. — (,'ar|ii'ls  riil^ed  on  tlie  back.     Lvs.  whorled  in  4s  and  6s Nos.  :S,  4 

— Cai-i)els  sniuutli  and  even.    Lvs.  ultcrnato  or  wanting Nos.  5,  6 

1  M.  spic^tum  L.  Lvs.  in  verticils  of  39,  all  pinnately  parted  into  capillary  seg- 
ments; fls.  in  terminal,,  nearly  naked  spikes;  floral  lvs.  or  bracts,  ovate,  entire, 
shorter  than  tfie  fls.,  lowest  ones  subserrate  and  larger;  petals  broadly  ovate ; 
stam.  8 ;  carp,  smooth. — N.  Eng.  to  Ark.,  in  deep  water,  tlie  Hs.  only  rising  al)ove 
the  surface.  St.  slender,  branched,  very  long.  Lvs.  composed  of  innumirabl*, 
hair-like  segments,  always  submerged.     Fla  greenish,  sessile.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  M.  verticilldtum  L.  Lvs.  in  verticils  of  3s,  lower  onea  jiinnately  parted  into 
opposite,  capillary  or  setaceous  segments;  fls.  in  terminal,  leafy  spikes ;  floral  Irs. 
pecfinate-pinnatifld,  much  longer  than  the  fls. ;  petals  oblong-obovate ;  stiun  8; 
carp,  smooth.  In  stagnant  wuter.  Can.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Or.  St.  long,  less  sleiiiUr 
than  in  the  last,  only  the  upper  part  emerging.  Fls.  small,  green,  axillary,  with 
conspicuous  tloral  Us.     Sep.  acute.     A  nth.  oblong.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3  M.  heteroph;^llum  Mx.  Lvs.  in  verticils  of  6s,  the  lower  ones  pinnately 
parted  into  capillary  lobes;  spikes  terminal,  nearly  naked;  floral  kn.  ovate-kinreo- 
late,  serrate,  longer  than  the  fls.,  crowded;  petals  oblong;  stam.  4  to  6;  carp, 
scabrous,  with  2  slight  ridges  on  the  back. — In  sluggish  water.  Can.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.,  rare.  St.  thick,  branching.  Lvs.  very  various,  lowcvt  floral  ones  pteti- 
nately  divided.  Petals  somewhat  persistent.  Sepals  minute.  Brad  lets  serrulate. 
Jn. — Sept. 

4  M.  Bcabritum  Mx.  Lvs.  pinnatifid  in  whoria  of  4s  and  5.s ;  fls.  verticillate, 
axillary,  upper  fls.  $,  with  4  stam.,  lower  ones  ?;  floral  lvs.  linear,  pectinately 
toothed;  fr.  8-angled,  the  ridges  tuberculate. — Plymouth,  Mass.  (Oakes),  Block 
Island  (Robbins),  S.  and  W.  States.  St.  6  to  12  high.  Segm.  of  the  lvs.  linear- 
capillary. 

6  M  ten^Uum  Bw.  Erect  and  almost  leafless;  floral  lvs,  or  bracts  nitcrnate, 
minute,  entire,  obtuse ;  fls.  S  \  petals  linear;  stam.  4;  carp,  smooth,  not  ridged  — 
About  the  edges  of  ponda  and  rivers,  Providence,  R.  I.  (Olney),  northern  part  of 


s       .l^i 


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.'  fifl 


358 


OsDEB  53.— LOASACE^. 


n 


5 


I 

I  ; 


^ 


N.  Y.  to  N'ewfoundland.     Rhizome  prostrate,  creeping,  sending  up  several  stems 
or  scapes  which  are  simple  and  4  to  12  high.     Fis.  small,  purplish  white,  sessile, 
alternate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  bracts,  the  upper  ones  $ .     Jl. 
6  M.  ambiguum  Nutt.     Lvs.  many,  submersed  ones  pinnate,  with  capillary  seg- 
ments, middle  ones  pectinate,  upper  hnear,  petiolate,  tootlied  or  entire ;  fis.  mostly 
5  ;  petals  oblong,  somewhat  persistent ;  stam.  4 ;  carpels  smootii,  not  ridged  on 
tiie  back. — In  ponds  and  ditciies,  Penn.  to  Mass.     Sts.  floating,  upper  end  emerged, 
with  minute  tls.  and  linear  floral  lvs.  (M.  nutans  DC.)     In  otlier  situations  it  varies 
as  follows. 
0.  LiMosuM  Nutt.     St.  procumbent  and  rooting;  lvs.  all  hnear,  rigid,  often  en- 
tiro. — Muddy  places,  where  it  is  a  small,  creeping  and  branching  plant.    (M. 
procumbens  B\v.) 
y.  CAPILLACEUM  Torr.     Lvs.  all  immersed  and  capillary. — Ponds. 

11.  HIPPU'RIS,  L.  Mare's  Tail.  (Gr.  innog,  a  horse,  ovpd,  a  tail.) 
Calyx  with  a  minute,  entire  limb  crowning  the  ovary;  corolla  none; 
stamen  1,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx;  anther  2-lobed,  com- 
pressed ;  style  1,  longer  than  the  stamen,  stigmatic  the  whole  length  in 
a  groove  of  the  anther  ;  seed  1. —  U  Aquatic  herbs.  St.  simple.  Lvs. 
verticillate,  entire.     Fis.  axillary,  minute. 

H.  vulgaris  L.  Lvs.  in  verticils  of  8  to  12,  linear,  acute,  smooth,  entire;  fls. soli- 
tary, often  $  ?  ^ . — In  the  borders  of  ponds  and  lakes,  Penn.  to  Arc.  Am.,  very 
rare.  Riiizome  with  long,  verticillate  fibers.  St.  erect,  jointed,  1  to  2f  higli. 
The  flowers  are  the  simplest  in  structure  of  all  that  are  called  perfect,  consisting 
merely  of  I  stamen,  1  pistil,  1  seed  in  a  1-celled  ovary,  with  neither  calyx  lobes 
nor  corolla.    May,  Jn. 

Order  LIII.     LOASACE^E.     Loasads. 

ITerhs  often  hispid  with  stinging  hairs,  with  leaves  opposite  or  alternate  and  no 
■tipules.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4  or  5-parted, 
lobes  persistent,  equal.  Petals  5  or  10,  in  2  circles,  often  cucullato,  inserted  on  the 
oalj'x.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  with  the  petals,  free  or  cohering  in  several  seta 
Ovary  1 -celled,  with  several  parietal  placenta),  or  one  central.  Style  1.  Ovules 
pendulous.     Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  18,  apecies  70,  natives  of  ADierica. 

MENTZE^LIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  C.  Mentzel,  physician  to  the  Elector 
of  Brandenburg.)  Calyx  tubular,  limb  6-parted  ;  petals  5  to  10,  flat, 
spreading;  stamens  oo,  30  to  200;  ovary  inferior;  styles  3,  filiform, 
coimato,  and  often  spirally  twisted  ;  stigmas  simple,  minute  ;  capsule  1- 
celled,  many-seeded. — Branching  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate. 

1  M.  oligosp^rma  Nutt.  Very  rough,  with  barbed  hairs ;  st.  dichotomous ;  lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate^  tapering  to  very  short  petioles,  hbed  or  incisely  dentate;  petals  en- 
tire, cuspidate,  expanding  in  sunshine;  stam.  20  or  more,  shorter  than  the  petals; 
caps.  3  to  b-suded. — %  Dry  or  rocky  places,  Pike  Co.,  Ill  (Mead),  and  Mo.  to  Tex. 
Rt.  tuberous.  St.  If  high,  divaricately  branched.  Lvs.  10  to  15'  by  6  to  8  ", 
upper  ones  ovate.  Fls.  solitary,  oi"  a  deep,  golden  yellow,  8  to  10"  diam.,  very 
fugacious.     Caps,  cylindric,  very  small.     May — Jl. 

2  M.  Lfndleyi  Torr.  &  Gr.  Golden  Baktonia.  Hispid ;  lvs.  ovate-lance- 
olate, pinnatijid,  lobes  often  dentate;  fls.  solitary  or  nearly  so,  terminal;  petals 
broadly  obovate,  very  abniptly  acuminate ;  filaments  filiform,  and  with  the  seeds 
numerous. — <J)  Gardens.  St.  decumbent,  branching,  1  to  3f  in  length,  with  golden 
yellow  fls.  2  to  3'  diam.,  the  beauty  of  which  is  greatly  heightened  by  innumera* 
Ue,  thread-like,  yellow  stameua    (Bartonia  aurea  Lindl.)    f  California 


Order  54  — CACTACE^ 


369 


Order  LIV.     CACTACE^     Indian  Figs. 

Stfms  succulent  and  shrubby,  usually  angular  or  2-edged  or  jointed.  Leaves 
almost  always  waatiiig ;  prickles  numerous  and  formidable.  Flowers  solitary,  usu- 
ally showy  and  of  short  duration.  Sepals  and  petals  often  indefinite  and  confounded 
with  each  other,  tlie  sepals  from  the  surface,  and  the  petals  from  the  summit  of  the 
ovary.  Stam.  Qo ;  Jilaments  long  and  filiform ;  anth.  ovate,  versatile.  Ovaries  in- 
ferior, 1-celled,  fieshy,  with  parietal  placenta}.  Style  single,  filiform,  with  several 
stijimas  in  a  star-like  cluster.  F'-.  succulent.  Seeds  numerous,  parietal  or  in  the 
pulp,  exalbuminous.     (Illust.  in  fig.  47,  b) 

Genera  18,  species  about  800,  all  peculiarly  American,  no  one  having  evor  been  found  in  nnv 
other  quarter  of  the  globe.  They  abound  in  the  deserts  of  Now  Mexico  and  (ioutlnvard.  Ilia 
prickly  pear  (Opuntia  vulgaris)  ia  the  only  species  found  native  as  far  north  a^  N.  Yorlv.  TLiir 
aspect  is  jieculiar,  usually  distinguishable  at  eight. 

Stigmas*).     Calyx  tube  not  prolonged.    Berry  tubercular,  umbillcate Opuntia  1 

Stigmas  co .     Calyx  tube  prolonircd  above  the  ovary.    Berry  areolate,  Ac Ckkkus  2 

Btigmas  5  to  7. — Calyx  tube  prolonged.     Berry  .smooth.     Axis  grooved MKi.ocAOTira      3 

— Calyx  tube  short    Berry  smooth.    Axis  mammiforous Mammillaria  4 

1.  OPUNTIA,  Tourn.  Prickly  Pbab.  (OjoMw/iawa  was  a  country 
near  Phocis,  where  this  was  said  to  be  naturalized.)  Sepals  and  petaU 
nnmerous,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  not  produced  into  a  tube  above  it ; 
stamens  oo,  shorter  than  the  petals ;  style  with  numerous,  thick,  erect 
stigmas ;  berry  umbilicate  at  apex,  tuberculate,  cotyledons  semiterete. 
— Shrubby  plants,  with  articulated  branches,  the  joints  usually  broad 
and  flattened,  with  fascicles  of  prickles,  regularly  arranged  upon  the 
surface. 

O.  vulg£lri8  Mill.  Prostrate,  creeping ;  joints  ovate ;  prickles  numerous  in  each 
fascicle,  often  with  several  subulate  spines ;  Ivs.  minute,  subulate  from  a  broad 
base ;  fls.  yellow. — A  curious,  fleshy  plant,  native  in  rocky  and  sandy  plaoea, 
Mass.  to  Fla.  W.  to  Iowa.  The  singular  form  resembles  a  series  of  thick,  fleshy 
leaves,  4  to  6'  long,  f  as  wide,  growing  from  tlie  tip  or  sides  of  each  other,  and 
armed  with  orange-colored  spines  from  the  edge  of  the  joints,  lai  ge,  brigbt-yellovi, 
and  succeeded  by  a  smooth,  crimson,  eatable  fruit,     f  (Cactus  opuntia  L.) 

2.  CE^REUS,  DC.  Sepal*  very  numerous,  imbricated,  adnate  to  ths 
base  of  the  ovary  and  united  into  a  long  tube  above  it,  the  outer  shorter, 
the  inner  petaloid ;  stamens  indefinite,  coherent  with  the  tube,  styU 
filiform,  with  many  stigmas;  berry  scaly  with  the  remains  of  the  sep- 
als ;  cotyledons  none  ? — Fleshy  shrubs,  with  woody,  prismatic  axes, 
armed  with  clusters  of  spines.     Fls.  from  the  clusters  of  spines. 

I  Stock  and  branches  compressed,  somewhat  leaf-like Nos.  1 — S 

§  Stock  and  branches  angular-cylindrical,  creeping Nos.  4,  ft 

1  C.  phylldnthuB  DC.  Spleenwort.  Branches  ensiform,  compreaaed, 
serrate ;  fls.  with  the  terete,  slender  tube  much  longer  tlian  the  limb  of  tlie  pet- 
als.— From  S.  Am.  The  articulations  of  the  stem  are  2f  or  more  long,  2'  wide, 
weak,  bordered  with  large,  obtuse  serratures,  and  traversed  lengthwise  by  a  cen- 
tral, cylindrical,  woody  axis.  Fls.  white,  9  to  12'  long,  expanding  by  night, 
fragrant,  f 

2  C.  phyllanthoides  DC.  Branches  ensiform,  compressed,  obovate,  with 
spreading,  rounded  teeth  ;  fls.  arising  from  the  lateral  crenaturesof  tlie  branches; 
tube  shorter  than  the  limb  of  the  petals  — From  Mexico.  A  splendid  flowed 
with  leaf-like,  fleshy  joints,  each  6  to  10'  long,  1  to  2'  wide.  Fls.  rose-colored, 
4  in  length,  expanding  by  day. 

3  C.  trunodtu*  L.  Branching;  joints  short-compressed,  serrate,  truncate 
at  the  summit ;  fls.  arising  from  the  summit  of  the  joints ;  sty.  longer  than  the 
Btam.  or  reflexed  pet. — From  Brazil.  A  very  distinct  species,  a  foot  or  more 
high.  Joints  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  1^'  wide,  leaf-like.  Fls.  2  to  3'  long,  pink-colored, 
t  (Cactus  L) 


it  |J 


J 

k.  iil™| 

>'■  ••li 

iH 

flM 

If 


Ml 


1 


:^ 


'^ 


fii 


I    $ 


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Ml 


iiiiO 


(Juunii  53.— GKOtJSULACE-^ 


4  C.  grandifldruB  DC.  Creeping,  rooting ;  st.  with  about  6  angles* :  tin. 
terminal  and  hiteral,  very  large,  uuclurnal ;  petals  spreading,  shorler  tlum  the 
linear-lanceolate  sepals. — Mexico.  West  Indies.  Sts.  cjliudric  or  piisnu'ic, 
branching,  the  angles  not  very  promnieut  Fls.  expanding  by  night,  and  endur- 
ing but  a  lew  hours,  8  to  12  diam.  Sepals  brown  without,  yellow  within.  Pet- 
als white.     A  luagniticent  flower,  of  difficult  culture,  f 

5  C.  flRgelliformiB  DC.  Snake  Cactus.  St.  creeping,  with  about  10 
angles,  hispid;  lis.  k^leral,  diurnal;  tube  slender,  Ioniser  than  the  limb  of  the  pet- 
als.— From  S.  Am.  S*..  about  tiie  size  of  the  little  linger,  cylindric,  indistinctly 
articulated,  2  to  5f  long.  Fls.  of  a  lively  pink  color,  smaller  tbau  those  oi  the 
last,  and  conimuing  in  bloom  several  days,  f 

3.  MELOCACTUS,  Bauh.  Melon  Thistle.  Turk's  Cap.  (Com- 
pounded of  melon  and  cactus,  from  its  form.)  Calyx  tube  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  lobes  5  to  6,  petaloid  ;  petals  as  many  as  sepals,  united  with 
them  into  a  long,  cylindric  tube ;  stamens  and  style  filiform  ;  stigma  6- 
rayed  ;  berry  smooth,  crowned  with  the  withered  calyx  and  <;orolla. — 
Suliruticous,  fleshy,  leafless.  Spadix  simple,  crowning  the  globular, 
4eepIy-fuirowed  axis.     Fls.  terminal. 

M.  commilinia  Link.  Axis  ovate-subgiobotjs,  dark  green,  12  to  18-angled  ; 
ribs  straight;  spines  fasciculate,  subequal. — Native  of  the  Caribbean  Islands. 
This  remarkable  plant  appears  like  a  lar^e,  green  melon,  with  deep  furrows  and 
prominent  ribs,  and  is  full  of  juice.  It  is  surmounted  with  a  spadix,  which 
is  cylindric,  tuberoulate,  densely  tomeutous,  bearing  the  red  flowers  at  the 
summit,  f 

4.  MANNILLA^RIA,  Hawarth.  (Lat.  mammae  the  breasts :  alluding 
to  the  tubercles.)  Flowers  and  fruit  simila**  to  the  preceding  genus. — 
Stock  roundish  or  cylindrical,  covered  with  conical  or  mamma'I'orm 
tubercles,  spirally  arranged  and  tipped  with  a  cluster  of  spines  in  wool. 
Fls.  sessile  among  the  tubercles. 

M.  macrdmeris  Engelm.  Bright  green,  with  large,  pear-shaped  tubercles, 
each  surmounted  by  a  cluster  of  straight,  slender  spines,  and  large  (near  3  diam.) 
carmine-roseate  flowers,  f  From  New  Mexico. — Other  species  are  cultivated  in 
the  green-house. 

Order  LV.    GROSSULACE^.     Currants. 

Low  shrubs,  often  prickly  with  alternate,  palmately  lobed  leaves.  Calyx  5-lobed, 
adlierent  to  the  1-celled  ovary,  bearing  at  top  the  corolla  of  5  petals  alternating  with 
tAio  5  sliort  stamens.  Anth.  introrse.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  inferior  berry  with  2  parietal 
placentjc.    Styles  2.    Seeds  oo,  embryo  minute,  in  abundant  horny  albumen.     (Figa. 

67,  309.) 

Genera  1,  apeciea  95.  The  gooseberries  and  currants  are  natives  of  the  N.  temperate  zone  o/ 
both  continents,  l>nt  unlcnown  in  the  tropics  or  S.  heinispliere,  except  S.  Ainericiu 

/'rojiertiex  Tlie  berrie8  contain  a  sweet,  iiuiciloginoua  pulp,  together  with  malic  or  citric 
acid.    They  arc  always  wholesome,  and  usually  esculent. 

1.  RFBES,  L.  Currants.  (Named  from  the  Arabic.)  Character 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 

I  CunnANTS.    Stems  unarmed.    Lvs.  convolute  In  bud.    Fls.  yellow No.  1 

I  CuRBANiB.     Stems  unarmed.    Lvs.  plicate  in  bud.— Fruit  hairy No.s.  2—4 

— Fruit  smooth Nos.  S— 7 

$  GoosEBRRRiBB.    Stems  spioescent.    Lvs.  plicate.— Fruit  hispid • >>()!s.8,9 

— li'ruit  smooth. — Ped.  verv  f*hoi  i.Nos.  Id.  11 
— Ped.  hmg.  ...N.>s.  12—14 

1  R.  ailreum  Ph  Missouri,  or  Golden  Currant.  Plant  smooth ;  lvs. 
3-lobed.  lobes  divaricate,  entire  or  with  a  few  large  teeth ;  petioles  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  bracts  linear,  as  Jong  as  the  pedicels ;  rac.  lax,  with  many  bright  yd- 
law  fla. ;  cal.  tubular,  longer  thaa  tlie  pedicels,  eegm.  oblong,  obtuse ;    petals 


Obuer  55.— OROSSULACE^.. 


861 


ereot;  cal.   segni.   spreading;  pt-taLs  obtusi'ly 
than  tlie  pedicels ;  fr.  hairy. — Mts.  of  N.  Car. 
"W'o  liavo  seeu  iio  spocimons  of  this  obscuro 


linear ;  fr.  smooth,  oblong  or  globous,  yellow,  finally  brown. — Mo.,  T\'.  to  O.  A 
beautiful  shrub  8  to  lOf  high,  common  in  cultivation.  Fls.  numerous,  vi-ry  fra- 
grant.    Apr.,  May.  f 

2  R.  sangufneum  Pli.  Lvs.  canescpnt-tomentous  beneath  ;  glabrous  above, 
cordate,  3  to  5-lobe('i,  ioubly  serrate ;  rac.  lo!ig  and  loose ;  bracts  red,  spattilatc, 
rather  longer  than  tlie  pedicels;  fin.  rose-red;  cal.  tubuhir-campaiiulate,  segm. 
spreading,  obovate,  as  long  as  the  spatulato  petals;  sty.  united  into  1 ;  stig.  2-lobed; 
fr.  dryish,  with  spars'.'  glandular  hairs. — Oregon  (Rev.  G.  Atkiu.son).  A  beauti- 
ful slirub  with  large  showy  racemes,  f 

R,  reainosum  Ph.     Plant  clothed  throughout  with  resinous-glandular  hairs  i 
ivs.  3  to  5-lobed,   roundish;  rac. 
rhomboidal;  bracts  linear,  longer 
(Parker.    iSeo  N.  Am.  Fi  p.  550). 

species. 

R.  prostr^tQin  L'Her.  Mou.vtain  Currant.  St.  reclined  ;  Zts-.  smooth,  deeptij 
cordate,  5  to  l-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  reticulate-rugous;  rac.  erect,  lax,  niany-tlow- 
ered;  cal.  rotate;  berries  globous,  glandular-hispid,  red. — A  small  shrub,  on  moun- 
tains and  rocky  hill«.  Penn.  to  Can.,  ill-scented  and  with  ill-fiavored  bernes — 
sonu'times  called  Skunk  Ctirrard.  Prostrate  stems,  with  erect,  straight  branches. 
Lvs.  about  as  large  as  in  No,  1,  lobes  acute.  Petioles  elongated.  Rac.  about 
8-Howered,  becoming  erect  in  fruit.  Bracts  very  short.  Fls.  marked  with  pur- 
ple.    Berries  rather  large.     May.  (R.  rigens  Mx.) 

R.  rCl'oruin  L.  Oom>ion  Red  Currant.  Lvs.  obtusely  ,3  to  5-lobed,  smooth 
above,  pubescent  beneath,  subcordate  at  base,  margin  mucronately  serrate ;  rac. 
nearly  smooth,  pendulous;  cal.  short,  rotate;  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  pedi- 
cels; fr.  globous,  glabrous,  red. — Woods,  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.  (Carey),  Wis.  (Lap- 
ham),  N.  to  the  Arc.  Ocean.  Cultivated  universally  in  gardens. 
J.  (WHITE  (CURRANT).     Fr.  light  ambcr-colored,  larger  and  sweeter. 

R.  fldridum  L'ller.  "Wild  Black  Currant.  Lvs.  subcordate,  3  to  5-lobed, 
sprinkled  on  both  sides  with  yellowish,  resinotis  AoXa;  rac.  many-Howered,  pendu- 
lous, pubescent ;  cal.  cylindrical ;  bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  fr.  obo- 
void.  s)iioolh,  black. — A  handsome  shrub  in  woods  and  hedges?.  Can.  to  Ky.,  com- 
mon, 3  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  the  width  something  more,  lobes  acute, 

2  small  additional  ones ;  dots  just  visible  to  the 
long.     Fls.  ratiier  bell-shaped,   greenisli   yellow. 


witli 
to  2' 


spreading,  .1,  sometimes 
naked  eye.  Petioles  1 
Fr.  insipid.     May,  Jn, 

7  R.  nigrum  L.  Black  Currant.  Lrs.  :i  to  5-\ohe(],  punctate  vith  yeUoioish 
dots  beneath,  dentate-serrate,  longer  than  their  petioles ;  rac.  lax,  hairy,  somewhat 
nodding;  cal.  campanulate;  bracts  nearly  equaling  the  \)ci\\ce\^;  fr.  roundish- 
ovoid,  nearly  black. — Native  of  Europe,  etc.  Cultivated  and  esteemed  lor  its 
medicinal  jelly.     Fls.  yellowisii. — This  species  much  resembles  R.  floridum. 

8  R.  Cynosbati  L.  Prickly  Gooseherry.  St.  prickly  or  not;  subaxillary 
spines  aljout  in  pairs;  lvs.  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed,  pubescent,  lobes  incisely  den- 
tate ;  rac.  nodding,  2,  to  3-flowered ;  cal,  tube  ovatc-cylindric,  longer  than  the 
segm. ;  pet.  obovate,  shorter  than  tho  cal.  segm. ;  sty.  united  to  the  top ;  berrin 
prii'kly. — N.  and  W.  States,  about  4f  high,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  mostly  with- 
out prickles,  but  armed  with  1  to  3  sharp  spines  just  below  tliouxil  of  each  leaf. 
Petioles  downy.  Fls.  greenish  white.  Fr.  mostly  covered  with  long  prickles, 
brownish-purple,  eatable.     May,  Jn. 

9  R.  lacustre  Poir.  Swamp  Gooseberry.  St.  covered  with  prickles ;  subaxQ- 
lary  spines  several ;  lvs.  deeply  3  to  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base,  lobes  deeply  incised ; 
rac.  5  to  8-flowered,  pilous;  cal.  rotate,  sty.  2-clefi;  beiries  small,  hisjnd. — In 
swamps,  N.  States,  and  Brit.  Am,  Shrub  3  to  4f  high.  Sts.  reddish  from  tho 
numerous  prickles,  which  differ  from  the  spines  only  in  size.  Lvs.  shining  above, 
H  to  2V  diam.  Petioles  ciliai^',  hispid,  longer  than  tho  lvs.  Fls.  green.  Fr. 
covered'  with  long  prickles,  dark  purple,  disagreeable.  May. — The  older  stems 
are  unarmed  save  with  a  few  spines. 

10  R  hirt^Uum  Mx.  St.  unarmed,  rarely  prickly ;  svhaxiUnry  spines  shm-i, 
solitary,  or  nearly  so;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed,  Kwtlied.  pubescent  be- 
neath; ped.  short,  I  to  2-tlowered;  cal.  tube  smooth,  campanulate,  iiogm.  twice 


"'■''tI 


m 


'    n 


362 


Order  57.— PASSIFLORACE^. 


it; 


•'1 

-  !i 

I; 

I 


longer  than  the  potiUs;  stiim.  longer  than  eitlier;  sty.  hairy,  2-cleA, ;  fr.  siriooth.— 
In  rocky  wooda,  N.  II.  and  Mass.  to  Wise.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Lvs.  9  to  18" 
diam.,  generally  dell  half  way  to  the  middle.  Fls.  nodding,  greenish.  Fr.  pu^ 
pie.     May,  Jn.  (R.  triflorum  Bw.  R.  saxosum  Hook.) 

11  R.  ozycanthoides  L  St.  clot/ied  with  bristly  prickles ;  suhaxillary  spines  3, 
often  fewer,  united  at  base ;  ivs.  5-lobed,  roundish,  subuordate,  eut-dentate ;  ped. 
about  2-flowered,  very  short;  col.  tube  cylindric;  sty.  cleft  half  way ;  fr.  smooth. — 
Can.,  in  rocky  woods.  Readily  distinguished  from  No.  10  by  its  numerous 
prickles,  but  some  of  its  forms  are  nearly  destitute  of  them.     Fr.  bluish  purple. 

12  R.  rotundifdlium  Mx.  Suhaxillary  spines  mostly  solitary,  short ;  Ivs.  round- 
ish, smooth,  3  to  5-lobed.  incisoly  crenate-dentate ;  ped.  smooth,  1  to  .3-flowered ; 
ccd.  cylindrical,  smooth,  segm.  linear,  finally  reflexed;  ptt.  .spatulate,  unguiculate; 
stam.  and  2-parted  sty.  slender,  much  exserted.  smooth;  berries  smooth. — In 
woods,  N.  H.  to  N.  Car.  and  Mo.  Shrub  .3  to  4f  hiyrh.  St.s.  witli  a  whitish 
bark,  the  younger  oft.'n  prickly.  (R.  Missouriense  Nutt.)  Lvs.  1  to  2'  diam., 
mostly  tnmcate  at  base,  siiining  above.  Petioles  ciliate,  1  to  3'  long.  Petals 
yellowish-white.     Fr.  purple,  delicious,  re.sembling  the  garden  gooseberry.     May. 

13  R.  grdcile  Mx.  Pubescent;  st.  scarcely  prickly;  suba.xillary  spines  1  to  3, 
short,  very  slender ;  lvs.  roundish,  3-lobed ;  ped.  1  to  2-Howcred.  long  and  slen- 
der ;  cat.  tube  much  shorter  than  the  linear,  recurved  segm. ;  pet.  very  small ;  fr. 
smooth.     Mts.  of  Tenn.  and  Ala     Apr. — Probably  another  variety  of  No.  12. 

14  R.  Uva-crlspa  L.  English,  or  Garden  Gooseberry.  St.  prickly; 
Iva  roundish,  3  to  5-lobed,  hairy  beneath,  on  short,  hairy  petioles ;  ped.  hairy, 
l-flowered;  cal.  campanulate;  sty.  and  ova.  hairy;  fr.  smooth  or  hairy,  globous. — 
Gardens.  Long  cultivated,  until  there  are  several  hundred  varieties,  with  red, 
white,  green,  and  amber  fruit,  otlen  weighing  an  ounce  or  more  each.  Apr.  \  Eur. 


#1 


Order  LYI.     TURNERACE^. 

Herbs  with  simple,  alternate,  exstipuUto  leaves,  with  the  solitary  Flovjers  5-me- 
•ous,  the  petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  free,  1-celled, 
with  3  parietal  placentse ;  styles  3,  distinct.  Fruit  a  3-valved  capsule ;  seeds  albumin- 
ous, strophiolate. 

Genera  2,  upecies  60,  confined  (with  one  exception)  to  tropicui  America.  Properties,  toiiio 
and  aromatic, 

TURNERA,  Plum.  (In  memory  of  Wm.  Turner.,  M.D.,  author  of 
•A  New  Herbal  I,"  London,  1551.)  Calyx  funnel-form  ;  petals  convo- 
lute in  aestivation,  longer  than  the  imbricated  sepals ;  styles  3  ;  stigmas 
flabellate,  many-cleft ;  capsule  dehiscing  to  the  middle. — Fls.  showy, 
yellow. 

T.  cistoides  L.  Plant  hirsute,  erect ;  fls.  in  the  upper  axils  and  terminal ;  ped. 
bractless,  but  jointed  near  the  middle ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  obtusely  serrate  or  entire, 
subsessile,  obtuse,  the  lower  oblong-oval. — 11  Ga.  from  Savannah,  along  the  rail- 
road, westward  (Feay,  Pond),  and  Fla.  Sts.  12  to  18'  high,  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  in  a  leafy,  terminal  rac.  Ped.  9"  long. 
Pis.  dimorphous  (some  with  the  stam.  longer,  others  with  the  pistils  lonsrer).  Cor. 
1'  diam.,  deep  yellow.  Caps,  globular,  downy.  Sdg.  obovate,  sculptured,  th« 
membranous  caruncle  lateral     Jn. — Sept. 


T 

r 


Order  LVII.    PASSIFLORACE^.    Passionworts. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  usually  climbing,  with  alternate  lvs.  and  foliaceoua 
■tipules.  Fls.  axillary  or  terminal,  perfect,  often  with  a  3-leaved  involucre.  Sepait 
4  to  5,  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  sides  and  throat  of  which  are  crowned  with 
circles  of  filamentous  processes,  which  appear  to  be  metamorphosed  petals.  PetaJa 
6,  arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyzi,  outside  the  crown.     Stamens  5,  monodol- 


^^^" 


Ordkb  58.— CUCURBITACEiE. 


363 


phous,  surroun    ng  the  stipe  ot'  the  ovary.     Ovary  superior,  on  a  long  stipe,  1 -celled; 
etyles  3.     Fruit  many-seeded.     (Illust.  in  figa.  48,  148,  371,  372.) 

Genern  12,  Hfifciex  2Ut,  chiefly  nntlves  of  tropical  Ainoricii,  but  cultivutfil  in  many  <>t)uT  cDim- 
trics  wi  ornitiiivntul  flowers.  The  fruit  of  the  Grannilillu  ( i'li-soiflora  luultiforinis)  i.s  oulon  in  the 
"W.  Indies,  and  highly  valued  as  a  dessert,  but  the  root  is  poisouous. 

PASSIFLO'RA,  L.  Passion  Flower.  (Lat.  fos  passKntis  ;  the 
several  parts  of  the  flower  were  compared  to  the  iitstruineiits  of  the 
Saviour's  passion,  viz.,  the  cross,  the  nailn,  and  the  crown  of  thorns.) 
Calyx  colored,  deeply  5-parted,  the  throat  with  a  complex,  filamentous 
crown ;  petals  5 ;  sometimes  0 ;  stamens  5,  connate  with  the  stipe  of 
the  ovary ;  anthers  large ;  stigmas  3,  large,  clavate,  capitate ;  fruit  a 
pulpy  berry. — Climbing  herbs  or  shrubs.  FIs.  largo,  of  a  singular  and 
wonderful  structure.     (Fig.  372.) 

1  P.  cceriilea  L.  Shrubby;  Iva.  palmately  and  deeply  ^-parted ;  segm.  linear- 
oblong,  entire,  lateral  ones  often  2-lobed;  pet.  glandular,  with  a  :i-braftcolat» 
involucre  near  the  flower;  bractlets  entire;  til.  of  the  crown  shorter  thiui  the  cor. 
— Native  of  Brazil,  where  it  grows  to  the  thickness  of  a  man's  arm  and  to  the 
height  of  30C  Fls.  largo  and  beautiful,  blue  externally,  white  and  purple  witiiin, 
continuing  but  one  day.     Fr.  ovoid,  yellow,  f 

2  P.  incamdta  L.  Lvs.  deeply  '3-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  acute,  serrate,  petioles  with 
2  glands  near  the  summit;  bractlets  of  the  involucre  3,  obovate-glandular ;  crown 
triple. — Va.  to  Fla.  Sts.  climbing  20  to  30f.  Fls.  large  and  .'showy.  Petals 
wiiite.  Two  outer  rows  of  filaments,  long,  purple,  with  a  whitish  band,  the  inner 
row  of  short  rays,  flesh-colored.  Berry  pale  yellow,  of  the  size  of  an  apple,  eata- 
ble.    May— JI. 

3  P.  liitea  L.  Lvs.  glabrous,  cordate,  3-lohed,  obtuse;  jietioles  without  glands;  ped. 
mostly  in  pairs ;  pet.  narrower  and  much  longer  than  the  sep. — A  slender  climber, 
5  to  lOf  long,  in  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  and  S.  States.  Lvs.  yellowish  green, 
nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Fls.  small  and  greenish  yellow.  Corona  in  3  rows,  the 
inner  row  a  membranous  disk  with  a  fringed  border.    Fr.  dark  purple.    Ma\ — Jl 

Order  LVIII.     CUCURBITACE.E.     Cucurbits. 

Herbs  succulent,  creeping  or  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  leaves.  Ploivers 
moncEcious  or  polygamous,  never  blue.  Calyx  5-toothed,  adherent.  Petals  5,  united, 
inserted  on  the  calyx,  the  lobes  alternating.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  generally  coher- 
ing in  3  sets.  Anthers  very  long  and  wavy  or  twisted.  Ovary  inferior,  1 -celled, 
with  3  parietal  placentje  often  filling  the  cells.  Fruit  a  popo  or  membranous.  Seeds 
flat,  with  no  albumen,  often  ariled.     (Fig.  442.) 

<r«necrt  60,  «/?*«■<?«  800,  natives  of  tropical  regions,  only  a  few  beinp  fcund  in  the  tempera** 
zones  of  Europe  and  America.  A  highly  important  order  of  plants,  affording  some  of  tiie  most 
delicious  anti  nutritive  fruit.  A  bitter  la.\ative  principle  pervades  the  group,  which  is  so  concen- 
trated in  II  few  as  to  render  them  actively  medicinal.  Thi*  otHciual  colocyiitfi  is  prejiared  from 
the  |)ulp  of  Cucumis  Colocynthis,  a  powerful  drastic  poisuu. 

S  Co. olla  white,— 6-cIeft.    Stigmas  2.    Fruit  echinate EcniNorTSTis.  1 

— 6-petalled.    Pepo  smooth,  many-seeded Lagenaria.  2 

— 8-parted.    Berry  smooth,  few-seeded Bryonia.  8 

— S-Iobe<i.    Fruit  prickly,  i-seeded Sicvos.  4 

I  Corolla  yellow,— 6-lobed.    Berry  small,  smooth,  00-seeded Melothria.  & 

— «-lobed.    Pepolarpre.    Seeds  thick  at  edge CccrRBiTA.  6 

— 6-cIeft.    Pepo  large.— Seeds  colored,  thick -edged Citrulljjs.  T 

—Seeds  white,  acute-edged Cucumis.  8 

1.  ECHINOCYSTIS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Gr.  extvog,  sea  urchin,  kvoti^, 
bladder;  alluding  to  the  spiny,  iniflated  fruit.)  Flowers  moncecioua. 
Sterile  fl. — Calyx  of  6  filiform-subulate  segments,  shorter  than  the  cor- 
olla ;  petals  6,  united  at  base  into  a  rotate  campanulate  corolla ;  st*- 


or 


I  > 


•I 


864 


Obdkr  oa--CDClTaBITACEJ2. 


men:  3,  diadelphoi.B.  Fertile  fls. — Cal.  and  cor.  as  above ;  abortive 
fill.  3,  distinct,  minute ;  style  very  siiort ;  stigmas  2,  large  ;  fiuit  round- 
kli,  intlated,  echinatc,  4-seeded. — (X)  A  climbing  herb  with  branched 
teixlrils. 

B.  lobita  Torr.  &  Gr.  A  sraoot'iisb.  running  vino  in  rich  river  soils,  Can.  toPenn. 
and  Mo.  St.  deeply  furrowed,  with  long,  3-piirted  tendrils  placed  nearly  oppo- 
«ito  the  long  petioles.  Lvs.  membranous,  pahnately  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base, 
lobes  acuminate,  denticulate.  Fls.  siuall,  white,  the  barren  ones  very  numerous, 
in  axilliry  racemes  often  If  lor^;  fertile  ones  solitary  or  several,  situated  at  tho 
base  of  tho  raceme.  Fr.  1  to  2'  in  length,  setose-echinate,  at  length  dn*  and  mem- 
branous, with  4  large  seeds.  Jl. — Sept.  (Sicyos  Mx.  Motnordioa  echinata 
Muhl.) 

2.  LAGENA'RIA,  Ror.  Gourd.  (Gr.  Xdyijvog,  a,  flagon  or  bottle; 
f^om  the  form  of  the  fmit.)  Flowers  8  .  Caly.x  campaimlate,  5-toothed; 
petals  5,  obovate.  i  Stamens  5,  triadclphous ;  anthers  very  long,  con- 
torted. ?  Stigmas  3.  thick,  2-lobed,  siibsessile  ;  pepo  ligneous,  1-celled; 
seeds  ariled,  obcorclatc,  compressed,  margin  tumid. — Mostly  climbing 
by  tendrils. 

L.  vulg?.r*a  Spt,  Calabash,  Bottle  Gourd.  Softly  pubescent ;  st.  climb- 
ing by  brnnching  tendrils;  lvs.  roundish-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  denticulate, 
with  2  glufids  beneath  at  base;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  pedunculate;  fr.  clavate, 
ventrico'js,  at  length  smooth. — T)  Gardens.  The  hard,  woody  rind  of  the  fruit  is 
used  iis  ladles,  bottles,  &c.     Fls.  white.    Jl.,  Aug.     J  Tropical. 

3.  BRYO'NIA,  L.  Bryony.  (Gr.  fipvo),  to  grow  rapidly.)  Flow- 
ors  6*  or  ^  $  .  Calyx  6-toothed,  teeth  short ;  corolla  6-eleft  or  parted ; 
i  stamens  5,  triadclphous,  with  flexuous  anthers ;  $  style  trifid ;  berry 
small,  globular,  few  seeded. — Fls.  greenish  white. 

B  Boykinii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scabrous  pubescent ;  lvs.  deeply  3  to  5-lobed,  cordate, 
denticulate,  acuminate-cuspidate;  fls.  (small)  clustered  in  the  axils,  both  kinds 
together,  on  short  pedicels ;  berries  oval,  8-seeded. — In  wet  grounds,  along  streams, 
Ga.  to  La.  (Hale).  Sts.  10  to  20f  long,  climbing  over  bushes  by  simple  or  forked 
tendrils.  Fr.  as  large  as  a  small  plum,  bright  crimson,  changing  to  yellow.  Th« 
seeds  with  2  lateral  teeth.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4.  SIC'YOS,  L.  Single-seed  Cucumder.  (Gr.  aiKvog,  the  ancient 
name  of  the  cucumber.)  Flowers  6* .  ^  Calyx  5-toothed;  corolla  rotate, 
5-petalcd  ;  stamens  5,  nionadelphous,  or  at  length  triadclphous,  anthers 
contorted.  ?  Calyx  5  toothed,  campanulate ;  petals  6,  united  at  base 
into  a  campanulate  corolla ;  styles  3,  united  at  base  ;  fruit  ovate,  mem- 
branous, hispid  or  echinatc,  with  one  large,  compressed  seed. — CI)  Climb- 
ing herbs,  with  compound  tendrils.  Sterile  and  fertile  fls.  in  the  same 
axils. 

8  anguldtUB  L.  St.  branching,  hairy;  Iva.  roundish,  cordate,  with  an  obtuse 
sinus,  5-angled  or  5-lobed,  lobes  acuminate,  denticulate;  ?  much  smaller  than  $. 
Can.  and  U.  S.  A  weak  climbing  vine,  with  long,  spiral,  branching  tendrils.  Lvs. 
3  to  4  broad,  alternate,  on  long  stalks.  Fls.  whitish,  marked  with  green  lines, 
the  barren  in  long  pedunculate  rac.  Fr.  6'  long,  ovate,  spinous,  8  to  10  together 
iu  a  crowded  cluster,  each  with  one  large  seed.    Jl.  Sept. 

5.  MELOTHRIA,  L.  (Gr.  ju^Aov,  a  melon,  Opiov,  a  certain  food.) 
Flowers  $  ^  ^  or  £* .  Calyx  infundibuliform-campat^ulate,  limb  in 
i  subulate  segments;  petals   5,  united  into  a  campanulate  corolla. 

^  Stamens  5,  triadelphous.      $  Stigmas  3  ;  fruit  a  berry,  ovoid,  sn'.all. 
many-seeded. — Tendrils  simple,  filiform. 


Obdkb  68.— OUCUHBITACEiE. 


8e5 


M.  p6ndula  L.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  6>lobed  or  angled,  pointed,  slightly  hispid; 
fls.  axillary,  the  sterile  in  small  racemes,  the  fertile  solitary,  on  long  peduncles. — 
N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.  A  delicately  slender  vine,  climbing  over  other  plants. 
Lvs.  small  (1  to  2'  diam.)  Fls.  small,  yellowish.  Sty  short,  surrounded  by  a 
cup-shaped  disk.     Fr.  small,  oval.     Jl. 

6.  CUCUR'BITA,  L.  Squash.  (A  Latin  word,  signifyino;  a  vessel ; 
from  the  form  of  the  fruit.)  Fls.  3  .  Corolla  campamilato ;  petals 
united  and  coherent  with  the  calyx.  $  Calyx  5-tuothed ;  stamens  5, 
triadelphous,  anthers  syngeneeious,  .straight,  parallel.  ?  Calyx  5- 
toothed,  upper  part  deciduous  after  flowering  ;  stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobed ; 
pepo  fleshy  or  ligneous,  3  to  5-cellcd  ;  seeds  thickened  at  margin,  obo 
vate,  compressed,  smooth. — Fls.  mostly  yellow. 

1  C.  pdpo  L.  Pumpkin.  Hispid  and  scabrous;  st.  procumbent;  tendrils 
branched;  lvs.  (very  large)  cordate,  palraately  5-Iobed  or  angled,  denticulate;  fls. 
axillary,  $  long- pedunculate ;  /'•.  very  large,  roundish  or  ollong,  smooth,  furrowed 
and  torulous. —  p  Fields.  Long  cultivated  as  a  u.<eful  kitclien  vcgetiible  or  for 
cattie.  Fls.  large,  yellow.  Fr.  sometimes  3f  diain.,  yellow  when  mature,  yield- 
ing sugar  abundantly.     Jl.     X  Levant. 

2  C.  Melop^po  L.  Flat  Squash.  Hairy  ;  st.  procumbent,  witli  branched 
tendrils ;  lvs.  cordate,  palmately  somewhat  5-lobed,  denticulate  ;  fls.  pedunculate ; 
fr.  depressed-orbicular,  tlie  margin  mostly  torulous  or  tumid,  smootli  or  warty. — 
Gardens.  Cultivated  for  its  fruit,  a  well  known  kitchen  vegetable.  There  are 
many  varieties  in  respect  to  the  fruit.    |  Nativity  ? 

3  C.  verrucdsa  L.  Warted  Squash.  Crook-neck  Squ.ash.  &c.  Hairy, 
procumbent,  lvs.  cordate,  palmately  and  deeply  6-lc)bed,  denticulate,  terminal 
lobe  narrowed  at  base ;  fls.  pedunculate,  large ;  fr.  roundish  elliptic  or  ckivate, 
often  elongated  and  incurved  at  base. — (D  Mentioned  by  Nuttall  as  long  cultivated 
by  the  Indians  W.  of  the  Mississippi.  Common  in  our  gardens,  with  numerous 
well  known  varieties  of  the  fruit.     Jl.  ^ 

7.  CITRUL'LUS,  Neck.  Watermelon.  (Lat.  citrns,  an  orange.) 
Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  segments  linear-lanceolate ;  petals  5,  united  at 
base  and  adnate  to  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  5,  triadelphous ; 
style  trifid  ;  stigmas  convex,  reniform-cordate  ;  fruit  stibglobous,  fle.shy, 
the  succulent  placentae  filling  the  cell ;  seeds  colored,  numerous,  trun- 
cate at  base  and  obtuse  on  the  margin. 

C.  vulgaris  Schrad.     Hirsute,'  et.  prostrate,  slender;  Irs.  pomewhar  5-Iobed, 

the  lobes  obtusely  sinuate-pinnatifid,  glaucous  beneath ;  fls.  solitary,  pedunculate, 
with  a  single  bract;  fr.  globous  or  oval,  smooth,  stellate-maculate. — Extensively 
cultivated  for  its  well-known  delicious,  CL-oling  fruit.  Fl.  Jn. — Aug.  Fr.  Aug., 
Sept. — A  variety  is  the  citron,  a  smaller  fruit  with  thicker  and  tinner  rind 
\  India.     Afr. 

8.  CUXUMIS,  L.  Cucumber.  (Celtic  cuce,  a  hollow  vessel  ?) 
Flowers  §  or  ^  .  Calyx  tubular-campaimlate,  with  subulate  segments  ; 
corolla  deeply  6-parted.  <^  Stamens  5,  triadelphous.  ?  Style  short ; 
stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobed ;  pepo  fleshy,  indehiscent ;  seeds  ovate,  flat, 
acute,  and  not  margined  at  the  edge. — Creeping  or  climbing  by  ten- 
drils.    Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  yellow. 

1  C.  sativua  L.  Cucumber.  St.  prostrate,  rough;  tendrils  simple;  lvs. 
Bubcordate,  broad  as  long,  palmately  5-angled  or  lobed,  lobes  subentire,  acute, 
terminal  one  longest ;  fr.  oblong,  obtusely  prismatic,  prickly,  on  a  short  peduncle. 
— (D  First  brought  to  England  in  1573.  It  is  now  universally  cultivated  for  the 
table,  either  fresh  or  pickled.  Gathered  and  eaten  before  maturity.  Jn. — Sept. 
Many  varieties. 

2  C.  Mdlo  L.  Musk  Melon.  St.  prostrate,  rough,  tendrils  simple;  Iva. 
suboordate,  roundish,  obtuse,  palmately  6-angled,  lobes  rounded,  obtuse,  obscurely 


i 


"•^■fTj 


4 


K 


4 


m 


V 


m 


IT    >i 

'n 


if     i 


I  ' 


366 


Order  60.— CHASSULAOE.E. 


denticulrte ;  fls.  S  5?  ^ ,  the  9  on  short  peduncles ;  fr.  oval  or  subglobous,  smooth, 
loHKitudinaliy  torulous.— -(D  Native  of  Asia,  whence  it  was  first  brought  to  Eng- 
huid  in  1570.  Generally  cultivated  for  the  juicy,  yellowish,  delicately  flavored 
licsli  of  the  mature  fruit.    Jn.,  Jl.     Varieties  numerous. 

3  C.  AngCiria  L.  Prickly  Cucumber.  St.  prostrate,  slender,  hispid ;  ten- 
drils simple ;  Ivs.  palmately  and  deeply  siuuate-lobed,  cordate  at  base ;  fr.  oval- 
ovoid,  or  subghhous,  echinate. — (D  Cultivated  for  the  green  fruit,  which  is  about 
the  size  of  ahun's  og^,  and  used  for  pickles.     Jl.,  Aug.     :j:  Jamaica. 

4  C.  Coloc;^nthi8  L.  Colocynth.  St.  prostrate,  subhispid;  Ivs.  cordate- 
ovato,  cleft  into  many  obtuse  lobes,  hairy-carescent  beneath;  tendrils  short;  Hs. 
axillary,  pedunculate ;  $  with  a  globous,  hispid  cal.  tube  and  carapanulate  limb, 
with  small  petals;  fr.  globous,  yellow  when  ripe,  about  as  large  as  an  orange, 
anJ  intolerably  bitter. — The  extiact  is  the  colocynlh  of  the  shops,  poisonous,  but 
medicinal,     f  From  Turkey. 

5  C.  angtiinus  L.  Serpent  Cucumber,  Sts.  climbing ;  Ivs.  3  to  5-lobed, 
repand-dentate ;  tendrils  foiked ;  fr.  very  long,  smooth,  cylindrical,  coiled. — Culti- 
vated for  the  curiosity  of  the  long,  snake-like  fruit,     f  E.  Ind. 

Order  LIX.     BEGONIACE^.     Begoniads. 

Herbs  or  succulent  undershrubs  with  an  acrid  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  oblique  at 
the  base,  with  largo,  scarious  stipules.  Flowers  diclinous,  pink-colored,  cymous- 
Oalyx  adherent,  colored.  Sepals  of  the  $  2  pairs,  decussating ;  of  the  9  5,  imbri- 
cated, or  8.  Stamens  OO,  distinct  or  coherent  in  a  column.  Anthers  clustered. 
Ovary  inferior,  3-celled,  with  3  large  placenta?  meeting  in  the  axis.  Seeds  minute, 
without  albumen.     Fruit  capsular.     (Fig.  270.) 

Genera  4,  species  160,  mostly  natives  of  the  Indies  and  S.  America — none  N.  American.  They 
are  frequently  cultivated  as  curious  and  ornamental.    Projkerties  astringent  and  bitter. 

piPLOCLIN'IUM,  Lindl.  Elephant's  Ears.  (Gr.  dinXoog,  double, 
K^ivT),  couch;  alluding  to  the  double  plaoontJE.)  Fls.  8  . —  $  Sepals 
orbicular,  colored  like  the  petals,  but  larger ;  petals  oblong,  acute ; 
stamens  combined  in  a  column;  anthers  in  a  globous  head.  ?  Sepals 
3,  lanceolate,  laiger  than  the  2  petals ;  stigma  lobes  distinct,  spiral, 
erect ;  capsule  wings  unequal ;  placentae  double,  or  2  in  each  cell. — 
Evergreen,  succulent  undershrubs, 

D.  Evansianum  Lindl.  Glabrous ;  st.  branched,  tumid  and  colored  at  the 
joints,  succulent;  Ivs.  large,  slightly  angular,  mucronate-serrate,  cordate-ovate, 
very  unequal  at  base,  petiolate,  with  weak,  scattered  prickles,  and  straight,  red 
veins,  the  under  surface  deeolj'  reddened ;  fls.  pink-colored  in  all  their  parts, 
except  the  golden  yellow  anthers  and  stigmas;  5  larger  than  the  $,  and  on 
peduncles  twice  as  long.  From  China.  (Begonia  discolor  Willd.) — Many  other 
species  are  found  in  conservatories — too  many  for  our  limits. 

Order  LX.     CRASSULACE.^.     House-leeks. 

Plant$  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  succulent.  Lvs.  entire  or  pinnatifid.  Slip.  0. 
Flowers  sessile,  usually  in  cymes  and  perfectly  symmetrical.  Sepals  3  to  20,  more 
or  less  united  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  distinct,  rarely  co- 
hering. Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternating  with  them,  or  twice  as 
many.  Ovary  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them.  Fil.  distinct  Anth. 
2-celled,  bursting  lengthwise.  Fruit,  follicles  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  each  open- 
ing by  the  ventral  suture,  many-seeded.     (Pigs.  260,  261.) 

Gevera  22,  spedea  4B0,  chiefly  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  particularly  the 
Capo  of  Good  Hope.    About  20  are  found  in  N.  America.    They  grow  In  the  thinnest  and  driest 
snil,  on  naked  rocks,  sandy  deserts,  eta    They  bavo  no  peculiar  property  except  a  nlight  acrid 
itv      Many  are  highly  ornamental. 


3 


Ordbr  60.— CKASSULACK^.  ,  867 

Tribe  1.    CitABSULEiC.    Carpels  distinct,  forming  a  circle  of  follicles,  (a) 

a  Flowers  all  4-parted.    Stamens  4 Till^a.  1 

a  Flowers  all  4-parte(l.    Stamens  S BRTopuTLLrM.  2 

a  i'lowers  5-parted,  or  4  and  5-parted.    Petals  distinct,  spreading. Seduu.  3 

a  Flowers  5-parted.    Petals  united  below,  erect,  coniiivent Eciievbbia.       4 

a  Flowers  6  to20-parted.    Ilypogynous  scales  laciniate Skmi-kbvivuw.  5 

Tbtbb  3.    Diamobpiiej:.    Carpels  united  into  a  many-celled  capsule,  (b) 

b  Flowers  4-partcd.    Stamens  vS Diamobpha.      6 

b  Flowers  5-parted.    Stamens  10 Pkn-^-'orum.       7 

1.  TILL^^A,  Mx.  ^IGMY-WEED.  (To  Michael  Amjelo  T'dli,  an 
Italian  botanist;  died  1740.)  Calyx  of  3  or  4  sepals  united  at  base; 
petals  3  or  4,  equal ;  stamens  3  or  4  ;  capsules  3  or  4,  distinct,  follicu- 
lar, opening  by  the  inner  surface,  2  or  many-seeded. — (D  Very  minute, 
aquatio  herbs.     Lvs.  opposite. 

T  simplex  Nutt.  St.  ascending  or  erect,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  lvs.  con- 
nate at  base,  linear-oblong,  fleshy :  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile,  their  parts  in 
43;  pet.  oval  or  oblong;  carpels  8  to  10-seedcd. — Near  East  Rock,  New  Haven, 
Ct.  (Dr.  Robbin  s),  and  Philadelphia,  on  muddy  banks,  rare.  St.  1  to  3'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3"  long.  Fls.  as  large  as  a  pin's  head.  Petals  oval,  flat,  acute,  twice 
as  long  as  the  oval,  minute  calyx,  longer  than  the  stamens  and  fruit,  and  of  a 
greenish  white  color.     Jl.     Sept. 

2.  BRYOPHYL'LUM,  Salisb.  (Gr.  /3pj;w,  to  grow,  0?;AAov,  leaf;  i.  c, 
germinating  from  a  leaf.)  Calyx  inflated,  4-cleft  scarcely  to  the  middle ; 
corolla  monopetalous,  the  tube  long  and  cylindrical,  4-sided  and  obtuse 
at  base  ;  limb  in  4  triangular,  acute  lobes ;  seeds  many. — An  ever- 
green, fleshy,  suftVuticous  plant,  native  of  E.  Indies.  Lvs.  opposite,  un- 
equally pinnate,  part  of  them  sometimes  simple.     Fls.  greenish  purple. 

B.  calycinum  Salisb.  Not  uncommon  in  house  cultivation,  requiring  but 
little  water,  in  a  v/ell-drained  pot  of  rich  loam.  St.  thick,  green,  about  2f 
high.  Lvs.  3  to  5-foliate,  with  thick,  oval,  crenate  Ids.  Fls.  in  a  loose,  terminal 
panicle,  pendulous,  remarkable  for  tlio  large,  inflated  calyx,  and  the  long,  tubular, 
exserted  corollas. — This  plant  is  dislinguished  in  vegetable  physiology  (see  §  532), 
producing  buds  and  new  plants  from  the  margin  of  its  loaves. 

3.  SE'DUM,  L.  Stone  Crop.  (Lat.  «eo?fr^,  to  sit ;  the  plants,  grow- 
ing on  bare  rocks,  look  as  if  sitting  there.)  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at 
base ;  petals  4  or  5,  distinct,  spreading ;  stamens  8  to  10  ;  carpels  4  to 
5,  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  an  entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each. — 
Mostly  herbaceous.     Inflorescence  cyinous.     Fls.  mostly  pentamerous. 

§  Flower  of  the  branches  4-racrous,  central  fl.  5-inerous Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  all  jjentamerous.    Spikes  not  Uiubellate Nos.  ;^— 5 

1  S.  tern^tum  Mx.  Lvs.  ternately  verticillate,  '^ohovate,  flat,  smooth,  entire,  the 
upper  ones  scattered,  sessile,  lanceolate ;  cyme  in  about  3  spikes ;  fls.  secund,  the 
central  one  with  10  stamens,  the  rest  with  only  8. —  21  Damp  woods,  Can.  West, 
Penu.,  the  Southern  and  Western  States.  Sts.  3  to  8'  long,  branching  and  de- 
cumbent at  base,  assurgenl  above.  Cyme  with  the  3  branches  spreading  and  re- 
curved, the  white  fld.  loosely  arrranged  on  their  upper  side.     Jl.,  Aug.  f 

2  S.  pulch^llum  Mx.  Sts.  branching  at  base,  ascending;  Iv^.  aaernate,  linear, 
obtuse,  sessile  with  an  auriculato  base ;  spikes  umbellate,  spreading,  finally  erect, 
the  crowded  flowers  unilateral,  octandroua,  the  central  fl.  usually  decandrous. — 
On  rocks  and  mts.,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.  Sts.  4  to  12' high,  very  leafy.  Fls. 
closely  sessile,  small ;  petals  rose-color,  acute.     May,  Jn. 

3  8.  telephloides  Mx.  Lvs.  broadly  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  subdeniate, 
smooth ;  cymes  dense,  corymbous ;  sta.  10,  the  pot.,  sep.  and  carp,  in  5a. — Found 
on  rocks,  lake  and  river  shores,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Harper's  Ferry,  Va.,  etc.  St.  a  foot 
high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  ^  as  wide.  Fls.  numerous,  purple,  in  a  terminal,  branch- 
ing cyme.  Jn. — Aug. — Like  the  other  species,  very  tenacious  of  life,  and  will 
grow  when  pressed  and  apparently  dried  io  the  herbarium. 


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Ordbb  60— CRASSULACE-fi. 


4  S.  Teldphium  L.  Commok  Orpine.  LivE-ronmim.  Rt.  tuberoun, 
fleshy,  white;  st.  erect,  very  leafy;  Ivs.  fiattish,  ovate,  obtuse^  serrate^  scattered; 
cyme  coryrabous,  leafy. — "H  Cultivated  and  nearly  naturalized.  Sts.  simple^ 
round,  smooth,  purplish.  Lvs.  sessile,  fleshy.  Fls.  white  and  purple,  in  dense, 
terminal,  leafy  tufts.     Aug.    f  Eur. 

5  S.  ^cre  L.  English  Moss.  Wall  Pepper.  Procumbent,  spreading,  bratch- 
ing  from  the  base ;  lvs.  very  smaU,  somewhat  ovate,  fleshy,  crowded,  alternate, 
closely  sessile,  obtuse,  nearly  erect;  cyme  few-flowered,  trifld,  leafy. — In  cultiva- 
tion it  spreads  rapidly  on  walls,  borders  of  flower-beds,  etc.,  densely  covering 
the  surface.    Fls.  yellow.    The  whole  plant  abounds  in  an  acrid,  biting  juice,  f  Eur. 

4.  ECHEYE'RIA,  DC.  (To  JScheveri,  a  botanical  draughtsman.) 
Sepals  5,  unequal  ;  petals  5,  coherent  below,  erect,  connivent,  carinatc ; 
stam.  10,  shorter  than  the  petals  ;  carpels  6,  tapering  into  a  short,  subu- 
late style,  with  5  short,  obtuse,  hypogynous  scales. — Handsome,  herbn- 
ceous  or  shrubby,  fleshy  plants,  from  California  and  Mexico.  Fls.  scar- 
let or  yellow. 

E.  grandifldra  Haw.  Glaucous  rrith  bloom,  erect ;  lvs.  fleshy,  spatulate,  or 
obovate,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  thick  petiole ;  fls.  paniculate,  erect. — Greenhouse. 
St.  about  2f  high.  Lowest  lvs.  large,  rosulate ;  cauliue  gradually  smaller.  Sep. 
thick.    Cor.  urn-shaped,  orange-purple,    f  Mex. 

5.  SEMPERVrVUM,  L.  IIouse-leek.  (Lat.  semper  vivere,  to  live 
forever ;  for  their  tenacity  of  life.)  Sepals  6  to  20,  slightly  cohering  at 
base  ;  petals  as  many  as  sepals,  acuminate;  stamens  twice  as  many  as 
petals ;  hypogynous  scales  lacerated  ;  carpels  as  many  as  the  petals. —  U 
Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  propagated  by  axillary  offsets.  Lvs.  thick, 
fleshy. 

1  S.  Tectdrum  L.  Lvs.  fringed ;  offsets  spreading. — A  well-known  plant 
of  the  gardens,  with  thick,  fleshy,  mucilaginous  lvs.  It  sends  out  runners  witl'- 
offsets,  rai-ely  flowering.  It  is  so  succulent  and  hardy  that  it  will  grow  on  drj 
walls,aud  on  the  roofs  of  houses  (tectorum).  It  is  sometimes  placed  in  the  bor- 
ders of  flower  beds. 

2  S.  arbdreum.  St.  arborescent,  smooth,  branched ;  lvs.  cuneiform,  smooth- 
ish,  bordered  with  soft,  spreading  ciliae. — A  curious  and  ornamental  evergreen, 
from  the  Levant.  St.  very  tliick  and  fleshy,  branching  into  a  tree-like  form,  8  to 
lOf  high  (i  to  3f  in  pots).    Fls.  yellow,  rarely  appearing. 

6.  DIAMOR'PHA,  Nutt.  (A  Greek  word  signifying  deformed ;  al- 
luding to  its  singular  dehiscence.)  Sepals  4,  minute,  coherent  at  base  ; 
pet.  4,  oval,  concave  ;  stamens  8,  with  purple  anthers ;  carpels  4,  united 
bel^w  the  middle,  each  with,  a  minute  obcordate,  hypogynous  scale,  and 
dehiscent  by  an  irregular  dorsal  valve  ;  seeds  4  to  8. — A  very  small, 
fleshy,  branching  herb,  with  corymbs  of  white  or  pink-colored  flowers 
and  purplish  herbage. 

D.  pusflla  Nutt. — ($,)  On  rocks  in  dry,  sunny  places,  Ga.  (Stone  Mt.  16m.  E.  of 
Atlanta),  N.  and  S.  Car.  (Shields).  Sts.  J  to  3'  high,  caespitous,  forming  patches. 
Lvs.  oval,  sessile,  1"  long,  alternate.  Fls.  numerous.  Mar.,  Apr. — A  curiou.s  lit- 
tle plant. 

7.  PENTHO'RUM,  L.  Virginia  Stone-crop.  (Gr.  ttevts,  five; 
on  account  ii  the  6-parted,  angular  capsule.)  Calyx  of  5  sepals  united 
at  base;  petals  6  or  0;  stamens  10;  capsules  of  5  united  carpels, 
6-angled,  6-celled,  5-beaked,  dehiscent  by  an  obliquely  terminal  valve  ; 
seeds  oo,  minute. — U  Erect  (not  succulent)  herbs,  Lvs.  alternate. 
Fls.  yellowish,  cymous. 

P.  sedoides  L.    St.  branched  and  angular  above',  lvs.  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate, 


"ifir^i 


Obdxr  6L— SAXIFBAGACEL^. 


36i> 


acute  at  each  end.  unequally  serrate;  fla.  in  unilateral  cymous  racemes. — A 
hardy  plant  of  little  beauty,  in  moist  situations,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  10  to  16' 
high,  with  a  few  short  branches.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  ^  to  1',  membranous,  smooth, 
sharply  and  unequally  serrate.  Rac.  several,  recurved  at  first,  at  length  spread- 
ing, with  the  flowers  arranged  on  their  upper  side,  constituting  a  corymljoua, 
scentless,  pale,  yellowish  groen  cyme.    Petals  generally  wanting.    JL — Sepu 


Order  LXI.     SAXIFRAGACE^.     Saxifrages. 

Ilerbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  sometimes  stipulate.  Sepals  4  or  6, 
sohering  more  or  less,  and  partly  or  wholly  adherent.  Petals  sui  many  as  the  sepals, 
inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  al- 
ternate with  them,  or  2  to  10  times  as  many.  Ovary  inferior,  usually  of  2  carpels, 
cohering  at  base,  di'jcinct  and  divergent  above.  Fruit  generally  capsular,  1  to  2- 
celled.     (Slseck  small,  many,  albuminous.     (Figs.  270,  298,  310,  393.) 

Genera  42,  species  640.  subdivided  into  four  proups  as  given  below.  They  are  di.stril)Uted  in 
botli  lieinispheres  as  foi'.'/wj.  Tlie  Baxifragetu  l)elontt  to  the  northern  nn(i  ulpino  repinns.  Tlie 
Escallonieos  to  the  alpine  regions  of  8.  America.  The  Philadi-lithea-  to  the  north  Temperate 
Zone,  and  the  Cunonieie  to  the  E.  Indies,  Australia  and  S.  AiiUM'ica.  Many  are  cultivated  for 
their  great  beauty.    Their  properties  are  generally  astringent 

SUBORDERS   AND   GENERA. 
I.  8AXIFRAGE.1E.    Ilerhs.    Stipules  none  or  adnate.    Petals  imbricate,  rarely  convolute  In 
the  bud.    Calyx  free  or  partly  adherent,  (a) 

a  Petals  wanting.    Ovary  adherent,  1-celled.    Stamens  10 Chrysobplenium.  1 

a  Petals  pinnatifld.    Ovary  half  adherent,  l-celled.    Stamens  6  or  10 Mitf.i.la    2 

a  Petals  entire.— Stameos  10. — Ovary  1-celled,  nearly  free Tiabella.  .3 

—Ovary  2-celled.    Fls.  perfect.    Lvs.  simple. .  .Saxifbaga.  4 
— Ovary  2-celled.    Fls.  polygamous.    Lvs.  couip... Astilbe.  6 

— Stamens   5.— Ovary  2-celled,  adherent.    Seed  rough Bovkinia.  6 

— Ovary  2-celled,  free.    Seed  wing-margined.. Sullivantia.  7 

—Ovary  1-celled.— Styles  and  carpels  2 HEuniF.KA.  8 

— Styles  and  carpels  3. . .  .Lepuropetalon.  9 
11.  ESCALLONIEjE.    Shnibs  tvitk  itlteniate  lvs.,  no  stipules  and  a  valvate  corolla  bud.  (b) 

b  Calyx  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary.    Stamens  5.     Capsule  00  -seeded Itea.  10 

b  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.   Stam.  5.   Ber.  00 -seeded.  (From  8.  Am.)..K8CALi,0NiA.  11 
Ilf.  HYDRANGEiE.    Shrubs  lolth  opposite,  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules,  (c) 

C  Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud. — Cymes  radiate.    Shrub  erect Hvdranoea.  12 

—Cymes  naked.    Shrub  climbing DKCtr.MARiA.  13 

O  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.— Stamens  20  to  40.     Petals  4 PiiiLAi>Kt.PHL'8.  14 

—Stamens  10.    Petals  5.  (Asiatic) Deutzia.  15 

1.  CHRYSOSPLE^NIUM,  Tourn.  Water  Cahprt.  (Gr.  A:P^a6?, 
gold,  an^rjv,  the  spleen ;  on  account  of  the  medicinal  qualities.)  Calyx 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  4  to  6-lobed,  more  or  less  colored  inside ;  corolla 
0 ;  stamens  8  to  10,  superior,  short ;  styles  2  ;  capsule  obcordatc,  com- 
pressed, 1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — Small  aquatic  herbs. 

C.  Amerio^num  Schw.  Lvs.  opposite,  roundish,  slightly  crenntc,  tapering  to 
tlio  petiole. — A  small  plant,  in  sprinp:3  and  streams,  spreading  upon  the  muddy 
surface.  St.  square,  3  to  6'  long,  divided  in  a  dichotomous  manner  at  top.  Lvs. 
opposite,  ^'  in  length,  smooth.  Caly.x:  4-cleft,  greonish-yellow,  with  purple  lines. 
Corolla  0,  stamens  8,  very  short,  with  orange-colored  anthers,  which  are  the  only 
conspicuous  part  of  the  flower.  The  terminal  flower  is  sometimes  decandrous. 
Apr.,  May. 

2.  MITEL'LA,  Tourn.  Mitre-wort.  (A  Lat.  diminutive  from  tnitra, 
A  mitre.  See  Tiarella.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  caujpaimlate,  adherent  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary  ;  petals  5,  pectinately  pinnatifld,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx;  stamens  5  or  10,  included;  styles  2,  short;  cap- 
sule 2-beaked,  1-celled,  with  two  equal  valves. —  U  Fls.  small,  in  a  slen- 
der raceme  or  spike. 

24 


n 


ti    i*'^! 


* 


370 


Oedbb  61.— SAXIFRAGAOE^. 


i^ 


1  M.  diph^Ua  L.  Lvb.  cordate,  acute,  sublobato,  serrate-dentate,  radical  ones 
on  loujf  petioles,  the  cauliue  2,  opposite,  subseasile. — Very  commoa  in  tlie  woods 
of  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Si.  a  foot  or  more  high,  bearing  the  pair  ol'  leaves 
near  the  midst.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  nearly  aa  wide,  hairy,  on  the  hispid  petioles 
2  to  6'  long.  Fla.  on  short  pedicels,  arranged  in  a  long,  thin  spike  or  raceme, 
and  most  beautifully  distinguished  by  the  finely  divided  white  petala  Seeds 
black  and  shining.     May — Jn.     Fig.  298. 

2  M.  niHda  L.  Lvs.  orbicular-reniform,  doubly  crenate,  with  scattered  hairs 
above ;  scape  filiform,  few-flowered,  naked  or  ivith  a  single  Itaf;  pet.  pinnatilid 
with  Aliform  segments. — A  very  delicate  species,  growing  in  damp,  rich,  shady 
woodlands,  Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  to  northern  N.  Eng.  Lvs.  and  sts.  liglit  green, 
pellucid.  Scape  4  to  6'  high,  terminating  in  a  thin  raceme  of  white  fls.  with 
finely  pinnatifid  petals.  They  are  erect  or  prostrate  and  send  out  creeping  sto- 
lons from  the  base.     Lvs.  f  long  and  of  nearly  the  same  width.     Jn. 

3.  TIAREL'LA,  L.  Bishop's  Cap.  (Lat.  tiara^  a  mitre  or  some 
other  head  dress ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsule.)  Calyx  5- 
parted,  the  lobes  obtuse ;  petals  5,  entire,  the  claws  inserted  on  the 
calyx  ;  stamens  10,  exserted,  inserted  into  the  calyx  ;  styles  2  ;  cap- 
sule Icelled,  2-valved,  one  valve  much  larger. —  U  Fls.  white. 

T.  cordifdlia  L.  Lvs.  cordate,  acutely  lobed,  raucronate-dentato,  pilous ;  scape 
racemous ;  stolons  creeping. — Rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Macon,  Ga.  and  Eufala,  Ala. 
Common  in  N.  Eng.  and  generally  associated  with  Mitolla  diphylla,  which  plant, 
in  its  general  aspect,  it  much  resembles.  The  scape  arises  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock  10  to  2o'  high,  often  bearing  a  bract.  Lvs.  2  to  'i'  long,  ■*  aa  wide,  hairy, 
and  on  hairy  petioles  4  to  6'  long.  Rac.  1  to  2 J'  long;  fls.  wholly  white,  with 
minute  bracelets.     May,  Jn. 

4.  SAXIF'RAGA,  L.  Saxifrage.  (Lat.  saxum,  a  rock,  f ranker e,  to 
break;  often  growing  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.)  Sepals  5,  more  or  less 
united,  often  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  petals  5,  entire,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  stamens  10;  anthers  2-celled,  with  longi- 
tudinal dehiscence ;  capsule  of  2  connate  carpels,  opening  between  the 
2  diverging,  acuminate  beaks  (styles) ;  seeds  oo.—  4 

§  Leaves  opposite  (smiill)  on  the  prostrate  stem.    Fls.  purplish No.  1 

I  Leaves  alteriiato  on  the  ascending  stem.    Fls.  yellow  or  white Nos.  2,  3,  4 

I  Leaves  rosulate  at  the  base  of  the  mostly  leafless  scape.  Qa) 

a  Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  ovary  (Inferior) Nos.  5,  6,  " 

a  Calyx  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  (half  superior) .'.Nos.  8,  9,  10 

1  S.  oppoaltifdlla  L.  Lvs.  opposite,  rather  crowded,  obovate,  carinate,  ciliate, 
obtuse,  punctate,  persistent ;  fls.  solitary ;  cal.  free  from  the  ova. ;  pet.  large,  ob- 
ovate, fi-voined,  longer  than  the  stani. — In  the  same  locality  as  the  next  species. 
Sts.  purplish,  very  branching,  dilluse.  Lvs.  bluish-green,  1  to  2"  long.  Fls. 
light  purple,  largo  and  showy.     May,  Jn.  ? 

2  S.  aizoides  L.  Oaaspitous,  leafy ;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  more  or  less  ciliate,  thick, 
flat,  mcstly  persistent ;  flov/ering  sts,  annual ;  fls.  paniculate,  sometimes  solitary ; 
aep.  ovate,  slightly  coherent  with  the  ova ;  pet.  oblong,  longer  than  tlie  sep. ; 
Btig.  depressed  ;  caps  rather  thick,  as  long  as  the  styles, — In  the  clefls  of  rocks, 
at  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.  (500  feet  above  the  v/ater),  N.  to  ihe  Arc.  Sea,  Bar- 
ren stems  short,  with  densely  crowded  lvs. ;  flowering  stems  ascending,  2  to  4' 
long,  with  scattered  lvs.  Lvs.  4  to  6"  long,  about  2"  wide.  Pedicels  bracteate. 
Fls.  yellow,  dotted. 

8  S.  rivuldris  L.  S  .  weak,  ascending,  3  to  D-flowered;  radical  lvs.  petiolaie, 
reniform,  rrenately  lobed,  cauliue,  lanceolate,  subentire ;  cal.  lobes  broad-ovate, 
nearly  as  long  us  the  ovate  petals,  but  much  sliorter  than  the  short-beaked  cap- 
•ule. — White  Mts.  N.  II.  (Oakes),  N.  t.  Arc.  Am.  A  very  small  species,  witli 
white,  brni^teato  fls.     Sts.  about  2  high,  annual,  with  altmiate  lvs. 

4  S.  tricuspidAta  Retz.  St.  thick,  erect;  lower  lvs.  crowded,  oblong,  3-cuspidafe; 
fls.  few,  large,  somewhat  corymbed;  sep.  thick,  ovate,  shorter  than  tiio  oblong- 


1 


OBDER  61.-«AXrFRAGACE^. 


obovate,  yellow,  dotted  mt  ■  n.  '  ^"1 

«''ores,  Can.  and  n^fhSi  ''"'■  °^**«'  *'PP«d  with  the  dive.^ne  st.,         r 

Penn.  to  Car.     Sca^e  12  to  ?«^^  .'T'^  ^  1°%'  «s  the  a^    '/?""«*«  '^'•«"-''^«i 

white,  or  tinged  with  n,fr2i  ■      "    ^7  «  to  12"     Fh  ,„    '1  ''Wh'  Pubescent 

stam'e'ns  8  or  Jo  exit    ;  ^  '''''^'  ««g^"o»ts  ;  peJaJs  4    '''  >'^  ^^  ^^'^ 
i».^'  and  delu-scitTen '^^  ;  ea^rp<^    of  the  A-'.  T'"^^^^^ ' 

with  a  loose  mnn.K  ^       ^?  '"^'^•^ ;  seeds  1  to  A        ,    '"'*  soparat- 

*»■    'U  ■■esembla,t"o  So  :,'";"''"'=*    »'■  ^  to  6f  1, 1  '^;,^  "-  "i  Tena,  S. 
A.-AUJ.  (      >oa,),  2^.arpeIeJ  fr.  are  l«Wve  L»lr,?f!.?:^  "'"" 

e-BOVKIN'lA    Nuti      m  ,■  -"""s  of  m,^,,^,. 

pioneer  botanist  >     r.1         ('^^tcatcd  to  Z>f    /?„„/■ 


ii^^''! 


/y 


C 


« 


1' 


fc-i' 


If^      !' 


I 


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Bt         I'! 


I 


372 


Okdbr  61.— SAXIFRAGACE^ 


B.  aconitifdlia  Nutt.  St.  viscid-glandular;  Ivs.  smoothish,  deeply  6  to  7-lobed 
(like  those  of  Aconitum) ;  cyme  fastigiate,  the  fis.  secund. — Mts.  S.  W.  Ya.  and 
N.  Gar.  (Curtis).    St.  1  to  2f  high.     Fls.  small,  numerous.    JL 

7.  SULLIVAN  TIA,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (To  Wm.  S.  Sullivant,  the  di^ 
tinguished  muscologist.)  Calyx  campanulate,  coherent  with  the  base 
of  the  ovary,  segments  ovate,  acute  ;  petals  ovalspatulate,  unguicnlate, 
inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx  tube,  and  twice  as  long  a8  its  lobes ; 
stamens  6,  inserted  with  the  petala,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  2- 
beaked,  2-celled  ;  seeds  Qo,  ascending ;  testa  wing-margined. —  4  Lvs. 
mostly  radical,  palmate-veined.     Fls.  in  a  loose  panicle,  small,  white. 

S.  Ohidnis  Torn  &  Gr.  A  diffuse,  weak-stemmed  plant,  first  discovered  in 
Highland  Co.,  Ohio,  by  him  whose  name  it  bears.  St.  annual,  very  slender,  8  to 
16'  long,  ascending,  glandular.  Radical  lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  lobed  and  toothed, 
1  to  2'  diam.,  on  long  petioles.  Cauline  leaves  mostly  very  small,  bract-like, 
cuneate  at  base,  3  to  5 -toothed  at  summit     May,  Jn. 

8.  HEUXHERA,  L.  Alum  Root.  (To  Prof.  Jleucher,  botanic 
author,  NVittemberg,  Germany.)  Calyx  5  cleft,  coherent  with  the  ovary 
below,  segments  obtuse ;  corolla  of  5  small,  entire  petals,  inserted  with 
the  5  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  ;  capsule  1 -celled,  2-beaked, 
dehiscent  between  the  beaks ;  seeds  many,  with  a  rough,  close  testa. — 
U  Lvs.  radical,  long-petioled,  petioles  with  adnate  stipules  at  base. 

§  Fls.  small  (1  to  2"  long),  regular;  stum,  and  sty.  much  exserted Nos.  1—8 

§  Fls.  larger  (3  to  5"  long),  rather  oblique ;  stam.  and  sty.  short Nos.  4,  6 

1  H.  Americana  "Willd.  Viscid-pubescent ;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  som-Bwhat  7- 
lobod,  lobes  short  and  roundish,  crenate-dentate,  teeth  mucronate ;  panicle  elon- 
gated, loose ;  pedicels  divaricate ;  cal.  obtuse,  short ;  pet.  spatulate,  about  as  long 
as  the  calyx ;  stam.  much  exserted. — A  neat  plant,  rare  in  the  southern  parts  of 
N.  Eng.  and  l!f.  Y.,  frequent  at  the  W.  and  S.  Lvs.  2  to  3^'  diam.  Scape  2  to 
4f  high,  paniculate,  nearly  ^  this  length.  Fed.  2  to  3-flowered.  Cal.  more  showy 
than  the  purplish-white  petals.  May,  Jn. — Root  astringent,  hence  the  common 
name.  Alum  Root. 

2  H.  villdsa  Mx.  Villotcs,  with  rusty,  spreading  hairs;  radical  lvs.  round-cor- 
date, thin,  glabrous  above,  7  to  9-lobed,  lobes  short,  crenate-mucronate,  ciliatc: 
panicle  loose,  with  filiform  branches  and  pedicels ;  fls.  very  small ;  pet.  white, 
about  as  long  and  as  narrow  as  the  filaments. — Mts.  Md.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ky.  Scape 
1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  6'  diam.,  petioles  sometimes  densely  villous. — The  plant 
Taiies  much  in  size.     Scipe  often  with  one  or  more  lvs.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  H.  caul^BceuB  Ph.  Nearly  glabrous ;  lvs,  acutely  6  to  7-lobed,  cordate,  lobea 
acutely  toothed,  ciliato ;  panicle  loose,  slender ;  petals  white,  Unear-spaiulate,  2  or 
3  times  longer  than  the  sepals. — High  Mts.  Car.,  Ky.,  Tcnn.  Scape  often  bearing 
a  leaf  or  two  below,  and  with  the  petioles  soinawhat  hairy  below.     May,  Jn. 

l3.  Quite  glabrous ;  radical  lvs.  slightly  lobed ;  cauline  2,  collateral ;  branches 
of  the  panicle  racemous,  elongated,  divaricate. — Buncomb  Co.,  N.  Car.  (H. 
Curtisii  Gray.) 

4  H.  pubeacens  Ph.  Scap'e  naked,  minutely  pubescent  above,  and  with  the 
long  petiole  glabrous  below;  lvs.  glabrous,  orbicular-cordate,  7  to  9-lobed,  lobes 
rounded,  and  with  rounded,  mucronate,  ciliate  teeth ;  ped,  cymous,  dichotomous, 
joints  flexuous,  almost  geniculate ;  fls.  largo ;  pet.  longer  than  the  included  stam. ; 
sty.  exserted. — Mts.  Penn,,  Md.,  Va.  Scapo  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  diam., 
the  veins  beneath  with  a  few  scattered  hairs.  Fls.  5  to  6'  long,  purple.  May, 
Jn.     (H.  grandiflora  Raf.) 

5  H.  hfspida  Ph.  Hispid  and  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  margin  of  the 
obtusely  6  to  7-lobed  lvs.,  the  lobes  broadly  mucronate-toothed,  teeth  very  short, 
almost  retuse ;  branches  of  the  panicle  few-flowered ;  pet.  spatulate,  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  shorter  than  the  somewhat  exserted  stamens. — Mts.  of  Va.  and  N. 
Car.,  ajid  prairies  of  Ind.  to  Mo.  The  petals  purple.  The  prairie  form  is  less 
hairy,  almost  smooth.     (tL  Richardson!  R.  Br.) 


Ohdkk  61.-SAXlFIiAUACE^. 


!•■  spatuldtum  Ell     Tl  p  •  ' 

»•  HYDRAH'GEA   L     tt 

xT:^.!:5„::;  rr  —^  ^^S.  -—-sSrs 

wot,  apriujy  pK  aCC'-Ti^  »uporb'.S  L  [™ ff'V'"'''"".  ">»  »te  -    ' 
as  broad  a?  Wlst^T,  ?  °°  ouWi-ated.    Shrub  l  /i  or  ,  "'^,  ^'"-  "'"i  S.  Oa.  i„ 

Oftea  oul.iva.e4'    Ma'   Ji  */ '8"  broad,  wifh  orSlk'r  CS?"  *°*'  "'>™'^ 
«&eri,.to,^4j;'';j_^»- »~fe,  abrupt  or  oordat/a.  I:. 


1^1 1l' 

'it  T 


f  y... 


',  1l 


374 


Ordhb  62,— HAMAMELACEiE. 


perfect  fla  arc  central  and  much  smaller.     It  thrives  in  large  pots  of  peat  mixed 
with  loam,  abundantly  watered.     The  flowers  endure  several  months,  f 

13.  DECUMA^RIA,  L.  (Lat.  decern,  ten ;  from  the  10-parted  flowers.) 
Fls.  all  fertile  ;  calyx  1  to  10-toothed,  tube  adherent  to  the  5  to  10- 
celled  ovary ;  petals  as  many  as  calyx  teeth,  oblong-spatulate,  valvate  in 
the  bud  ;  stamens  3  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  in  one  row,  epigynous ; 
stigma  as  many  as  petals,  radiate,  capsule  urn-shaped,  mary-ribbcd, 
crowned  with  the  style,  oo-seeded. — A  shrub  creeping  or  climbing  by 
rootlets,  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  cymes  of  white,  fragrant  fls. 

D.  bdrbara  L.  A  beautiful  climber,  in  damp  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  a.s- 
cending  trees  15  to  30f.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  entire  or  obscurely  serrate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  very  smooth, — tiiose  of  the  young  creepers  elliptical,  irregularly 
toothed.  Cymes  terminal  on  the  divergent  branches,  with  numerous  fls.  Caps, 
persistent,  exhibiting  in  winter  their  curious  structure.     May,  Jn. 

14.  PHILADEL'PHUS,  L.  False  Sykinga.  (To  Philadelphus,  king 
of  Egypt.)  Calyx  4  to  5-partcd,  half  superior,  j^ersistent ;  corolla  4  to 
5-petaled ;  style  4-cleft ;  stamens  20  to  40,  shorter  than  the  petals ; 
capsule  4-celled,  4-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence;  seeds  many, 
arilled. — Handsome  flowering  shrubs.     Lvs.  opposite,  exstipulate. 

1  P.  inodorus  L.  Glabrous;  lvs.  ovate,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  triple- 
veined,  entire,  or  with  few  obscure  teetli;  sep.  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube; 
sty.  united. — Va.  to  Ala.  in  the  upper  country  (Buckley).  Fls.  small,  several  at 
the  end  of  each  branchlot,  inodorous.     May,  Jn. 

2  P.  grandiflorus  Willd.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  denticulate,  3-veined, 
axils  of  the  veins  hairy ;  sep.  acuminate,  much  longer  than  the  tube ;  stig.  4,  linear ; 
sty.  united. — A  veiy  showy  shrub,  Gf  high,  native  at  tlie  South,  cultivated  in 
shrubberies.  Branc  hes  smooth,  long  and  slender.  Fls.  large,  in  a  terminal  um- 
bel of  2  or  3,  white,  nearly  inodorous.  Jn. — The  upper  lvs.  are  often  entire  and 
quite  narrow,  f 

3  P.  coronarius  L,  Mock  Orange.  Lvs.  ovate,  subdentate,  smooth ;  aty. 
distinct. — Native  of  S.  Europe.  A  handsome  shrub,  often  cultivated  in  our  shrub- 
beries. The  fls.  are  numerous,  cream-colored,  showy,  resembling  those  of  the 
orange  both  in  form  and  fragrance,  but  are  more  powerful  in  the  latter  respect. 
It  grows  5  to  8f  high,  with  opposite,  smooth,  ovate,  stalked  lvs.  and  opposite,  red- 
dish twigs  bearing  leafy  clusters  of  flowers,  f 

15.  DEUT'ZIA  gracilis  and  D.  scabra,  are  two  handsome  shrubs 
occasionally  cultivated  in  parks.  The  genus  is  readily  recognized  by 
the  filaments,  which  are  3-cuspidate  at  the  top,  bearing  the  anther  on 
the  middle  cusp. 

D.  Bcabra  Thunberg,  has  ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  pilous  leaves,  with 
terminal,  downy  racemes  of  handsome,  bell-shaped,  white  flowers,  each  usually 
with  3  pistils,     f  Eastern  Asia. 


Order  LXII.     HAMAMELACE^.     Witciihazelworts. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  in 
heads  or  spikes,  often  polygamous  or  monoecious.  Calyx  adherent.  Petals  linear, 
valvate  or  convolute  in  bud  or  wanting.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals  (the  op- 
posite sterile  and  scale-like)  or  oo.  Ovary  of  2-carpels,  2-celled  and  2-styled,  ovulej 
1  or  OO  in  each  cell.  •  Fruit  a  woody  capsule,  2-boaked,  2-celled  and  2-seeded. 

Gfnera  14.  apecieft  20,  widely  (lifTiised.  Various  spocios  of  Liqiiidainbar  yield  the  pungent  re- 
Mn  called  stot'ox.    Otlierwise  tlio  products  of  tliis  order  are  unimportant. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA.  ' 

1.  IIamamkle.!:.    Flowers  dichlamydeous.   Ovule  solitary  In  each  cell.   Calyx 

4-part.:d  ;  petaU  ligulaie,  ion:;.    Shrub Hamamklis 


OROKa  63.-UMBii'£LIFER^. 


37.5 


Pet.  curled  or  twisted  g"        "  '"'«  '  "s  "■Wo     PetiSi  ^m™'  ""<'  'O  '»  I2f 

to  j)r.  Fotheraill  \  ^\\}'  ^^'"^'     Pedicated  by  the  v., 

toothed  at  the  nt!  '    ^'"^  ^^''npanulate,  truncato  ! n  ]  ^J""^^'  ^>n^»"'* 

in  its  leaves  and  !t?'r''^'  l-«««ded.--AXu     r"^";""^  ^*  ^««^'  2- 
the  leaves  in  a  .    ^I^^^^'^^el  in  its  fruit      FIs  "  ,  .  esembhng  «„  alder 

r.  alnifSa  V/    sTf  ''""  '^"^^  ^^  -"enl"  "'''^'  «PP-""g  be/ore 
calvxascaleifa''.    r^"'"  "^''^"^^'    Poljandroul'  f^f    '^l'''''^'"^"^; 

"rtse,  to  tUorii™' '■«%"*»?  N.  to  Conn  td  in      Wi.TT  '""'  ''W'"' 

pact  ball,  suspSed  bi  a  Ji'^H  *^"'^"  «^  *be  Rock  Ele     Fmir  ^ff  ^  ^''^'d<-^^ 
-*-ing  I  Pr  2  se'ed'r  J{:^.^^^  ^^^^^  --^^^'^/otnuiTus^  f^^C,  S 

^         Order  LXIII.     ITMBELLIPERJ.     tt 

/S-erJ.  with  hoUow  striate   «f  ^^^^-^^-E.     Umbel  worts. 

Coiyx  adherent  to  thl  ''™^'   sheathing    petioles   nn,^  « 

at  the  point  Lh     *^.°^^'-:^'  «mb  entire  or  5-toothe7     »?,    ^°"'^'''  '°  "^^^^le. 

*^^'  2.  distinct  or  united  at  their 


I  : 


1 


ff    I 


i 


•=3 


a^*' 


376 


Oedeb  63.— UMBELLIPERiE. 


thickened  bases.     Stigmas  simple.     Fruit  a  cremocarp  (§  557),  consisting^  ot  2  coo 
hereut  achenia  called  meriearps  which  separate  along  the  middle  space,  which  in 
called  the  commissure. 
Carpophore,  the  slender,  simple  or  forked  axis  attached  to  and   supporting  the 

mericarps  at  top,  inclosed  between  them  at  tho  commissure. 
Ribs — 5  ridgoa  traversing;  each  mericarp  lengthwise,  and  often  4   intermediate  or 

secondary  ones,  some,  all,  or  none  of  them  winged. 
Vittrn — little  tubular  receptacles  of  colored  volatile  oil  imbedded  in  tho  substance 

of  tiie  pericarp,  just  beneath  the  intervals  of  the  ribs,  and  also  sometimes  in  the 

face  of  the  commissure. 
Embryo  in  the  base  of  abundant,  horny  albumen.     (Illust.  in  figs.  25,  27,  102,  134, 

135,  163,  207,  297,  433.) 

Genera  270,  species  1600  or  more.  A  larpo  and  well  defined  natural  order,  native  of  damp 
places,  way.sldes.  groves,  «&c.,  in  the  cool  parts  of  the  world.  Very  few  are  found  in  tropical 
countritis,  except  iipoi  the  mountains. 

Properties,  aromatic,  stimulant  and  carminative,  depending  upon  a  volatile  oil  residing  in  the 
vittiB  of  »he  fruit,  in  t'je  roots,  &c.  The  herbage  is  Irequently  pervaded  by  an  acrid,  narcotic 
principle,  rendering  i'l;  very  poisonous.  Of  this  nature  is  tho  Coniuni  inaculatum  (Hemlock), 
Cicuta  virosa,  ^thusa  Cynapium  (Fool's  Parsley),  besides  many  otliers  which  have  at  least  a 
suspicious  character.  But  the  fruit  is  never  poisonous,  and  is  usually  stimulant  and  aromatic, 
as  Caraway,  Anise,  Dill,  Coriander,  &c.  Even  the  roots  and  herbage  of  other  species  are  whole- 
some and  nutritive,  as  the  Carrot.  Parsnip,  Sweet  Cicely,  Celery,  and  Arcbangelica.  Tlie  gum 
resin  asaafietula  exudes  from  incisions  on  the  Ferula  of  Persia.  Tho  Gum  Galhanum  is  the 
product  of  Galbiinum  officinale,  an  Indian  species.  The  genera  of  the  Umbelliferte  are  often  best 
defined  by  characters  founded  upon  tiio  number  and  development  of  the  ribs,  the  presence  or 
absence  <)f  the  vittre,  and  the  form  of  tho  albumen,  particularly  at  the  commissure.  These 
parts,  therefore,  minute  as  they  are,  will  require  the  especial  attention  of  the  student. 

Do  Candolle  subdivided  the  Umbelworts  into  sections,  depending  upon  tlie  form  of  the  albu- 
men and  seed,  whether  (1.)  d.it  on  the  inner  face,  or  (2.)  convolute  at  the  sides,  or  (3.)  involut* 
at  the  end*.    This  arrangement  is  often  impr.tcticable  as  a  step  in  the 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE   GENERA. 

§  Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  sometimes  spicate.  Leaves  simple,  (a) 
§  Flowers  in  capitate  umbels,  L  e.,  sessile,  forming  dense  heads,  (b) 
§  Flowers  in  regularly  compound  umbels,  not  sessile  in  heads.  (1) 

1  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  the  margins  only  singly  winged,  (c) 
1  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  the  margin  only  doubly  winged,  (d) 
1  Fruit  terete  or  flattened  on  the  sides. — Ribs  bristly  echinate.  (e) 

— Ribs  smooth.    Flowers  xanthlc.  (f) 
— Ribs  smooth.    Flowers  cyanic.  (2) 
2  Plants  exotic,  growing  In  gardens,  &c.  (1) 
2  Plants  native  or  naturalizoJ,  growing  wild.  (3) 
3  Fruit  slender,  thrice  longer  than  wide,  often  beaked,  (g) 
3  Fruit  short,  once  to  twice  as  long  as  wide. — Ribs  (6  to  10)-wlnged.  (h 

— Ribs  not  winged.  (4) 
4  Seed  furrowed  or  excavated  on  the  inner  face,  (i) 
4  Seed  flat  on  tho  inner  face. — Involucre  none  or  almost  none,  (j) 

— Involucre  of  2  to  8  bracts,  (k) 

a  Fruit  flat,  orbicular.    Leaves  roinid  or  roundish IIydrocottlb.  1 

a  Fruit  globular.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy  phyllodia Ckantzia.  3 

b  Flowers  partly  sterile.     Fruit  densely  muricate,  few Sanicitla.  8 

b  Flowers  all  fertile.    Fruit  scaly,  many  in  the  hea<l Ertnoium.  4 

0  Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  with  a  thick,  corky  margin Polyt^bnia.  5 

O  Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  with  a  thin  margin Pastinaca.  0 

0  Flowers  white, — of  two  sorts, — the  marginal  radiant IIbraclei;,m.  7 

—all  alike. — Lfts.  3  to  9,  mostly  entire ARcriEMOUA.  S 

— Lfts.  0,  phyllodia  linear. Tiedemannia.  9 

d  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp,  with  6  to  S  vitta? Anoelica.  10 

d  Seed  not  adherent,  &c.,  all  covered  with  vittaj AitciiANOELiOA.  11 

6  Involucre  of  several  pinnatifid  br.icts DAUOtrs.  12 

f  Involucels  of  ovate,  entire  bracts.     Leaves  simple Bupmtrum.  13 

f  Involucels  none.    Carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs Anethum.  14 

f  Involucels  subulate. — Ribs  shorp  or  winired.    Leaflets  toothed Tiiaspicm.  16 

— Ribs  not  at  nil  winged.    Leaflets  entire Zizia.  tft 


i  ^run  ovate.-.,,  obsc^u':  ;;';^ -{j  «"-ring. i :::::;• '^'«---'- '" 

-clothed  with  scales     r„  ^"""'""^'^  drooping. ^rvptot.k.v,.,.  o; 

k  Cab-x  teeth  obsolete.    Leav/,  ?  """'^  "'"•'''"'4      ^^^"^•''■*-  2^ 

*^»'3^x  teeth  perslste„t.i:Src:;;,^^^^  ^--o.,.,.,  ,, 

»  F'o-ors  of  2  so  .                                                 '  '■""'•«- Vitt.    e".  "nku  r""'""''^'^-  ■'^'' 
r     UVnn^^  -^'ittoj  8  to  12. '-""''""nM.  a5 

'•  HrDROCOTTLF  T      t^  JAirrMss 

vessel;  the  concavpll  7    /^^^^'-^ort.    rOr    "a  ^^^'^v^.sr 

fr-'.  ovate,  spreldin?^  '?^"  ^'«^^«  waterT  C^  T^"-'  '^^--'^7  a 

*a.  intemsptauul,!      r    "^"y-  •'"''»=.  broader  tS  i''' 

>«,  <^W<  sXS-S   r/"-  ^*'««.  orbicular  „  °'* 

to  G^  (Mettau-e^^!?!     D^f" '"  "'  base.- vT'  ,™;°»te:  «fe&  <,™,v„, 

'*e^sot^ri"2-*^r.^«^7'*^ 

"«»»  or^^^T*™-    PeWes  afe  el'tl*" '?"  dfc.'Se.f^f^-p' 


II  li 


./■, 


•■X 
"It 


t    > 


'  T  ■?  -1 1 


jI'i  !i| 


378 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 


2.  CRANT'ZIA,  Nutt.  {To  Prof.  Crantz,  author  of  a  monograph  of 
the  Unibellifera;.)  Calyx  tube  siibglobous,  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  ob- 
tuse ;  fruit  subglobous,  the  commissure  excavated,  with  2  vitta^ ;  car- 
pels unequal,  5-ribbed,  with  a  vitta  in  each  interval. — Small,  creeping 
herbs,  with  linear  or  filiform,  entire  Ivs.     Umbels  simple,  invohicrate. 

C.  linedta  Nutt.  Lvs.  cuueate-linear,  sessile,  obtuse  at  apex,  and  with  trans- 
vorso  veins,  shorter  than  the  peduncles. — %  Muddy  banks  of  rivers,  Mass.  to  La. 
8ts.  several  inches  long,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  1  to 
2",  often  linear  and  appearing  like  petioles  without  laminae.  Umbels  4  to  8-flow- 
ercfl.  Ped.  ^  longer  than  the  leaves.  Involucre  4  to  6-leaved.  Fr.  with  red 
vittie.     May — Jl.  (Hydrocotyle  Mx.) 

3.  SANIC'ULA,  Tourn.  Sanicle.  (Lat.  sanare,  to  cure;  for  its 
reputed  virtues  as  a  vulnerary.)  Flowers  ?  ^  ^;  calyx  tube  echinate, 
segments  acute,  leafy ;  petals  obovate,  erect,  with  a  long,  inHected 
point ;  fruit  subglobous,  armed  with  hooked  prickles ;  carpels  without 
ribs;  vittas  numerous. —  U  Umbel  nearly  simple.  Rays  few,  with 
many-flowered,  capitate  umbellets.  Involucre  of  few,  often  cleft  leat- 
lets,  involucel  of  fieverul  entire. 

1  S.  Marildndica  L.  Lvs.  5  to  7 -parted,  digitate,  mostly  radical ;  Ifls.  or  seg- 
niL'nts  oblong,  iucisely  serrate ;  sterile  Jls.  many,  pedicellate,  fertile  ones  sessile ; 
cal.  segm.  entire ;  sty.  slander,  conspicuous,  recurved. — Thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can,, 
common.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  dichotomously  branched  above,  smooth,  furrowed. 
Radical  lvs.  on  petioles  6  to  12'  long,  3-parted  to  the  base,  with  the  lateral  segm. 
deeply  2-parted ;  segm.  2  to  4'  long.  Cauline  lvs.  few,  nearly  sessile.  Involucres 
6-leaved,  serrate.     Umbels  often  proliferous. 

2  S.  Canadensis  L.  Lower  lvs.  5-parted,  upper  3-parted,  segm.  ovate,  mucro- 
nate-serrato ;  sterile  fls.  few,  much  shorter  than  the  fertile ;  sty.  shorter  than  the 
prickles. — Woods,  thickets,  N.  States  to  O.  and  Can.,  common.  About  the  size 
of  the  preceding,  or  taller.  Umbels  more  numerous  and  smaller.  Lfts.  thin,  1 
to  3'  long.     Jn. — Aug. 

4.  ERYN'GIUM,  Tourn.  (Gr.  EQvyeXv,  to  belch  ;  a  supposed  remedy 
for  flatulence.)  Fls.  sessile,  collected  in  dense  heads ;  cal.  lobes  some- 
what leafy ;  petals  connivent,  oblong,  emarginate  with  a  long,  inflexed 
point;  styles  filiform  ;  fruit  scaly  or  tuberculate,  obovate,  terete,  without 
vitta)  or  ribs.  —  Herbaceous  or  suff"ruticous.  Fls.  blue  or  white,  bracte- 
ate ;  lower  bracts  involucrate,  the  others  smaller  and  paleaceous. 

§  Scales  or  chaff  of  the  heads  entire Nos.  1 — 3 

§  Scales  or  chaff  of  the.  heads  tricuspidate Nos.  4 — 7 

1  E.  yuccaefolium  Mx.  Erect;  lvs.  broadly  linear,  parallel-veined,  ciliate  with 
remote  soft  spines ;  bracts  tipped  with  spines,  those  of  the  invohicels  entire,  shorter 
than  the  ovate-globous  heads. — 11  Prairies  and  Pine  barrens,  W.  and  S.  A  re- 
markable plant  appearing  like  one  of  the  Endogense.  Very  glaucous.  St.  simple, 
I  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  often  1  to  2f  long,  \  to  1^'  wide.  Heads  pedunculate,  \  to 
1'  diam.  Fls.  white,  inconspicuous.  Jl.,  Aug,  (This  name,  if  allowable  as  Dr. 
Gray  suggests,  is  more  appropriate  than  E.  aquaticum  L.  in  part.) 

2  B.  proBtratum  Baldvv?  Sts.  filiform,  prostrate,  rooting  at  the  joints;  lvs. 
(small)  of  two  forms  in  the  same  cluster,  some  ovate,  dentate,  petiolate,  others 
3-cleft  ivith  lanceolate  segments,  middle  segm.  largest ;  heads  on  slender  peduncles, 
axillary,  small,  ovate ;  involucre  bracts  4  to  6,  linear,  rather  longer  than  the  head; 
scales  entire,  shorter  than  the  fls. —  U  In  wet  places,  Ga.  and  Fla,  (Mettauer). 
St.  6  to  12'  long,  many  from  one  root,  Lvs,  4  to  7"  long.  Hds.  3  "  long,  white, 
the  fls.  blue.     Jn.--Oct.  (E,  gracile  Ell.) 

p.  FOLiosuxi.  Lvs.  larger,  all  3-cleft,  irregularly  toothed ;  bracts  of  the  invoL 
leafy,  twice  longer  than  the  oblong  heads. — La.  (Hale).  (E.  prostratum 
Nutt.) 

3  E.  Baldw^fnii  Spreng,    Sts.  filiform,  prostrate,  clustered ;  lowest  lvs.  oblong, 


Ijnmclie.s.    Hds  Ir  r     ^"^^^  siniplo  or  or.„  ^ ,    ."'^  ?'"«  Wrens  Sr      *'"-'"''• 

raucli  .ma  Jer      Uh "^'''  ^''^'^"'^ed  above      T     ^^?^-  •^-  ^ Bolton    to  O^''"--^""- 

^  E.  Mettaatrt"-  ^^,,f  ^"««--  ^l?./'"  '  ''^  ^-^'^''-    ^,1  p.5o'b'luo  Tn  "7 
«'«^<«fi^  chiefltnJ-\i      I'  '"'"pJe.  erect-  /„c  ;•  ^^ 


J«,  silvery  abovo  ?       ^^'''-owJy  winded  bin!"'  '"'■^^^'■'^.  Joi 


from  tho   imtritiv,      ''°"''    P'^nemr     /r«, 

petals  bro^tZZl^^^r  "^  «.«  roitY  (m""^.''*"  <"•  ■■epasf 

P;«ed,  oval,   S?'J'''j  «  '»"g  inflexid  p^„  ?7.    "".'"  «-'<>oti.e    ;' 

®  Kt.  fnsform     rn»„j    ^     y'"®i  carpoohor.  o        '  """"'y  obsolete 


t* 


t. ' 


/ 


sao 


Ordsb  63.— UMBBLLIPBRiE. 


exterior  flowers,  and  apparently  deeply  2-cleft ;  fruit  compressed,  flat, 
with  a  broad,  flat  margin,  and  3  obtuse,  dorsal  ribs  to  each  carpel ;  in- 
tervals with  single  vittae  ;  seeds  flat. — Stout  herbs  with  large  umbels. 
In  vol.  deciduous.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

H.  lan^tum  L.  Lvs.  tern  ate,  petiolate,  tomentoiis  beneath,  Ifts.  petioled,  round- 
cordate,  lobed ;  fr.  orbicular, — Penn.  to  Lab.,  W.  to  Oregon.  A  large,  coarse- 
looking  piant  in  moist  cultivated  grounds.  Sta.  about  4f  high,  thick,  furrowed, 
branching,  with  spreading  hairs.  Lvs.  very  large,  on  channeled  stalks,  L.l;s, 
irregularly  eut-lobed  aud  serrated.  Its  huge  umbels  are  often  a  foot  broad.  In- 
volucre of  lanceolate,  deciduous  leaflets.  Petals  deeply  heart-shaped,  wliite,  those 
of  the  outer  fis,  unequally  enlarged  (radiate),    Jn. 

8.  ARCHEMO^RA,  DC.  (A  fanciful  name  from  Archemorns,  who, 
according  to  mythology,  died  from  swallowing  a  bee.)  Calyx  limb 
5-toothed  ;  petals  obcordatc  with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  oval,  lenticu- 
lar, compressed  on  the  back  ;  carpels  with  5  ribs,  marginal  ones  broadly 
winged ;  intervals  with  single  large  vittse,  commissure  with  4  or  6  ; 
seeds  flat. —  U    Invol.  0  or  few-leaved.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

1  A,  rigida  DC,  "Water  Dropwort,  Cowbane.  St,  rigid,  striate,  smooth ;  lvs, 
pinnately  divided,  smooth,  Ifts.  3  to  11,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate,  entire  or  re- 
motely toothed,  sessile ;  umbels  spreading,  smooth, — Swamps,  Mich,  to  Fla  aud 
La.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  slender,  terete.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  by  3  to  9",  varying  in  outline 
in  the  same  plant.  Umbels  2  to  3,  of  many  slender  rays.  Petals  wliite.  Fr 
with  subequal,  greenish  ribs,  and  large  purple  vittae  filling  the  intervals.  Com- 
missure white.     Sept, — Said  to  be  poisonous.     (CEnanthe  Nutt.) 

/?.  AMBiGUA.    Lfts.  long-linear,  mostly  entire,    (CEnanthe  ambigua  Nutt,) 

2  A.  ternata  Nutt.  Lvs.  temately  divided,  with  very  long  petioles ;  segm. 
linear. — Margins  of  swamps  in  the  pine  forests,  N,  to  S,  Car.  Near  Newbern 
(Nuttall),  St.  2  to  3f  high,  slender.  Lvs.  and  petioles  2f  long ;  segm.  3"  wide. 
Fruit  as  large  as  th;it  of  the  parsnip. 

9.  TIEDEMAN'NIA,  DC.  (To  Prof.  Tiedemann,  of  Hiedelburg.) 
Calyx  limb  5-tootliC(l ;  petals  roundish  ovate ;  fruit  flattened  dorsally, 
obovate ;  carpels  with  5  equal,  filiform  ribs,  the  lateral  coalescing  with 
the  broad,  marginal  wings  ;  intervals  with  single  large  vittae,  commis- 
sure with  2  ;  seed  flat. —  U  Smooth,  tall,  slender.  Lvs.  reduced  to  fis- 
tular-jointed  phyllodia.     Involucra  subulate,  6  to  6-lvd.     Fls.  white. 

T.  teretifdlia  DC— Ya,  to  La.  and  Fla.  St.  3  to  6f  high,  hollow,  round,  striate, 
Phyllodia  6  to  16'  long,  tapering,  the  joints  1'  apart,  Fr,  as  large  as  in  parsnip, 
disk  dark  brown,  not  wider  than  the  yellowish  wings.     Aug.,  Sept, 

10.  ANGEL'ICA,  L.  (Named  for  its  excellencies.)  Calyx  teeth  ob- 
solete ;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  fruit  dorsally  compressed  ;  car- 
pels 6-ribbed,  the  3  dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  2  marginal  winged,  inter- 
vals with  single  vitta) ;  carpophore  2-partcd  ;  seed  semiterete. — Lvs.  bi. 
o»  triternate,  sessile,  umbels  terminal.  Invol.  0  or  few-leaved.  Involu- 
cels many-leaved. 

A.  Curtfaii  Buckley.  Lvs.  bitemate  or  with  3  quinate  divisions ;  lfts.  thin,  ovate 
or  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  and  incisely  toothed ;  bracts  of  the  involuccl 
small,  subulate;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad, — 1(  Mts.  of  Ashe  Co,,  N,  Car.  (Cur- 
tis.)   Cheat  Mt,  Va,  (Buckley,)     Aug. 

11.  ARCHANGEL'ICA,  Hoftm.  Angelica.  (Named  for  its  pro- 
eminence  in  size  and  virtues.)  Calyx  teeth  short ;  petals  elliptical,  en- 
tire, lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  the  point  inflexed  ;  fruit  dorsally  com- 
pressed, with  3  carinate,  thick  ribs  upon  each  carpel,  and  2  marginal 
enes  dilated  into  membranous  wings ;  seed  loose  in  the  ripe  carpel. 


Ordkh  e3.-UUBELUFERJE. 


covered  with  vitta*      or  t>  .-  ,  881 

•  inv  "'"'"'^  many-leaved.     ^'  '°^"*^^   ««d  ^-parted. 


•  T  ""'v  "leaved 

Mtot3ir„?'-tifiw^.o3„n,,  ,,„,,• 
''*'■*-fs.t-IJ:ia.•• 


divisions  quiSteTn.      '?";    ■^'-  *"•*  i)ar»fe   /■„,,.      ^      "''•» 

tlie  largest  of  the  Uinh«ii;f-  '^'  'nvolucel.s  of  shf>rf  L/        *^  ill  visions  rliom. 

fields  at.d  meadol^ttnd^  ^S" '^"^^'^  fo*- ^  a^^atif  2?  "^^.^^^-An^o^, 
s'nooth,  hollow,  glaucous  p!;-^,*'"'?-  ^*-  ^  to  6f  h?^?  ??^  o'f'^''  ^"'^'""i«"  in 
with  inflated  shelths  ^tba^o      t^^'  ^^'S^'  ^^^^^ted,  chS 'li  *"  ^^   '°    'fnekncs" 

2  A.  hirsata  Torr  &  Or     ^7  greenish 

1V3.  piunately  divided  in?,    i 'i    ^"'^""^-V   AxGEl^rcA      ^/    .^     .^ 

jninal  one  aibedr  Laths  tf"' ''''^,°°''^^^t«.  «eutly1trrZ"'*'  """"'^'  '^'^'"^^ .' 
Cultivated  in  ifirdom.  ^       •'''^^  '''"^  saccate— Sa  J  ^^  k  ^'^  «^g«ieuts,  tiic  tor- 

li^vi.ijt  siiiglo  vitta      „'''"'  «■■•«'>  ""o  a  single  row  rf  i    7  "'"'"^ 

voiucro.    teds,  smaller  than  in  the  Carrot  '  ^°^«'oped  in 


■    imfj 

I 
J' 


f*fii 


fir*" 


"-? 


/■ 


\\h 


J! 


iiif 


382 


Obdbr  63.— UMBELLIFER^ 


13.  BUPLEU'RUM,  Tourn.  Modesty.  Thorough-wax.  (Gr.  (iovg, 
an  ox,  TTkevpbv^  a  rib ;  from  the  veined  leaves  of  some  of  the  species.) 
Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  somewhat  orbicular,  entire,  with  a 
broad,  closely  inflexed  point ;  fruit  laterally  compressed ;  carpels  5- 
ribbed,  lateral  ones  marginal ;  seed  teretely  convex ;  flattish  on  the 
face. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  mostly  reduced  to  entire  phyllo- 
dia.     Invol.  various.     Fls.  yellow. 

B.  rotundifdlium  L.  Lvs.  (phyllodia)  roundish-ovate,  entire,  perfoliate ;  invol. 
0 ;  involucels  of  6,  ovate,  mucronate  bracts ;  fr.  with  very  slender  ribs,  intervals 
smooth,  mostly  without  vittae. — (1)  In  cultivated  grounds  and  fields,  N.  Y.,  Penn., 
and  Ind.,  rare.  St.  If  or  more  high,  branching.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  long ;  3^  -^s  wide, 
rounded  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  very  smooth.  Umbels  5  to  9-rayed.  Involucels 
longer  than  the  umbellets.  Fr.  crowned  with  the  wax-like,  shining  base  of  the 
styles  (stylopodium.)    Jl.,  Aug. 

i4.  ANETHUM,  Tourn.  Dill.  Fenwel.  (Gr.  atdo),  to  burn  ;  the 
plant  (its  seeds)  is  very  stimulating.)  Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  petals 
involute,  with  a  broad,  retuse  apex  ;  fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  laterally  sub- 
compressed  ;  carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  marginal ;  in- 
tervals with  single  vittae,  commissure  with  2. — Umbels  perfect,  with  no 
invol.  or  involucels.     Fls.  yellow. 

1  A.  gravdolena  L.  Dill.  IV.  elliptical,  compressed,  surrounded  by  aflat, 
dilated  inargin ;  lvs.  tripinnate,  segm.  capillary;  umbels  on  long  stalks. — Native 
of  S.  Europe.  The  oval,  flat,  brown  seeds  are  aromatic,  pungent,  and  medici- 
nal, t 

2  A.  Fceniculum  L.  Fennel.  Lvs.  biternaiely  dissected,  segm.  linear-subu- 
late, elongated;  rays  of  the  umbel  numerous,  unequal,  spreadixg;  carp,  turgid, 
ovate-oblong. — Native  of  England,  &c.  Cultivated  in  gardens.  St.  3  to  5f  high, 
t-'rete,  branched.  Lvs.  large  and  smooth,  finely  cleft  into  numerous,  very  nar- 
row segments.  Jl. — The  seeds  are  warmly  aromatic.  \  (Foeniculum  vulgare 
Gajrt.) 

15.  THAS'PIUM,  Nutt.  Golden  Alexanders.  (From  the  Isle  of 
Thaspia,  which  gave  name  to  the  ancient  allied  genus  Thapsia.)  Calyx 
margin  5-toothed  ;  petals  elliptic,  with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  ellip- 
tical, compressed  laterally  and  didymous ;  carpels  convex,  with  6  pro- 
minent or  winged  ribs,  the  lateral  margined;  intervals  with  single 
vittae. —  21  Umbels  without  an  iavol.  Involucels  3-leaved,  lateral.  Fls. 
yellow  or  dark  purple. 

§  Leaves  1  or  2-ternate,  the  radiciil  often  simple Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  thrioo  terimte;  stem  often  pubescent  at  the  nodes Nos.  8,  4 

1  T.  aClreum  Nutt.  Lvs.  mostly  biternate,lfts.  thin,  oval-lanceolate;  sharply  serrate ; 
umbellets  with  short  rays ;  fr.  oblong-oval,  10-winged. — Hills  and  meadows,  U. 
S.  and  Can.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  branching  above,  rather  sleudor,  erect,  hollow, 
angular-furrowed,  smooth.  Lower  lvs.  on  long  petiolps,  the  Ifts.  with  coarse  ser- 
ratures,  and  sometimes  quinate,  the  very  lowest  one  sometimes  simple.  Umbels 
about  2'  broad,  of  10  to  15  rays,  the  umbellets  dense.  Fls.  numerous,  orange- 
yellow.     Fr.  oval,  brown.     Rt.  black,  tufted.    Jn. 

fi.  APTBRUM  Gray.     Fr.  with  sharp  and  prominent  ribs,  not  winged.     (Smyr- 
nium  aureum  L.     Zizia  aureum  Koch.) 

2  T.  cordStum  Nutt.  Radical  lvs.  simple,  cordate,  crenate,  cauline  ones  ternate, 
stalked,  segm.  acute,  derrate;  umbels  terminal;  fir.  roundish  oval,  G-winged. — 
Shady  hills  and  barrens,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  rare  in  N.  Eng,  St.  erect,  slightly 
branched,  smooth,  2  to  3f  high.  Rt.  lvs.  on  long  stalks,  roundish,  heart-shaped, 
the  rest  ternate,  becoming  only  3-parted  above,  all  light  green.  Umbels  dense, 
with  yellow  tis.  Fr.  black,  oval,  with  3  prominent,  paler,  winged  ridges  on  each 
side.     May,  Jn.     (Smyrnium  oordatum  Mx.     Zizia  cordatum  DC.) 


Ordeb  63.-UMBELLIFER^. 


oordataKoch).  ^''^-     ^'•'  ^'^^  prominent  shI;p*°ri^r"3,iThapsia  tri^^^^^^ 

^"S/KTO^'^'^'euS^  'ZT  Y  — .  upper 
tical,  large  (3"  wVfi  ,^^^'  ""^^^'^  termiuaUm   A  "  ^?"''*"j^  ^^^  inciselvE 

"  Rhenish  b'otanTst)    ^^T"  ^'■^'""">^^-     (DodioafM  ,    ^  z> 

witl.  5  obtuse,  equal  rih,      f,^  "'*''  '^  '""go/tinn f^     ^^  "•""')' 

jVal,  acute,  brSlvHbs  "?•»'»««.  """'""'to  at  W^  !!  T'"^'  '" 
deep,  bristi;cliann»r  ;,  r"™'^  "'"'out  vitt-r.  f  '  '^^Pe's  with  5 
opposite.     Invol  fewT  ^Z"?-  '''■'«™a'e'y  Zldid  '"?;.'''';''°  "'"' « 

*0-  longftSDC     T    '  '"™'"'=**to7-leaved    t  "",  ""'^"'^ 
Woods,  Can   to  V„    i  ,  ■"&  •^''>™.  wartv  «  ;„,'     T        ^'"^  "llitc. 

^asto.    The  plant  is  more 


r  m 


r'= 


Cs. 


f 

■1 

ill' 

jf-f 

J 

'.V- 

•\' 


384 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER-*. 


;ii 


hairy,  and  with  more  deeply  cleft  divisions  in  the  leaves.  Invol.  deciduous. 
Umbels  with  long,  diverging  rays,  of  which  but  few  prove  fertile.  Fr.  crowned 
with  short,  convergent  (not  spreading)  styles.     May,  Jn. 

19.  CH>EROPHYLXUM,  L.  Calyx  limb  obsolete;  petals  obovate, 
eraarginate,  point  inflexetl ;  fruit  laterally  compressed,  contracted  above 
but  scarcely  beaked ;  carpels  with  5  obtuse,  equal  ribs ;  intervals  with 
2  vittaj,  commissure  deeply  sulcate. — Lvs.  2  to  3-pinnately  divided, 
eegm.  incisely  cleft  or  toothed.  Invol.  0,  or  few-leaved ;  involucel 
many-leaved.     Fls.  mostly  white. 

1  C.  procumbens  Lara.  Decumbent  or  assurgent,  nearly  glabrous;  segm.  of 
the  lvs.  pinnatitid,  with  oblong,  obtuse  lobes;  umbels  diffuse,  few-flowered,  often 
simple,  sessile  or  pedunculate ;  invol.  0 :  involucels  of  3  or  4  very  small  oval  Ifts ; 
fr.  linear-oblong,  ticute ;  ribs  narrower  than  the  intervals. — (ID  or  (^;  Moist  woods, 
N.  Jer.  to  111.  and  southward.  Sts.  1  to  2f  long,  pubescent  wh^n  young,  dif- 
fuse, slender.  Segm.  of  the  lvs.  rather  open,  al  ut  4''  by  1".  Rays  1  to  4,  1  to 
4-flowered,  about  2'  long.     Apr.  May.     (Scandix  procumbens  L.) 

2  C.  Tainturieri  Hook  and  Am.  Decumbent  or  erect;  lvs.  tripinnate,  segm. 
crowded,  again  pinnalifid  or  bipinnatifid,  ultimate  segm.  very  small,  oblong,  acuta ; 
fr.  attenuated  to  a  short  beak ;  ribs  terete,  much  broader  than  the  intervals. — E. 
Ga.  (Feay,  Pond)  to  Ala.  and  La.  (Hale),  Plant  10  to  20'  high,  smooth  w'len 
old.  Lvs.  very  finely  dissected,  ultimate  segm.  only  1"  long.  Fr.  nearly  4' 
long,  brown  and  smooth  when  ripe. 

20.  SELI'NUM,  L.  Milk  Parsley.  (Gr.  aeXrfVT),  the  Moon  ;  the  car- 
pels are  crescent-forin.)  Calyx  teeth  obsolete ;  petals  obovate,  with  an 
inflected  point ;  fruit  compressed  on  the  back ;  carpels  with  5-winged 
ribs,  lateral  ones  marginal  and  much  the  broadest ;  intervals  with  1  to 

3  vittiB,  commissure  with  4  to  8. — ®  Smooth.     St.  hollow.     Lvs.  on 

very  large,  inflated  petioles.     Invol.  various ;  involucels  5  to  7-leaved. 

S.  Canadense  Torr.  and  Gr.  Lvs.  ternately  divided,  divisions  bipinnate,  with 
oblong-linoar  lobes ;  invol.  0,  or  2  to  3-leaved ;  fr.  oblong-oval ;  vittae  solitary  in 
the  dorsal  intervals,  2  to  3  in  the  lateral. — In  wet  woods.  Me.  to  Wis.,  but  not 
common.  St.  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  much  compounded,  the  ultimate  segments  pin- 
natitid with  linear-oblong  lobes.  Umbels  compound.  Pet.  white,  spreading. 
Sty.  slender,  diverging.     Fr.  about  2"  long.     Aug.  Sept. 

21.  LIGUS'TICUM,  L.  Lovage.  (One  species  was  said  to  be  native 
of  Liguria.)  Calyx  teeth  minute  or  obsolete  ;  petals  obovate,  emargin- 
ate,  with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  nearly  terete,  or  slightly  compressed 
laterally;  carpels  sharply  5-ribbed,  with  numerous  vittae. — 11  Lvs.  ter- 
nately divided.     Invol.  many-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

1  L.  Scdticum  L.  .Sea  Lovaoe.  Glabrous;  st.  lvs.  biternate,  the  upper  ones 
ternate;  lateral  Ifts.  oblique,  cut-dentate,  the  terminal  one  rhomboid;  b7-acis  of 
the  invol.  numerous,  linear. — Fr.  narrowly  oblong. — Sea  coast.  Rt.  thick,  tapering, 
fee.  afoot  higli,  nearly  simple,  striate,  smooth.  Lvs.  petiolate.  Lfts.  1  to  2  J'  long, 
dark  green,  smooth  and  shining,  entire  at  base,  serrate  above.  Fr.  4  to  6"  long. 
Jl.     §  Eur. 

2  L.  actasfdlium  Mx.  Anqelico.  Glabrous;  lvs.  triternate,  with  ovate,  deat- 
serrate  lfts. ;  umbels  numerous,  forming  a  whorled  panicle  or  a  triply  compound 
umbel ;  invol.  and  involucels  of  about  3  short,  ovate-subulate  lvs. — Topsfleld  and 
Scituate,  Mass.  (Oakes  Russel),  on  Lookout  Mt.,  Cliattanooga,  Tenn.  Plant  3  to 
6f  higli.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  distinct,  abrupt  at  base,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex, 
veiny.  Umbels  on  long,  verticillate  peds.,  terminal  one  abortive.  Fr.  short,  with 
the  ribs  distinctly  winged.     May— Jl. 

22.  ERIGENI^A,  Nutt.  Pepper-and  salTo — (Gr.  rjptyeveia,  daughter 
of  the  early  spring ;  for  its  early  flowenng.)  Calyx  limb  obsolete ; 
petals  flat,  entire ;  fruit  contracted  at  the  commissur*? ;  carpels  3-ribbed, 


385 


6 


M-Jd  chamiellod  on  7l,„  •  ^^  ""*.  *  i"  the  com  ,:•'  '°"'"»''""  ''"ublo  • 
»ected  Ivs.     Col  ",'""<"'  «'ce.-2t  Tall  2?     '""■'•  "''«  "l>solc.to  • 

»«nate,  3  lo  4f  S,      ?"''"^ColurabM,  Ohio  .^.n/  '•  "■'"'«• 

»«s  marginal,  in!  „als'  S^^^'^"'''^'"''•>la  "   ren:,t^7''-r  ''">■ 
gfoove  on  tlio  face-^fp  ■""""  *''««';    seeds   wifl""^   "^s,  lateral 

.^^''  (Eel.  2d  and  5tM  wT  ^^^mlock.     M   r.r 

,^^oad  segr„e"^fp;!;^f/ -'known  appJitio^^^ 

.^ous,  didy.nous  -0^1   °!^^^''^'''^te,  tlie  points Tnl  5^^,H "margin  of  5 

"'tervaJs  filled  with  £,'"*^  ^  ^«"'"«^  equal  'ib"  9    ?  >'  ^'''""^  «"%Jo- 

2-Parted  ;  seeds  te^^^r^^^  ^-"^n^issle  J X 2  vi^.'^'"'"  "^''^'•^"■'^'^I  i 

P7"d      Sterns  ho  lot"~U^.ir^^'^,  Poi«onon     her!      *  f  '^''^^^P^«^<^ 

^'olucels  many  leaved      PI.      '^' P"''^««t-     I"vol  fcvv  ll     ^r*''"^'  ^^n^ 

^•alyx  and  styles      n    /'  ^*    ^iam,  lo-ribbed  "^"^'^^'^^'els  of  5~f5  l"i? 


386 


Obdkr  63.— UMBELLIFBILE. 


f  u 


m 


Leaves  various,  those  of  the  stem  generally  bltemate,  of  the  branches  ternate 
Leaflets  or  segments  2 — 4'  long,  1 — 4"  wide,  linear  or  lance-linear,  smooth,  with 
slender  teeth.  Bulblets  often  numerous,  opposite,  and  within  the  axils  of  the 
bracteate  petioles.  Umbels  terminal.  Invol.  0.  Umbellets  of  close,  small,  white, 
fls.,  and  slight  involucels.     Aug. 

26.  HELIOSCIAD'IUM,  Koch.  (Gr.  eAof,  a  marsh,  (JKid6iov,  an  um- 
brella or  umbel.)  Calyx  limb  obscurely  6-toothed ;  petals  ovate,  en- 
tire ;  styles  short ;  fruit  laterally  compressed,  oval,  not  scaly ;  carpels 
with  5  filiform  ribs,  the  lateral  ribs  marginal ;  intervals  with  single  vit~ 
ix ;  carpophore  free,  undivided  ;  seed  plano-convex. — Lvs.  various.  In- 
vol. n)ostly  none.  Umbels  opposite  the  lvs.,  mostly  sessile.     Fls.  white. 

1  H.  nodifldruin  Koch.  Procumbent,  striate ;  lvs.  pinnate,  Ifis.  oblong,  equally 
serrate;  umbels  sessile  or  on  short  peduncles;  invol.  0,  or  of  1,  2  or  3  bracts,  in- 
volucel  6  to  8-leaved,  reflexed. — 'X)  Sts.  diffuse,  1  to  2f  long,  in  wet  places  about 
Charleston,  S.  C.    Apr.     §  Eur.     (Slum  L.) 

2  H.  leptoph^Uum  DC.  Erect  or  difiusely  branched ;  lvs.  ternaiely  or  sorp^what 
pinnaiely  divided,  with  linear  segm. ;  umbellets  pedunculate ;  invol.  and  involucels 
none;  fr.  roundish. — 0  Savannah  (Feay.  Pond)  to  La.  (Hale).  Sts.  6'  to  2f  high. 
Umbels  many,  sessile,  often  one,  pedunculate.  Fr.  smal'er  than  a  mustard  seed. 
Jn.,  Jl. 

27.  CRYPTOT^^NIA,  DC.  Hone-wort.  (Gr.  KpvnTG)^  to  conceal, 
Tcuvla,  a  wreath  or  border,  from  the  obselete  border  of  calyx.)  Margin 
of  the  calyx  obsolete  ;  petals  with  an  inflexed  jioint ;  fruit  linear-oblong 
or  ovate-oblong,  with  slender  styles ;  carpels  with  6  obtuse  ribs ;  carpo- 
phore free,  2-parted ;  vitt®  very  narrow,  twice  as  many  as  the  ribs. — 
If  Lvs.  3 -parted,  lobed  and  toothed.  Umbels  compound,  with  very 
unequal  rays.     Invol.  0.     Involucels  few-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

C.  Canadensis  DC.  Lvs.  smooth ;  Ifts.  or  segm.  rhomboid-ovate,  distinct,  en- 
tire or  2  to  3-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  lateral  ones  oblique  at  base ;  umbels  numer- 
ous, irreguiar,  axillary  and  terminal. — Common  in  moist  woods.  St.  erect,  1  to 
2f  high.  Lower  petioles  2  to  6'  long,  clasping.  Lfts.  3,  2  to  3  long,  1  to  2' 
wide,  petiolulate.  Umbels  paniculate,  of  3  to  5  very  unequal  rays.  Umbellets 
of  4  to  6  unequal  pedicels  and  minute  involucels.  Fls.  small,  white.  Fr.  near  3  ' 
long,  crowned  with  the  straight  styles  J  as  long,     (Sison,  L.) 

28.  /ETHU^SA,  L.  Fool's  Parsley.  (Gr.  aiOo),  to  burn  ;  on  ac- 
count of  its  poisonous  acridity.)  Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  obcor- 
datc,  with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  globous-ovate  ;  carpels  with  5  acutely 
carinated  ribs,  lateral  ones  marginal,  broader ;  intervals  acutely  angled, 
with  single  vittse,  commissure  with  2. — (D  Poisonous  herbs.  Invol.  0. 
Involucels  one-sided.     Fls.  white. 

JB.  cynapium  L.  Lva,  bi-  or  tri-pinnately  divided,  segm.  cuneate,  obtuse;  invo- 
lucels 8-leaved,  pendulous,  longer  than  the  partial  umbels. — In  waste  grounds, 
N.  Eng.,  not  common.  St.  about  2f  high,  green,  striate.  Lvs.  with  numerous, 
narrow,  wedge-shaped  segm.,  uniform,  dark  green,  fl  it.  Lfts.  of  the  involucels 
linear,  long,  deflected,  and  situated  on  the  outside.  Jl.,  Aug. — The  plant  some- 
what resembles  parsley,  but  is  distinctly  marked  by  the  involucels,  and  by  its  dis- 
agreeable odor.     It  is  said  to  be  poisonous.     §  Eur. 

2^.  LEPTOCAU^LIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  Xenrog,  slender,  KavXog,  stem.) 
Calyx  limb  obsolete ;  petals  ovate,  entire ;  fruit  (often  scaly)  laterally 
compressed,  ovate,  crowned  with  the  short  styles ;  carpels  6-ribbed,  lat- 
eral ribs  marginal ;  intervals  with  single  vittae,  commissure  with  2 ;  car- 
pophore 2-c!eft  at  the  tip;  seed  plano-convex. — (D  Herbs  slender,  smooth, 


Ord^K  63_UMflELLlF£R^. 


frect.    Lvs.  finely  divided     Tr    k  .  '  ^8' 

30.  OJSCOPIEU-RA   nr      '^'""°' *™"«"™  B-t.  i'nt J  '^''-    ^° 

Fls^  white.  ir-beU  e„a,pou„d.     Bract,  „fX7n*^„^lt 

w»i.  3  to  6,  Mos,fo  LfeS'^j!  "'  procumbent;  B,„fe(a  .»,„,„ 

Se.mucl,  bmnched,  lT'2f'hi<":'"«T'°  '"™Ps  near  tit    ^^'^^  '-*•  "/'*< 

3  D.  Nutt^llii  DC      F     f  '  "^''"    ^^'"'"'  ^««^a- 

^31.   NEUROPHYL'LUM    T         .    ^  ''^'  ''^"'"  2  broad 

fimt  latorallv  comnrJf    ,°'"'™'<'.  Joint  i.  flexed  •  ,tvT,Lr    '""'=''°l''te. 
Umbel,  perfect.     i„,Tho  Tf"'  'T^  '<"«•  '"'ea  ,  entir^  l"t'''"\- 

J^-  SI  JM,   L.     Water  P. 
genus  of  aquatic  plants  rrfi"'-     ^^^'*>'«  ^^^o'    water  •  fl    *   • 

.  -.  each  „,  aboa.  ,„  4' '  ^^^  .a_3_.„^^ 


I    I 


liJ  tflM 


.r; 


1 1 


*.     I'.   1 


I 


I 


/' 


ii    ^ 


'i"  m 


388 


Obdb«  63.— UMBELLIFERJ5. 


large,  20  to  39-rftyed.  Cal.  sogm.  acute,  exceeding  tlio  broad  5-lobod  stylopodiuin. 
Ribs  of  fr  not  prominent.  Jl.,  Aug. 
2  S.  lineare  Mx.  St.  angular,  sulcate;  Ifts.  9  <o  11,  linear  and  lance-linear, 
finely  fierrate.,  acute  ;  cal.  teeth  obsolete;  fr.  ribs  winged.—  -Slore  common  than  the 
last,  in  3vvamp.s,  N.  J.  to  Ind.  and  Can.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  smooth,  with  7  promi- 
nent angles.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  long,  2  to  4"  wide,  the  odd  and  lower  ones  petiolulate, 
middle  pairs  sessile.  Umbels  1 J  to  2  J'  broad.  Invol.  of  5  or  6  linear  bracts,  j 
as  long  as  the  15  to  21  rays.  Umbellets  with  numerous,  small,  white  lis.  Fr. 
roundish,  crowned  with  tiie  broad,  yellowish  Btylopodium.    .11.,  Aug. 

33.  CORIAN'DRUM,  L.  Coriander.  (Gr.  /con/c.  %  buf; ;  on  ac- 
count of  the  ,»niell  of  the  leaves.)  Calyx  with  5  conspicuous  teeth  ; 
pelals  obcordate,  inflexed  at  the  point,  outer  ones  radiate,  bifid  ;  fruit 
globous ;  carpels  cohering,  with  the  five  depressed,  primary  ribs,  and  4 
secondary  more  prominent  ones,  seeds  concave  on  the  face. — (I)  Smooth. 
Invol.  0  or  1-leaved.     Involucels  3-leaved,  unilateral. 

C.  sativum  L.  Lvs.  bii)irinate,  lower  ones  with  broad-cuneate  lfts.,  upper 
with  linear  ones ;  carp,  hemispherical. — Native  of  Eur.,  etc  This  well-known 
plant  is  cultivated  chiefly  for  the  seeds  whicli  are  used  as  a  spice,  as  a  nucleus 
for  sugar-plums,  etc.  St,  2f  high,  Lvs.  numerously  divided,  strong-scented. 
Umbels  with  only  the  partial  involucra.     Fls.  white.    Jl.  | 

34.  PIMPIMEL'LA,  L.  Anise.  Calyx  limb  obsolete  ;  petals  obcor- 
date, a  little  unequal ;  disk  0  ;  flowers  perfect  or  diclinous ;  styles  capil- 
lary, as  long  as  fruit;  fruit  ovate,  ribbed,  with  convex  intervals. — Rluro- 
pean  herbs,  mostly  y,  with  pinnately,  many-parted  lvs.,  and  white  fls. 
Umbels  compound.     Invol.  0. 

P.  Anisum  L.  Radical  lvs,  incisely  trifid ;  cauline  ones  multifid,  with  narrow, 
linear  segments,  all  glabrous  and  shining ;  umbels  large,  many -rayed. — Native  of 
Egypt.     The  aromatic  and  carminative  properties  of  tlie  fruit  are  well  known.  | 

35.  ^GOPO'DIUM,  L.  Goutweed.  Goats-foot.  (Gr.  ai^  (alyog), 
a  goat ;  nodiov,  a  little  foot;  referring  to  the  form  of  the  leaf,)  Calyx 
limb  obsolete  ;  fruit  compressed  laterally,  oblong,  crowned  with  the 
conical  bases  of  the  deflexed  styles ;  carpels  with  5  filiform  ridges,  with- 
out vittae. —  21   Lvs.  1  to  2-ternate.     Involucra  none.     Fls.  white. 

SI.  podagrdria  L.     St.  deeply  furrowed,  glabrous ;  lfts.  ovate  or  lanceolate, 

acuminate,   unequally  toothed,  upper  merely  3-cleft. — Gardens,    Sts.  12  to  18' 

high,  from  strong,  tenacious,   creeping  roots  hard  to  eradicate.    Umbels  many- 
rayed,  f 

36.  ATIUM,  L.  Celery.  (Celtic  apon,  water ;  the  plants  grow  in 
watery  situations.)  Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  roundish,  with  a 
Muall  inflexed  point ;  fruit  laterally  compressed  nearly  double ;  carpels 
6-ril»bed,  the  lateral  ribs  marginal ;  intervals  with  single  vittae. — Eur- 
opean herbs.     Umbels  perfect.     Invol.  0,  or  few-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

1  A.  gravdolens  L.  Lower  lvs.  pinnately  dissected,  on  very  long  petioles, 
segm,  broad-cuneate,  incised;  upper  lvs.  3-parted,  segm.  cuneate,  lobed,  and  in- 
cisely dentate  at  apex ;  invol  0 ;  fr.  roundish. — ^;  Gardens.  St.  2  to  3f  high, 
branching,  furrowed.  Radical  petioles  tliick,  juicy,  If  in  length.  Umbels  with 
unequal,  spreading  rays. — The  stems  when  blanched  by  being  buried,  are  sweet, 
crisp,  and  spicy  in  flavor,  and  used  as  salad    Jn. — Aug.    :j:  Eur. 

2  A.  petroBelinum  Willd.  Parsley.  Lvs.  decompound,  segments  of  the 
lower  ones  cuneate-ovate,  terminal  ones  trifid,  all  incised,  cauline  segm.  lance- 
linear,  subentire ;  involucels  of  3  to  5  subulate  brents ;  fr.  ovate. — ®  Gardens.  St. 
2  to  4f  high,  branched.  Lvs.  smooth  and  shining,  with  numerous,  narrow  segm. 
Jn. — Cultivation  has  produced  several  varieties.  Esteemed  as  a  potherb,  for  soup, 
etc.     (Petroseliaum  sativum  Hofibi.)    X  Sardinia.    Greece, 


Ordeb  64.— ARALIACE^. 


389 


37.  CA^RUN,  L.  Caraway.  (From  Carta,  the  native  country  of 
the  plant,  according  to  Pliny.)  Ca'yx  margin  obsolete ;  petJils  obo- 
vate,  eniarginate,  the  point  inliexecl ;  styles  dilated  at  base,  spreading ; 
fruit  oval,  compressed  laterally  ;*carpels  5-ribbed,  lateral  ribs  marginal ; 
intervals  with  single  vittje,  commissure  with  2. — Ih-rbs  with  dissected 
Ivs.     Umbels  perfect.     Involucra  various.     Fls.  white. 

C.  Cdrvi  L.  Lvs.  somewhat  bipinnatifld,  with  num-^rous  linear  Bcgm.  invol. 
1-leaved  or  0;  iavolucels  0. — St.  about  2f  high,  branched,  smooth,  striate. 
Lower  lvs.  largo,  on  long  petioles,  witli  tumid,  clasping  sheaths.  Umbels  on 
long  peduncl(3a ;  involucrate  bracts  when  present  Unear-lanceolato.  Jn. — Culti- 
vated for  its  fine  aromatic  fruit,  .'^o  well  known  in  domestic  economy.     |  Eur. 

H8.  TREPOCARPUS  iBthusa  Nutt.     Western  La.  (Hale). 

39.  CYNOSCIADIUM  digitatum  DC— Western  La.  (Hale). 

OhH.  Tliese  plants,  of  which  we  have  beautiful  siiecimens  from  Dr.  Ilale,  may  perhaps  b« 
found  E.  of  the  Mississippi. 

Order  LXIV.     ARALIACE^.     Araliads. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  closely  allied  to  the  Umbellifors  in  the  leaves,  inflo.-escence 
.md  flowers,  but  the  styles  and  cells  of  the  ovary  are  usually  more  than  2  (15  to  5) 
jells  1-ovuled;  fruit  baccate  or  dry,  3  to  5-celled,  with  1  albuminous  seed  in  each 
cell.     Petals  never  inflected. 

Genera  22,  Bpeciex  160.  They  are  natives  of  northern  temperate  climes  of  both  hemispheres.-^ 
Several  species  are  well  known  in  medicine,  etc.,  as  Ginsensj,  Spikenard,  Sarsaparilln,  etc.  The 
latter  is  sometimes  substituted  for  the  Sarsaparilla  of  the  shops. 

1.  ARA^LIA,  L.  Wild  Sarsaparilla,  etc.  Calyx  tube  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  limb  short,  o-toothed  or  entire  ;  petals  5,  spreading,  apex 
not  inflexed  ;  stamens  5,  epigynous ;  styles  and  carjjds  5  ;  berry  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  calyx  and  styles,  mostly  5-celled  and  5-seeded. — 
Lvs.  compound.     Fls.  in  simple,  solitary,  or  raccmous  umbels. 

§  Plants  wholly  herbaceous  and  unarmed Nos.  1,  2 

§  Plants  blirubby  at  base  or  wholly  shrubby,  prickly Nos.  8,  4 

1  A.  nudicaCilis  L.  Nearly  steraless ;  If.  solitary,  decompound ;  scape  naked 
shorter  than  the  If.,  bearing  the  few  umbels. — 11  A  well-known  j,lant,  found  in 
woods,  most  abundant  in  rich  and  rocky  soil,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Terin.  It  has  a 
largo,  fleshy  root,  from  which  arise  a  leaf-stalk  and  a  scape,  but  no  proper  stem. 
The  former  is  long,  supporting  a  single,  large,  compound  leaf,  which  is  either 
3-ternate  or  3-quiiiate.  Lfts.  o\al  and  obovate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate.  The 
scape  is  about  a  foot  high,  bearing  3  simple  umbels  of  greenish  fis.    Jn.,  Jl. 

2  A.  racemosa  L.  Pettymorrel.  Spikenard.  St.  herbaceous,  smooth;  lvs. 
decompound ;  umbels  numerous,  small,  arranged  in  a  decompound  panicle. — %  In 
rocky  woods,  Can.  to  the  S.  States.  St.  o  to  4f  high,  dark  green  or  reddish, 
arising  from  a  thick,  aromatic  root.  Tho  If. -stalks  divide  into  3  partitions,  each  of 
which  bears  3  or  5  large,  ovate,  serrate  lfts.  Umbels  numerous,  arranged  in 
branching  racemes  from  the  ax'ls  of  the  lvs.  or  branchea     The  root  is  pleasant  to 

,he  taste,  and  highly  esteemed  aa  an  ingredient  in  small  beer,  etc.    Jl. 

3  A.  hispida  L.  Wild  I'lder.  Bristly  Aralia.  St.  shrubby  at  base,  hispid, 
with  prickles,  herbaceous  above ;  lvs.  bipinnate,  lfts.  ovate,  cut-serrate ;  umbels  on 
long  ped.,  forming  a  terminal  corymb. —  2f  Common  in  fields  about  stumps  and 
stoneheaps,  N.  Eng.  to  Va.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  tlio  lower  part  woody  and  tliickly 
beset  with  sharp,  stiff  bristles,  the  upper  part  branching,  herbaceous.  Lfts.  many, 
ending  in  a  long  point,  smooth.  Umbels  many,  simple,  globous,  forming  bunches 
of  dark-colored,  nauseous  berries.     Plant  ill  scented.    Jl.,  Aug. 

4  A.  spindsa  L.  Anqelica  Tree.  Arborescent ;  st.  and  petioles  prickly ;  lvs. 
bi-  and  tripinnate,  lfts.  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile,  glaucous  beneath  ;  umbels  nu- 
merous, forming  a  very  large  panicle ;  invol.  small,  few-leaved. — Damp  woods, 
Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Fla.  and  La.    Shrub  8  to  12f  high,  with  the  lvs.  all  crowded 


('  -.1 


I 


^.,     >i" 


j      ■.'♦ 


m 


390 


Ordbb  65.— CORNACBiE. 


mi 


m 


UMi 


near  the  summit.  In  the  South  it  attains  the  height  of  20  to  30f|  usually  with- 
out a  branch,  imitating  the  form  of  the  palm  (as  Elliott  remarks)  more  nearly 
than  any  other  tree.  Its  leaves  are  there  4  to  6f  in  length.  Fls.  white.  Aug.— . 
Properties  emetic  and  cathartic.  ^ 

2.  PA'NAX,  L.  Ginseng.  (Gr.  nav,  all,  aKog,  a  remedy ;  i.  e.,  a 
panacea,  or  universal  remedy.)  DitBciously  polygamous.  ^  Calyx 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  limb  short,  obsoletely  5-toothed  ;  petals  6  ;  stamens 
6,  alternate  with  the  petals ;  styles  and  carpels  2  to  S  ;  fruit  baccate, 
2  to  3-celled ;  cells  1-seeded.  $  Calyx  limb  nearly  entire ;  petals 
and  stamens  5.— Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  3  (in  the  herbaceous  species), 
palmately  compound.     Fls.  in  a  solitary,  simple  umbel. 

1  P.  trifdlium  L.    Ground-nut.     Dwaup  Ginseng.     Rt.  globous,  tuberous ;  lvs. 

3,  vorliciilate,  3  to  5-foliate,  l/ts.  wedge-lanceolate,  serrate  subsessile ;  sty.  3 ;  ber- 
ries 3-seocled. — Common  in  low  woods.  Can.  to  S.  States.  The  globular  root  is 
deep  in  the  ground,  nearly  ^'  diam.,  connected  with  tlie  stem  by  a  short,  screw- 
like  ligament.  The  st.  arises  3  to  6'  above  the  surface,  smooth,  slender  and 
simple.  At  the  summit  is  a  whorl  of  3  compound  lvs.  with  a  central  ped.  ter- 
minating in  a  little  umbel  of  pure  white  tis.  Lfts.  generally  3,  nearly  or  quite 
smooth.  Barren  and  fertile  fls.  on  different  plants,  the  latter  without  stamens, 
succeeded  by  green  berries,  the  former  with  a  single  abortive  style.     May. 

2  P.  quinquefdlium  L.  Rt.  fusiform;  lvs.  3,  vertieillate,  5-foliate;  lfts.  oval, 
acuminate,  senate,  petiolate ;  ped.  of  the  umbel  rather  shorter  than  the  common 
petiole. — Not  uncommon  in  rocky  or  mountainous  woods.  Can.  to  S.  States. 
Rt.  whitish,  thick  and  fleshy.  St.  round,  smooth,  If  high,  with  a  terminal  whorl 
of  3  compound  lvs.  and  a  central  ped.  bearing  a  simple  umbel.  Fls.  small,  yel- 
lowish, on  short  pedicels,  the  barren  ones  borne  on  separate  plants  have  larger 
petals  and  an  entire  calyx.  Berries  bright  scarlet.  Jn. — Aug.  The  root.is  in 
some  estimation  as  a  drug. 

3.  H£D'ERA,  L.  European  Ivy.  (Celtic  hedra,  a  cord ;  from  the 
rine-like  habit.)  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  petals  6,  dilated  at  the  base  ;  berry 
5-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  permanent  calyx. — European  shrubby 
plants,  climbing  or  erect,  with  simple,  evergreen  lvs.  and  green  fls. 

H.  Hdliz  L.  St.  and  branches  long  and  flexible,  attached  to  the  earth  or 
trees  or  wall  by  numerous  radicating  fibres ;  lvs.  dark  green,  smooth,  with  white 
veins,  petiolate,  lower  ones  5-lobed,  upper  ovate;  fls.  in  numerous  umbels,  form- 
ing a  corymb ;  berry  black,  with  a  mealy  pulp. — Native  of  Britain.  There  are 
several  varieties  in  gardens,  f 


Order  LXV.     CORNACE^.     Cornels. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  seldom  herbs,  without  stipules.     Leaves  opposite  (alternate  in 

one  species),  simple,  with  pinnate  veinlets.    Flowers  4-merous.    Sepals  adherent  to 

the  ovary,  the  limb  minute,  d-toothed  or  lobed.     Petals  4,  disti  ct,  alternate  with 

the  calyx  teeth,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  same  number  as  petals,  inserted  on 

the  margin  of  tho  epigynous  disk.     Ovary  1  or  2 -celled.     Fruit  a  baccate  drupe 

crowned  with  the  calyx. 

Genera  9,  species  40.  They  are  natives  throughout  the  temperate  zone  of  both  continents. 
Tho  Order  is  distinguished  for  its  bitter  and  astringont  bark.  That  of  Cornns  florida  is  an  ex. 
eellent  tonic  similar  in  its  action  to  the  Peruvian  bark.  Many  are  beautiful  shrubs  in  cul- 
tivation. 

1.  COR'NUS,  L.  Dogwood.  (Lat.  cornu,  a  horn ;  from  the  hard- 
ness of  the  wood  of  some  species.)  Calyx  limb  of  4  minute  segments  ; 
petals  4,  oblong,  sessile ;  stamens  4 ;  style  somewhat  clubshaped ; 
drupe  baccate,  with  a  2  or  3-celled  nut.— Trees,  shrubs,  or  perennial 


Obdeb  65.-OOKNACii^. 


I  Byrnes  subtendPf!  ho-  „  ^  i  -"drK  Dltter.  tonii^ 


— >-» Tca  uiiernate  

— i^eaves  opposite.— Twl,i^w  n „"  i 

—Drupes  blue. 


■•Nos.  1,  g 

No.  8 

\o.  4 

N..S.  6,  6 
•Nos.  7,  8 


1  C.  Canad^nslB.  L      TnTtrr-^,.  -drupes  blue. v'"*-?'^ 

opposite.    An  umb'ikt  >  '"■?  "'  "hich  are  Wr  2  Jl,  "'?•  "'*.  "nd  a 

(partiaJly  expanded  aV  A^^^  ^'"^''  ^*'*^'^.  "sed  ?n  mS,    •"*  '"'^''^  ^^^  compact 

alternate,  verriipona . '  ^      ^^*   ^"^^late,  oval    apnf«    i 

and  Can  abTurtwiiofe-Pr^^^::'  «'°bou. -A  S.a  HZ  ^'^^"*'^'  branches 
smooth  even,  sprStr^X^f' ^l'  "'^  '^'^  ^"  ^S  woods''  ?,  '?'  ^^-  ^^^^0^ 
summit  Bark  greenish  Sk' f  "P^'^P^'-t  of  the  stenT  and' JJ-^  ^'"^"^'^^'^  »'« 
along  the  brancho..  mni  "^  ^^^  '^'*'^  ^^arty  streaksTva-'^"""^-'*  depressed 
rather  long  stalka  '  F  s   ^X  llr"'  Z'"'^*^'  <^ntire  veh;ed   whif!^"'"'''^^  ^'^atterod 


«"""8  uie  orancho! 
rather  long  stalks. 
4  C.  sericea   L      «r<7«^;"  ' '  '"  ""  ^^^°  ''^'mo.    Jn  -'u«uin,  on 

tr^^^A-S^T]^^  ^..   ovate. 

smooth  above  5ith  r^th^.f '  ''''^'''^  ^^"^  ov^i""'^?  f"^  ^^""^  red  shoot; 
white,  appoaring  in  J^n'f  P^°'^^"^«"^  -"^-s;  p^l^:"!  f'l' '  /^. J-<;^«^ate,     '^'*'- 


smooth  abovelitt  Zr''  ^'a^Jing  fron,  ovale  Jr''''^f'  ^^^ 
White,  appoSn^S  Se!^  ^^^-^  veins;  S^£^^  -''  ^     .1^--,,"-"^ 
5  C.  pauiculita  L'Her      »       .  ^'         "  ^^^^vnIsL 

Sor'sSritf  ^r^^^^^:i^T''i  ^-  -te-laneeolate 
thicker,  N.  .aSdW    sS  ^''^/T^^  ^^werin.'  c?mroT"''''t '  ^^"i^^ ''-C-A 

8  to  lOfin  hi"? '  i^h  "  «;'"'«— A  s„Zi^^''k'  P"'?^"'.  hoar,.  b™e« 
stems,  with  erect  shoSs     m>™  *"''' "Ut  from  its  bar'n^, '';''"' """"'O"!/ 

^xxiy'T'^'^^rjiir^ut'^r.v  '",■  ^'"'«  -  --ovate 

drapes  pale  blae!X°:"^vP''-  ovate-taieSate"  IS'""™''  oal.  teeth ?„b: 
V.«  s,e.,e,.p„S4-P.  ra^.^^a.^Sbrut1\-AT^^^ 


. .  i 


•f.    iB 


!  .„  <! 


1*1 


Ml 


■f 


^tWR 

Ml! 

!            ! 

;             1 

'"*w 

••':       [   1 
'   i 

'« 

'  '  sGI 

'  t^ 

1^- 


1< 


302 


Order  65.— CORNACE^. 


/3.    ASPERIFOUA   Feay.      Lvs.    scabrous-pubeacent  above,    downy    beneath, 
rather   inclined   to   elliptical;    cymes   scabrous. — S.    and   W.   States.     {G, 
asperifolia  Mx.) 
8  C.  circindta  L.    Branches  verrucous ;  lvs.  orbicular  or  very  broadly  ovai,  whiU 
tomentou-i  beneath;  cymes  spreading,  depressed;  drupes  light  blue. — A   shrub 
some  Gf  high,  Can.  to  Md.,  W.  to  Iiid.     St.  grayish,  upright,  with  opposite,  cylin- 
drical, green,  spotted  or  warty  branches.     Lvs.  large,  about   as  broad  as  long, 
opposite,  acuminate,  crowned  with  a  white,  thick  down  on  the  under  side.     Fls. 
white.    Berries  hollowed  at  base,  soft,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  style.  Jn. 

2.  NYSSA,  L.  (The  name  of  a  nymph  or  naiad,  says  Linnaeus.) 
TuLEPO,  Gum-tree.  Fls.  dioecious  or  polygamous.  $,  Calyx  tube  very 
short,  limb  truncate;  petals  5,  oblong;  stam.  5 — 12,  mostly  10,  inserted 
outside  a  glandular  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx ;  ovary  0.  $  Calyx- 
tube  oblong,  adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary,  limb  truncate,  a  mere  rim 
as  in  S\  petals  2 — 5,  oblong,  often  0  or  soon  deciduous ;  stam.  mostly 
abortive;  style  large,  stigniatic  on  one  side;  drupe  oval,  1-seeded. — 
Trees  with  small  green,  tls.  clustered  on  axillary  peduncles,  the  sterile 
more  numerous. 

IN.  multifidra  "Wang.  Lvs.  oblong-obovate,  acutish  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  entire ; 
the  jtetiole,  midvein  and  ma/gin  villous;  fertile  peduncles  3  {2-—b)-flowered ;  style 
revolute ;  nut  short,  obovate,  striate,  obtuse.-  -Woodlands  dry  or  damp.  U.  S.  A 
large  tree,  30  to  70f  in  hight,  trunk  l~3f  diam.  witli  a  light  gray  hexagonally 
broken  bark.  Lvs.  of  a  firm  texture,  2 — 5'  long,  half  as  wide.  $  Peduncles 
6 — 9-flowered,  fil.  at  length  slender.  Drupe  often  solitary,  blackish  blue,  5 — G" 
long.    "Wood  soft,  but  hard  to  split.     Apr. — Jn.    (N.  aquatica  and  biflora,  auth.) 

2  N.  unifldra  "^'"alt.  Swamp  Tulepo.  Lvs.  green,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate,  long- 
petiolate,  entire  or  denticulate,  pubescent  or  smoothish  beneath;  fertile  flowers 
solitary,  3-bract(:<i;  on  sknder  peduncles ;  style  nearly  straight ;  sterile  fls.  5 — 10; 
drupe  large,  oblong. — Swamps,  S.  States,  common.  A  tree  of  large  size,  50 — 
80f  high.  Leaves  when  young  thin,  mostly  acute  at  each  end,  when  full  grown 
large,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  thickish,  3 — 9'  long,  the  petioles  1 — 2'.  Fruit 
blue,  as  large  as  a  plum.  "Wood  soft  and  white.  Apr.  May.  (N.  denticulata, 
tomentosa,  angulizans  Mx.,  etc.) 

3  N.  capitdta  "Walt.  Ogeechee  Lime.  Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  short-petiolate,  entire, 
whitened  beneath,  midvein  subviilous,  obtuse  at  apex,  acute  at  base;  fertile  fls. 
solitary,  on  short  peduncles,  downy,  3 — 4-bracted,  with  5  petals  and  10  stamens; 
sterile  fls.  20 — 30  in  each  dense  globular  head ;  fruit  large,  oblong. — On  river  banks 
(especially  the  Ogeechee!)  S.  States.  Tree  20 — 30f  high.  Lvs.  ample,  5 — 9'  long, 
2 — 3'  broad,  usually  mucronate;  petiole  2 — 6"  long.  Fruit  "dark  red"  as  large 
as  a  small  plum,  acid.     May,  Jn^  (N.  caudicaus  Ph.) 


648.  Symmetrical  flower  of  Sedum  acre.    4,  of  Senipervivuro. 


•^ 


OaoKB  66.— OAl'UlFOLlAOEiB. 


393 


Cohort  2,  GAMOPETAL^E, 

Or  Monopetalous  Exogens. — Plants  having  a  double  peri- 
anth, consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  composed 
of  petals  partially  or  wholly  united. 

Order  LXVI.     CAPRIFOLIACE^.     Honeysuckles. 

Shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  often  twining  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules  ;  Jhivers  clu* 
tared  and  often  fragrant,  5-parted  and  often  irregular ;  corolla  monopetalous,  tubular 
or  rotate ;  stamens  inserted  on  corolla  tube,  rarely  one  leas  tlian  the  lobes ;  ovary 
adiiorent  to  the  calyx;  style  1,  stigmas  3  to  5 ;  fruit  a  berry,  drupe  or  capsule. 
Embryo  small,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Genfra  16,  species  220,  chiefly  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  regions,  and  occasionally 
Jl)Uii(l  in  tlio  alpine  parts  of  tlie  tropical  zone. 

Properties.  The  fever-root  (Triostuuin  perfoHatuin)  is  a  mild  cathartic,  and  In  largo  doses 
emetic ;  the  dried  and  roiisted  berries  arc  sometimes  substituted  for  coflfee.  The  leaves  and 
bark  of  the  Elder  are  both  emetic  and  cathartic  ;  the  flowers  are  sudoriflc,  and  the  berries 
laxative.    Th«  beauty  and  fragrance  of  the  Honeysuckle  in  cultivation  is  well  known. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

1.  LONICEREiE.    Corolla  tubular,  with  a  filiform  style  (a). 

a  Herbs.— Corolla  5-lobed,  the  stamens  but  4 Linnjea.  1 

— Corolla  5-lobed,  the  stamens  6 Triosteu.m.  2 

a  Shrubs. — Corolla  bell-shaped,  regular.    Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded SYMPUORiCARPtiS.    8 

— Corolla  tubular,  lobes  unequal.    Berry  2  to  3-cciled Lonicera.  4 

— Corolla  funnel-form.    Capsule  2-celled,  oo-seeded Diervilla.  6 

8.  SAMBUCE^    Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed.    Stigmas  sessile  (b). 

b  Shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves.    Berry  S-seeded SAMBtrctis.  6 

b  Shrubs  with  simple  leaves.    Drupel-seeded Viburnum.  7 

1.  LINN>I!^A,  Gron.  Twin-flower.  (Dedicated  to  Carl  Von 
Linne,  the  most  renowned  of  naturalists.)  Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5- 
parted,  deciduous ;  bractlets  at  base  2  ;  corolla  canipaiMiIate,  limb  sub- 
equal,  5-lobed  ;  stamens  4,  2  longer  than  the  other ;  berry  dry,  3- 
celled,  indehiscent,  1-secded  (2  cells  abortive). —  If  A  trailing,  evergreen 
herb,  widely  disseminated  throughout  the  northern  temperate  zone. 
Ped.  2 -flowered. 

L.  borealis  Gron.  The  only  species,  native  of  moist,  shady,  rocky  soils,  gener- 
'  ally  in  evergreen  woods,  from  lat.  39"  to  the  Arc.  Sea.  It  has  long,  creeping, 
filiform,  brownish  sts.,  rooting  and  branching  tlieir  whole  length,  and  covering 
the  ground  in  large  patches.  Lvs.  small,  opposite,  petiolate,  roundish,  with  ob- 
tuse lobes  or  teeth,  and  scattered  hairs.  Ped.  filiform,  slightly  hairy,  about  3' 
high  (the  only  erect  part  of  the  plant),  the  lower  part  leafy,  the  upper  furnished 
with  a  pair  of  minute,  linear,  opposite  bracts,  and  terminating  with  2  pedicellate, 
nodding  flowers.     The  corolla  is  roae-colored  and  very  fragrant.     Jn. 

2.  TRIOS'TEUM,  L.  Fever-wort.  (Gr.  rpeig,  three,  dariov,  a 
Done ;  from  the  three  bony  seeds.)  Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  6-parted, 
segments  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  corolla  tubular,  gibbous 
at  base,  limb  6-iobed,  subequal ;  stamens  6,  included  ;  stigma  capitate, 
lobed;  fruit  drupaceous,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  3-celled,  3-seeded; 


11.-7 


394  Ordeb  66.-- CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

seeds   ribbed,  bony. —  U  Herbs   coarse,   hairy.     Lvs.   large,   connate; 
Fls.  axillary. 

1  T.  perfolidtum  L.  Hirsute ;  lvs.  oval,  acuminate ;  fls.  verticillato  or  clustered, 
sessile,  brownish-purple. — Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wise.  S.  along  the  Mts.  St 
stout,  3  to  if  iiigh,  covered  with  soft,  clammy  liairs.  Lva.  6'  by  3',  entire, 
abruptly  contracted  at  base,  pubescent  beneatli.  Fls.  in  clusters  of  6  or  6.  Cor. 
limb  in  5  rounded  lobes.  Fr.  a  rather  dry  drupe,  crowned  with  the  long,  leafy, 
spreading  calyx  segm.,  orange-colored  when  mature.  Jn. — Root  large,  fleshy, 
in  much  repute,  having  many  of  the  properties  of  Ipecacuanha. 

2  T.  angustifdlium  L.  Hispid;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  connate; 
fls.  mostly  solitary,  skort-stalked,  yellowish  or  straw-colored. — S.  States  to  111.  and 
Glen  Cove,  L.  I.  (Mr.  J.  Coles).  Plant  2  to  3f  high,  more  slender  and  rougher 
than  the  other.  Lvs.  about  4  or  5'  by  1',  contracted  to  a  narrow  base,  roughest 
on  the  upper  surface.     May. 

3.  SYMPHORICAR'PUS,  Dill.  Snow-berry.  (Gr.  aw,  together, 
0epw,  to  bear,  Kapnog,  fruit ;  bearing  fruit  in  close  clusters.)  Calyx 
tube  globous,  limb  4  to  6-toothed  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped  or  bell-shaped, 
the  limb  in  4  to  5  subequal  lobes  ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  and 
as  many  as  its  lobes ;  stigma  capitate  ;  berry  globous,  4celled,  2-seeded 
(2  opposite  cells  abortive). — Small  shrubs,  with  entire,  oval  lvs.,  and 
small,  rose-colored  fls. 

1  &.  racemdauB  Mx.  Fls.  in  terminal,  loose,  interrupted,  often  leafy  rac. ;  cor. 
campanulate,  densely  bearded  within ;  sty.  and  sta.  included ;  berries  snow-white. 
— A  smooth,  handsome  shrub,  2  to  3f  high,  common  in  cultivation,  and  native  in 
W.  N.  York,  Can ,  &c.  Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  the  margin  often  wavy,  nearly  or 
quite  smooth,  paler  beneath,  on  short  petioles.  Cor.  rose-color,  the  throat  filled 
with  hairs.  Berries  large,  round  or  ovoid,  and  very  ornamental  when  mature. 
JL,  Aug. 

2  S.  occident^lis  R.  Br.  "Wolf-berry.  Lvs.  ovate,  obtusish ;  spikes  dense, 
axillary  and  terminal,  nodding ;  cor.  somewhat  funnel-form,  densely  bearded  in- 
side; sta.  and  bearded  style  exserted;  berries  white. — Woods,  Midi.  t>  Wis.  and 
Can.  Shrub  2  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  by  §  to  2' ;  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous, 
paler  beneath.  Cor.  rather  larger  and  more  expanded  than  in  the  last,  purplish 
white.     Jl. 

3  S.  vulgaris  Mx.  Lvs.  roundish-oval;  spikes  axillary,  suhsessik,  capitate  and 
crowded;  cor.  campanulate,  lobes  nearly  glabrous;  sta.  and  bearded  stylo  in- 
cluded ;  berries  dark  red. — River  banks,  Ponn  to  Iowa  (Cousens),  and  S.  States. 
Shrub  2  to  3f  high.  Branches  purplish  and  often  pubescent.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  f 
to  1^',  somewhat  pubescent.  Cor.  greenish-red.  Jl.  (Lonicera  Symphori- 
carpus  L.) 

4.  LONICE'RA,  L.  Honeysuckle.  Woodbine.  (In  honor  of 
Adam  Loniccr,  a  physician  of  Frankfort,  in  the  sixteenth  century.) 
Calyx  6-toothed,  tube  subglobous  ;  corolla  infundibuliform  or  campanu- 
late, limb  5-cleft,  often  labiate ;  stamens  5,  exserted ;  ovaries  2  to  3- 
celled ;  berry  few-seeded  ;  stigma  capitate. — A  beautiful  genus  of 
climbing  or  erect  shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  connate  lvs. 

I  XYL08TE0N.    Shrubs  erect.    Leaves  never  connate.    Flowers  in  pairs  (a). 

a  Cofolla  gibbous  at  base,  lobes  somewhat  irregular Nos.  1—3 

a  Coi olla  not  gibbous,  lobes  spreading,  equal,  roseate No.  4 

I  CAPRIFOLIUM.     Shrubs  climbing.    Fls.  sesaik-,  mostly  whorleil  (b). 

b  Leavi's  all  distinct.    Corolla  ringent.    Cultivated  exotics ^^Os.  5,  6 

b  Leaves  (the  upper  pair)  connate-perfoliatc  (c). 

0  Corolla  subequal,  both  tube  and  limb  scarlet No.  7 

0  Corolla  Umb  ringent, — tube  equal  (not  gibbous)  at  base Nos.  8 — 10 

—tube  gibbous  at  tlie  base Nos.  11,  Vi 


Order  66.— CAPRIFOLIaCE^. 


395 


1  L.  cilidta  MuhL  Flt  Honeysuckle.  Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  ciliate;  cor. 
limb  with  short  and  sxibeqiuU  lobes ;  tube  saccate  at  base ;  sty.  exserted ;  berries 
distinct,  red. — ^A  branching,  erect  shrub,  3  to  4f  high,  found  in  woods.  Me.  to 
Penn.andN.W.  Lvs. thin,  oblong-ovate,  often  cordate  at  the  base,  somewhat  cili- 
ate on  the  margin,  and  villous  beneath  when  young.  Fls.  pale  straw-yellow,  in 
pairs  at  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  with  an  obtuse  spur  turned  outwards  al  the  basu. 
Berries  ovoid,  red,  in  pairs,  but  not  connate,  3  to  5-seeded.    May,  Jn. 

2  L.  oblongifolia  Hook.  Lvs.  oblong  or  oval,  velvety -pubescent  beneath,  cor. 
iimb  deeply  bilabiate;  tube  gibbous  at  base;  ped.  long,  filiform,  erect;  berries 
connate  or  united  into  one,  globous,  purple,  bi-umbilicate. — A  shrub,  3  to  4f  higli, 
in  swamps,  N.Y.,W.andN.  Lvs.  almost  sessile,  1  to  2'  lonjjc,  ped.  of  equal  length. 
Cor.  hairy,  greenish-yellow  outside,  purplish  inside,  the  lower  lip  nearly  entire, 
the  upper  one  4-lobed,  erect.  Berries  marked  with  the  remains  of  the  two 
calyces.    Jn. 

3  L.  ccertllea  L.  Lvs.  oval-oblong,  ciliate,  obtuse,  villous  both  sides,  at  length 
smoothish ;  ped.  short,  refloxed  in  fruit ;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries ;  cor.  gib- 
bous at  base,  lobes  short,  subequal ;  berries  connate  or  united  into  one,  deep  blue. — 
A  low  shrub  in  rocky  woods,  Mass.  and  N.  Y.  nortli  to  Hudson's  Bay.  St.  2f 
high,  with  small  lvs.  and  pairs  of  small,  yellow  fls.,  which  are  longer  than  their 
peduncles.     Lvs.  ovate,  oval,  obovate  and  oblong,  ending  abruptly.     May,  Jn. 

4  L.  Tartdrica  L.  Tartarian  Honeysuckle.  Sts.  erect,  much  branched ; 
lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  smooth,  shining,  and  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
entire,  on  short  petioles ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  2-flowered ;  segra.  of  the  cor.  ob- 
long, obtuse,  equal. — An  elegant  and  much  admired  shrub,  from  Russia.  Grows 
firom  4  to  1  Of  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  J  to  IJ',  coriaceous.  Fls.  small,  pale  purple, 
varying  to  pure  white,  fragrant.     Apr. — Jn.  f 

5  L.  Japonica  L.  Chinese  Honeysuckle.  Sts.  soft-pubescent ;  lvs.  ovate 
and  oblong,  minutely  pointed,  all  distinct,  petiolatc.;  ped.  axillary,  2-bracted  and 
2-flowered ;  cor.  limb  ringent,  tube  equal  at  base,  slender,  downy ;  stam.  and 
Bty.  exserted, — From  China.  Sts.  flexuous,  climbing  15f  high,  bearing  a  profusion 
of  orange-colored  fls.     f  South. 

6  L.  Pericl^menuin  Toum.  Woodbine.  Lva  decl-iluous,  all  distinct, 
elliptical,  rather  acute,  on  short  petioles ;  fls.  in  dense,  imbricate,  terminal  heads ; 
cor.  ringent. — A  wocdy  climber,  native  of  Europe,  cultivated  and  nearly  natur- 
alized. Fla  yellow  and  red,  fragrant,  succjedod  by  red  berries.  Variety  querci- 
folium  has  sinuate  lvs.     May — Jl.  f 

7  L.  sempervirens  Ait.  Trumpet  Honeysuckle.  Lvs.  obloug,  evergreen,  the 
upper  ones  counate-perfoliato ;  fls.  in  nearly  naked  spikes  of  distant  whorls; 
cor.  trumpet-i^haped,  nearly  regular,  ventricous  above. — In  moist  groves  and  bor- 
ders of  swamps,  N.  Y.  (near  the  city),  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  woody,  twining  with 
the  Bun.  The  distinct  lvs.  in  the  wild  plant  are  elliptical  or  almost  linear ;  the 
connate,  but  1  or  2  pairs.  Cor.  nearly  2'  long,  of  a  lino  scarlet  without  and  yel- 
low within.     Mar,  Apr.  (S.) — May — Jl.  (N.)  -j-. 

8  L.  fldva  Sim.  Yellow  Honeysuckle.  Lvs.  ovate,  glaucous  both  side.s,  upper 
pair  connate-perfoliate ;  spikes  terminal,  of  about  2  close  whorls ;  cor.  smooth, 
tube  slender,  not  gibbous  at  base,  limb  somewhat  ringent ;  stam.  exserted, 
smooth. — Shrub  scarcely  twining,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Wise.  I(V8.  deciduous, 
abruptly  contracted  at  base,  except  the  upper  j)erfoliate  pair.  Fls.  in  heads  of 
about  10,  fragrant.  Cor.  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  the  tube  much  longer  than 
the  lips,  bright  yellow  ;  tipper  lip  much  broader  than  the  lower,  in  4  sogm.  May, 
Jit 

9  L.  grita  Ait.  Evergreen  Howkysucklb.  Lvs.  evergreen,  obovate,  smooth, 
glaucous  benecUh,  the  upper  pair  connate-perfoliate ;  fils.  in  Gessilo,  terminal  and 
c^illary  whorls ;  cor.  ringent,  tube  long,  slender,  not  gibbous  at  base. — Damp 
woe  Jlands,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  W.  States.  St.  climbing  many  feet.  Lvs.  oppo- 
site '  in  3s,  margin  revolute.  Fls.  largo  and  very  fragrant,  6  or  6  in  each  whorl. 
Cor.  \'hiiish,  becoming  yellowish  within,  reddish  without.  Sta.  exserted.  Ber- 
ries rei.    Jn.  f 

10  L.  Caprifdlium  L.  Common  or  Italian  Honeysuckle.    Lvs.  decidu- 
ous, the  upper  pair  perfoliate-connate ;  Jls,  in  a  single  terminal  verticil ;  cor.  rin- 


'E 


'iHl' 


4 


'1 

I 

i 


<M 


/ 


i 


Vi 


S96 


Order  66 CAPRIFOLIACE^ 


.diri 


gent,  lips  a  third  the  length  of  the  tube,  strongly  revolute. — Native  of  Europe. 
Greatly  admired  in  cultivation  for  its  beauty  and  fragrance.  ?la.  of  various 
hues,  red,  yellow  and  white.     Jn. — Aug.  f 

11  L.  parvifldra  Lam.     Lvs.  smooth,  nhining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  ohlong   all 
sessile  or  connate,  the  upper  pair  perfoliate ;  fls.   in  hds.  of  1  or  more  approxi- 

uiute  whorls ;  cor.  ringent,  tube  glabrous,  short,  gibbous  at  base ;  fil.  bearded. 

A  small,  smooth,  shrubby  cUmber,  in  rocky  woo(^.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  8  to  lOf 
long.  Lvs.  wavy  and  revolute  on  the  margin,  very  glaucous  on  the  underside. 
Fls.  rather  small.  Cor.  I'  in  length,  yellow,  tinged  with  dull  red.  gibbous  at 
base,  the  short  Umb  in  curved  segments.  Sta.  and  sty.  exserted.  Berries 
orange-colored."    May,  Ju. 

(i.  Lv.?.  large,  pubescent  beneath,  all  except  the  upper  pair  distinct,  the  lower 
petiolate ;  fls.  pubescent.— Ohio  (SuUivant)  and  westward.  (L.  Dougiasii,  DC.) 
12.  L.  hirsi!ita  Eaton.  Lvs.  hairy  above,  soft-vilhus  beneath,  veiny,  broad-oval, 
abruptly  acuminate,  the  upper  pair  connate-perfoliate ;  Jls.  in  verticillate  spikes; 
cor.  ringent;  fil.  bearded. — A  chmber  of  coarser  aspect,  in  woods  N.  Eng.  to 
Micii.  and  Can.,  twining  about  trees  to  the  height  of  15  to  20f  Tlie  whole  plant 
is  more  or  less  hairy.  Lvs.  pale  green,  not  shining,  the  edges  and  the  upper  side 
ciii:ite  with  scattered  hairs,  fls.  large,  numerous,  greenish  yeUow,  in  whorled, 
axillary  and  terminal  clusters.  Limb  of  cor.  spreading.  Sty.  and  sta.  exserted, 
Jn.     (C.  pubescens  Goldie.) 

5.  DIERVIL'LA,  Toum.  Bush  Honeysuckle.  (In  honor  of  Dier- 
ville,  a  French  surgeon,  discoverer  of  the  original  species.)  Calyx  tube 
oblong,  limb  5-eleft;  corolla  twice  as  long,  funnel-shaped,  limb  5-clelt 
and  nearly  regular;  stamens  5 ;  capsular  fruit  2-celled  (appavoly 
4-eelled  from  the  projecting  placentae),  many-seeded. — Shrubs,  with 
opposite,  serrate,  deciduous  lvs. 

1  D.  trifida  Moench.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  on  short  petioles ;  ped.  axillary  and 
terminal,  1  to  'd-ftowered ;  caps,  attenuate  above. — A  low  shrub  not  uncommon  in 
hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.     St.  about  2f  high,  branching.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  by 

1  to  Ij^',  finely  serrate,  ending  in  a  long,  narrow  poiut.  Ova.  slender,  4  to  5" 
long,  about  half  the  length  of  the  greenish  yellow  corolla.  Sta.  and  sty.  mi.ch 
exserted.     Stig.  capitate.     Jn. 

2  D.  sessilifdlia  Buckley.  Lvs.  glabrous,  oblong-ovato  or  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, sessile  or  stibamplexicaul ;  peduncles  3  to  5-Jlowered,  crowded  in  the  axils 
above ;  caps,  cylindiic-oblong,  short-beaked,  crowned  with  the  subulate-setaceous 
calyx  teeth. — High  mountains  of  N.  Car.  (Buckley)      Shrub  2  to  4f  high.     Leaves 

2  to  4'  long.     Flowers  sessile  or  pedicillate.     Jn.,  Jl. 

6.  SAM'BUCUS,  L.  Elder.  (Lat.  sambuca,  musical  instrument,  said 
to  have  been  made  of  the  elder.)  Caly.x  small,  5-parted  ;  corolla  5-clelt, 
segments  obtuse;  stamens  5;  stigma  obtuse,  small,  sessile  ;  berry  glvb- 
oiis,  pulpy,  3-seeded. — Slirubs  or  perennial  lierl>s,  with  odd-pinnate  or 
bij)innatc  lvs.     Fls.  in  cymes. 

1  S.  Canadensis  L.  St.  shrubby ;  cymes  fastigiaie,  5-rayed ;  l/ts.  3  to  5  pairs 
with  an  odd  one,  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  smooth. — A  common  shrub  6  to  lOf 
high,  in  thickets  and  waste  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  filled  with  a  light  and 
porous  pith,  especially  when  youujr.  Lfls.  sorruto,  the  lower  ones  often  binate  or 
trifoliate.  Petioles  smooth.  Fls.  numerous,  in  very  large  ('2f  broad  in  Ind.)  level- 
topped  cymes,  white,  with  a  licavy  odor.     Berries  dark  purple.     May — Jl. 

2  8.  pClbens  Mx.  St.  shrubby;  cymes  paniculate  and  jjyramidai;  Ifts.  oval- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  in  2  or  3  pairs,  with  an  odd  one,  and  with  the  petiole /)w6es- 
eent  beneath. — A  connnon  shrub,  in  hilly  pastures  and  woods,  Hudson's  Bay  to 
Car,  growing  6f  high,  more  or  less.  Lvs.  simply  and  unequally  pinnate;  Ifts. 
sharply  serrate,  very  pubescent  when  young.  Fls.  in  a  close,  ovoid  thyrsus  or 
panicle.     Cor.  white.     Berries  scarlet,  small.    May,  Jn. 

f-!.  LECCOCAKPA  T.  &  Q.     Borries  white.    Gatakill  Mountains.    (Mr.  J.  Hogg; 
fide  T.  &  G.) 


Order  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. 


397 


7.  VIBUR'NUM,  L,  (Lat.  viere,  to  tie;  for  the  pliancy  of  the  twigs?) 
Calyx  small,  5  toothed,  persistent;  corolla  rotate,  limb  5-lobetl,  seg- 
ments obtuse ;  stamens  5,  equal,  longer  than  the  corolla;  stigmas  ses- 
sile ;  ovary  1  to  S-celled,  1-ovuled  ;  drupe,  1-seeded. — Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  with  simple,  petiolate  Ivs.,  Avhite  fl&.  in  cymes  which  arc  some- 
times radiant. 

a  Cymes  radiant, — tho  outer  flowers  sterile  jvnd  showy Nos.  1,  9 

a  Cymes  not  nidiant,  tlie  flowers  nil  alike,    (b) 

b  Leaves  8-lobed,  palinatcly  3  to  5-voined Nos.  i^,  4 

b  Leaves  not  lobed, — coarsely  tootlied.    Cymes  stalked N'oa.  5,  6 

— sliarply  serrate.    Cymes  sessile. .. .    Nos.  7,  S 

— entire  or  nearly  so.— Species  native Nos.  S),  10 

— Si)ecies  e.\otic Nos.  11, 1'i 

1  V.  lantanoides  L.  Hobble-bush.  Lvs.  orbicular,  cordate,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate, unequally  scrr.ite  ;  petioles  and  veins  covered  with  a  ferrwjinous  down  ;  cyme 
sessile;  fr.  ovate. — A  shrub  very  ornaraeutal  when  in  flower,  common  in  the 
rocky  woods  of  N.  Eiig.,  to  Penn.  and  N.  Height  about  5f.  Branches  long  and 
crooked,  often  trailing  and  rooting.  Lvs.  very  large,  covered  with  a  rusty  pubes- 
cence when  young,  at  length  becoming  green,  the  dust  and  down  remaiuing  only 
upon  the  stalk  and  veins.  The  radiant  sterile  U.S.  of  tlie  cyme  are  near  1'  diam., 
from  a  greeuisii  color  becoming  white,  fiat,  with  5-rounded  lobes.  Inner  fls. 
much  smaller,  fertile.     May. 

2  V.  bpulus  L.  High  Cr.\nberry.  Smooth;  lvs.  3-lobed,  3-veined,  broader  than 
long,  rounded  at  base,  lobes  divaricate,  acuminate,  crenately  toothed;  petioles 
glandular;  cymes  pedunculate. — A  handsome  shrub,  8  to  12f  high,  in  woods  and 
borders  of  fields,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Sts.  several  from  the  same  root, 
branched  above.  Lvs.  with  large,  remote  blunt  teetli,  the  stalks  with  2  or  more 
glands  at  base,  channeled  above.  Cymes  radiate  like  the  preceding  species.  Fr. 
resembles  the  common  cranberry  in  flavor,  and  is  sometimes  substituted  for  it.  It 
is  red,  very  acid,  ripens  late,  remaining  upon  the  bush  after  the  leaves  have 
fallen.     Jn.     (V.  Oxycoccus  Ph.) 

/i.  uosEUM.  Guelder  Rose.  Snow-ball.  Lvs.  rather  acute  at  base,  longer 
than  broad,  lobes  acuminate,  with  acuminate  teeth  ;  petioles  glandular ;  fls. 
all  neutral,  in  globous  cymes. — This  variety  is  the  popular  shrub  so  generally 
admired  and  cultivated  as  a  companion  of  the  Lilac,  Snowberry,  Philadelp'.ms, 
&c.     Its  dense  spherical  cj  mes  are  wholly  made  up  of  barren  flowers. 

3  V.  acerifdlium  L.  Dockmackie.  Lvs.  subcordate,  acuminate,  3-veined,  3-lobed, 
acutelj' dentate ;  petioles  witliout  glands,  cymes  on  long  peduncles;  stam.  eX' 
serted. — A  slimb  4.  to  6f  high,  with  yellowish  green  bark,  growing  in  woods. 
Can.  and  U.  S.  Lvs.  broad,  rounded  and  sometimes  cordate  at  base,  divided  into 
3  acuminate  lobes,  with  a  form  not  very  unlike  that  of  the  maple  leafj  the  under 
surface  as  well  as  the  younger  branches  a  little  downy.  Branches  straight,  slen- 
der, very  flexible,  nding  with  a  pair  of  lvs.  and  a  long  stemmed,  cymous  umbel 
of  wliite  fls.     Fr.  oval,  compressed.     Jn. 

4  v.  paucifldrum  Pylaie.  Nearly  smooth  in  all  its  parts ;  lvs.  roundish,  with  3 
short  lobes  at  sun»mit,  serrate,  mostly  5-veined  from  the  base ;  cymes  small  and 
p.'dunculate,  terminating  the  very  sliort  lateral  branches;  stam.  much  shorter 
than  the  cor. — A  small  shrub  with  white  fls.,  Mansfield,  Mt.,  Vt.,  (Macra)),  White 
Mta.,  N.  H.  (Robbins),  N.  to  Newfoundland. 

5  V.  dent^tum  L.  Aruow-wood.  Nearly  smooth ;  lvs.  roundish-ovate,  coarsely 
dimtate-serrate,  petiolate,  straight- veined ;  cymes  pedunculate. — A  shrub  8  to  12f 
higli,  not  uncommon  in  damp  woods  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.  It  is  called  arrow- 
wood  from  the  long,  straight,  slender  branches  or  young  shoots.  Lvs.  roundish, 
2  to  3'  diam.,  tho  upper  pair  oval,  the  veins  beneath  prominent,  parallel  and  pu- 
bescent in  their  axils.  Fls.  white,  succeeded  by  small,  roundish,  dark  blue  ber- 
ries.    Seed  concavo-convex.     June. 

6  V.  pubesoeuB  Ph.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate-serrate,  straight 
veiueil,  viiiou.s  beneath  and  somewhat  hairy  above,  on  short  stalks ;  slip.  2,  subulate ; 
eymos  pedunculate,  smoothlsh;  fr.  oblong. — In  dry,  rocky  woods  and  thickets, 
Can.  to  Ga.     A  shrub  about  6f  high.     Lvs.  each  witl)  a  pair  of  sltort,  hairy,  sub* 


%.. 


'KV 


It 


m 


\A 


398 


ORUKii  67.— KUBIAUE^. 


ulate  appendages  (stipular?)  at  the  base  of  the  very  short  petiole.  Cymes  smaH 
few-flowered.  Fls.  rather  larger  thaa  those  of  the  foregoing  species,  white.  Fr, 
nearly  black.     Jn. 

f3.  MOLLE.     Poison  Haw.     Soft,  rusty,  tomentous  tin  oughout  the  stalks,  Ivs. 

and  cymes;  Ivs.  rather  acute;  fls.  large. — Tenn.  to   Ga.  (Misses  Keen)  and 

La.  (Ha'e).     (V.  nioUe  Mx.) 

7  V.  Lentigo  L.  Sweet  Viburnum.  I/vs.  ovate  and  oval,  long-acuminate,  acutely 
and  finely  unciuate-serrate ;  petiole  with  undulate  margins. — A  common  tree-hko 
shrub,  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Height  10  to  I5f  Lvs.  smooth, 
conspicuously  acuminate,  about  3'  long  and  -^  as  wide,  their  petioles  with  a  curled 
or  wavy  dilated  border  on  each  side.  Fls.  white,  in  broad,  spreading  cymes,  suc- 
ceeded by  well-flavored,  sweetish  berries  of  a  glaucous  black.     Jn. 

8  v.  prunifdlium  L.  Black  Haw.  Sloe.  Lvs.  smooth,  shining  above,  round- 
ish obovate  or  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  acutely  serrulate,  with  uncinate  teeth ;  petioles 
slightly  and  evenly  margined ;  cymes  mostly  sessile. — In  woods  and  thickets,  N. 
Y.  to  Gu.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  20f  high,  with  handsome,  glossy  lvs.  and 
large  cymes.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  J  to  §  as  wide,  jn  short  petioles,  slightly  iiiar- 
giiiod.  Cymes  terminal.  Fls.  white,  succeeded  by  oval,  blackish  berries  which 
are  sweet  and  eatable.     Jn. 

/3.  FERRiKJiNEUM.  T.  k  G.  Veins  and  petiole  beneath  covered  with  reddish 
brown  wool ;  lvs.  narrower. — S.  W.  Ga.  and  Mid.  Fla.  Called  2wssuiri  haw, 
the  black  drupes  being  insipid. 

9  V.  ntldum  L.  Smooth ;  lvs.  oval-oblong,  or  lance-oval,  subnvolute  at  edge,  entire 
or  suberenulato,  not  shining,  veiny  and  dotted  beneath;  petioles  not  winged ;  cymes 
on  short  stalks. — Shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  20f  high,  U.  S.  Lvs.  thick,  and  when 
ftilly  grown  3  to  4'  long,  mostly  acute  or  even  short  acuminate.  Cymes  large,  on 
peduncles  1  to  2'  in  length,  naked  after  losing  their  caducous  bracts.  Fls.  wliite, 
berries  dark  blue,  covered  with  bloom,  sweetish.     Apr. — Jn. — Very  variable. 

(3.  ANGUSTIFOLIUM.  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  oblong- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
each  end,  margin  obscurely  repand-denticulato. — South  (Pond,  «S:c.) 

7.  CASSINOIDE8  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  oval,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate,  margin  nearly  entire,  veins  not  prominent. — North  and  South 
(V.  cassinoides  L.). — Anoihcr  variety  ((5.  ovale)  has  smaller,  oval,  obtuse,  very 
entire  lvs.  (South),  &c. 

10  V.  obovdtum  Walt.  Lvs.  small,  obovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  nearly  so,  subses- 
$ile,  dotted  beneath;  cj/mcs small,  numerous, sew «fe. — Shrub  8  to  15f  high,  swanii)y 
river  banks,  Va.  to  Ga.  Branches  straggling,  some  virgate  ones,  all  covered  with 
a  profusion  of  white  cymes  about  \\'  diam.  Lvs.  at  flowering  time  6  to  8"  long, 
finally  10  to  18".     Fr.  black,  shining,  sweet.  .Apr.,  May. 

11  V.  Tfnua  L.     Laurestine.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  larice-ovate,   entire,  their 
veins  with  hairy  tufts  beneath.^A  fine  evergreen  shrub,  from  Europe.     Heiulit 
4  to  5f.     Lvs.  acute,  thick  but  veiny,  dark,  shining  green  above,  paler  beneath 
Fls.  white,  tinged  with  rod,  very  showy.     Degrees  of  pube£(.'once  variable. 

12  V.  odoratissimum  Ker.  Smooth;  lvs.  coriaceous,  evergreen,  elUptie- 
oblong,  remotely  repand-dentate ;  fls,  in  paniculate  cymes,  white,  very  fragrant. — 
t  From  China. 


Order  LXVII.     RUBIACE.E.     Madderworts. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs.  Lvs.  opposite,  somewhat  vorticillate,  entire.  Stipulet 
between  the  petioles,  sometimes  resembling  the  leaves.  Calyx  tube  more  or  less  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary ;  limb  4  to  6-cloft.  Corolla  regular,  inserted  upon  tlie  calyx 
tube,  and  of  the  same  number  of  divisions.  Slamen.'i  inserted  upon  the  tulje  of  the 
corolla,  equal  in  number  and  alternate  with  its  segments.  Ovarii  2  (rarely  more)- 
cclled.  Style  single  or  partly  divided.  Fr.  various.  Seeds  one,  few,  or  many  in  each 
ccU.     (Fig.  183.) 

Genera  830,  xperic^  4100.    It  Is  genornlly  divided  into  two  Mibordors,  viz,.  Stellntcm  timl  Cii- 
«boiiv«,  to  wliieli  11  tliini,  Lo^anieii!  (which'liaii  few  re]>ref*«ntAtivi'8  at  the  Nortli)  i.i  appuudad  by 


b  Herbs.    FWers  ImbSv /'''''"'"'•  ''«''"'«■••■ P'nknbva 

-?S:;ir£r''''''»*^i~..::; «■""■'-    » 

a  Fiower,  v.llow     .  ™™  "^  *,  6  or  S  lv«     .       "'-'^ Wlbswith 

•'w.„.,k,,s  |;.;^,.wo,,,   ,,|^^  

linear-  flc/      ,  ^^^0^-  BEDSTRAur     t^         *'U'thispi,i ■; Nos.  9-11 

*  »•  PU6.um  Art     .«  "  *" '■"^-sWtoSe  S" 

™f £  1^'f f - -„^:  ^s^»^  eSTi  '.Kty:  '-J  -'  "^ «™.. 

simple     Tv/''^"*   '^'"n  lieJS    '  "?,'^'^'"^'  h'spid.--:Gror    '^'*'''' '"  P^'^l- di- 

"^  like  liquorice. 


I 


i        I, 


''I  t( 


I  1 

I' 


'7  r 


-  H 


'■:4 


f  i 


400 


Obi>bb  67 — RUBIACE^. 


/8.  lanceolXtum  Torr.  Very  smooth;  Ivs.  lanceolate ; /r.  sessile. — A  fine  va- 
riety with  larger  leaves  (2'  or  more  in  length).    Fla.  purple.     (C-.  Torreyi  Bw.) 

y.  MOXTANUM  T.  <fc  G.  Dwarf;  Ivs.  obovate. — White  Mta.  (Oakes.)  (G.  Lit- 
telli  Oakes.) 

4  G.  latifdlium  Mx.  St.  erect,  smooth;  Ivs.  in  43,  lanceolate,  3  veined,  very 
acute ;  ped.  axillary  (leafy)  and  terminal,  about  twice  tricliotoraous ;  purple  Jls. 
and  smooth  fruit  on  filiform  pedicels. — Mta.  E.  Tenn.  and  Va.  to  Ga.  An  elegant 
species.  St.  about  2f  higli.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.  Fla.  very  small,  pedicels  2  to  6" 
long,  divaricate.    Jl. 

5  G.  bore^le  L.  St.  erect,  smooth ;  lvs.  in  4s,  linear-lanceolate,  rather  acute, 
3-veined,  smootli ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  pyramidal  paniclu. — Grows  in  rocky,  shady 
places,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Sts.  If  or  more  high,  several  together,  branched 
above  Lvs.  12  to  20"  by  2  to  9'',  tapering  to  an  obtusish  point.  Fls.  numer- 
ous, small,  white,  in  a  tliyrse-like  panicle  at  top  of  the  stem.  Fr.  small.  Jl.  (G. 
septentrionale  Bw.) 

6  G.  hispidulum  Mx.  Diffuse,  minutely  hispid ;  lvs.  in  4s,  oval,  thickish,  mostly 
acute  or  mucronato ;  ped ,  axillary,  1  to  iJ-flowered ;  fr.  fleshy  and  berry-like,  lirge, 
Wuish-purple. — S.  Car  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  sliarply  4 -angled.  Lvs.  5  to  7"  by  2 
to  3",  margin  somewhat  revolute.     Pedicels  of  the  fr.  about  6"  long.    May — Oct. 

7  G.  unifldrum  Mx.  Glabrous ;  sts.  coespitous,  slender,  many,  ascending;  lvs.  in 
48.  linear,  a£ute;  ped.  a.villary,  solitary,  bearing  2  to  4  bracts,  mostly  l-llowered; 
fr.  oblong,  fleshy,  smooth,  purpiu. — Damp  woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St. 
straigiit,  nearly  simple,  about  If  high,  the  lvs.  about  1'  by  1'',  and  1-veined.  Fr. 
smaller  than  in  No.  6.    May. 

8  G.  triflorum  Mx.  St.  weak,  often  procumbent,  smoothish,  shining ;  lvs.  in  53 
and  Gs,  elliptic  and  luiceolate,  acuminate-cuspidate,  J -veined,  scarcely  ciliate  on 
the  margin ;  ped.  elongated,  axillary,  3  (rarely  2)-flowered  at  the  extremity,  olten 
twice  di-  or  triehotomous ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  fr.  hispid  with  hooked  hairs. — Moist 
woods.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  1  to  3f  long,  slightly  branched.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  J 
as  broad,  often  obovate.  Fl.  greenish  white,  small.  Fr.  whitish,  with  its  uncinate 
clothing.    Jl. 

9  G.  aspr^llum  Mx.  Rough  Cleavers  or  Clivers.  St.  diffuse,  very  branch- 
ing, rough  backwards;  lvs.  in  6s,  53,  or  4s,  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  mar- 
gin and  midveiii  retrorsely  aculeate ;  ped.  short,  in  23  or  33. — Commou  in  tliicketa 
and  low  grounds,  Can.  and  N.  States.  St.  weak,  2  to  6f  long,  leaning  on  other 
plants,  and  closely  adhc-'  :g  to  them  by  its  minute,  retrorae  prickles.  Lvs.  6  to 
S"  by  2  to  3',  Fls.  white,  small  and  numerous.  Fr.  minute,  smooth,  often 
slightly  hispid  when  young.     Jl. 

10  G.  trifldum  L.  Dylu's  Cleavers.  Goose-grass.  St.  decumbent,  very 
branching,  roughish  with  retrorse  prickles  ;  lvs.  in  53  and  4s,  linear-oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  rough-edged ;  parts  of  the  fls.  mostly  in  3s. —  U  In  low,  wet 
grounds.  Can.  and  U.  S.  It  is  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  species.  Lvs.  3  to  6" 
by  I  to  2",  often  cuueate  at  base.  Ped.  mostly  in  33,  and  axillary.  Fla.  small, 
white.    Jl. 

li.  TiNCToRiUM  Torr.     St.  nearly  smooth;  lvs.  of  the  st.  in  6s,  of  the  branches 
in  4s ;  ped.  2  or  3-flowered ;  parts  of  tlie  fl.  in  43. — A  somewliat  less  slen- 
.  der  variety  than  the  lirst.     The  root  is  said  to  dye  a  permanent  red.     (G.  tinc- 
,  torium  L.) 

y.  latifoLIUM  Torr.  Lvs.  in  4s,  oblanceolate,  obtuse ;  ped.  3-flowered;  parts 
of  the  fl.  in  4a. 

11  G.  concfmium  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  decumbent,  diffusely  branched,  retrorsely 
scabrous  on  the  angles ;  lvs.  in  6s.  linear,  glabrous,  1-veined,  scabrous  upwards  on 
the  margins;  ped.  fllifbrm,  twice  or  thrice  triehotomous,  with  short  pedicels; 
lobes  of  tlie  corolla  acute. — Dry  woods  and  hills,  Mich.,  Ky.,  Ind.  Sts.  very 
slender,  10  to  15  higii.  Lva  in  numerous  whorls,  5  to  8"  by  1",  slightly  broader 
in  the  middle.     Fls.  minute  and  numerous,  white.     Jn. 

12  G.  Aparine  L.  St.  weak,  procumbent,  retrorsely  prickly ;  lvs.  in  8s,  Is,  or  6s, 
linear-oblanceolate,  muoronate,  rough  on  the  midvein  and  margin ;  ped.  axillary, 
1  to  2-flowored.— -d)  In  wet  thickets,  Can.  and  N.  States  to  Ind.  (Plummer.)  Sts. 
several  feet  long,  leaning  oa  other  plants  and  closely  adhering  by  their  hooked 


-r- 


Order  67.— RITBIACE^. 


401 


prickles  to  CTery  thing  ia  their  way.  Lvs.  12  to  20"  by  2  to  3".  Fls.  numerous, 
ffmall,  wliite.  Fr.  rattier  large,  armed  witli  hooked  prickles,  Jn. — The  root  will 
dye  red.     The  herbage  ia  valued  as  a  domestic  remedy.  §  ? 

2.  RUSSIA,  Tourn.     Maddkr.     (Lat.  ruhra^  red  ;  from  the  coloring 

matter  of  its  roots.)     Calyx  tube   ovoid,   limb  5-toothed  or  obsolete ; 

corolla  rotate,  6  parted  ;  stamens  short ;  styles  2,  united  at  base ;  fruit 

twin,  roundish,  baccate,  smooth. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.    St.  4-angled, 

diffuse. 

R.  tinctdrum  L.  St.  weak,  its  angles  retrorsely  aculeate ;  lvs.  in  whorls  of  6, 
lanceolate,  the  margins  and  midveins  aculeate;  ped.  axillary  and  terminal, 
3-forked;  cor.  5-parted,  brownish  yellow,  with  a  callous  point. — From  Europe. 
Cultivated  for  its  roots  which  yield  that  valuable  coloring  matter,  madder,     Jl. 

3.  PINCKNE^YA,  Mx.  (Dedicated  to  Gen.  C.  C.  Pinckney,  of  S. 
Carolina.)  Calyx  tube  campanulate,  limb  5-parted,  one  segment  (A 
several  of  the  flowers  dilated  into  a  large  rose-colored  bract ;  corolla 
tube  cylindrical,  limb  5-lobed,  somewhat  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  sta- 
mens 5,  from  the  base  of  the  corolla,  exserted  ;  style  slender ;  stigma 
2-lobed  ;  capsule  roundish,  thinly  coriaceous,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — 
A  small  tree  (or  large  shrub).  Stip.  caducous,  leaving  a  strong  ridge 
between  the  petioles. 

P.  piibena  Mx.  Swamps  and  aloncr  creeks,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  common.  It  is  a  sin- 
gularly beautiful  tree,  15  to  25f  high  in  its  native  woods,  with  a  straight  and  slen- 
der trunk.  lu  cultivation  it  has  more  the  character  of  a  shrub,  brandling  from 
the  base  and  flowering  wlien  but  lOf  high.  Lvs.  large,  ovate,  acute  or  sub- 
acuminate  at  each  end.  Young  branches  and  cymes  downy.  Cor.  purple  within, 
canescent  without.  Cymes  splendidly  radiant  by  tiie  largely  expanded  marginal 
calyxes.  Capsules  aa  large  as  an  ounce  bullet.  May,  Jn. — Properties  similar  to 
the  Peruvian  bark,     (Fig.  183.) 

4.  CEPHALANTHUS,  L.  Button  Bush.  (Gr.  Ke<j)altl  a  head, 
dvdog,  a  flower;  flowers  in  heads,)  Calyx  limb  4-tooili('d;  corolla 
tubular,  slender,  4-cleft ;  stamens  4  ;  style  nmch  exserted. — Shrubs 
with  opposite  lvs,  and  short  stip.  Fls.  in  globous  heads,  without  an 
involucre. 

C.  occident^lis  L.  Lvs,  opposite  and  in  33,  oval,  acuminate,  entire,  smooth ; 
hds,  pedunculate. — A  handsome  ohrub,  frequenting  the  margins  of  rivers,  ponds 
and  brooks,  U.  S.  and  Can,  It  ia  readily  distinguished  by  its  spherical  heads  of 
flowers,  which  are  near  1'  diam.,  resembling  the  globular  inflorescence  of  the 
Sycamore.  Heiglit  about  6f.  Lvs.  spreading,  entire,  3  to  5'  by  2  to  3 .  The 
fls.  are  tubular,  with  long,  projecting  stylos,  and  are  inserted  on  all  sides  of  the 
round  receptacle.     Jl. 

5.  MITCHEL'LA,  L.  Partridge  Berry.  (In  honor  of  Dr.  John. 
Mitchell^  an  English  resident  iu  Virginia.)  Flowers  2  on  each  doublo 
ovary  ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  corolla  funnel  shaped,  hairy  within ;  stamens  4, 
short,  inserted  on  the  corolla ;  stigmas  4  ;  berry  composed  of  the  2 
united  ovaries,  each  4-seeded. — Smooth,  evergreen,  creeping  shrublets. 
Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  dimorphous, 

M,  ripens  L.  St.  creeping;  lvs,  roundish-ovate,  petiolato, — .\  little  prostrate 
plant  found  in  woods,  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  furnisliod  with  flat, 
coriaceous,  dark  green  lvs.,  and  producing  small,  briglit  red  berries,  remarkably 
dislinguialied  by  tlieir  doiible  structure,  and  remaining  on  the  plant  tlirough  the 
winter.  The  corollas  are  white  or  tinged  with  red,  very  fragrant,  sometimes  5  or 
even  6-parted  (Mr,  Shriver).  Fr.  well-flavored  but  dry  and  full  of  atony  seeda 
June.  ^^ 


I  n 

I  I    f 

r  ill 


'•^:^.a 


.^1 


'I'. 


r, 


,,4 


402 


Order  67.— RUBIACEiE. 


6.  DIO^DIA  L.  (Gr.  dig,  twico,  odovg,  tooth,  alluding  to  tlio  two 
calyx  teeth  crowning  the  ovary.)  Calyx,  corolla,  stamens,  style  and 
fruit  as  in  the  next  genus  (Spennacoco)  except  that  the  (2  or  3)  1 -seeded, 
separable  carpels  are  in  both  indehiscent ;  seeds  oval,  peltate. — American, 
chiefly  tropical  herbs.  Stip.  fringed  with  bristles.  Fls.  small,  white, 
axillary,  sessile,  solitary  or  few. 

1  D.  Virginiina  L.     Procumbent,  nearly  glabrous  or  liiraute  ;  sts.  squarish  ;  It? 
lanct'olato,  sessile,  entire ;  bristles  of  tlio  stip.  longer  than  the  sheaths ;  tis.  soli 
tury,  opposite ;  coi-.  salver  form,  tube  very  slender,  thrice  larger  than  the  cal. 
stam.  exserted;  style  deeply  2-clelt,  lobes  liliform. — U  Damp  places,  111.  to  Ga. 
and  La.     St.  1  to  2f  long,  somewhat  4-aided.     Lvs.  1  to  2  by  3  to  5  ',  1-veined, 
often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils.     Cor.  6"  long,  hairy  inside.     May — 
September. 

13.  has  ovato-lancoolate  Its.     (D.  tetragona  Walt.) 

y.  has  lance-linear,  hairy  lvs. ;  cor.  G"  long.     May — Sept.     (D.  hirsuta  Ph.) 

2  D.  tSres  Walt.  Erect  or  ascending,  hairy  or  scabrous ;  lvs.  liuear-lanceolato, 
sessile,  rough-edged,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  sheaths  or  fruit ;  fls.  solitary,  or 
several  in  each  axil ;  cor.  funnel-form,  with  a  luide  tube,  twice  huger  than  the  cal. ; 
fl.  somewhat  hairy  and  4-8ided. — Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  111.  (Mead)  and  S.  States. 
Sts.  rather  rigid,  simple,  or  branched,  5  to  18'  long,  brownish.  Lvs.  about  1'  by 
2".  Cor.  reddish  white,  shorter  than  the  reddish  brown  bristles.  Aug.,  Sept 
(Spormacoce  diodina  Mx.) 

7.  SPERMACO'CE,  L.  (Gr.  a-repjua,  seed,  aKoiKr},  a  point ;  alluding 
to  the  pointed  seeds.)  Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  2  io  4-parted  ;  corolla 
tubular,  limb  spreading,  4lobed;  stamens  4  ;  stigma  2cleft ;  fruit  dry, 
2-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  separating  into  1  open  and  1  indehis- 
cent carpel ;  seeds  2,  peltate,  furrowed  on  the  face. — Mostly  herbaceous 
and  tropical.     Fls.  small,  in  dense,  axillary,  sessile  whorls,  or  clusters. 

1  S.  glabra  Mx.  Glabrous,  procumbent  at  baso  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  entire ;  whorls 
many-flowered ;  cal.  4-toothed  (rarely  5) ;  cor.  funnel-form,  short,  hairy  in  the 
throat ;  anth.  included  in  tlie  tube ;  stig.  subsessile.  U  River  banks,  W.  States. 
St.  1  to  2f  long,  terete,  with  4  prominent  lines,  branched.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  ^  to  1', 
tapering  to  each  end.  Fls.  white,  9  to  20  in  a  whorl,  subtended  by  the  subulate 
bracts  of  the  stipulos.     Jl.,  Aug. — Resembles  some  of  the  Labiatse. 

2  S.  Chapm^nii  Torr.  &  Gr,  Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  slightly  4-angled ;  lvs.  ob- 
long-lanceolate, attenuate  to  a  petiole  ;  whorls  dense-flowered ;  cor.  funnel-form, 
thrice  longer  tiian  the  cal. ,  atara.  and  slender  sty.  exserted. — River  banks,  Mid. 
Fla.     (Chapman.) 

8.  HOUSTO'NIA,  L.  Bluets.  (Dedicated  to  Dr  Wm.  Houston, 
the  friend  and  correspondent  of  Miller.)  Calyx  tube  ovoid-globous, 
limb  4-toothed  or  cleft,  persistent ;  corolla  tubular,  nuich  exceeding  the 
calyx;  limb  4-lobed,  spreading;  filaments  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla; 
st\  le  1  ;  anthers  and  stigmas  dimorphous,  that  is,  in  some  plants,  the 
former  exserted  and  the  latter  included,  in  others  the  style  exserted  and 
at'.thers  included  ;  capsule  2-lobed,  the  upper  half  free,  cells  few  (8  to 
20)-seeded. — Herbs.  Stij).  connate  with  the  petiole,  entire.  Fls.  soli- 
tary or  in  cymes,  white,  purplish,  or  bluish. 

%  Corolla  salver-form,  glabrous. 


%  Corolla  funnel-form. 


Peduncles  1-flowereil — terminal Nos  1,  2 

—axillary ^«e  8.4 

Peiliuicles  00 -flowcrod,  cymous.— Leaves  lanoe-ovate No.  5 

—Leaves  lance-linear Nos.  6,  7 


1  H.  ccBrdlea  L.  Dwauf  Pink.  Innocexob.  Caespitoug;  radical  lvs.  ovate- 
spatulate,  petiolate ;  sts.  erect,  numerous,  dichotomous ;  ped.  filiform,  I  to  2-flow- 
ered.— {g^  An  elegant  little  plant  found  in  moist  grounds,  fields,  and  road-sides. 
Canada  and  U.  S.,  often  in  patches,     Cauline  lvs.  very  small,  opposite,  lance- 


Oldenlandil,  Sy '       ""  '^'"*«'-'  ^^^"^  &" tide    '  t""  a'"'^""=  ^  ««--•    Cor 

(3  to  4  '  vvide)._Tlie  r.Lt      P^"^'  spreading  with  -i  u.iw 
patens  Ell.)  '"*^  ""^''^  c^on^nion  form  i,fthe "  Sta 'es'  "T''  '"'■  «'«'*'J''r 

2  H   serpyiiif5iia   j^f  .  -  ^^'^^^     ^ai-,  April,     (h 

"'^'i^^  petiolate;  /Is    nvili        ""'^^"t-  c-reopine  lp..r.     , 


}  J 

if    !i 


i'^e   einMSi  "'"^^^  -  ^«o,a     S,  ,t\T  than  thrf, 

(Hed^^tis  HookT      ^    ^^^''    ^'"^»  deeper  colored  fSa.  in"t,'   ^T*'"^^  «"   '    v 

/^-  'rEsuiFdiiA      Sf    ,         ,  '"  ^^^e  throat.  Jn     ti 

smaller,     m  fp. ; -/f- -^^  ^''•''nching  ■   Jvs    ,,  "^^• 


cia 
6 


2  ;  capsule  wholl„  .  f,      "'' '  '"""icMs  4  to  3  •  .t  T    ,'"'"=' '""«  lono-er 

f 'l-'-.v,  «l,itc.'^  ^  '"  "  «"l">'ate  points  e.nc  V,"''*^,  "'•'='■''  <»• 

1  O  .1 ,.     .  'si'io.     Us.  g,„gj|^ 


1  O 

ov 


t'lo  leafy  cai.  t,,etii.— a 


'Pi 


M 


'(in 


'M 


404 


Order  68.— VALERIANACE^. 


plant  varying  in  size  from  1  to  2'  to  aa  many  feet,  found  in  ^wamps,  Ac,  N.  Y.  to 
La.  Lvs.  ^'  in  length,  apparently  connate  from  the  stipules  adhering  to  each 
side  of  the  petiole.  Stip.  2-clett  into  narrow,  subulate  divisions.  Cai.  in  -t  deep, 
leafy  divisions,  which  are  much  longer  than  the  white,  rotate  corolla.  Stam. 
nearly  exserted.  Sty.  very  short.  Caps,  opening  crosswise.  Jn. — Sept.  (Hed- 
yotia  Ell.) 

2  O.  B6acii.     St.  erect,  diffusely  branched;  Iva.  lance-linear,  acute,   attenuated 
to  a  petiole,  1-veined ;  stip.  2-pointed  eajii  side ;  tls.  axillary,  sessile,  1  to  'i  to- 
getlier;  cor.  shorter  than  the  triangular-subulate  calyx  teeth,  which  are  .shjrter 
than  the  roundish  capsule. — 1(.  Borders  of  ponds,  Ac,  Car,  to  La.     Sts.  6  to  10 
high.     Lvs.  r  by  1  to  2".     Cor.  purplisli.     Jl.— Sept.     (Hedyotis  DC.) 

3  O.  Hdlaei,  with  pentamerous  Jls.,  a  prostrate,  succulent  perennial,  found  by  Dr. 
Hale  on  the  Red  River,  La.,  may  yet  be  found  E.  of  the  Miss. 

Order  LXVIIL— VALERIANACE^     Valerians. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Calyx  adherent,  the  limb  either  mem- 
branous or  resembling  a  pappus.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  4  to  5-lobed, 
sometimes  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  distinct,  inserted  into  the  corolla  tube,  alter- 
nate with,  and  generally  fewer  than  its  lobes.  Ovary  inferior,  with  one  perfect 
cell  and  two  abortive  ones.  Seeds  solitary,  pendulous,  in  a  dry,  indehiscent 
pericarp. 

Genera  12,  spenien  185,  widely  diflfused  In  temperate  cliinatcs.  The  true  vnhrinn  of  the 
8h(>[i8,  used  in  hy.'.teria,  ei>ilei)sy,'&c.,  is  a  product  of  Valeriana  officinalis.  The  roots  of  several 
otht'r  species  possess  a,  lieavy  odor,  and  are  tonic,  antispasmodic,  febrifugal,  &c.  The  epikeudrd 
(John  xii.  8,  >tec).  of  old,  valued  as  a  perfume  and  a  stimulant,  is  from  the  root  of  Nardostachys 
Jatamansi. 

1.  VALERIA^NJl,  L.  Valerian.  (To  King  Valerius^  a  patron  and 
friend  of  botanists.)  Calyx  limb  at  first  very  small,  involute,  at  length 
evolving  a  plumous  pappus;  corolla  funnel-form,  regular,  5-cleft ;  stam- 
ens 3  ;  fruit  1 -celled,  1-seeded. —  li  Lvs.  opposite,  mostly  pinnately 
divided.     Fls.  in  close  cymes. 

*  Leaves  and  leaflets  broad,  somewhat  ovate Nos.  1,  2 

♦  Leaves  and  leaflets  narrow  and  nearly  linear Nos  3,  4 

1  V.  paucifldra  Mx.  Glabrous,  erect  or  decumbent,  often  stoloniferous  at  base, 
radical  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  slightly  acuminate,  on  long  petioles,  crenate-serrute, 
cauline,  3  to  7-parted ;  Ifts.  ovate,  terminal  one  much  the  largest ;  cyraules  few- 
flowered,  corymbous;  corolla  tulre  long  (7  to  8  '),  and  slender. — Ohio  to  "Va.  and 
Tenn.  St.  mostly  simple,  1  to  2r  liigh.  Lvs.  of  the  succors  mostly  undivided, 
1  to  1|'  by  f  to  1^',  petioles  1  to  4'  long.     Fls.  pale  purple  or  white.     Jn.,  JL 

2  V.  sylvatica  L.  St.  erect,  striate,  simple;  radical  lvs.  ovate  or  suhspatidate 
(never  cordate),  undivided  ;  cauline  one  pinnately  divided ;  segm.  ovate-lanceolate, 
entire  or  subserrate,  tlie  terminid  one  often  dentate;  cor.  short  (3  to  4") ;  fr. 
ovate,  compressed,  smooth. — St.  1  to  2f  high.  Swamps,  Vt.  to  Mich.,  very  rare. 
Lvs.  ciliate  with  scattered  hairs,  those  of  the  root  petioled,  sometimes  auriculate 
at  base,  those  of  the  stem  with  4  to  8  lateral  segm.  and  a  large  terminal  one. 
Fls.  numerous,  rose-colored,  appearing  in  July. 

3  V.  ^dulis  Nutt.  Simple,  smooth,  and  somewhat  fleshy ;  rt.  lvs.  linear,  spatu- 
late,  entire,  the  cauline  pinnately  cleft  into  3  to  7  lance-linear,  acute  segm.,  mar- 
gins densely  and  minutely  ciliate,  mostly  attenuated  to  the  base,  panicle  com- 
pound; cor.  short  (2  to  3");  fr.  compressed,  4-ribbed.  crowned  with  the  late  cal. 
limb  of!  0  or  12  plumous  setae. — Low  grounds,  Can.,  Wis.,  Ohio.  Rt.  yellowish, 
fusiform.  St.  1  to  3f  high.  Rt.  lvs.  many,  3  to  8'  long,  segm.  2  to  4"  wide. 
Fls.  white,  in  a  dense  panicle  which  is  greatly  expanded  in  fruit.  Jn. — The 
fleshy  root  is  said  to  be  cooked  and  eaten  by  the  Indians.     (V.  ciliata  T.  &  G.) 

4  V.  officinalis  L.  Valerian.  Lvs.  all  pinnate;  Ifts.  lance-linear  or  lan- 
ceolate, the  lateral  and  terminal  similar,  nearly  entire;  cor.  small,  short  (2"),  in 
a  crowded,  compound  cyme. — From  Europe.    It  yields  the  vcUerian  of  the  shops. 


X, ^ 


■"-G:  i  td  'eTo:7>-  ^'-- *t:i,'^ :''™,''- »»'-  fe,.o,d  i„ 


'ti 


n 


•ti^ 


400 


OliDER  69— DIPSACK.E. 


calyv. — '21  Plants  st(»ut,  prickly.  Lvs.  ojipositi;,  connate  (sometimos 
distiiH't)  at  base.  Heads  oblong,  the  mitklle  zone  of  florets  first  ex- 
p-.indiiiir.      (Kig.  206.) 

1  D.  sylvestris  Mill.  Wild  Teaskl.  Lvs.  connato,  siniml-e  or  j;ij»gotl;  M\ 
cvlin  Iriciil ;  bracts  of  tlie  iuvoluun-  loiif^er  tlum  tlio  hoivds  of  tls.,  alendor  and 
puiig.'iit,  bent  inwards;  cJuiff  of  thii  rtcptadH  ptimjeat,  not  liooked. — A  tall,  thirt- 
tle-liko  plint,  gro.viiijf  in  hmlge.s  and  by  roa  l.sido.s,  Mtis-s.  to  Ind.  St.  about  4f 
iiiirli.  angled  and  pricky,  with  tlio  opposite,  lanco-shapiMl  Ivs.  united  around  it. 
¥1-.  bluish,  in  a  largo  oval,  or  cylindrical  head  whoso  bracts  arc  not  hooked,  as 
in  tlie  ne.x't  species,  but  straight.     Jl.     J^  Kur. 

2  D.  FuUdnum  L.  Fullkk's  Te.vsel.  Lvs.  connate,  entire  or  serrate ;  hd. 
cylindrical;  bra'ts  hooked ;  iiivol.  sprewU/Kj. — (fardeus.  Itt.  fle.shy,  tapering.  St. 
erect,  furrowed,  pricikly,  hollow,  about  5f  high.  Lvs.  2  at  each  node,  united  at 
thuir  bases  around  the  stem  in  sucli  a  way  a-(  to  hold  a  quantity  of  water.  Fls. 
whitisii,  in  large  oval  or  ovoid  heads.  Cultivated  for  the  use  of  the  clothiers 
{faUonuiu)  who  employ  tiie  heads  with  their  hard,  hooked  scales  to  raise  the  nap 
ujion  woolen  cloths.     .11.  \  Eur. 

2.  SCABIO^SA,  L.  Scauish.  (Lat.  scabies,  lepro.sy  ;  plants  said  to 
cure  cutaneous  diseases.)  Flowovs  in  heads  ;  involucre  many-leaved  ; 
invoiucel  nearly  cylindrical,  with  b  little  excavations ;  caly.x  limb  con- 
sisting of  5  sette,  sometimes  partially  abortive. —  2^  Large,  mostly  Euro- 
pean herbs  with  opposite  lvs. 

1  S.  Buccisa  L.  Devils'-bit.  Rt.  premorse ;  st.  lvs.  remotely  toothed,  lids, 
of  Hs.  nearly  globous ;  cor.  in  -4  equal  segments. — In  gardens,  though  rarely  cul- 
tivated.    The  stem  is  about  If  high.     Corolla  violet,     f  Eur. 

2  S.  atropurpiirea  L.  Mourning  Bride.  Lvs.  pinnatitid  and  incised,  hds> 
of  Hs.  radiant ;  receptacle  cylindric ;  outer  crown  of  the  seed  short,  l(jbed  and 
creiiate. — A  beautiful  species,  2  to  4f  higli,  with  dense  heads  of  '  pie  tls.  f 
Native  country  unknown. 


Order  LXX.     COMPOSITiE.     Asterworts. 

Plant's  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  tvith  compound  flowers  (of  tiie  old  botanists)  i.  e., 
the  flowers  in  dense  heads  (capitula)  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  many  brads  (scales), 
with  5  united  anthers  and  the  fruit  an  acheniuni  (cypsela).  Leaves  Jilternato  or  oppo- 
site, exstipulate,  simple,  yet  oiteu  much  divided.  Fls.  (florets)  oo,  crowded,  sessile, 
on  the  receptacle  with  or  without  pales  (chaff).  Cal.  adherent,  the  limb  wanting  or 
divided  into  bristles,  hairs,  etc.  (pappus).  Cor.  tubular,  of  5  lobes  with  a  marginal 
vein,  often  ligulate  or  bilabiate.  Stain.  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
anthers  cohering  into  a  tube.  Ov.  1-celled,  witii  1  erect  ovule;  style  single  with  2 
stiu'inas  at  summit.  Fr.  a  cypsela  (§  557),  dry,  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  often  crowned 
with  a  pappus. 

Illnstiatc.l  in  fl^'s.  S\  US.  141. 142,  145,  14«,  170, 102, 193,  211,  212,  218,  214,  21.5,  324,  328,  829, 
330.  m\.  *32.  3*3,  864,  379,  41(J,  4;?4. 

(rfiK-  -a  1000  or  more,  upefies  9tMX»?  the  iiio.st  extiMi^iive  ami  tlic  most  natural  of  all  the  Plijrn- 
paiiioiis  OriliMs.  alway.s  <listiny;iiiBhe(l  at  sisiht  by  tlu-  ca|>itato  tJowci-.s  ami  the  iinitf(|  ahtliL'i's. 
It  iMiiiprehends  nearly  oni'-ninth  of  all  the  species  of  Howerini:  jtlants.  The  general  biflorcs- 
ccni'e  is  centrifugal,  that  i.s.  tlie  central  or  terminal  heads  are  Hist  developed,  while  the  intlor- 
esfi'iiee  of  the  heatis  is  centripetal,  the  outer  tlowers  first  e\[)an(lin^.  In  color  the  flowers  are 
various;  sometimes  those  of  the  disk  and  ray  are  of  ditferent  colors,  aizain  they  are  all  of  the 
thu  -iame,  but  in  the  former  case  the  disk  florets  are  almost  always  yellow. 

This  immense  order  is  difTused  tlirouirhout  all  countries  of  the  globe,  but  in  very  difTercnt 
propiirtiuns.  .Vccording  to  Hiimbolt,  they  constitute  about  one-sevenih  of  the  I'liaMio^'amoiii 
Flora  of  (lerinany,  one-eijrhth.  of  France,  one-fifteenth,  of  Lapland,  one-sixth,  of  Nortli  America 
(north  of  MexicoX  and  one-half,  of  Tropical  America.  In  New  Holland  they  are  in  the  propor- 
tion of  about  one-sixteenth,  according  to  Brown,  while  in  the  island  of  Sicily  they  are  one-half. 
Tlie  Liguliflorie  are  said  to  be  most  abundant  in  cold  regions,  and  the  Tiibulitlorui  ii  hot  regions. 
The  Labiatittora'  are  almost  exclusively  contined  to  South  America.  In  tlio  northern  parts  of 
tile  world  the  ('omposittc  are  universally  herbaceous,  but  towards  the  tropics  they  gradually 
become  frntescent  and  even  trees.  In  Chili  they  are  generally  shrubs,  and  on  the  island  of  St. 
Htlena  they  aie  trees. 

Properticx.  <§•<•. — The  Compositie  furnl.sh  comparatively  few  useful  products.  A  bitter  prin- 
ctple  pervades  the  whole,  which,  when  cumbined  wi»h  resin  and  astrlnzent  mncUaire,  becomes 


orubr  70.— com  posit  .a. 


407 


tonie  finil  f>'l)rifii<;;il,  as  in  tlio  oliainoMilU-,  cnlt'.s-foot,  tlionnmliworl  >;>>!(li'ii  roil,  I'te.  S»mi'  are 
»mi.i'li)iiiiiirs  I'lnrii  the  prevalcnro  of  tho  ri-sirious  prinfiplo,  a.*  tiiii-cy,  Artfiui.->iii.  V'oriii>iii:i. 
Others  lire  uroiiiatic  uiul  fxtn-iiiely  hitter,  iin  wormwood  uikI  all  the  species  of  Artoinisia.  otiier 
citei'Ies  ari'  very  acrid,  as  mayweed.  The  .Jerusalem  artichol^i'  O'*'"""'^''""*  tuherosiis)  llie  veire- 
tahle  oyster  (Trii:.'"|>oiroii),  the  true  artichoke  (C'yiiara),  lettiuu'.  dandelion  and  a  low  otheis,  aro 
Hie  only  species  useful  t'or  I'ooil,    Tlie  onliT  ubound.s  tn  oruameulal  [(lauts. 


641,  fci>.  1.  HelianthiiR  head  radiate.  2.  Vertical  section  of  tlic  bead,  phowing  the  sralen  of  the  Involucr* 
»nd  a  siiiK'ie  disk-flower  remainiiii;  upon  the  convex  receptacle.  .'.  A  perfect  disk-flower  KhowioK  every 
piirt.  4.  Ife.id  iradiate)  of  Solidngo.  5.  A  pistillate,  ligulate  flower  of  tlie  ray.  6.  A  perfect  disk  fl.  7.  A 
irKdiant)  head  of  Taraxacum.  ^.  A  perfect,  ligulate  fl.  '.i.  Aclieniiim,  with  its  long  beak  and  plumous 
piippusi.  lU.  V  (radiant)  head  of  Nabalus  altissimu.t.  11.  A  flower.  I'A  Lapps  major,  bead  discoid.  1.3.  A 
flower.  14.  One  of  the  hooked  scales.  I.").  A  (discoid)  head  of  Eupatoriimi  puipureuin.  16.  A  flower, 
i;.  Ambrosia  (Pigweed).  18.  Staminate  head  eidarged.  11».  Pistillate  involucre  enlarged.  2U.  The  fettiU 
flower. 

The  following  (not  conveniently  used  in  Analysis)  are  De  Candolle's 

SUBORDERS   AND  TRIBES. 

I.  Tl'BULIFLORj;.— Corolla  of  the  perfect  fls.  tubular,  6-lob(;(l.  (A) 

Tkibk  1,  V'eknoniace,*;.  Branches  of  the  style  long,  slender,  terete,  and  hispid 
Si",  over.     Heads  discoid  ;  flowers  all  alike  perfect Nos.  1 — 8 

TiiiBK  2,  Eiri'ATOKiACE.«.      Branches  of  the  stylu  clavate,  obtuse,  flattened, 

minutely  pubf>scent.     lids,  discoid.    FIs.  all  alike,  i)erl'ect Nos.  4 — 15 

Triuk.*?,  A8TEB0iT)E.e.  Bfanciies  of  the  style  flat,  linear,  downy  above  and 
opposite  the  distinct,  stiirmatic  lines,  appendaged  at  top.  Heads  discoid 
or  radiate Nos.  16 — -Sft 

TuiBK  4,  SENECioNin.K.  Branchesof  the  style  linear,  fringed  at  tho  top,  truncate 
or  extended  into  a  eonic.tl,  hispid  appendage Nos.  36 — S7 

Tribe  5,  Cyxare.*!.  Style  thickened  or  node-like  at  top  ;  branches  not  appen- 
daged, the  stigmatic  lines  not  prominent,  reaching  the  apex Nos.  8S — 97 

II.  LlOrLIKLOli.E.— Corollas  all  ligulate  (radiant),  the  flowers  all  perfect.  (B) 
Tkibr  fi,  (^ifiiouACE.fi.     Branches  of  tho  style  long,  obtu.se,  pubescent  all  over  ; 

»ti:rmatic  lines  commencing  below  their  middle.    Juico  milky Nos.  9S — 114 

III.  LABIATIFLOR.E Corolla  of  the  perfect  flowers  bilabiate.  (C) 

Tribe  T.  Mim.isiaoe.e.  Style  nearly  as  in  Cyiiarea>,  the  branches  obtuse,  very 
convex  (Mit.side,  minutely  downy  it  the  top ....  No.  115 


•'t:il^ 


f 


""  1 


/   ' 


/    i 


i     {  ^ 


m 


*?•» 


1 1^: 


'&<'% 


408 


Obuer  70.— composite. 


ARTIFICIAL  ANALYSIS  OP  THE  GENERA. 
A.  Suborder,  TUBULIFLOR^. 

S  Heada  discoid,  that  is,  without  rays.  (1) 

1  Receptacle  rutked,  i.  e.,  wltli  no  pales  or  bristles  among  the  flowers.  (2) 
2  Pappus  a  circle  of  5—2 )  clmtfy  scales,  (a) 
2  Pappus  none,  or  a  short,  toothed  margin,  (b) 
2  ?ar)pu8  composed  of  many  capillary  bristles.  (3) 
,)  Leaves  opposite.     (Heads  homogamous.)  (d) 
3  Leaves  alternate.  (4) 

4  Heads  homogamous, — fls.  all  perfect,  (c) 
4  Heads  heterogamous,  fls.  not  all  perfect.  (5) 
Q  Scales  herbaceous,  often  deciduous,  (e) 
6  Scales  scarious,  persistent,  often  colored,  (f) 
1  Receptacle  chaffy  bearing  pales  among  the  flowers.  (6) 

6  Leaves  alternate,  (g) 
e  Leaves  opposite,  (h) 

1  Receptacle  hearing  brisilet,  or  deeply  alveolate  (honey-combed).  (7) 

7  Pappus  none,  or  consisting  of  scales,  (i) 
7  Pappus  composed  of  many  bristles,  (j) 

S  Heads  radiate,  i.  e.,  the  outer  flowers  ligulate.  (8) 

8  Receptacle  naked  (not  chafly),  or  (in  No.  67)  deeply  honeycomb'Celled,  (9) 
9  Pappus  of  5-i2  scales  which  are  1-awned  or  (in  No.  61)  cleft-bristly,  (k) 
9  Pappus  none,  or  of  a  few  short  awns.  (1) 
9  Pappus  of  many  capiMary  bristlos.  (10) 
10  Kays  cyanic,  in  a  single  row.  (m) 
10  Kays  cyanic,  in  several  rows,  (n) 
10  Kays  yellow,  in  about  one  row.  (11) 

11  Pappus  double,  or  of  very  unequal  bristles,  (o) 
11  Pai)|;us  .simple,  the  bristles  all  similar.  (12) 

12  Involucre  scales  imbricated,  the  outer  shorter,  (p) 
12  Involucre  scales  equal,  not  imbricated,  (r) 
8  Receptacle  chaffy,  with  pales  among  the  flowers.  (13) 

13  Disk  and  ray  flowers  both  fertile,  the  latter  pistillate.  (14) 
14  Rays  yellow  (s) 
14  Riys  cyanic,  (t) 
13  Disk  flov.ers  sterile,  .ay  flowers  fertile,  (u) 
13  Disk  flow3r8  fertile,  ray  flowers  sterile.  (16) 

15  Achenia  obcompressed,  often  beaked,  (v) 

15  Achenia  compressed  laterally,  or  not  at  all.  (x) 

a  Corolla  lobes  one-sidetl.     Head  large,  many-flowered      .....Stokrsia.  3 

a  Corolla  lobes  one-sidod.    Heads  4 — 5-flowered,  aggregated Elei'iiantopus.  8 

a  Corolla  lobes  equal — Leaves  opposite.     Pappus  awned AtiRRATU.vi.  4 

—Leaves  whorled.     Pappus  obtuse Sclerolkpis.  5 

-Leaves  alternate.— Pappus  scales  8 — 10 Polvhteris.  68 

—Pappus  scales  12 — 20 1Iy.\«enopahi'U8.  64 

b  Loaves  o^iposfte.    Flowers  dioecious,  obscure Ambrosia.  45 

b  Leaves  alternate. — Flowers  yellow.    Disk  conical  I Matricaria.  73 

— Flowers  yellow.    Disk  convex Tanacetum.  75 

— Flowers  whitish. — Erect,  leafless  above Adbnooaui.on.  15 

— Erect,  leafy Artemisia.  78 

— Low  and  depressed Soli v a.  77 

0  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row     Flowers  cyanic Cacaua.  84 

0  Scales  of  the  Involucre  in  one  row.     Flowers  yellow Henecio.  8ft 

0  Scales  imbricated.— Flowers  yellow Bujei.ovia.  27 

— Flowers  whitish.    F.upatoricu  10,  and  Kitiinia.  S 

— Flowers  purple. — Pappus  simple Li  \trib.  7 

— Pappus  double Verno^ia.  I 

d  Achenia  lO-striate.    Flowers  purple Biuokellia.  • 

d  Achealaft-angled.— Receptacle  conical.    Flowers  blue Conocmnipm.  13 

— Receptacle  flat.— Scales  4  or  5 Mikania.  11 

—Scales  8—20 ...  .Eupatorium.  10 


Ordkb  70.-— COaIPOSIT^. 


409 


e  Shrubs.    Flower  dioecious,  the  $  and  t  in  different  heads ^ Bacciiaris.  •'iS 

e  Herbs. — Stem  winged.     Heads  spicate Pterucaulon.  30 

— Stem  wingless.— Heads  corymbous,  purplish Pluciiea.  84 

—Heads  paniculate. — Pappus  reddish Convza.  32 

— Pappus  white KRKt;uTiTE!».  83 

f  Receptacle  chaffy  except  in  the  center Filago.  80 

f  Receptacle  naked.— Heads  diiBciuns.   Antbnnari a.  79 

—Heads  heterogaiuous. — Involucre  erect Gnapiialium.  78 

—Involucre  radiate IIklichuvsum.  82 

g  Scales  dry,  fodeless.    Pappus  of  scalc-liko  awns Xkrantiiemum.  81 

g  Scales  herbaceous. — Flowers  heterucephalouB.    Fruit  a  burr X antuium.  40 

— Fls.  all  perfect.— Pappus  of  5  or  G  scales Marbiialua.  6S 

— Papp.  of  many  bristles Carhiikpiioui;'}.  0 

h  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  inversely  hispid  awns Bioess.  58 

h  Flowers  yellow.     Pappus  2  erectly  hispid  awns Corkoi'SIS.  57 

h  Flowers  whitish,— heterocephalous.    Anthers  yellowish Ambrosia.  45 

— mono-clous.    Anthers  yellow Iva.  44 

— all  perfect.     Anthers  black Melantiiera.  47 

i  Outer  scales  of  the  in  vol.  leafy.     Pappus  none Cartiiamus.  93 

i  Outer  scales  pectinate  or  ciliate-fringcd Ckntaukea.  91 

i  Outer  and  inner  scales  obtuse,  entire Amberuua.  92 

J  Paiipus  plumous.     Achenia  obov.ite Cvnara.  88 

J  Pappus  plumous.     Achenia  oblong €u»ium.  96 

j  Pappus  scabrous, — triple,  e.ich  row  by  10s Cnicus.  94 

— simple. — Scales  spincscent Onopori)<»n.  95 

— Scales  hooked Lappa.  97 

k  leaves  opposite.     Papp.  scales  deeply  cleft  into  bristles Dvhooia.  CI 

k  leaves  alternate. — Rays  fertile Hklrnium.  65 

— Rays  sterile. — Receptacle  naked  or  fimbriate Gaillardia.  62 

— Rt'ceptaclo  areolate, Lrptopoda.  6tf 

— Itecoptacle  deeply-celled Baldwinia.  67 

1    waves  opposite.     Involucre  double,  outer  8  united Dahlia.  2S 

1   Leaves  opposite.     Involucre  single  ;  scales  united Taoetks.  89 

}   leaves  alternate. — Pappus  of  a  few  short  a«vn3  or  bristles Roltonia.  24 

— Pappus  a  membranous  margin Matricaria.  73 

—  Pappus  0. — Rays  fertile,  disk  sterile Calksdula.  90 

— Fls.  all  fort- Invol.  scales  equal Brllib  22 

— Invol.  broad,  flat LKirrANTiiEMiLW.  72 

— Invol.  hemispherical.. ...CiiRVSANTnEMUM.  74 

Bl  Rays  neutral  sterile,  3—12  ;  P  inpus  simple O  alateli  a  16 

U  Rays  pistillate,  fertile, — about  .>     Achenia  very  silky Skrioocarpus.  17 

—8—12.     Pappus  double Diplopappus.  19 

—5 — "5.     Pappus  simple Aster.  18 

—41—200,  white.     Scales  equal EuKiEKo.v.  20 

n  Flowers  dioecious,  purplish.     Leaves  all  radical NAunosMrA.  14 

n  Fls.  ail  fertile. — Outer  pappus  0  or  very  short  bristles KBUiERo.i.  20 

—Outer  pappus  a  crown  of  short,  pointed  scales Calhstepiius.  21 

O  Flowers  of  the  disk  mostly  sterile.     Ruys  80 — 40 Prionopsis.  29 

O  Fl».  all  fertile.— Pappus  double  in  the  dit.k,  none  in  the  ray. IIeterotiikca.  3* 

— Pappus  double  in  both  disk  and  ray Ciirvsopbis.  81 

p  Heads  large,  about  20-rayed.     Pappus  in  one  row Inula.  83 

p  Heads  very  small,  1 — 15-rayed,— Pappus  1  row,  shorter  than  achenia. .  .nRAoiiYciiJCTA.  26 

— Pappus  1  row,  tawny,  longer  than  achenia..IsoPAPPL'8.  28 

— Pappus  irregularly  2-rowed,  white Solidaoo.  26 

r  Head  soU'ary,  on  a  scope  with  alternate  bracts Tussilaog.  18 

r  Heads  corymbed,  &c, — Leaves  nlternate Seneoio.  86 

— Leaves  opposite Arnica.  8T 

s  Shrubby.    Pappus  4  toothed,  obscure Borpioiiia.  87 

■  Herbaceous. — Scales  (the  4 outer)  united  into  a  cup Tbtraoonotheoa.  60 

—Scales  distinct.— Achenia  4-an2led.    Pappus  0 Heliopris.  49 

— Achenia  flattened.    Pappus  0 AoMBiaA.  59 

— Aoh.  flat,  with  a  S-awned  pappud Vbubuuna.  OU 


'M 


T 


410 


UiiDiiU  70.— COMPOSITE. 


\' 


t  Leaves  (iltfrnatt'.     Pappus  none.    Achenia  torete  Anthf-mis  ()9 

t  leaves  alti^niate.     l'u|)pus  none.    Achenia  obcoinpressed Aimiii.lka.  71 

t  Leaves  opposite. — I'appus  none E(  lipta.  33 

—Pappus  of  fringed  scales  H<l8.8m.  Kay8  5,sm.  white.  §Eur.  Oallnsocja. 

— Papp.  of  the  disk  a  single  awn  of  the  ray  0 Zinnia    4S 

u  Leaves  opposite.     Rays  yellow.     Pappus  none Polymma.  Hd 

U  Leaves  opposite.  R:iys  voilow.  Papp.2or3-toothed..Sii.PHiUM  41.  Chuysouonim.  40 
u  Leaves  alternate. — Ra\  -,  whitish,  very  short,  5  only Partiienh- m.  4.3 

— Rays  yellow. — Auhcnia  winged     Silhiiicm.  41 

—Achenia  wingless BKiti.ANDiicuA.  42 

V  Achenia  with  erectly  hispid  awns,  or  awnless;  never  rostrate Cokeoi'sis.  57 

V  Achenia  with  retrorsely  hispid  awns,  often  attenuated  above Rn  ens.  5S 

X  Rays  white,  spreading.     Pappus  none Makuta.  70 

X  Rays  purple,  pendant.    Pales  sharp,  elongated Eohin acka.  61 

X  Bays  yellow. — Pappus  none.    Achenia  quadrangular Rudbecki  a.  52 

— Pappus  none.    Achenia  compressed Lkpaohys.  53 

•  — Pappus  of  2  deciduous  awns.     Ach.  wingless Heliantiu's.  54 

— Pappus  of  2  persistent  teeth.    Ach.  winged Helianthella.  55 

— Papp.  of  2  persistent  awns.    Ach.  broad-winged AoTiNOUEBiSk  b6 

B.  Suborder,  LIGULIFLOR-iE. 

S§  Pappus  none,  or  consisting  of  little  scales,  (a) 

§§  Pappus  double  (of  scales  and  bristles),  or  simple  and  plumous.  (b) 

S§  Pappus  composed  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumous.  (*) 

*  Achenia  terete  or  angular,  not  flattened,  (c) 

*  Acheiiia  evidently  flattened,  (d) 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  none.     Heads  paniculate Lampsana.  98 

a  Flowers  yellow.     Pappus  none.     Heads  solitary  or  umbellate Apouon.  99 

a  Flewers  blue. — Pappus  of  many  liitle  scales.    Recept.  naked , Ciouorium    100 

— Pappus  of  5  scales.    Receptacle  ehatfy Catananche.  106 

b  Flowers  purple.     Feathery  pappus  on  a  long  filiform  beak Trauopogon.  104 

b  Flowers  /ellow.   Feathery  pappus  on  a  short  beak  or  sessile Leontodon.  103 

b  Flowers  yellow. — Pappus  of  many  bristles  with  the  scales Cynthia.  102 

— Pappus  of  5  bristles  and  5  scales Kkigia.  101 

c  Flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  mostly  nodding.    Stem  leafy Xabai.is.  107 

C  Flowers  rose-purple,  erect.    (Stem  almost  leafless.) LvooDKSMiA.  Ill 

0  Flowers  yellow. — Achenia  long-beaked.     Pappus  white Takaxaoum.  109 

— Achenia  long-beaked.     Pappus  reddish Pyrriiopaim'is.  110 

— Achenia  not  beaked. — Pappus  dull  white  or  tawny Hieracu-m.  105 

—Pappus  bright  white Troximon.  108 

d  Achenia  Aontracted  into  a  slender  beak.    Fls.  mostly  yellow Lactica,  112 

d  Aciienia  scarcely  beaked. — Flowers  mostly  blue Miri.<iGi>u°.M.  1 13 

—Flowers  yellow.     Papp.  silky SoNCiirs.  114 

C.  Suborder,  LABTATIFLOR^. 
§§$  Head  radiate,  solitary,  nodding  in  bud.    Pappus  capillary CHAPXitiA.  115 

Suborder  I.     T  U  BU  L  IF  L  0  R  .«. 


Tribe  1.     VERNONIACE^. 


1.  VERNO'NIA,  Schreb.  Iron  Weed.  (Named  for  William  Vernon, 
an  English  botanist  who  traveled  in  America  in  searcli  of  plants.) 
Flowers  all  tubular,  perfect ;  involucre  of  ovate,  imbricated  scales,  the 
inner  longest ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  double,  the  exterior  chaffy, 
the  interior  capillary.  21  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  pur- 
ple (in  our  species.) 

S  Scales  of  the  involucre  nil  obtuse  and  cUselv  appressed No.  1 

§  Scales  of  the  invol.  (usually  all)— with  slender,  nexuous  points Nos.  8,8 

—with  acHite  or  mucronat*  points Nos.  4,  6,  <1 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


411 


1  V.  faaciculdta  Mx.  St.  tall,  striate  or  grooved,  tomeritous ;  Ivs.  narrow-laiiceo- 
late,  tapering  to  eacli  end,  serrulate,  lower  ones  petiolate ;  hd.-^.  numerous,  in  a 
somewhat  fastigiate  cyme ,  iuvol.  ovoid-campanulate ;  scales  appressed,  mucro- 
nate  or  obtuse. — "Woods  and  prairies,  W.  States,  very  common.  A  coarse,  pur- 
plisiigreen  weed  3  to  lOf  high.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  by  1  to  2',  smootli  above.  Cytnes 
coiapact  or  loose.  Heads  large  or  small.  Cor.  showy,  dark  purple,  twice  longer 
than  the  involucre.     Jl. — Aug.     Variable. 

2  V.  NoveboracSnsis  WilM.  Lvs.  numerous,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  rough,  cyme 
fastigiate;  scales  of  invol.  filiform  at  tlie  ends. — A  tall,  showy  plant  witli  tnjmiT- 
ous  large,  dark  purple  flowers,  found  in  meadows  and  other  moist  situations,  U.  S. 
St.  branching  at  top,  reddish,  3  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  crowded,  paler  Deneath,  radit-nl 
ones  often  lobed.  Cymes  terminal.  Hat-topped,  compound.  Sca.os  and  corolla 
deep  purple,  the  former  ending  in  long,  threadlike  appendages,  or  in  one  variety 
(V.  praealta  Less.)  partly  cuspidate.  In  another  variety  (V.  tomentosa  EU.Hlie 
plant  becomes  tomentoua  in  the  corymbs  and  under  surface  of  tlio  leaves.     Sept. 

3  V.  scab^rrima  Nutt.  St.  simple,  corymbed  above ;  lvs.  crotoded  below,  scssHa, 
lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  scabrous  above,  margins  revolute,  suhentire  :  lids  ^0  to 
30-flowered ;  scales  lanceolate,  ciliate,  protracted  into  long,  flexuous  point.- ; 
piippus  whitish,  exserted  but  shorter  than  the  appendagcd  scales. — In  pine  bar- 
rens.    Height  2  to  3f,     Invol.  usually  green  ;  cor.  purple,     Jn. — Aug. 

4  v.  angustifdlia  Mx.  Slender,  many-leaved ;  lvs.  linear  or  lance-linear,  the 
lowest  serrulate, upper  entire  with  revolute  margins;  cymes  corynibous,  with 
very  slender  peduncles ;  hds.  10  to  15  flowered;  scales  acute  or  mucronate,  the 
lower  spreading  and  more  or  less  filiform-pointed;  pappus  purplisii,  twice  longer 
than  the  invol. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La,  in  the  pine  barrens.  About  2f  high. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

5  V.  ovaUfdlia  Torr.  &  Gr.  Lvs.  lance-oval  or  lance-oblong,  acute,  sessile,  sharply 
serrate,  veiny ;  cyme  loose,  fastigiate  ;  hds.  rather  large,  scales  appressed,  aciitt.'  or 
mucronate,  much  shorter  than  the  pappus. — Mid.  Fla.  (Chapman).  St.  3  to  4f 
higli.     Hds.  about  20-fiowcred,  with  a  purplish  pappus. 

6  V.  oligoph^Ua  Mx.  St.  nearly  leafless,  slender ;  lvs.  mostly  radical,  oblong- 
obovate,  dentate-serrate,  the  2  or  3  cauline  lvs.  bract-like,  Uinceoiate,  serrulate ; 
cyme  loose,  somewhat  dichotomous,  with  few  heads ;  scales  witli  spreading, 
acuminate  tips. — Swampy  pine  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fia.  Sts.  about  2f  high. 
Ju.,  Jl. 

2.  STOKE'SIA,  L'TTer.  (In  honor  of  Jonathan  Stokes,  M.  D.,  an 
English  botanist.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  larger,  ray-like, 
irregular;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  in  s(!veral  rows,  the  outer 
spinulous  and  leaf-like  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  fruit  4-angled  ;  pappus  of  4 
or  5  awn-like,  rigid,  deciduous  scales. —  U  Erect,  with  a  downy  stem, 
alternate  lvs.,  and  terminal,  large  heads  of  showy  blue  fls. 

3.  c^ama  L'ller.  A  rare  and  ornamental  plant,  found  in  S.  Car.,  Ga..  and  La , 
rarely  in  gardens.  It  resembles  a  Centaurea.  Height  about  2f.  Lvs.  sessile,  en- 
tire, glabrous,  the  bracts  spinulous  at  base,  gradually  passing  into  the  scales. 
Outer  corollas  with  the  innercleft  deeper,  limb  spreading,  palmate,  imitating 
rays. 

3.  ELEPHAN'TOPUS,  L.  Elephant's-foot.  (Gr.  f'Af'0a(:,  elephant, 
Toj'f,  foot ;  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  leaves  in  some  species.)  Heads 
:i  to  5- Howcred,  glomerate  into  a  compound  head  with  leafy  bracts; 
Howcrs  all  equal ;  involucre  compressed,  the  scales  about  8,  oblong,  dry, 
in  2  series  ;  corolla  5-cleft,  one  of  the  clefts  deeper  than  the  others,  seg- 
ments acuminate ;  achenia  ribbed,  hairy  ;  pappus  chatfy-setaoeous. —  If 
Erect,  with  alternate  subsessile  lvs.     Cor.  violet  purple. 

1  C  CaroHniElnus  Willd.  St.  much  branched,  leafy,  hairy ;  lvs.  scabrous  and 
Bomewha-t  hairy,  ovate  or  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  lower  oncrt  ou 
petioles,  U[)per  oive  subsessilo;  hds.  terminal  and  subteiminal. — Dry  soils,  Pcnu. 


'J 

4      I 


^ 


\ 


t" 


412 


Order  70,— COMPOSITE. 


Ohio  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  20  to  30'  high,  flexuous,  the  branches  divaricate.  Lower 
stem  Ivs.  5  to  7'  by  3  to  5 ,  upper  about  2'  by  1^',  tlie  highest  oblong,  siuuller, 
subtending  the  glomerules  in  the  form  of  an  invol.  Scales  3  '  long.  Jl. — SepL 
Zj.  tomentdsus  L.  St.  hirside,  ntarly  leafless,  simple  or  dichotomous  above; 
radical  Ivs.  large,  hirsute-tomentous,  oblong-spatulate  or  obovate,  crenato,  nar- 
rowed to  a  winged  petiole,  cauline  small  and  bract-like  at  the  forks,  or  none  ; 
bracts  thick,  broad-ovate,  scales  rigid. — Del.  to  Ga.,  Fla.,  to  La.,  common  in  the 
pine  woods.  St.  1  to  2f,  often  quite  simple,  with  a  single,  large  glomerule  at  top. 
Tlje  stiff,  acute  scales  are  5  '  long.  JL— -Sept. — Varies  with  more  branches  aad 
leaves,  towards  No.  1. 


Tribe  2.     EUPATORIACE^. 


4.  AGERATUM  L.  (Gr.  a  (privative)  and  yfjpag,  old  aj^e  ;  i.  e.,  fade- 
less ;  misapplied  in  tliis  case.)  Heads  oo-flowcred,  ^  ,  discoid  ;  scales 
linear,  imbricated,  pointed ;  receptacle  naked ;  corollas  all  tubular ; 
fruit  (cypsela)  5-angled,  narrowed  at  base ;  pappus  5  to  10  chaffy, 
awned  scales. — 0©  Mostly  tropical,  with  opposite,  petioled  Ivs.  and 
corymbed  heads. 

A.  conyzoides  L.  Branching;  Ivs.  ovate,  tooth-crenate,  acute  or  cordate  at 
base,  somewhat  rugous ;  pappus  of  5  subulate,  denticulate  scales  as  long  as  the 
cor.  but  much  sliort^r  than  the  conspicuous  branches  of  the  style.  Near  Sa- 
vannah (Pond).  Sts.  12  to  18'  high,  downy.  Lower  petioles  lialf  as  long  as  th* 
leaves.  Fls.  blue  or  white.  Apr.,  Jn.  §  The  cultivated  variety  called  A.  Mexi- 
caua  has  nearly  all  its  leaves  cordate,  and  flowers  always  ?  blue. 

5.  SCLEROL'EPIS,  Cass.    (Gr.  OKXrjpog,  hard,  XeTTig,  scale.)    Head 
Qo-flovvered,   <J ,  discoid ;  scales  equal,   linear,  in  2  series ;  receptacle 

naked  ;  corolla  5-toothed,  enlarged  at  the  throat ;  branches  of  the 
style  much  exerted;  achenia  5  angled,  crowned  with  a  cup-shaped 
pappus  of  5  obtuse,  horny  scales. —  21  Aquatic,  glabrous,  simple,  with  1 
to  3  terminal  hds.     Lvs.  verticillato  ;  fls.  purple. 

S.  verticillita  Cass.  In  shallow  water,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  decumbent  at  base,  1 
to  2f  liigh.  Lvs.  in  numerous  whorls  of  about  6'  linear-setaceous,  entire,  1'  in 
lengtli.  Head  commonly  solitary  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  Jl. — Sept.  (Sparga- 
uopliorus  Mx.) 

6.  CARPHEPH'ORUS,  Cass.  (Gr.  Kap^iog,  chaff,  </)t>J,  to  bear;  for 
its  chafiy  receptacle.)  Heads  (about  20-flowered),  involucre,  flowers 
and  fruit  as  in  Liatris  ;  receptacle  chaffy  ;  pales  narrow,  3-veined,  rigid, 
shorter  than  the  flowers. —  If  Sts.  simple,  leafy,  corymbous  at  top,  with 
middle  .sized  heads  of  purple  flowers.     (Liatris,  Mx.  Ell.) 

*  Scales  of  the  Involucre  acute,  downy-toinentous Nos.  1,  2 

♦  Sicales  of  the  involucre  roumled-obUise,  nearly  glabrous Nos.  8,  4 

1  C.  pseudo-liatris  Cass.  Slender,  erect,  tomentous-pubescent ;  lvs.  nearly 
glalwoud,  linear-subulate,  rigid,  the  cauline  gradually  shorter,  closely  appressed  to 
and  covering  the  stem  ;  hds.  few  in  a  racemous  cyme ;  scales  rigid,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, appressed. — Gadsden  Co.,  Fla.  to  Ala.  and  La.  Plant  strictly  erect,  2f  high, 
its  toinentura  grayish.     Hds.  15  to  20-flowered.     (L.  squamosa  Nutt.) 

2  C.  tomentdsus  Ton*.  &  Gr.  Erect,  downy  and  corymbous  above ;  rt.  lvs.  lanceo- 
late,  petiolate;  cauline  lance-ovate,  sessile,  erect,  the  upper  pubescent;  scales  lance, 
ovate,  acute,  mostly  appressed,  glandular  toment>"»us. — Swamps,  Va  to  Ga.  St 
2f  liigii,  bearing  a  loose,  spreading  corymb.  Pales  linear,  pappus  purplish, 
Sept.,  Oct.     (L.  Walteri,  Ell.) 

3  C.  bellidifdllus  Torr.  &  Or.  Low,  nearly  glabrous,  tufted;  root-lvs.  spatulato, 
petiolate,  obtuae,  3-veined,  cauline  mostly  linear ;  branches  with  1  to  5  heads; 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


413 


aeales  herbaceous,  glabrous,  oblong  and  obtaso'. — Sand  hills  about  Wiliuiiigton,  X. 
Car.  Sts.  numerous  and  much  branched,  8  to  12'  high.  Scales  Iwity,  greeu, 
pappus  rather  plumous  than  barbellate.  Sept.  (L.  bellidifoUa  Mx.) 
4  C.  corymbdsus  Torr.  &,  Gr.  St.  single,  stout,  erect,  hairy ;  Ivs.  nearly  smootli* 
ohlanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  tho  base,  the  upper  small,  oblong,  sessile ;  lids, 
about  20,  20-flowered,  in  a  dense  corymbous  cyme ;  scales  smooth,  oblong-oval, 
very  obtuse,  with  a  broad,  scarious  margin. — Swamp  margins,  N!  Car.  to  Fla. 
St.  about  .3f  high.     Fls.  pale  purple.     Sept.,  Oct.     (L.  corymbosa  Nutty 

7.  LIATRIS,  L.  (Gr,  Af,  an  emphatic  prefix,  arpoi^,  invulnerable ; 
used  as  a  vulnerary.)  Heads  few  to  many  (5  to  60)-flowered  ;  flowers 
all  ^  ,  tubular ;  involucre  oblonj;,  imbricate  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus 
of  oo  capillary  bristles,  mostly  plumous  ;  achenia  tapering  to  the  slen- 
der base,  10-striate;  styles  much  exserted. —  If  Herbs  with  simple,  erect 
stems,  alternate,  entire  Ivs.,  and  haiidsome  rose-purple  fls.  in  spicate, 
racemcd,  or  paniculate  hds.,  blooming  from  Aug.  to  Nov. 

I  Heads  in  ft  corymb  or  thyrse-like  panicle.    Root  flbrous Nos.  1,  2 

I  Heads  in  n  spike  or  a  simple  raceme,     lioot  a  roundisii  tuber  (a) 

a  Scales  of  tho  involucre  coloreil  and  putaloid  at  tlieir  lengthened  ends No.  3 

a  Scales  not  petjiloid,  green  or  sliglitly  tinged  at  tho  end  (b). 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.    Corollas  (13  to  60)  hairy  within Nos.  4,  5 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.     Corollas  (3  to  5)  smooth  witliin Nos.  6,  7 

b  Pappus  only  bai'Dcllato  (smooth  t()  the  naked  eye)  (c). 

O  Heads  8  to  7-flowored, — in  one-sided  spikes  or  racemes Nos.  8.  9 

— in  a  regular  spike,  raceme  (or  panicle) Nos.  10, 11 

C  Heads  20  to  40-flowered,  roumlish,  with  rounded  scales .No.  1'3 

0  Heads  7  to  15-flowered. — Scales  all  similar,  obtuse Nos.  \'\  14 

— Scales  all,  or  the  inner  only  acute Nos.  15,  16 

1  L.  odoratfsBima  Willd.  Vanilla-plant.  Deer's-tongub.  Glabrous;  rt.- 
Ivs.  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse,  5  to  7-veinod,  tapering  to  the  base,  oaulino  oblong, 
clasping;  hds.  about  8-flowered,  in  many  cyraes,  constituting  a  large,  loose 
corymb;  scales  all  obtuse;  fr.  smoothish. — Pine  barrens  (Va.  ?)  to  Fla.  and  La., 
abundant.  Sts.  1  to  :jf  high.  Corymbs  leafless.  Fls.  bright  purple.  Sept.,  Oct. 
— Tiie  fleshy  leaves  exhale  a  rich  fragrance  (compared  to  Vanilla)  oven  for  years 
after  they  are  dry,  and  are  therefore  by  tho  soutliern  planters  largely  mbced  with 
their  cjred  tobacco,  to  impart  its  fragrance  to  that  nauseous  weed. 

2  L.  paniculdta  "Willd.  St.  simple,  virgate,  viscid-tomentous ;  rt-lvs.  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  ac'ite,  tapering  tc  a  petiole,  caulino  small,  appressed,  lanceolate-acu- 
minate; hds.  ..oout  5-(iowered,  in  an  oblong,  d",nse,  thyrsoid  j)anicle. — Damp  pino 
barrens,  (ja.,  Fla.  St.  2  to  3f  liigli.  Scales  fjw,  ail  obtuse.  Fls.  pale  purple  or 
white.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  L.  Slogans  Willd.  Villous-eaneacenfc  above ;  Ivs.  glal)rou.s,  the  radical  ohlan- 
ceolate, A  to  6-veined,  cauline  linear,  tho  upper  bract-like,  spreading ;  spike  or 
raceme  dense;  hds.  obhmg-cylindricul,  4  to5-flowered;  scales  lance-linear,  pro- 
longed into  a  colored,  petaloid  appendage  longer  than  tiie  flowers  ;  pappus  evi- 
dently plumous. — A  remarkable  species,  in  pino  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  To.v. 
St.  3  or  4f  high,  ending  in  a  spike  G  to  IG'  long.  Tlie  purple  appendaged  scales 
more  showy  tlian  ihe  florets.     Aug.,  Sept. 

4  L.  squarrdsa  Willd.  Blazino  Star.  Smooth  or  scabrous-pubescent;  Ivs. 
linear,  lower  ones  attenuated  at  base;  rac.  flexuous,  leafy;  hds.  few,  20  to  40- 
flowered,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  invol.  ovate-cylindric ;  scales  large,  squarroiis- 
spreading,  outer  larger,  leafy,  inner  mucronate-acuminafe,  scarcely  colored;  fls. 
numeroi;s;  pappus  plumous. — A  splendid  plant,  native  N.  Y".  (I'laton)  Penn.  to 
Fla.  and  W.  States.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  thickly  beset  witii  long,  linear  leaves. 
Hds.  5  to  20,  with  large,  brilliant  purple  florets.  Aug.  f  It  varies  with  the 
heads  only  12  to  15-flowered  (Georgia,  Feay),  smooth  or  hairy,  Ac. 

5  L.  cylindrdoea  Mx.  St.  low,  slender,  and  very  leafy,  smooth  and  somewhat 
hirsute.  Ivs.  rigid,  linear,  mostly  1-veined;  hds.  few,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  cylin- 
drical. 15  to  20-flowered;  scales  short,  ciliale,  dose,  rounded  or  obtuse,  and  abruptly 
mucronaie  at  apex ;  pappus  plumous. — Prairies  and  barrens,  Mich,  to  Towa  (Cou- 
■cas)  and  Mo.     St.  G  to  18'  high.     Lva.  2  to  6'  by  2  to  4 ".     Heads  1'  louft 


I 


>1 


■     T 


414 


Oruer  70.— COMPOdlT.*:. 


rarely  solitary,  sometimes  10  or  12,  mostly  about  5.     Fls.  bright-purple.     Jl — 
Sept. 

6  Ij.  Boykinii  Torr.  and  Gr.  Slender,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear,  punctate,  elongated,  the 
upper  shor^  and  setaceous;  hds.  3  to  5-flowered,  sessile,  or  witti  sliort  appressed 
ped.  in  a  close  virgate  spike ;  accUes  few,  the  outer  subulate,  short,  the  inner 
lance-linear,  margins  scarious,  tips  acuminate,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  plumoua 
pappus. — W.  Ga.  Plant  nearly  smooth,  1  to  2f  high,  with  pale  purple  tioreta. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

7  L.  tenuifdlia  Nutt.  Smooth,  slender,  simple;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear  (»•  filiform, 
the  lower  crowded,  very  long,  diminisliing  upwards  to  setaceous  bracts ;  hds.  5- 
flowered,  crowded,  on  scaly,  tlliform  ped.  forming  a  long  raceme  ;  stales  oblong, 
obtxise,  raucronulate,  outer  very  short ;  pappus  piumous,  scarcely  longer  than  ilie 
villous  fruit. — Pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  J?'la.  Very  elegant,  2  to  4f  high.  Rt.  Ivs. 
resembling  those  of  the  long-leaved  pine^  in  a  crowded  tuft.     Rac.  of  purple  Ha. 

1  to  2f,  ped.  1'.     Aug.— Oct. 

8  L.  sec^nda  Ell.  Slender,  ascending  and  recurved  ;  Ivs.  linear,  shoit.  the  radi- 
Ciil  linear-lanceolate;  rac.  recurved,  long,  slender,  v.'ith  the  heads  all  turned  to  the 
upper  side  (secund);  invoL  about  10-scaled  and  5-Hov\er€d;  pappus  plumoua 
(under  a  lens). — Dry  sand  hills.  Mid.  Car.  and  Ga.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high.  Beautihilly 
distinguished  by  its  long  (6  to  12)  secund  racemes.     Aug.,  Sept. 

9  Ii.  paucifldra  Ph.  St.  simple,  glabrous;  Ivs.  linear;  ^jaw.  (composed  of  simple 
racemes  ?)  virgate,  leafy,  branches  short,  with  few  hds. ;  hds.  subsessile,  secund, 
3  to  5-flo\vered ;  scales  erect,  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous. — Ga.  (Bartram,  Pursh.) 
A  species  at  present  unkrown.     Probably  a  var.  of  the  last. 

10  Ii.  grdcilis  Ph.  Pubescent,  slender,  simple;  Ivs.  linear,  1-veined.  short,  the 
lower  lanceolate,  obtuse,  all  glabrous,  ciliate  at  base;  hds.  3  to 5  to  7 -flowered, 
on  divaricate,  slender,  hairy  pedicels,  in  a  long  virgate  raceme,  rarely  paniculate ; 
scales  few,  appresaed,  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  purple  barbellate  pappus. 
Dry  pine  barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.,  Ala,  Plant  grayish,  2  to  3f  high.  Hds.  small.  Fr. 
villous.     Sept.,  Oct. 

11  L.  pycnoatdchya  Mx.  Simple,  more  or  less  hirsute,  very  leafy ;  Ivs.  rigid, 
a>scending,  straight,  lower  ones  long,  lanceolate,  veined,  obtuse,  upper  short,  nar- 
row-linear ;  spike  dense  and  thick,  long  and  bracted  below ;  hds.  numerous,  rylin- 
drical,  sessile,  5-flowered;  scales  appressed,  with  acute,  scarious  and  colorid 
squarrous  tips. — Prairies,  111.  to  Tex.  A  stout  species,  distingui,<hed  from  L. 
spicata,  chieHy  by  its  acute,  squarrous  scales,  and  few-flowered  heads.  St.  3  to  5f 
high.  Spikes  cylindrical,  10  to  20'  long.  Aug.  Varies  with  stem  and  iuvol. 
nearly  glabrous  (L.  brachystachya  Nutt.) 

12  L.  scaridsa  L.  G.vy  Feather.  Scabrous-pwbescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower 
on  long  petioles,  upper  linear  and  much  smaller;  hds.  remotely ractituul,  20  ^o-lO- 
flowered,  globous  hemispherical;  scales  obovate,  very  obtuse,  purplish;  fls.  numer- 
ous ;  pappus  scabrous. — A  beautiful  plant.  4  to  5f  high,  in  woods  and  sandy  fields. 
Can.,  Mass.  (Ricard)  to  Ga.  and  La.  St.  rather  stout,  whitish  above.  Lvs. 
numerous,  entire,  lower  3  to  9'  long,  upper  1  to  3'  by  1  to  3  ',  rough-edged. 
Hds.  5  to  20,  1'  diam.,  in  a  long  raceme,  each  20  to  40-flovvered.  Cor.  purple. 
Aug.  t 

13  L.  spicdta  Willd.  Lvs.  lance-linear,  smoothish,  punctate,  ciliate,  lower  ones 
narrowed  at  base ;  hds.  in  along,  terminal  spike,  sessile  ;  scales  of  the  invol.  oblong, 
obtuse;  jls.  about  8;  pappus  scabrous-plumous. — Native  from  N.  J.  and  Mich,  to 
Fla.  and  La.     Abundant  in  prairies.     A  beautiful  species,  often  cultivated.     St. 

2  to  5f  high.     Hds.   numerous,   with  bright  purple   Ha.     Aug.  \ — Varies  with 
smaller,  5  to  7-flowered  heads.     (L.  resinosa  Nutt.) 

14  L.  graminifdlia  Willd.  Glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs ;  st.  slender  and 
simple;  lvs.  linear,  1-veined;  hds.  7  to  12-flowered,  mostly  pedicellate,  spikes  or 
racemes  sometimes  paniculate  below ;  invoL  acute  at  base ;  scales  many  (12  to 
18),  dbovoie-spatulate,  very  obtuse,  appressed,  outer  row  shorter;  ach.  hairy. — N. 
J.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  The  lower  lvs.  are  lance-linear,  3  to  4' 
wide,  upper  subulate.  Hds.  generally  pedicellate,  pedicels  4  to  12"  long.  Fr. 
hairy,  shorter  than  tiie  scabrous  pappus.    Sept.,  Oct. 

ii.  uuniA.     Inflorescence  somelunes  compound  below,   or  partly  paniculate 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


41d 


hds.  ou  short  pedicels,  1  to  10-flowered ;  scales  somewhat  narrower,  ciliate. 
— Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Miss  Keen.)  Approaches  L.  apicata.  (I* 
diibia  Bart.) 

15  L.  pildsa  Willd.  St.  simple,  pubescent;  Ivs.  linear,  pilous-ciliato ;  hds. 
loosely  raceraed ;  scales  Unear-ob/ang,  rather  obtuse;  peduncles  bracteolato. — In 
pine  barrens  and  sandy  tields,  N.  J.  to  Car.  (Pursh.)  Seven-mile  Mt.,  "Va.  (Road.) 
Very  rare  and  obscure. 

16  If.  heteroph^Ua  R.  Br.  St.  simple,  glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  smooth  and 
glabrous;  upper  linear-lanceolate,  many  times  smaller;  hds.  spicate,  very  short- 
pedunculate  ;  invol.  subsquarrous,  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  naked  (not  ciliate). — S, 
Car.  and  Ga.  (Bartram.)     A  doubtful  species,  variety  of  L.  scariosa? 

8.  KUH'NIA,  L.  {To  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn,  of  Pennsylvania,  a  pupil  of 
LinnaBiis.)  Heads  10  to  25-flowered,  ^  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance- 
olate, loosely  inobricated  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  corolla  slender,  5-tootlied  ; 
pappus  in  a  single  series,  plumous ;  achenia  cylindrical,  striate,  pubes- 
cent.—  U  Herb  with  alternate,  resinous-dotted  ivs.,  and  coryiiibcd  hds. 
of  pale  yellow  florets. 

K.  eupatoroides  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate  and  lance-ovate,  varying  to  lance-llnear, 
usually  serrate,  petiolate,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  especially  benttitli ; 
corymb  few  or  many-Hovvered. — Shady  soils,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Iowa  (Cousons),  to 
Fla,  and  La.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  tiiin,  1  to  4'  long,  often  coarsely  and  un- 
evenly  toothed,  lower  3-veined,  upper  1-veined,  and  very  small.  HdH.  few,  ter- 
minal.    Pappus  very  plumous,  white  or  tawny.     Aug.,  Sept. 

(i.  Lvs.  lanoe-linear,  mostly  entire,  sessile ;  pan.  spreading,  many-flowerod ;  fla. 
and  fr.  unchanged. — With  the  other  varieties  (K.  Critouia  Willd.) 

9.  BRICKEL'LIA,  Ell.  (To  Dr.  Brichll,  of  Savannah.)  llea.ls 
many-flowered,  ^ ;  scales  imbi'icated,  lanceolate  or  linear,  striatt? ;  re- 
ceptacle naked,  flat ;  corolla  tube  slightly  expanded  above,  S-toothcd ; 
branches  of  the  style  clavate  ;  fr.  10-striate,  contracted  above  ;  pappus 
setaceous,  in  one  series. —  1i  llerbs  with  tripli-veined  leaves  and  large 
heads  of  purple  florets  in  corymbs. 

B.  cordifdlia  Ell.  Pubescent;  lvs.  all  opposite,  triangular,  truncate  or  cnrdato  at 
base,  crenate,  petioi^te ;  corymbs  dense,  few-flowered;  hdd.  !^0  to  40-liowercd: 
scales  obtuse,  conspioaously  striate,  the  inner  as  long  as  the  purple  pappus  and 
corollas, — W,  Ga.  (Pond)  and  Fla.  A  plant  of  fine  appearance,  2  to  if  high. 
Lvs.  large,  sprinkled  with  shining  dots  beneath,  3-veined,  the  lateral  veins  mar- 
ginal just  at  the  base.     Sds.  brown,  longer  than  the  purple  pappus.    Aug.,  Sept. 

10.  EUPATO'RIUM,  Tourn.  P.oneset.  (To  ^m^xj^o/-,  Kingof  Ton- 
tus,  who  first  used  the  plant  in  medicine.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  ^  ;  in- 
volucre imbricate,  oblong ;  style  much  exserted,  deeply  cleft ;  anthers 
inclnded  ;  receptacle  naked,  flat ;  pappus  capillary,  simple,  scabrous ; 
achinia  5-angled. —  21  Herbs,  generally  with  opposite,  simple  lvs.  and 
oorymbous  hds.  Fls.  of  the  cyanic  series,  that  is  white,  blue,  red,  etc., 
never  yellow. 

S  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  pinnately  dissected.    Heads  paniculate Nos.  1,  2 

I  Luuve&  mostly  opposite  or  verlicillate, — pinnately  dissected No.  3 

—undivided.  (*) 

•  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  gradually  shorter,  (a) 

a  Flowers  bluiHh.     Leaves  opposite.    Scales  strongly  striate No.  4 

a  Flowers  purplish.    Lvs.  whorled.    Scales  streaked  and  flesh  colored No.s.  •'> — T 

a  Flowers  white, — 5  only  in  each  head.     Leaves  subsessile.  (b) 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.     Scales  with  acute  white  points Nos.  K,  9 

b  Leaves  acute  at  ba.se.   Scales  obtuse,  short,  downy Nos.  10—13 

b  Leaves  obtuse,  roundish  or  truncate  at  the  base Nos.  14—16 

'  a  Flowers  white,  7  to  15  In  each  head.    Leaves  various Nos.  1 7—20 

•  Scales  all  of  equal  length,  in  about  1  row.    Leaves  petiolate Nos.  21— '28 

1  E.  fceniouldceum  Willd.  Doo  Fennel.  Very  branching,  nearly  glabrous; 
lvs.  all  alternate,  the  lower  oompoundly  pinnate  with  linear  filiform  segments,  the 


is 


'V 


iU< 


f 


&"i 


f^ 


H; 


!(i. 


m 


I 

I! 


416 


OaoKR  70.— COMPOSITE. 


8 


upper  Retaceous,  flimple,  fascicled ;  hds.  small,  very  numeious,  3  to  5-flowered,  on 
short  pedicels;  scales  8  to  10,  mucrouate. — A  common  weed,  in  fields  aud  damp 
soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  St.  3  to  lOf  high,  bearing  innumerable  tine  cut  Iva.  and  a  com- 
pound pyramidal  panicle  of  innumerable  lids.  Fls.  yellowisii-white,  little  more 
than  1"  long.  Lvs.  often  channeled  on  the  upper  side.  Sept.,  Oct. 
j£i.  coronopifdlium  Willd.  Much  branched,  pubescent;  lvs.  mostly  alternate 
(the  lower  opposite),  the  lower  twice  pinnatifid  with  lance-linear  lobes  and  segments ; 
upper  lvs.  linear,  fascicled;  hds.  small,  very  numerous,  5-Howered;  scales  10, 
with  scarious  margins  and  cuspidate  points. — In  dry,  thin  soils,  N.  Car.,  Ga.  to 
Fla.,  common.  St.  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  and  lis.  immensely  numerous,  as  in  No.  1. 
Fla.  white,  about  2"  long.  Panicle  often  2f  long.  Sept.,  Oct. — Distinct  from 
No.  1  ? 

E.  pinnatifidum  Ell.  Pubescent ;  lvs.  laciniate-pinnatifid,  segm.  linear,  toothed 
or  entire,  the  lower  whorled  in  4s,  middle  opposite,  upper  alternate ;  hds.  small, 
numerous,  5  to  9-flowered,  in  a  fastigiate  corymb ;  scales  oblong,  raucronate. — 
Pine  barrens,  Car.  to  Fla.  Height  3  to  4£  Hds.  about  the  size  of  No.  2,  to  which 
this  species  is  evidently  related. 

E.  ivaefclium  L.  St.  terete,  branched;  lvs.  opposite,  lanceolate,  tapering  to 
each  end,  subsessile,  subserrate,  3-veined;  hds.  pedicellate,  15  to  20-flowered ; 
scales  20,  imbricated,  the  outer  gradually  shorter,  all  erect,  obtuse,  with  3  to  5  dis- 
tinct strioR. — Woods,  near  N.  Orleans.  Herb  3  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long. 
Florets  light  blue,  in  a  few  large,  corymbed  hds.     Aug.,  Sept. 

E.  purpiireum  L.  (not  of  Willd.,  Ph.,  nor  DC.)  St.  solid,  green,  or  sometimes 
purplish,  with  a  purple  band  at  the  joints  about  1'  wide;  lvs.  feather-veined,  in 
whorls  of  3s,  43  and  53  (rarely  in  2s),  ovate,  smooth  above  downy  on  the  veina 
beneath,  coarselj-  serrate. — Dry  woods  and  meadows,  con-non.  St.  3  to  6f  high. 
Lvs.  large,  thin,  8  to  10'  by  4  to  5'.  Corymb  lax,  pale  purple,  varying  to  whitish. 
Aug.,  Sept.  (E.  trifoliatum  Darl.) 
/3.  TERNiPOMUM.  St.  solid,  slender,  green,  with  a  purple  blush ;  lvs.  in  33, 
very  thin,  lanceolate. — Mountain  woods,  etc.     Height  about  3f. 

E.  macul^tum  L.  Purple  Boneset.  St.  solid,  striate,  hispid  or  pubescent, 
greenish  and  purple,  Avitb  numerous  glands  and  purple  lines,  the  glands  on  the 
stems  and  leaves  give  out  aa  acrid  effluvium  in  flowering  time ;  lvs.  tripli-veined, 
3  to  5  in  a  whorl,  ovate. — Low  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Herb  4  to  6f  high. 
Lvs.  petiolate,  6  to  7'  by  3  to  4',  usually  pointed,  strongly  serrate.  Fls.  purple. 
Jl.,  Sept.    (E.  purpureum  ji.  Darl.) 

/?.  URTiciFOLiUM  Barratt.    Slender ;  lvs.  thin,  much  elongated, — height  4  to  5f. 

E.  iistuloaum  Barratt.  Trumpet  Weed.  St.  fistulous,  glabrous,  glaucous- 
purple,  striate  or  fluted;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  in  whorls  of  5s  or  6s,  largest  in  tlio 
middle  of  the  stem,  rather  finely  glandular  serrate,  midvein  and  veinlets  livid- 
purple  ;  corymb  globous,  with  whorled  peduncles. — A  majestic  herb,  thickets, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  Height  6  to  lOf,  hollow  its  whole  length.  Lvs.  includuig  the  1' 
petioles,  8'  by  2'.  Corymb  often  If  diam.  It  does  not  appear  to  posses  the  acrid 
properties  of  E.  maculatum.  Jl. — Sept.  (E.  purpureum  Willd.  in  part.  jS.  an- 
Kustifolium  T.  &  Gr.) — Intermediate  forms  occur,  rendering  the  distinctions  of 
tins  species  and  the  two  precedhig  numbers  a  gravo  question. 

E.  dlbum  L.  Scabrous-pubescent ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  strongly  serrate,  ees- 
i-'ilo,  7-atIier  acute,  obscurely  3-veined ;  corymb  fastigiate;  hds.  clustered,  oblong, 
5-flowered;  scales  8  to  14,  lance-linear,  tipped  with  a  white,  scarious  aeamination, 
longer  than  the  fis. ;  cyps.  glandular. — Sandy  soils,  Penn.  to  La.  St.  about  2f 
high,  corymbously  divided  above.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  i  to  1',  upper  ones  entire  and 
alternate.  Invol.  concealing  the  fls.,  and  with  them  copiou.sly  sprinkled  \n  h 
resinous  dots,  whitish.  Aug. — Oct.  (E.  glaudulosum  Mx.) — A  variety  has  the 
loaves  rather  obtuse  and  crenate.    (Tenn.) 

E.  leucdlepis  Torr.  &  Gr.  Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  simple ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  closely  sessile,  serrate,  lower  ones  obscurely  tripli-veined ;  corymb  fasti- 
giate, canescent;  hds.  5-flowered;  scales  8  to  10,  scarious  and  white  at  the  sum- 
mit, as  long  as  the  yis. — Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  La.  St.  2  to  3f  Iii:j;h.  Lvs.  U  to 
to  2  V  by  J  to  J',  glaucous-green  both  wdes,  divaricate  with  tlm  stems,  upper  ones 


Order  fO.— COMPOSIT.E. 


417 


linear  and  entire.    Cor.  dilated  at  mouth,  with  short,  obtuse  lobes,  white.    Aug.— 
Oct.     (E.  glaucescens  /i.  leu-jolepia  DC.) 

10  E.  bysBopifdlium  L.  L>js.  opposite,  often  verticillate,  linear-lanceolate,  ob- 
scurely tripli-veined,  punctate,  lower  onea  aubserrate,  upper  ones  entire ;  scales  short, 
oval,  grayish  pubescent,  very  obtuse. — A  more  delicate  species,  smooth,  or  minutely 
pubescent,  in  dry  tields,  Mass.  to  Iowa  and  La  St.  about  2f  high,  branching 
into  a  spreading  corymb.  Htls.  5-flowered,  very  small,  in  dense  clusters,  and  3 
long,  scales  half  as  long.  Aug.,  Sept.  ii.  linearifolium  is  more  pubescent,  with 
the  lower  Ivs.  serrate. — South. 

11  E.  cuneifdlium  Willd.  Pubescent ;  Ivs.  small,  glaucous  both  sides,  broadly 
oblanceolate  or  oblomj,  obtuse  at  apex,  acute  at  the  subsessile  base,  slightly  serrate 
above  the  middle;  hds.  small,  in  a  loose  corymb,  5-f  "ered;  scales  (2  '  long) 
soft-villous,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  fls. — Rich  sliady  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  to 
Ala.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  8  to  18"  long.     FIs.  white.    Aug.,  Sept. 

12  E.  parvifldrum  Ell.  Soft-puberulent,  diffusely  branched ;  lvs.  mostly  oppo- 
site (in  85  below),  lanceolate,  acute,  acutely  serrate  above  the  middle,  entire  be- 
low, and  tapering  to  the  sessile  Ijuse,  3-veined ;  hds.  sinnll  and  crowded ;  scale* 
pubescent,  glandular  (like  the  3  preceding),  outer  very  slwrt,  inner  linear,  obtuse. — 
Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Height  1  to  3f  Pan.  compound,  loose.  Lvs. 
1  to  3'  long,  the  upper  scattered.     Hds.  about  2'  long,  scales  1|".     Aug. — Oct 

13  E.  altissimuin  L.  St.  pubescent  tomentous,  tall,  corymbous  at  the  summit ; 
lvs.  lanceolate,  remotely  and  acutely  serrate  above  the  middle,  pubescent,  tapering 
to  each  end,  subsessile,  conspicuously  '3-veined;  hds.  5-flowercd;  scaks  8  to  12, 
elliptical,  obtuse,  pubescent. — Woods  and  sandy  soils,  Penn.  and  W.  States  (Plura- 
mer).  St.  round,  striate,  3  to  7f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  much  resembling  thoea 
of  Solidago  Canadensis ;  small  ones  often  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Corymb  com- 
pound. Cor.  whitish,  nearly  twice  as  long  (5")  as  the  scales.  Sept.,  Oct 
(Kuhnia  glutinosa  DC.) 

14  E.  teucrifdlium  Willd.  Lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  rough,  veiny,  the  lower 
ones  doubly  serrate,  upper  ones  subserrate  or  entire ;  st.  paniculate,  [)ube8cenl, 
with  fastigiate,  corymbous  branches  above ;  scales  elliptical,  faintly  striate,  rather 
acute. — Mass.  to  La.  Plant  hairy,  2  to  3f  high,  with  a  somewhat  panicled  co- 
rymb of  white  flowers.  The  upper  lvs.  are  often  entire.  Invol.  5-flowered,  with 
twice  as  many  scales  in  2  rows.  Closely  allied  to  the  following,  but  is  much 
more  rough.     Aug.  (E.  verbenaefolium  Mx.     E.  pubescens  Pers.) 

15  E.  sesBilifdlium  L.  Lvs.  opposite,  ampkxicaul,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  very  smooth,  serrate ;  st.  smooth ;  inner  scales  oblong-ohovute,  obtuse. — 
Plant  2  to  4f  high,  in  rocky  woods,  Mass.  to  Ind.  and  Ga. — St  slender,  erect, 
branching  at  top  into  a  corymb  with  white  fls.  Lvs.  large,  tapering  regularly 
from  the  somewhat  truncate  base  to  a  long  point,  with  small  serratures,  paler  be- 
neath. Flower-stalks  downy.  Hds.  5-flowered,  with  twice  as  many  scales  in  2 
rows.    Sept 

16  E.  rotundifdlium  Willd.  Hoarhound.  Lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  ro  dish- 
ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  '3-veined  and  veinleted,  coarsely  serrate,  scabrous  above, 
pubescent  beneath ;  hds.  about  5-flowered ;  inner  scales  acuminate,  as  long  as  the 
flowers. — A  bushy,  compact  species,  in  dry  fields,  N.  J.  and  S.  States.  St.  2  to  3f 
high,  roughish.  Lvs.  I  to  2'  >y  9  to  20",  obtuse  or  broadly  acute.  Hds.  fastigi- 
ate-corymbous.  Invol.  very  pubescent,  concealing  the  white  florets.  Pappus 
longer  than  cor.     Sty.  much  exserted.     Aug.  Sept 

17  E.  pubescens  Muhl.  St  hirsute;  lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  distinct,  ovate,  acute, 
obtusely  dentate,  rough-pubescent;  corymb  fastigiate;  invol.  about  8-flowered; 
scales  lanceolate,  acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  flowers. — A  large,  rough  plant,  3  to 
4f  high,  growing  on  dry  grounds,  N.  H.  to  Penn.  Distinguished  from  No.  16  by 
its  larger  lvs.  (2  to  3'  by  1 J  to  2  ),  hds.,  and  proportionately  siiorter  scales,  which 
are  about  12,  the  outer  much  the  shortest     Aug.     (E.  ovatum  Bw.) 

18  E.  perfoli^tum  L.  Thorocgh-wort.  Boneset.  Lvs.  connate-perfoliate, 
very  pubescent. — A  common,  well-known  plant,  on  low  grounds,  meadows,  U.  S. 
and  Can.,  abundant.  St.  1  to  5f  high,  round,  rough,  and  hairy.  Each  pair  of 
lvs.  are  so  united  at  the  base  aa  to  constitute  a  single  lamina,  centrally  perforated 
by  the  stem,  and  placed  at  right  angles  to  it ;  they  are  rough,  rugose,  serrate, 

27 


'    K 


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'K' 


'/ 


\f: 


f  *>' 


IB 


li  I 


418 


Okder  70.— composite. 


taperiu)^  to  a  lonf?  point,  and  V)oth  combined,  are  8  to  14'  in  length.  lids,  about 
12-flowered,  clustered  in  hirgo,  terminal  corymba.  Cor.  white.  Aug. — Tiio  plant 
is  bitter,  and  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic. 

19  B.  resindsum  Torr.  St.  minutely  tomentous;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  closely 
sessile,  distinct,  tapering  to  a  long  acutnination,  divaricate  witii  thi*  stem,  slightly 
yiscidly  resinous-glandular  both  sides ;  corymb  fastigiate,  compound:  ads.  10  to 
15-flovvered;  scales  obtuse,  hoary-tomontous. — Wet,  sandy  soils,  N.  J.,  Penn.  8l 
2  to  3f  liigh,  growing  in  tufts.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  3  to  6".  Aug.,  Sept. — This  sin- 
gular species  appears  to  bo  nearly  conlined  to  the  piuo  barrens  of  N.  J.,  where  it 
wiis  lirst  found  by  Dr.  Torrey. 

20  E.  serdtinum  Mx.  St.  soft-puberulent,  diffusely  branciiod ;  lvs.  peliolate, 
lance-ovate,  acute  or  acup'.iuate,  sharply  serrate,  triple-veined,  nearly  glabrous; 
corymbs  compoun  I;  hds.  12  to  15-tlowered;  scides  9  to  11,  marly  alike,  scarious- 
edgod,  very  pubescent. — Ind.  to  Iowa  (Cousens),  and  Ga.  (Miss  Keen).  St.  4  to 
6f  high,  somewhat  paniculate  al)ove.  Lvs.  4  to  G  by  ^  to  IV,  upper  ones  neaily 
entire,  scattered ;  lower  ones  opposite,  with  largo  irregular  serratureSb    Sept.,  Oct. 

21  E.  ageratoides  L.  St.  smooth,  branched;  lvs.  on  long  petioles,  subcordate, 
ovate,  acuminate,  dentate,  3-veined,  nearly  smooth;  corymbs  compound;  invol. 
simple,  smooth. — Rocky  liills  and  woods.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  round,  2  to  4f  higli, 
and  with  the  whole  plant  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  large,  3  to  6'  long,  2  to  4'  broad 
at  base,  cojirsely  toothed,  petioles  1  to  2  long.  Hds.  numerous,  in  small  clusters, 
constituting  a  compound  corymb.  Invol.  scales  mostly  in  a  row,  contahiing  12 
or  more  flowers  of  a  puie  white.     Aug.,  Sept. 

22  E.  aromdticum  L.  St.  rough,  pubescent,  corymbous  at  summit ;  lvs.  petio- 
late,  opposite,  subcordate,  lance-ovate,  acute,  3-veined,  obtusely  serrate,  smootliish ; 
invol.  simple,  of  about  12  lance-linear  pubescent  scales. — A  handsome  species,  in 
low  woods,  Mass.  to  La.  Whole  plant  slightly  pubescent,  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  2 
to  4  long,  J  as  wide,  on  petioles  less  than  an  ii;ch  long.  Hds.  of  the  fls.  largo, 
10  to  15-Howered,  white  and  aromatic,  in  small  corymbs.  Scales  about  equal 
Aug.,  Sept. 

23  E.  incarn^tum  Walt.  Minutely  scabrous,  diffusely  branched;  lvs.  deltoid- 
ovate,  long-petioled,  pointed,  coarsely  creuate-toothed,  truncate  or  cordate;  hda. 
on  slender  ped.,  about  20-flowered;  scales  12  to  15,  linear-acuminate,  faintly  2- 
striate,  glabrous;  cor.  lobes  pale-purple. — Damp  soils,  N.  Car.  (Shriver)  to  Fla. 
(Chapman)  and  Te.x;.  Height  2  to  3f.  Corymbs  very  loose,  paniculate.  Sept., 
Nov.    Approaches  Conocliuium,  but  readily  distinguished  by  its  sliort,  blunt  styles. 

11.  MIKA'NIA,  WilUl.  Climbing  Boneset.  (In  honor  of  Prof. 
Mikan,  of  Prague.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  i^  ;  involucre  4-leaved,  4-flow- 
cred ;  receptacle  naked;  pappus  capillary,  simple,  scabrous;  anthers 
partly  exserted ;  achenia  angled. — Mostly  climbing  herbs.  Lvs.  opjio- 
site. 

M.  scdiidens  Willd.  St.  smooth ;  lvs.  cordate,  repand-toothed,  acuminate,  the 
lobes  divaricate,  rather  unequal ;  hds.  in  pedunculate,  axillary  corymbs. — A  beau- 
tiful climber  of  wet  thickets,  Mass.  to  Ga.  (Miss  Keen)  and  La.,  rather  rare.  Every 
part  smooth.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  on  petioles  1  to  2'  long,  apex  tapering  to  a 
long  point.  Br.inches  short,  nearly  naked,  each  bearing  a  small  corymb  of  white 
or  pink  colored  fls.,  almost  always  4  in  a  head.     Aug.,  Sept. 

12.  CONOCLIN'IUM,  DC.  (Or.  KCovoq.  a  cone,  kXivtj,  bed  or  recepta- 
cle.) Heads  many-flowered  ;  receptacle  conical,  character  otherwise  as 
in  Eupatorium. —  2/  Herbaceous  or  suffruticous.  Lvs.  opposite,  petio- 
late,  serrate.     Fls.  blue  or  purple,  in  crowded  corymbs. 

C.  ccslestlnum  DC.  Herbaceotis,  nearlv  glabrous,  much-branched,  lvs.  deltoid- 
ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  bas, ,  tapering  to  an  obtusisli  apex,  crenate-ser- 
rate,  3-veined,  petiole  slender,  about  half  as  long  as  tiie  lamina;  corymlia  numer- 
ous, subumbellate ,  scales  numerous,  linear. — Hedges,  thickets,  roadsidas,  &c., 
Penn.,  Soutliern  and  W.  States.    St.  J  to  2^f  high,  terete,  with  opposite  branches 


Ordkii  70.— «J0MP0STT,'K. 


410 


Lvs.  1  to  2^'  long,  I  as  wide.     Fls.  20  t(j  50  in  a  lioa>l,  of  a  beautiful  skj   bluo, 
reddish  in  Jading.     Aug.,  Sept. 

13.  TUSSILA'GO,  Tourn.  Colt's-foot.  (Altered  from  the  L.-it 
tussi'.s,  cough  ;  coiKsidoreJ  a  g<»o<l  expectorant.)  Head  radiate,  many- 
flowered  ;  flowers  of  the  ray  ?  ,  those  of  the  disk  S  \  invohicre  simple  ; 
njceptacle  naked  ;  2)appus  capillary, —  2^  Lvs.  radical.  Fls.  yellow,  with 
very  nairow  rays. 

T.  farfara  L.  A  low  plant  in  wot  places,  brooksidcs,  N.  and  M.  States,  and  iji  a 
ctrtain  indication  of  a  clayey  soil.  Scape  scaly,  ab<jut  5'  high,  simple,  appearing 
with  itH  single,  tenniiial,  mauy-raycd,  yt^Uow  head  in  March  and  Apr.,  long  before 
a  leaf  is  to  bo  seen.  Lvs.  arising  after  tlio  flower  is  withered,  5  to  8'  by  3  to  G , 
cordate,  angular,  dentate,  dark  green  above,  ccjvered  with  a  cotton-lika  down  be- 
neath, and  on  downy  petiole.s.  §  ? 

14.  NARDOS'MIA,  Cass.  (Cir.  vdp6og,  spikenard,  oofi/j,  smell  ;  from 
the  fragrance.)  Heals  ra<liate,  many-flowered,  somewhat  ?  S  '■,  flowers 
of  the  ray  $  ,  of  the  o  sk  ^  ,  but  abortive  in  the  sterile  plant;  involucre 
simple;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  pappus  capillary. —  21  Lvs.  radical.  Fls. 
cyanic.  The  ray  floweis  of  the  sterile  lieads  arc  in  a  single  row  ;  of  the 
fertile  heads  in  several,  but  very  narrow. 

N.  palmdta  Hook.  Scape  with  a  fastigiato  thyrse  or  corymb ;  lvs.  roundish -cor- 
date, 5 — 7-!obed,  tomontous  beneath,  tiie  lobes  coarsely  dentate. — In  swainjrs, 
Fairhaven,  Vt.  (Itobbins),  Sunderland,  Mass.  (Hitchcock)  W.  to  R.  Mts.  Very 
rare.  A  coarse,  acaulescent  plant,  with  large,  deeply  and  palinately-lobed  leaves, 
and  a  stout  scape  covered  with  leaf-scales  and  1 — 2f  high.  The  heads  are  frag- 
rant, numerous,  with  obscure  rays,  those  of  the  barren  plants  ahno.st  inconspicu- 
ou.s.     May. 

15.  ADENOCAU^LON,  Hook.  (Or.  d6rjv,  a  gland,  KavXog,  a  stem ; 
i.  c,  glands  stipitate.)  Heads  discoi<l,  few-flowered;  corollas  all  simi- 
lar, tubular;  flowersof  the  margin  ?,  of  the  disk  $,\  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre equal,  in  one  series ;  receptacle  naked ;  cypsela  elavatc,  bearing 
st;ilked  glands  above  ;  pappus  none. —  2i  Nearly  acaulescent,  with  alter- 
nate lvs.  and  small,  paniculate  hds.,  also  gland  bearing. 

A.  bicolor  Hook.  St.  leafy  below,  nearly  naked  abovo ;  lvs.  deltoid,  cordate,  an- 
gular-toothed, decurrent  on  the  petioles,  glabrous  above,  arachnoid-pubescent  be- 
neath.—Shores  of  L.  Superior  (Dr.  Pitcher,  fido  T.  &  G.),  to  Oreg.  (Hook).  Sta. 
1  to  2f  high,  slender.     Fls.  white. 


'  P' 


t 


w 


2      S   MV 


jilA 


Tribe  3.     ASTEROIDE^. 

16.  GALATEL'LA,  Cass.  (Lat.  diminutive  of  Galatea,  from  which 
genus  this  was  taken.)  Heads  many-liowcred ;  rays  few  (3  to  12)  ster- 
ile, ligulate;  disk-flowers  $,  tubular ;  scales  closely  imbricated,  without 
green  tips ;  receptacle  alveolate,  toothed  ;  corollas  of  the  disk  deeply  5- 
cleft;  achenia  .silky-villous ;  pappus  sini]»le,  copious,  capillary,  that  of 
the  ray  similar. —  21  Herbs  corymbed,  with  alternate  lvs.     Rays  cyanic. 

G.  hysBopifolia  Nees.  Glabrous,  erect,  Iva.  lance-linear,  acute,  3-veined,  en- 
tire ;  invol.  ovoid,  half  as  long  as  the  disk ;  interior  scales  obtuse,  membranous, 
outer  acute,  fleshy;  rays  3  to  9,  longer  than  the  disk. — "  Md.  Car.  and  Ga.  com- 
mon."' (Darby.)     Height  1  to  2f.     Rays,  pale  purple.     Aug. — Oct. 

17.  SERICOCAR'PUS,  Xecs.  White-tipped  Astek.  (Or.  arjpitc6(;. 
silken,  Kaprrog,  fruit.)  Heads  few-flowered  ;  ray  flowers  4  to  6,  *  ;  disk- 
flowers  6  to  10,$;  involucre  oblong,  imbricated;  scales  appressed, 
wliitc,  witli  green  spreading  tips;  receptacle  alveolate ;  achonium  obconic, 


420 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


very   sin;\  ,  ]);ippus  simple. —  21  Herbs  with   alternate  Ivs.  an<l   close 
corymbs.     Hays  white. 

'  S.  BOlidaglneus  Neos.  Smooth;  Ivs.  linear-ohlanceolati',  obtuse,  entire,  sessile, 
obsoletuly  S-veinod,  rough  on  tho  marfifiii ;  corymb  lastigiate  ;  hds.  nggrejrate, 
subsessilo,  5-rayeil;  scales  obtuse,  white,  with  green  tips;  pappus  white. — In 
woods,  Can  to  La.  Very  ele>?aut.  Sts.  clustered,  slender,  simple,  about  2f  high. 
Lvs.  smooth,  1  to  2'  by  3  to  5".  Hda  small  (3''  long).  Invol.  oblong.  Scales  with 
conspicuous  grot-n  tipH.     Rays  long,  white.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Aster  solidaginoidee  Mx.) 

2  L.  conyzoides  Nees.  St.  somewhat  pubescent,  simple  corymbus  at  top;  lvs- 
ovul-laticeolate,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  3-veined,  narrowed  at  base,  acute,  the 
upper  ones  sessile,  nearly  entire,  the  lower  narrowed  into  the  petiole,  serrate ;  in- 
vol. cylindrical,  tho  scales  oval,  obtuse,  appressed,  slightly  reflexed  at  summit ; 
rays  5,  short,  pappus  msty. — C'ommon  in  woods  and  thickets.  Mass  to  Flor. 
Stems  somewhat  5- angled,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy.  Ray  short, 
but  longer  than  the  disk,  white.  July,  Aug.  (Aster  Willd.  Conyza  astor- 
oides  L.) 

3  S.  tortifdliUB  Nees.  Grayish-pubescent,  rougiiish,  corymbous  above ;  lvs. 
short,  obloiig-obovate,  sessile,  twisted  to  a  vertical  position,  and  both  sides  alike 
minutely  scabrous ;  scales  regularly  imbricated  in  many  rows,  the  green  tips 
slightly  spreading ;  pappus  white. — Dry  woods  and  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
Ileiglit  about  2f,  often  branched  below.  Lvs.  8  to  12"  long,  obtuse  or  acute.  Hds. 
larger  than  in  tho  others,  about  5"  long.     Sept.,  Oct. 

18.  AS'TER,  L.  (Gr.  aarfip^  a  star ;  from  the  radiated  flowers.)  lids, 
radiate ;  involucre  oblong,  imbricate ;  scales  loose,  often  w  ith  green 
tips,  the  outer  spreading;  disk  flowers  tubular,  ^  ;  ray  flowers  $  ,  in  one 
row,  generally  few  (0 — 100),  ligulate,  oblong,  3-toothed  at  apex,  finally 
revolute ;  receptacle  flat,  alveolate ;  pappus  simple,  capillary,  scabrous ; 
acheniuni  usually  compressed. — A  large  genus  of  71  herbs,  very  abun- 
dant in  the  U.  S.,  flowering  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Lvs.  alter- 
nate. Disk  fls.  yellow,  changing  to  purple,  ray  flowers  blue,  puri)ie  or 
white,  never  yellow. 

§  BioTiA.  DC.  Scales  closely  imbric.ited,  slightly  tipped  with  green.     lids,  corymbous, 

rays  6  to  15,  white  or  rost-ate.    Lvs.  cordate,  petiolate,  serrate,  large Nos.  1,  3 

$  Cali.iastrum,  T.  &  G.     Scales  loosely  iMil)ricaled,  with  preen  spreading  tips.     Heads 
cnrynibotis  or  few,  largo,  rays  12  to  "S' .  violet.    Leaves  never  cordate,  rigid  ;  pappus 

unequal,  rigiil,  tlie  inner  sliglitly  cli'^  diaped. — Leaves  all  or  the  lower  serrate N  s.  '^ — T> 

— Leaves  entire .Nos.  6,  7 

$  AsTF.n  i)roper.    Scales  (variously)  imbricated,  with  green  tips  or  wholly  green.   lids, 
paniculate  or  racenious.     Pappus  soft,  equal  (none  club-shaped),    (a) 
a  Leaves  clasping  with  a  cordate  or  auriculatc  base,     (b) 
a  Leaves  sessile  or  petiolate.  none  of  them  cordate  or  auricnlate.  (c) 

a  Leaves  petiolate,  the  lower  cordate,— evidently  serrate Nos.  S,  ^ 

—entire  or  obscurely  serrate Nos.  10 — 12 

b  Leaves  entire,— very  small  (1  to  3"  lone),  e:  ect  or  reflexed Nos.  13,  14 

—middle  size  (1  to  3'  long),— Achenia  silky No»   1.':— 17 

— .\chenia  .smooth No.s.  'M.  35 

b  Leaves  serrate  (more  or  loss).— Scales  spreadinir,  equal,  in  2  rows No.  IS 

—Scales  imhricatcil.  in  8  to5  rows     Nos.  19—21 

e  Leaves  silky  on  both  sides  alike.     I*ai>pus  tawny Nos.  22,  23 

0  Leaves  not  silky. — Involm^e  closely  inibric.ited.  (d) 

—Involucre  squarrous,  the  scales  spreading,  (e) 

d  Leaves  all  entire.— Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse Nos.  ?4,  25 

-  Scales  acute  or  mucronafe Nos.  2») — 28 

d  Leaves  (lower,  sharply  serrate.- Iloails  larger  (4  to  6"  long) Nos.  29,  30 

—Heads  small  (2  to  3"  long) Nos.  81.  82 

e  Scales  obtuse,  in  several  rows,  unequal.     Leaves  also  obtuse.  .Nos.  33,  84 

e  Scales  .icute,  in  several  rows,  uneqiuil — Pappus  tawny Nos.  •'iS— 37 

—Pappus  bright Nos.  38—40 

e  Scales  acute,  in  one  row,  equal.    Leaver  linear.    Heads  solitary..  .No.  41 
S  SoARios^.    Scales  (variously)  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins  and   destitute  of 
green  tips,    (fl 

t  Leaves  lanceolate  broadly  or  narrowly.    Scales  rather  obtuse Nos.  42 — 44 

Leaves  subulate  or  linear.    Scales  very  acute  —Heads  large,  few Nos.  4.%  4tt 

— Heads  small,  many ...  Nos.  47,  4S 


Obdkb  70.— composit.-e. 


421 


^  1.  BIOTIA,  DC.    CoBVMBEi)  Asters. 

1  A.  CorymbdauB  Ait.  St.  corymbous-f'astigiate,  nearly  smooth,  branches  pu- 
benceut ;  Ivs.  thin,  ovate-acuminate,  serrate,  with  sharp  spreadinj  iceth,  tho  lower 
cordate,  peliolate,  tiie  petioles  wingle-fs ;  inuoi  oblong,  6  to  d-ray-d,  iiubricatw 
with  close- pressed,  acute  .scales. — Common  in  dry  woods,  X.  and  Mi  J.  States. 
St.  2f  high,  often  reddish,  more  or  less  tluxuous.  Lvs.  largo,  mostly  smooth,  tlio 
upper  becoming  lanceolate,  sessile.  lids.  4'  long,  in  a  broad,  flat,  open  corymb, 
with  about  6  oblong,  white  or  roseate  ra\  s.     Aug.     (Eurybia  corymliosa  Cass.) 

2  A.  macroph^lluB  "Willd.  St.  rough-pubescent,  widely  branched ;  lis.  ovate, 
petiolate,  serrate  with  short,  depressed  teeth,  rough,  the  upper  ovatt-lanceolato, 
sessile,  lovver  cordate,  petiolate,  petioles  somewhat  winged ;  invol.  cylindric,  closely 
imbricate  with  oblong,  acute  scales;  rays  8  to  15. — Woods  N.  States  and  Can. 
St.  furrowed,  1  to  21"  high.  Lvs.  often  very  largo  (6  to  10'  by  3  to  6' ).  Rays 
white  or  pale  blue.     lids.  6  "  long.    Sept.     (Kurj'bia  corynibosa  Ca.ss.) 

§  2.  CALLIASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Or.     Yiolet-Flowerei)  Astek.s. 

3  A.  mirabilis  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scabrous,  simple  below;  lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  the 
lowest  petiolate,  the  others  sessile,  tlu)se  of  the  brandies  roiutdish,  small;  invol. 
hemispherical,  shorter  than  the  disk,  scales  imbricated,  in  4  or  5  series  succes- 
sively shorter,  with  obtuse,  green,  recurved  tips ;  rays  about  20. — Columbia,  S.  Car. 
(Prof.  Gibbs  in  N.  Am.  Flora  II.,  165).     "Wo  have  not  met  witii  tliis  specius. 

4  A.  rddula  Ait.  Erect,  simple  below,  angular;  ks.  lanceohite,  acuminate,  nar- 
rowed to  the  sessile  base,  sharply  serrate,  rugous  and  rough ;  invol.  imbricate, 
squarroua  with  the  short  spreading  green  tips  vf  the  sa.de->: — Moist  groves  and 
hedges,  Me.  to  Penn.  Height  I  to  8f,  remarkable  for  its  straight,  smooth  stern, 
stiff,  sharply  serrate  lvs.  Branches  nearly  leaHess,  simple,  each  bearing  a  single 
large  head,  rarely  more,  with  20  pale  violet  rays  spreading  l.y.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  A.  spectdbilis  Ait.  Erect,  rough-puberulent  above;  lvs.  rougliish,  t)ljlong- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  en</re,  the  lower  ob.scurely  serrate ;  branches  corymbeil;  invol. 
hemispherical,  with  squarrous,  spreading,  cliate  scales. — A  low,  handsome  Aster, 
of  pine  barrens,  Mass.  to  N.  J.  and  Ky.  ^'t.  1  to  2f  high,  branching  aljove  into  u 
nearly  simple  corymb  of  10 — 15  largo  and  showy  heads,  each  witi»  about  20  long 
violet  blue  rays.     Sept. — Nov. 

6  A.  BurculdsuB  Mx.  Sts.  arising  from  a  knotted  creeping  rhizome,  low.  slender, 
simple  or  corymbous  at  top ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  subserrate,  upjter 
linear,  clasping ;  hds.  1  to  5  ;  scales  linear-oblong,  ciliate,  inner  oljtuse,  outer  with 
green  spreading  tips;  rays  about  20. — Wet  pine  barren-s,  N.  J.  to  X.  Car.  and 
Tenn.  Sts.  smoothish,  12  to  18'  high.  Rt.-lvs.  spatulate,  4  to  G'  long.  lids, 
large,  obconic,  with  violet-purple  rays.     Sept. 

(3.  GR.\ciLi8  Gray.     Hds.  smaller  and  more  numerous  (8  to  12),  witii  the  invol- 
ucre more  close,  and  the  rays  about  12  (A.  gracilis  Nutt). 

7  A  paluddsus  L.  Slender,  glabrous;  lvs.  hmg,  linear,  rigid,  margins  scarcely 
rough,  clasping  at  base;  hds.  1  to  6,  hemispherical;  scales  green,  lauce-linear, 
somewhat  spreading;  rays  about  30,  longer  than  the  (C)  involucre. — Swamps  in 
pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high.  Hds.  very  large,  with 
violet-blue  rays  epreading  1 J  to  2'.     Pappus  tawny.     Aug. — Oct. 

§  3.  ASTER  proper.    Panicled  Asters. 

8  A  cordifdlius  L.  St.  paniculate,  smoothish;  lower  lvs.  cordate,  hairy 
beneath  sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  petiolato;  petioles  winged;  invol.  closely 
imbricate,  the  scales  with  short,  green  tips. — Common  in  rocky  woods,  N.  and  W. 
States.  Stem  with  a  handsome  panicle  of  racemes  at  top  of  numerous,  rather 
small  flowers.  Rays  10—15,  pale  blue  varying  to  white.  Lower  leaves  large. 
Petioles  more  or  less  winged,  hairy.  Above,  the  leaves  are  gradually  reduced 
to  small  or  minute  bracts.     Sept. 

9  A.  BagittifoliuB  Willd.  Arhow-leaved  Aster.  St.  with  racemous  branches 
above,  smooth;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  serrate  in  tlie  middle, 
radical  ones  ovate,  oblong,  cordate-sagittate,  serrate,  petiolate;  inv(d.  loosely 
imbricate,  scales  linear-svbulate. — Low  woods,  N.  and  W.  States  and  Can.     Stem 


m 


I ) '  j 


I' 


/I 


i  if 


422 


OuDKK  70.— COMP*JSri-<E. 


2 — if  Iiijrli,  divkliaj?  into  many  ascending,  rigid  branches,  with  numerous  and 
erowdod  licads,  forniiug  a  compound  panicle  of  leafy  racemes.  Heads  small,  each 
witli  abfiut  12  rays,  which  are  white  or  with  various  sliades  of  blue.  Leaves 
becoming  smuller  above,  lauceoli-te  and  even  linear.     Sept. 

10  A.  undulatus  L.  St.  paniculate,  puberulent ;  branches  bracted,  1  (or  few)- 
flowered ;  lun.  oblnmj-co/date,  amplexicau/,  entire,  hairy,  sumewliat  undulate  or 
crcnatf -serrate,  lower  ones  ovate,  cordate,  subscrrate,  with  winged  petioles; 
invol.  closely  imbricate. — Dry  woods,  U.  S.  Plant  rough,  about  2f  high,  with 
slender  branches.  Lewer  Ivs.  on  winged  petioles,  cordate,  acuminate,  iipper  onea 
becoming  narrow-ovate  antl  clasping.  Fls.  pale  blue,  solitary  or  somewhat  clua- 
U'red,  forming  a  loose,  riicemous  panicle.     Au^;.,  Sept. 

i3.  DiVKHSiFO)f.u:s.  Ver^  .-louder;  Ivs.  shorter  in  proportion,  ovate  and  oblong; 
branches  slender,  1-lluwered. — South  (Pond.)     (A  diversifolius,  M.v.) 

11  A.  azCireus  I.indi.  Scabrous;  st.  and  racemous-panicu'ate  branches  slender 
but  rigid;  lus.  lance-ovate,  cordate,  slightly  serrate,  on  slender  petioles,  yiiddte  and 
upper  one,-i  kmceulate  u)id  linear,  acute  at  etwh  end,  aes-sile,  entire,  highest  subulate ; 
litis,  broadly  obconic ;  scales  oblong-linear,  acute,  appressed. — Woods  and  prairie.s, 
AV.  States.  St.  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  of  several  fljrms  between  the  lowest  cordate 
to  the  small,  subulate,  nmnerous,  floral  ones  of  the  slender  branches.  Rac.  pani- 
oled,  with  middle  sized  heads,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single  racemo  or  head! 

11 J  A.  an6malus  Eng.  Lvs.asinNo.il.  Tnvol.  witii  loose  recurved  scales. — 
Limestone  clift's.    111.  (J.  "Wolf).  Iowa  (Dr.  Cousins),  and  Mo.  Hds.  large,  handsome. 

12  A.  Shortii  Hook.  Slender  and  nearly  glabrous,  simple  or  somewhat  branclied 
above;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  deeply  cordate,  petiolate,  long-acuminate,  entire,  upper 
ones  possilo  and  obtuse  at  base;  hds.  middle-size,  racemous  or  racomous-panicu- 
late,  rather  immerous;  invul.  broad-campanulato ;  ncales  scarious,  close,  green- 
tipped,  shorter  tlian  the  disk  flowers. — A  distinct  and  beautifiil  .species,  on  rocky 
b'lnks  of  streams,  Ohio  to  Ark.  Stem  a  little  lloxuous,  2 — if  high.  Lower  leaves 
about  5'  by  1^',  the  otiicrs  successively  diminished  upwards  to  tho  flowerd  where 
they  are  minute.     Rays  violet  blue. 

13  A.  squarrdsuB  Wijt.  Very  slender,  scabrous,  with  long,  simple  branches; 
lvs.  very  small,  triangiiar,  cordati'-amplexicaul,  ?<-;/;?t'.(;etZ-.sv/ZMi?7o«s ;  hds.  terinitiiil; 
invol.  obconic,  scales  imbricated  with  ovate,  green,  squarrous  points;  achenia 
pubescent. — N.  Car.  to  Fla,  in  tiry  soil.  *  very  singular  Aster,  2f  or  more  high, 
rigid,  shrubby  at  base.  Lower  lvs.  remote,  1'  long,  middle  and  upper  crowded, 
stiff,  inticrouate,  1  ^o  2'  long.  Hds.  middle  size,  with  near  20  showy  blue  rays. 
Pappus  rather  tawny.     Sept. — Nov. 

14  A.  adnatUB  Nutt.  Scabrous ;  stems  and  branches  ascending,  very  slender ; 
lvs.  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  approximate,  erect,  and  adherent  to  the  stern  by  the 
midwin,  tho  summit  being  free. —  *.  still  more  curious  species,  found  in  Pla.  to 
La.  Sts.  shrubby  at  base,  1  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  as  small  as  in  tiio  last,  hds.  and 
fls.  also  similar.     Sept. — Nov. 

15  A.  patena  L.  St.  simple,  paniculate  above,  pubescent ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong, 
acute,  cordate-clasping,  scabrous  on  tho  margin  pubescent;  pan.  loose;  hds.  ter- 
minal on  tho  branclilets ;  scales  imbricate,  lanceolate,  la.x.  07i/y  the  points  herba- 
ceous.— (Jrows  in  moist  grounds,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  to  Ga.  (b'eay,  I'ond.)  S  .  2  to  ;>t 
high,  slender,  branching  above  into  a  loose  spreading  panicle.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  long, 
J  to  ,]  as  wide.  Hds.  large,  with  20  to  30  violet-colored  "-ays.  Pappus  tawny. 
Aug. — Nov. — Variable.    (A.  amp)excaulis  Willd.) 

it  I'iiliOiiiFOLirs.  Simple  or  racemous-paniculate;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  cordate- 
nuriculate,  very  acute,  edges  ciliate;  hds.  large,  spreading  16'.  .Pappus 
(ieci)ly  tawny. — X.  Y.  to  Ohio. 

16  A.  Novae  Angliae  L.  J  Ids.  ternii  nal,  crotvded,.''omewhat  fastigiate;  st.  hispid. 
paniculate;  lvs.  linwir-laneeolate,  amplexicaul,  auriculato  at  base;  scales  equat 
lax.  linear-lanceolate,  rather  longer  than  tho  disk,  green  their  whole  length. — A 
large  and  beautiful  Aster,  in  flelds,  meadows  and  siiades,  more  common  in  tho  M. 
will  W.  States  than  in  N.  Kng.  St.  4  to  Gf  high,  straight,  erect,  visi'idly  hairy, 
•olored.  Lvs.  very  numerous,  entire,  with  2  auricular  apiiendages  at  base.  Fla. 
Wge,  in  ft  kind  of  loose,  paniculate  corymb.  Ray-fls.  deeji  purple,  numerous 
(To  to  100).     Pajipus  tlee2)ly  tawny.     Ach.  hairy.     Sept.  \ 


OitUKii  70.  -CO.Ml'OrilT^. 


429 


17  A.  ameth^Stinua  Nutt.  ?  Clothed  with  a  mitmtt?  Iioary  tointMituin  ;  st 
racL'tnous-puniculate ;  Ivs.  liuear-lauceolate,  entire,  rough,  acute,  witli  .<ouie\vlint 
auricul'Ue  appendages  at  the  clasping  bsse;  in  vol.  broad-bell-shapod ;  scales 
hispcd-pubescer.t,  imbricated,  erect,  witli  acute  squarraus,  green  lips;  aoh.  silky  — 
Moist  soils,  Ms.  (Dr.  Robbius,  etc.)  to  111.  (Mr.  J.  Wolf.)  lids,  with  showy  blue 
r;i7s,  expending  1.  Dillcrs  trom  Nuttall's  deacr.  iu  its  scales  which  are  wo<  of 
cijual  lengtli.     Sept. 

18  A.  puniceua  L.  St.  hispid,  paniculate ;  Iv.s.  aniploxicaul  and  more  or  less 
auriculate  at  base,  appressed  .serrate,  roughisli  above ;  iuvol.  lo:)se,  hmger  than  the 
disk,  the  acaka  lintar-lanceoUUe,  long  and  rtivolutt',,  nearly  equal  and  L'-iowed. — A 
large,  handsome  aster,  conunou  in  swamps  and  ditche-s,  sonietinies  in  dry  soils, 
N.  States  and  Can.  St.  i  to  6f  high,  generally  red  (at  least  on  tlie  South  side), 
furrowed,  hispid.  Lvs.  rough-edged  and  rough  bonoath,  acuminate,  and  some  nar- 
rowed at  base.     Rays  HO — 60,  long  (5")  narrow,  pale-purple,  aliowy.    Aug. — Sept. 

^.■l.  viMiNKUS.     Tali,  slender,  snioothisli  ;  hds.  few,  very  large :  lvs.  narrow. 
}.   FiliMUS.     Low  (2 — 3f.)  scabrous,  stout ;  lvs.  thick,  subent'*'      'Ids,  mar, jr. 
d.  GL.vBER.     Low  (2f.)  simple,  snK>()thish  ;  lvs.  narrow,  erect  ..it'i^-     sc.  loose, 
but  not  recurved  ;  rays  larire.  20 — ;}0,  pale.    Swampy  thiol  ^ts,    U;  (J.  Wolf) 
c.  CAXDiuui*.    Ihe  conimon  form  (a)  with  w/tt<d  rays.    N.  Y.  'Mr.  lUnkenaon.) 

19  A.  prenanthoides  Muhl.     St.  hairy  or  pubescent  above,  oorymbous-panicu- 

l.'ite;  /rs.  oval-lanceolate,  .serrate,  acuminate,  attenuate  at  Inuse  info  a  lohg  winged 
petiole  which  is  anricnhite  at  the  insertion  ;  invol.  imbricated  wi>h  several  rows  of 
linear,  green-tippod,  spreading  scales. — Grows  in  low  woods,  N.  V.  to  Ky.  Stem 
2 — iif  high,  with  a  ter.'iiinal,  corymhous  panicle  of  largo  heads  on  short  pedun- 
cles. Hays  showy,  pale  blue.  Leaves  with  the  petiole  5  to  10'  long.  Branch 
Itaves  smaller,  nearly  entire.     Sept. — Xov. 

20  A.  laevis  L.  Very  smooth;  .st.  angular;  branches  simple,  \-floioered ;  lvs. 
lialt'-elasping,  oblong,  entire,  .sliin.ng,  radical  subsorrate,  lanceolate,  upper  auri- 
eled  at  base;  invol.  closely  imbricate,  the  scales  broadly  linear,  rigid,  thickened 
and  liei  b  I'loous  at  the  ape-ic ;  acii.  glabrous. — A  very  smooth  and  beautiful  species, 
2  to  3f  high,  growing  in  low  grounds.  St.  polished,  green,  often  .somewhat 
glaucous;  Iv.s.  rather  fleshy,  the  lowest  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole.  Fls.  large 
and  showy,  with  numerous  rays  of  a  fuio  blue  becoming  purple.  Sept. — Nov. 
(.V.  mutabilis  L.  A.  amplexicaulis  Muhl.) 

/i.  L.t'.viWATUS.     Lvs.  long,  linear-l.inceolate.     (A.  lajvigatus  Willd.) 
y.  CY.vxj;r8.     St.  and  lvs.  conspieuou.sly  glaucous.     (.V.   eyaneus  i'h.)     Ileau. 
tifui  varieties,  especially  the  latter. 

21  A.  concinuua  Willd.  not  of  Nees.  St.  simple,  jmnicnla^e  or  racemous,  pubes- 
cent; lvs.  lanceolate  and  lanee-linear,  narrowed  and  clasping  at  tie  base,  remotely 
s-rrute.  upper  ones  entire.  Invol.  closely  imbricate,  scales  gre.>-.»  at  the  tip. — 
Woods.  N.  States.  A  slender  si)eeies  1  to  2f  high,  branches  of  tho  panicle 
rather  short  and  remote.  Lvs.  'A  to  5  long,  acuminate,  varying  from  ^  to  1  ,  ui 
width,  smooth  except  tho  midvein  beneath,  branch  lvs.  few  and  nmch  smaller. 
Ibis,  middle  siz(,  \vi.  i  10  to  15  bluish-purple  ray.s.     Sept. — Nov. 

22  A  »ericeuB  Vcui,.  Sts.  slender,  clustered,  glabrous  below,  silky  pubescent, 
l(raneli»-d  aliove ;  lvs,  clothed  on  both  sides  with  a  dense,  appressed,  silky-eanes- 
cent  tomeiitinn,  lance-oltlong,  entire,  aeuto  and  mucronato,  sessik ;  tiiLs.  large, 
7)i(iftly  soliturij,  teriid/ioi  on  the  short,  leafy  branclil-ts ;  scales  laneeoljite,  silky- 
canesoont  like  U*g  lvs.,  spreading  at  tip;  ach.  smuoth. — .V  singularly  elegant 
Aster,  with  ahinin/.  silvery  foliage,  prairies  and  river  baMk,s,  \Vi.sc.  and  Iowa  to 
Mi.ss.  St.  1  U)  2f  lii/h.  Lower  Iv.s.  2  to  :i'  by  9  to  10",  the  upper  nmch  smaller. 
Rays  drep  v.^/l>t-bluiv     J 'uppus  fulvous.     Aug. — ^h't.  \     (A.  argentcus  Mx.) 

23  A.  c6iicolor  L.  >St.  subsimple,  erect,  pubescent;  lvs  lance-oblong,  entire, 
iiiuoron.itt',  grayiab,  wkh  a  minuti»,  silky  pubesconeo  both  .sides,  upper  ones  cu.s- 
jii  late-aeuminale;  rar  U^rminal,  viryatr,  simple  or  somewhat  eomi'ound,  elon- 
gatcil:  scales  lanceolate,  .-ilky,  acute,  appressed;  a-ch.  villon-'i. — Pine  barrens,  N. 
J.  to  Fla.  A  slender  and  virgate  plant,  1  to  ;jf  liigli,  sometimes  branched  below. 
Rt.  <)f\en  tuberous.  Lv.s.  lyi'V  A',  reduced  in  .si/c  up".v,n'ds.  lids,  m  a  long 
r,\(.'.  with  purple  ray.s  and  u  rust-colored  pappiia.  Aug. — Nov. — Reaomblcs  a 
LiatrLs. 


Am 


r4 


>  I 


'isi 


''4 


424 


OUDKii  70.— (JO. \I POSITS. 


P. 


24  A.  turbin^llua  Liudl.  Smooth  or  slij^rhtly  scabrous;  branches  and  branchleta 
very  slender;  Ivs.  ktuceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  acute,  slightly  chwping,  eiitiro  ; 
invol.  clavate-turbinate,  acute  at  base,  a.s  long  as  the  disk  Ms.  (6  ) ;  scales  im- 
bricated in  many  rows,  linear,  obtuse,  with  short  green  tips. — Woods  and  river 
bottoms,  111.  (Mead.),  Mo.,  etc.,  to  La.  Sts.  2f  high,  somewhat  corymbous. 
Lower  Ivs.  3  to  5'  by  |j  to  li',  the  others  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  the  scales. 
Hds.  middlj  size,  with  blue  rays  and  brownish  pappus.     Sept. 

25  A.  dumdsus  L.  Smooth  or  puberulent;  brandies  racemous-panieled,  Iv.i. 
numerous,  smooth,  linear,  sessile,  entire  or  the  lowest  subserrate,  those  of  tlie 
branches  very  short ;  i7ivol.  ol4iisn  at  base,  closely  imbricate ;  scales  obtuse. — 
About  2f  high,  in  dry  shades  and  borders  of  woods,  U.  S.  St.  nmcii  brunehed, 
very  leafy,  the  lower  Ivs.  2  to  3'  long,  the  upper  smaller  and  becoming  very  minute. 
Hds.  small,  with  about  24  purplish-white  ray.s.  Quito  varialjlo  in  respect  to  tlio 
extent  of  its  branching  intlorescence,  the  acuteness  and  size  of  its  Ivs.,  tiie  obtuse- 
nossof  its  scales,  etc.     Rt.  Ivs.  1  to  3'  long,,  st.  and  branch  Ivs.  2  to  12'  long.    Sept. 

/i.  cOKiuiFOLius  is  a  starved,  attenuate  form,  vciy  slender  every  way. 

26  A.  cdrneua  L.  Smooth ;  st.  dividing  into  many  straight,  paniculate,  leafy 
branches;  Ivs.  uniform,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  the  lower  ones  taper- 
ing to  a  sessile  base,  the  upper  amplexicaul;  scales  rather  acute,  close,  much 
shorter  than  the  disk. — Moist  fields,  E.  and  "W.  St.  2 — 3f.,  often  purple.  Lvs.  5' 
to  5'.  Hds.  many,  middle  size.  Rays  20 — 30,  purple  to  rose-colored.  Sept. — 
Oct. 

26.^  A.  xnutdbiHs  Willd.  St.  smooth,  pnniculaie-bmnched  from  base,  dense- 
tlowered;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  serrulate,  thickish,  all  clasping,  upper  lance- 
obl  jng,  entire;  hds.  mclium  ;  scales  loose,  lanceolato,  much  shorter  than  the 
difrlc;  rays  pale.    Wet  sf)ils.    111.  2 — 3f    Varies,  with  lvs,  serrate,  hds.  few,  etc. 

27  A.  ericoides  L.  Smoothish:  branches  virgate,  branchlets  secund,  1 -headed; 
Iv.s.  spatulate,  and  linear,  and  subidate:  hds.  small;  so.  as  long  as  ihe  disk,  with 
subulate,  nmcronate,  spr^aading  tips. — Rocky  lields.     Stem  1 — 3f.  high. 

28  A.  racemdsuB  Ell.  Bough-pubescent,  with  many  erect  branches;  lvs.  linear 
and  linear-subulate,  very  acute,  margins  very  .scabrous;  hiLt.  spicaie-racenied 
and  crowded  on  the  upper  part  of  ihe  branches ;  scales  very  acute,  as  long  as  the 
disk,  somewhat  spreading,  rays  very  short. — S.  Oar.  to  Fla.  on  tlio  islands  and 
coast.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  The  very  small  heads  (2''  long)  are  almost  rayless. 
Sept.,  0(!t. 

29  A.  simplex  Willd.  Gkiiibrous;  st.  corymbous-paniculate  above;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  entire,  the  margins  .scabrous,  lower  ones  s.'rrate ;  scaks  looselij  ii/ihri- 
cated,  linear-subulate. — Another  variable  species  in  low  grounds,  I  J.  S.  and  (Jan. 
St.  I  to  5f  high,  somewhat  corymbous.  Lvs.  2  to  -t'  by  5  to  10  ',  very  smooth 
both  sides,  tapering  to  a  slender  point;  tiiose  of  the  branches  and  branchlets 
proportionately  smaller.  Hds.  rather  few,  middle  size  (4  to  5"  long),  on  the 
short  branchlets.     Sept.     Sometimes  low  with  smaller  hds.,  again  tall  with  larger. 

ii.  DIVERGEN8.  13ranches  ditt'use,  loosely  racemous,  pubescent  in  lines;  4 — Gf. 
29.^  A.  Bubaaper  Lindl.  ?  Pubescent  above,  racemous  branched,  branches 
short,  dense-tiowered;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole, 
rough,  apprt'.ssed-serrate,  the  upper  reduced,  entire,  sessile ;  invol.  closely  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  purple. — Dry,  poor  soils,  ill,  scarce,  (Mr.  J.  Wolf.)  8 — K  high, 
strict.     Lvs.  (i' — G' .     Ditlers  from  Lindley's  in  its  broader  leaves.     Sept. 

30  A.  tenuifdliuB  I_  St.  smooth,  erect,  paniculate-branching,  with  l-ri'nvered 
braachlets ;  Ids.  linear  and  U near-lanceolate,  tapering  at  eacli  end,  bng-acuininale, 
entire,  with  roughish  margins,  the  lower  ones  often  serrate  in  tlie  middle  :  iuvol. 
scales  very  slender,  erect,  acute,  slightly  longer  than  the  disk. — Orows  in  moist 
fields,  E.  and  W..  2— til.     Lvs.  5' — 1'.     Rays  20 — 30,  long,  pale  purple.    Sept. 

li.  BELLlDlFLoRUS.     Lvs.  scabrous,  subclasping ;  scales  raliier  louse.    Western. 
y.  DiSTlouus.  Lvs.  and  strict  branches  in  2  rows.  Lvs.  serrulate.  111.  (Mr.  J. Wolf.) 

31  A.  Tradeaodnti  L  Smooth  or  smoothish;  branches  virgate,  paniculate; 
Iv.s.  lance-linear,  the  lower  remotely  serrate,  sessile;  invol.  closely  iml)ricate; 
scales  linear-tiliform,  scarcely  equaling  the  disk.— A  line  species,  with  numeroua 


Ordbb  70.— com  posit  JE. 


425 


Ivn.,  growing  in  fields,  Mass  to  La.  St.  rigid,  brownish,  2  to  3f  higli,  terete, 
witli  imiiierous  small  hds.  densely  racemed  and  somewhat  1-sided  on  the  erect- 
spreading,  slender  branches.  Lower  st.  Ivs.  4'  long,  gradually  roducod  in  size 
upwards.     Rays  pale  purple.     Aug. — Oct. 

ji.  FU.\GiLis.     Oauline  ivs.  serrulate  or  entire,  short;  hds.  mucli  scattered  on 
the  brandies.     (A.  fragilis  Willd.) 

32  A.  miser  Ait.  T.  &  G.  Starved  Aster.  St.  racomous-paniculate,  hairy 
or  jmhen'-eiit ;  Ivs.  iOssWe,  lanreolate,  sharjily  snrrale  in  tlio  middle;  invol.  imbri- 
cated with  lance-lmear,  acutisli  scales ;  rays  short. — A  very  variable  species,  com- 
mon in  old  Melds,  hedges,  U.  S.  and  Can.  In  heiglit  it  varies  from  (3  to  30',  and 
in  luxuriance  proportionately  to  the  moisture  or  fertility  of  the  soil.  The  st.  is 
very  branching  or  nearly  simple,  bearing  a  large,  compound,  racemous  panicle,  or 
a  few  simple  racemes.  Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  or  broad-lanceolate,  always  ser- 
raU'.  1  to  5  in  len,.,4h.  lids,  usually  numerous,  small,  with  small,  white  or  pur- 
plish rays.     Aug. — Oct.     (A  miser,  divergen.s,  dilfusus  and  iiendulus  Ait.) 

it  DIFFUSUS.      Branches  spreading,   dilfuso  ;  lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate,   more  or 

less  narrowly  so,  midvein  hairy  beneath ;  hds.  often  sessile,  Ibrming  short, 

crowded  spikes,  or  long,  virgate  ones. 
y.  HiRsuTic.vri.is.     St.  hirsute;  lvs.  long  and  narrow,  midvein  hirsute ;  hds. 

racemuus  or  spicate,  upper  ones  in  short,  dense  branches ;  scales  linear.     (A. 

hirsuticaulis  Liiidl.) 

33  A.  multiflonis  L.  Grayish,  pubescent;  st.  diffusely  hranchtd;  lvs.  linear, 
entire,  sessile,  obtuse-mucronato,  margins  subciliato ;  hds.  small;  invol.  imbricate, 
squarrous,  linear  or  spatulate,  with  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate  scales. — A  very  bushy  As- 
ter, 1^  with  very  numerous,  small  fls.  crowded  on  the  racemous  branches, — each 
with  about  12  white  rays  spreading  6  to  6  '.  Lvs.  1  to2'  long,  obtuse,  very  narrow, 
dimiiiishiug  upwards  to  the  scales.     Rocks  and  dry  fields,  U.  S.    Variable.    Sept. 

34  A.  grandifldrus  L.  Rough  with  stilf  hairs ;  st.  rigid,  branched,  branches 
soiittw/ad  <o/yiiil>td  and  \-Jiowered;  lvs.  liiiear-spatulato  or  linear-oblong,  small, 
c'.t:ise,  rigid,  subclaspiiiy-;  hds.  very  laryu  ;  invol.  squarrous,  of  numerous,  obtuse, 
rellexed  scal(^s,  the  ouii-r  li-aly. — Dry,  rocky  places,  Va.  to  Ga.  About  2f  high. 
Lvs.  below  1  to  2'  long,  diminishing  upwards.  Rays  showy,  spreading  18  to  20  , 
blue-purple.     Sept. — Nov. 

35  A.  Carolini^nuB  "Walt.  Rough-pubescent,  divaricately  branched;  lvs. 
lance-ovate  or  ohlntig,  a  ute,  entire,  clasping,  the  ba.so  abruptly  produced  into 
small,  auriculate  lobes;  his.  very  large,  scalterel;  sca'es  imbricate,  with  squar- 
rous, spreading,  green  tips. — A  sliowr  .Vster,  Very  t  .11,  but  slender,  G  to  l.'Jf  high, 
in  damp  tliiekets.  S.  Car.  to  Kia.  Lv.s.  1  t  >  3'  long,  3  to  9  '  wide.  Rays  rose- 
purple.  nuiiieni\;s.  spreading  10  .     Sept.,  Oct. 

36  A.  oblongifolius  Nutt.  St.  rigid,  diflus(}ly  branched,  hairy;  branches 
sjii'cadiiig,  willi  loose  and  irregular  branclilets;  Irs.  olilouy-lanreolate,  acute,  iiiu- 
en  1 1  ate.  j)artly  clasping,  entir'',  rough-ed_'e'l,  or  the  branches  and  branchlets 
gru'i  i  -111/  passiu'!  into  the  leafy.  Lanreolafe.  suht/ual.  ^preadiny  smles. — Prairii'S,  &c., 
W.  States.  Plant  1  to  2f  high,  oft  'ii  glandular- viscid.  Caulino  lvs.  12  to  20''  by 
3  to  y"  ;  those  >if  the  brandies  6''  by  2  ,  of  the  branchlets  3  '  by  ^",  indistiu- 
guisiiablc  from  the  .scales.  Rays  ])urj)le.  P;qjpus  brownish.  Sept.,  Oct.  (A. 
obloiigilblius  and  A.  graveolens  Nutt.) 

37  A.  Ellidttii  Torr.  k  (Jr.  Glabrous,  stout;  st.  angular;  lvs.  ample,  lanceolatf, 
subelasping  (ii'U  auricled),  ,serr,ar,e,  with  remote,  small,  appressed  teeth;  hds. 
middle  size,  eor\'m'>ous-paiii(;ulai  ;  pi'd.  nalind;  scales  somewhat  equal,  Uni-ar-at- 
Urinate,  with  spreuiding  or  r<'urved  greenish  tips. — River-:^waiiips,  N.  Car.  t  >  Ga. 
A  vor3'  stout  Ast(T,  2  vo  4<'lugii.  Lower  lvs.  f>  to  8'  long,  narrowed  to  a  winged 
petiole.     Ray^  narrow,  bri^'lit  parple.      Pap[»us  tiwny-wliito.     Oet,.,  Nov. 


38  A.  virsstM  Fll 


i4la' 


St.  and  branctif-s  viryate.   strict,   raceiwd ;  lvs. 


imeur-lanceoli*se.  'mttre,  hall-dasping,  inargina  ciliolate-serrulate,  tiio  upper  re- 
line 'd,  hi.'iHnj)\iiff  sulmlate,  erect,  numerous  on  the  hmnckes  and  peduncles ;  scahs 
lance-acuminate,  the  outer  loose-spreading,  graduating  into  the  bracts;  aclt.  gkih- 
rofu*. — Gu.  to  La.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  below,  3  to  6'  by  3  to  G'  ,  firm  and 
phining.     Sept.,  Oct. — Probably  passes  intot'ie  next. 

39  A.  Novi  Bclgii  Ii.     New  York.  A.steu.     St.  terete,  stout,  iften  jflaucous, 


■4 


''I  I' »' 


\\ 


Ktifjt 


'•s,  .;»-■ 


It 


426 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


.  I 


S 


the  branches  pubescent  in  lines ;  Ivs.  subclasping,  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  taper- 
pointed  or  very  acute,  coriaceous,  rough-edged,  the  lower  suhserrate ;  hd.s.  large, 
racenied  or  subcorymbed;  scales  about  3  rows,  subequal,  acute,  erect,  shorter 
than  the  disk ;  ach.  pubescent. — N.  Eng.  to  Va  (I'ursh),  more  connnon  westward 
.  to  Wis.  and  Iowa.  Comprehends  many  smooth  and  elegant  varieties,  which  we 
vainly  try  to  separate.  St.  2  to  4f  high.  Lower  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long.  Rays  blue^ 
expanding  9  to  12".     Aug. — Oct.     (A.  laxifolius  Nees.     A.  a^stivus  Ait.) 

(3.  L.KTiPLoRUS.  Slender ;  branches  divergent ;  lv.«.  rigid,  long  and  narrow, 
scabrous;  rac.  loose,  the  pad.  nearly  leafless. — Oliio,  Wis.  Beautiful,  with 
long,  pale  purple  rays.  (A.  salicitblius  Willd.) 
y.  PR^ALTUS.  Strict,  with  erect  branches,  bearing  the  leafy  clusters  near  the 
summit;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  elongated,  cilio-serrulate  on  the  margin. — N.  H. 
to  Wis.     Height  3  to  4f.     Hd.s.  somewhat  smaller.     (A.  pra'altus  Poir.) 

40  A.  longifdliua  Lam.  Glabrous;  st.  very  branching,  branches  spreading, 
many-flowered;  Ivs.  subatnplexicaul,  linear-lanceoluto,  entire  (the  lowest  rarely 
subserrate),  very  smooth ;  scales  lanceolato,  warly  equiding  tlie  disk,  the  outer 
loosely  squarrous-sproading ;  arh.  smooth. — Fields  and  thickets,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  to 
Car.  St.  3f  high.  Lvs.  pale  below,  shining  above,  smooth  botli  t-ides,  the  lower 
ones  4  to  6'  long.  ilds.  numerous,  showy,  with  25  to  30,  light-blue  rays.  Ach. 
twice  longer  tlian  in  the  last.  Oct.,  Nov. — Some  specimens  are  minutely  puiies- 
cent  at  the  tops  of  tlie  branches.  Otiiers  have  the  outer  scales  quite  ieat-like, 
(A.  huvigatus  Ph.     A.  laxus  Willd.     A.  elodes  T.  &  C!.) 

41  A.  graminifoliua  Pii.  Subpubescent;  st.  slender,  branches  filiform,  erect; 
lower  Ivs.  very  uumerou.s,  narrow-linear;  ped.  slender,  1 -flowered;  scales  linear- 
subulate,  loose,  in  one  or  two  rows,  equal,  finally  reflexcd. — N.  H.  (Eddy.)  High 
clill's,  Willoughby  Luke.  Vt. ;  also  on  an  ishind  in  Wait's  River,  Bradford,  Vt., 
18G0.  Branches  simple,  leafy,  naked  at  tlio  end,  1-flowered,  somewhat  corymb- 
ous.  Rays  15  to  125,  mucli  longer  than  the  disk,  purple  or  rose-colored.  Jn.,  Jl. 
— llara  and  interesting,  very  different  in  aspect  from  any  of  the  Ibregoiug. 

§  4.  SCARIOSI.    White-scaled  Asters. 

42  A.  acumiaatUB  ^f -:  St.  simple,  flexnous,  angular,  branching  into  a  rorynib- 
ov^ 2)a Hide  ii\)o\-L' :  // -  >,.■  id-larn-eolate,  nurrovcL'd  and  entire  at  the  base,  fcna/e 
a7id  acununate\  mvitL  ■sfvUts  lax,  linear. — Mts.  woods.  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  Stem 
a  toot  high,  rough,  downy.  Leaves  large,  uneiiually  and  remotel}'  serrate  above, 
and  ending  in  a  long,  ii»;uminate  point.  Panicle  corymbous,  terminal,  few- 
fiowered,  ner.-"ly  or  q.uite  lutked.  The  leaves  are  mostly  situated  just  below  the 
corymb,  someti.  <e8  scattered.  Ileada  rather  large,  with  about  15  long,  white 
rays.     Aug. 

43  A.  nexnordlis   Ait.     .5ranc7ies '♦f)r?/TOftec?  or  0;  j)erf.  1-flowered,  nearly  naked, 

filiform  ;  ios.  narrowly  uiiceolate,  aeii,te  at  each  end,  veinlesa,  svbeutive  ;  scales 
very  acute,  loose,  shorter  lUan  the  di^k  :  rays  long,  about  20. — A  handsome  plant, 
in  swampy  woods.  N.  II.,  Mass.  to  N.  J.  Rather  rare.  Stem  slender,  10 — 20' 
high.  Leaves  numerous,  10 — 1-  by  2 — t ',  rarely  snbdentate.  Heads  large, 
few.  often  but  one,  terminating  the  simple  aj^is  or  branches.  Rays  large,  white 
or  pale  purple.     Sept..  (Jet. 

44  A.  pftarmicoides  T.  &  G.  St.  rorynibnus-fastiffiate  above  ;  Ivs.  hnear-lanreo- 
late,  roii^ri-inarguied,  entire,  lower  ones  dentate,  attenuated  into  a  short 
petioi-  ;iy~  skM. — A  very  distinct  Aster,  low  and  leafy,  found  in  rocky  soils, 
by  ijir'  -  uud  lakes,  \'t.  (RobbinHi  to  Mo.  Rare.  Stems  clustered,  simple,  each 
l)earinjc  a  spreading  panicle  of  headvS,  which  are  below  the  middle  size,  and  fur- 
nished with  -now-white  rays.     Juiy — Sept.     (Heliastrum,  DC.) 

45  A.  flexnosus  Nutt.  St.  branching,  sknder,  Jkxuous,  very  smooth ;  Ivs.  long 
and  Hucculeiit,  the  lower  ones  sublanceolate-linoar,  upper  ones  subulate;  branches 
leafy,  i -flowered;  ywwt  scofes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  appressod ;  ra?/a  numerous, 
shorter  than  the  involucre :  ach.  i»U>pubesrent. — (Irows  in  salt  marshes,  Mass.  to 
Flor.  The  whole  plant  very  smooth.  If  high,  with  large,  purple  flowers;  disk 
yellow.     Aug. — Oct. 

46  A.  Cha^vinauii  Torr  k  Crr.  Glabrous ;  st.  strict,  slenikr,  corymbous  at  sum- 
mit; braiuhcs  filiform,    I  llow.'red;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,   appresaed,  numerous; 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


427 


scales  in  5  or  6  aeries,  closely  'mbricatod;  rays  longer  than  the  invol. ;  ach.  glath 
rous. — Swamps,  Fla.  (Chapman.)  A  curious  Aster,  very  slender,  with  large  hds., 
20  to  30-rayed,  spreading  2  ,  purple. 

47  A.  linifdliuB  L.  Sea  Aster.  St.  paniculate,  much  braached  from  tho  bai!0 ; 
Ivs.  long,  linear,  very  acute,  the  uppermost  subulate;  invol.  eylindric,  with  8tii)U- 
late  scaL'S  in  about  3  rows;  rays  minute,  in  two  series,  scarcely  exsertod. — An 
annual  species,  found  in  salt  marshes,  Mass.  to  Car.  St.  12  to  18  high,  very 
smooth,  thick,  reddish.  Lvs.  smooth,  sessile.  The  plant  is  very  bruiu'hiiig,  with 
numerous  small  hds.,  almost  discoid  I'rom  the  shortness  of  the  rays.     Aug. 

48  A.  aubul^tUB  Mx.  Annual ;  slender,  much  branched,  glabrous ;  brarK.'lK)?: 
corymbed,  slender  ;  lvs.  linear-subulate,  scabrous,  long-linear  below ;  scales  lance- 
linear,  acute,  in  2  or  3  series ;  rays  numerous,  narrow,  longer  than  the  disk,  in  fjnc 
row. — Damp  grounds,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high.  lids,  small,  witli  about 
20  blue  rays  longer  than  the  disk.     Sept.,  Oct.     (A.  divaricatus  Nutt.) 

3.  6xiLis.     Taller,  with  fewer  branches,  corymbed ;  hd.s.  racomed  or  solitary. 
Rays  pale  purple. — Columbus,  Ga.     (A.  exilis  Ell.)     Height  2  to  4f. 

19.  DIPLOPAP'PUS,  Cass.  Double-bristled  Astkr.  (Or.  (Si-Xonc. 
double,  "ndnrrog,  pappus )  Heads  inany-tloworcd  ;  ray-tiowcrs  about 
12,  ?;  disk-riowers  ^  ;  invohicre  imbricate,  scales  narrow,  destitute  uf 
green  tips ;  roceptaele  flat,  subalveolate ;  pappus  double,  the  exterior 
very  short  (about  V  lonjj;),  interior  copious,  capillary  ;  aehenia  (•(•ni- 
pressed. —  If  Lvs.  entire,  alternate.     Rays    cyanic.     Disk  yellow. 

X 


Rays  violet.     Achcnia  silky.    Bristles  of  the  inner  pappii.s  alike 

Kays  whitish.     8ouie  of  tho  longer  bristles  clavellate.— Aeli.  snii>otlii.sli Nc>>.  •.' 

— Ach.  villous No 


l 
8 
4 

1  D.  linariifolius  Hook.  St.  straight,  roughish;  branches  1 -flowered,  fa^ti.ri- 
ate;  scales  imbricate,  carinate,  as  long  astliedisU;  Iv.^j.  linear,  entire,  1 -veined, 
mucronate,  carinate,  rough,  rigid,  those  of  the  branches  recurved. — A  handsDiiio 
species,  in  dry  woods,  along  streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stems  subsiniple,  purpii.-ih, 
about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  numerous,  obtuse,  with  a  sniali.  nmeronato  point,  sliiri- 
ing  above.  Branclilets  near  tho  top,  leafv,  each  with  one  rati  lor  large;  and  showy, 
violet-colored  head.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Aster,  L.) 

2  D.  umbell^tus  Hook.  St.  smooth,  straight,  simple;  hJs.  numerous,  in  a  l^vel 
corymb;  lvs.  long,  lanceolate,  smooth,  acuminate  at  each  end,  rough  on  t'.ic  mar- 
gin ;  invol.  scales  obtusely  lanceohile ;  ach.  liubescent  m  linct. — Low  groiiiids,  river 
banks,  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  La.  St.  3  to  4f  high  (in  dry  fields  but  1  to  21)  pur- 
plish, channeled,  branching  at  tup  into  a  hirge,  level-topped,  compound  corymb. 
Lvs.  narrow,  entire,  4  to  C  in  length,  those  of  the  branchlels  smaller.  Rays  alxmt 
12,  white.    Disk  yellow.     Aug.,  Sept.   (A.  amygdaliims  Mx.    A.  umbellatus  Ait.) 

jS.  AMYODALis'us.     St.  roughish  above,  green;  brauclies  of  the  corymb  divari- 
cate; lvs.  broader. — Lower  and  le.ss  elegant  than  variet_>  a.     Common. 

3  D.  cornifdliuB  Less.  St.  smooth  below,  scabrous  and  slightly  panieulato 
above,  few-Jiowered :  lvs.  elliptical,  thi7i,  long-acuminate  at  both  ends,  entire,  with 
scattered  hairs,  rough-edged,  invol.  scales  imbricate,  shorter  than  tho  disk,  obtuse; 
ach.  glabrous. — Grows  in  woods  N.  and  M.  States.  "Whole  plant  nearly  smooth, 
erect,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  paler  beneath,  on  very  short  stalks  or  .sessile.  Fls.  few, 
large;  outer  scales  very  short.     Rays  about  10,  white.    Jl.,  Aug.    (Aster.  Muhl.) 

4  D.  obovatUB  Torr.  &  Gr.  ClnereouB-pubescent,  coryinbotis  above ;  lvs.  oblotig- 
obovate  or  elliptical,  acute,  sessile  or  tho  lower  or  sliort  petioles,  toinentous  h^- 
ueath;  scales  loose,  linear-subulate,  acute,  in  about  3  rows,  downy,  rusty  yellow; 
ach.  ailky-villous. — Damp  shades,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Heiglit  2  to  3f  Lvs.  longer 
than  tho  internodes  (2  to  3  ),  rarely  with  a  few  teetli.  Invol.  broadly  olnonic. 
Rays  narrow,  white,  spreading  IJ'.    Pappus  rusty  white.    Sept.,  Oct.  (Aster,  Ell.) 

20.  ERIG'ERON,  L.  Flea-bane.  "Whitk-wekd.  (Gr. //p,  the  fiprin<r, 
yepuw,  old  man  ;  because  it  is  soon  hoary.)  Heads  niatiy-tloweretl,  siib- 
fiemisphericai ;  ray-flowers  ?,  very  numerous  (40  to  2(J0),  narrow,  lin- 
ear; flowers  of  the  disk  0  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  scales  of  the  invo- 


4! 


'^i 


>i,''^ii' 


ml 


«s 


H 

'  t 


4'2S 


OUDER  70.— 0(1MI»(")SflMC. 


lurro  nearly  in  one  row  aiul  r(|ual  •,  pappus  gcimrally  simple. — llcrl)8 
with  alteniato  Ivs.     Kays  ('vaiiii!.     J)isk  y«^llow. 

S  IJays  minMti'.  sltnrter  lli;»n  t,hi<  cyliiiililr»l  involiicTO.     I'lippii.s  ,s|iii|)li> \on.  1,  J 

8   KiiVs  li.iii:,  .sluixvy,  :t()  to  -til.      I'liitpiiH  ^^im|>l<'.     Li'iivcs  nil  nuliciil No.  8 

§  Kiiys  liiiii.',  f-liowv,  ftO  to '2(lt>. —  l*ii|)|iiis  (tiiiiiilc.     I.tMvos  olii>|iitii; Nos.  4 — ti 

—  l*ll|)|III.S  (lolllllo.      Lt'llVO.S  M'.S.silt",  «tc, No.H.  7 — 9 

1  E.  Canad^iise  L.  Invol.  oblon^r;  rays  nutnorous  (40 — 50),  crowded,  mimito; 
jiappiis  siinplc;  st.  liairv,  jjiiiiiciiliitc;  Ivs.  laiK't'oliitt),  lower  ones  siibHcrruto. — X 
very  ooiniiioii  amiual  ])liiiit  of  no  bejiuty,  arrowing  by  roadsiiles  niid  in  Ik'lds, 
tliroujrlioiit  N.  Am.  Sti'in  .) — SMI  hiijh,  Itriuioliiii^;,  liairy  and  I'lirrowod.  Leaves 
very  narrow,  witli  roii^'li  edijes.  Flowers  wliito,  very  luimerous,  small,  of  mean 
appcaranee,  irri'trularly  raeemous  upon  the  bratuihes,  and  con.stitutin^f  a  lar^je,  ol»- 
lonjr  panicle.  Tbo  plant  varies  greatly  in  size,  aceordin.L^  to  tlio  soil. — A  .starvi  d 
form  is  K.  piisilluin  Nutt. 

2  E.  divaricAtum  Mx.  Decumbont  and  dilVusely  branc^hed,  hirsute;  Iv.s.  linear 
and  snitulate;  lids,  very  small,  loosely  eorymlons;  rays  miiuito. — Dry  soil,  \V. 
States  S.  to  La.  Plant  of  a  j^reyi.sh  or  bluish  .ispeet,  ;i — (V  high,  but  at  len,gth 
spreadiiiir  1 — '1\\     Leaves  4 — 12''  by  .} — I".      Ua/s  purpli.sh.     Juno — .\ug. 

3  E.  uudicaitle  Mx.  Glabrous;  Ivs.  obovate  or  spatulate,  radical,  rosula<e,  en- 
tire; one  or  two  sessile,  brai't-liko  on  tliosimplo  s((>m  or  seapo;  lids,  few,  eorynib- 
<>us ;  invol.  hemispherical;  rays  narrow,  ilO  or  iiKtr*',  conspii-uous. — Pine  barrens, 
Va.  to  Kla.  and  J-a.  Lvs.  jibout  2  long.  Scapo  IS'  hi,i,di,  very  slender.  Hays 
wliite.     May,  .In. 

4  E.  bellidifdlium  Muhlenb.  Houins' Plantain.  Hirsute;  radical  Km.  obo- 
vate.  (ibtiisi>,  subserrate;  at.  Ivs,  remote,  mostly  entire,  lance-oblong,  ac^ule,  clasi)iiig; 
lids.  :i — T,  in  a  eK)se,  terminal  corymb;  rays  50  to  GO,  nearly  twi(;o  longer  than  the 
iuvohiere,  liiiear-.\p(ttul<ite. — Dry  Holds  and  thickets,  U.  y.  and  Can.  Stoni  erect, 
simp'e,  sometimes  stoloniferous,  1 — 'if  high.  I,i'aves  2 — .'{'  by  6 — 9',  mostly 
broadest  above  tho  middle.  Rays  bluish  (rarely  reddislO-purplo.  This  i.s  our  ear- 
liest s{)ecios,  liowering  in  May  and  Juno.  Uc8cinl)livs  tiio  following.  (M.  pulchel- 
lum  M.x.) 

5  E.  Philad^lphicum  L.  Pubescent  or  hirsuto;  Irs.  thin,  lower  spatulate,  ere- 
laite-dt  nliitc,  uppiT  t)ljlong-oblanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  cljisping  (.sometimes  cor- 
(!ate-aurieuhite)  b;use,  subserrate;  hd.s.  few,  o.i  long,  slender  pod.;  niys  150  to 
200,  fili/oDii.  nioro  than  twice  longer  than  llio  invol. — Woods  and  pastures 
lliroughout  N.  Am.  St.  slender,  1  to  ;5f  hi;,di.  Lvs.  2  to  4' by  G  to  9 ',  lower 
nnu'h  attenuated  at  base,  upper  acute.  Kays  reddish-iiurplo  or  Uosh-colorod, 
nearly  as  slender  as  hairs.     Jn. — /Vug. 

f:!.  uuwKDi.     Cauline  lvs.  eordatoovato.     Meridon,  N.  11.  (ilicard). 

}.  St.  stout,  with  coarsely  serrate  lvs.,  approaching  the  next. 
€  E.  oiiercifolium  Lam.  Piibi>scent;  rf.  lvs.  ohlong-ohovate,  lyrate-pinnatijul,  or 
liieply  siiiuate-toot/ied,  the  cauline  sharply  serrate,  clasping;  upper  entiro ;  hda. 
small,  numerous,  coryinbous,  with  innumerable  liliforni  rays,  twice  longer  than 
the  invol. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Ditlers  from  the  precoding  in  its  smaller  and 
more  numerous  lids,  as  wi'll  as  its  lvs.     Rays  palo  purple.     Mar.  Jn. 

7  E.  ^nnuum  Pcrs.  Common  Flkahane.  AViiite-wkeh.  Hirsute,  with  scat- 
tered hairs,  branching;  Ivi.  coarsely  serrdte,  the  lowest  ovate,  contracted  at  bivso 
into  a  winged  pi-tiole,  stem  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  tho  highost  lan- 
ceolate: rays  very  mnnerous  and  narrow;  pappus  double. — A  common  weed,  in 
lields  and  waste  grounds.  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ky.  Stem  thick.  2 — 4f  high,  striate, 
terminating  in  a  large,  dilVuso,  coryinbous  panicle  of  larirc  heads.  Rays  white  or 
purplish,  100  or  more,  short.     Jn. — Aug     (I*',  hcterophyllum  Muhl.) 

8  E.  Btrigdaum  L.  Plant,  rough,  with  short,  appressed  hairs,  or  nearly  smooth ; 
lis.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  entire,  or  with  a  few  large  teeth  in  tho  middle, 
lower  ones  3-vcined  and  petiolate;  pan.  corymbous ;  pappus  double. — A  rough 
weed,  in  grassy  Holds,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  about  2f  high,  slender,  furrowed,  with 
close,  short,  still'  hairs,  and  bearing  a  large,  loose  corymb.  Lvs.  also  with  close- 
pressed  liristles,  sessile.     Rays  very  narrow,  white,     Jn. — Oct. 

>i.  St.  simple,  smooth;  lvs.  entiro,  pubescent;  fia.  coryiubed;  rays  100  to  150, 
(E.  IntcgrlfoHum  Bw.) 


OiiUER  71.— COMPOSITE. 


4'20 


9  E.  glab^llum  Nutt.  Lvs.  smooth,  entire,  spatitiate,  lovg-tapering  at  baae.  upper 
liiii'.Toliite  uii(i  laiico-linoitr,  hushiIu,  uuuiainulu;  IiiIh.  4  tu  ti,  uorytubed ;  itivuL 
licmi.splierical,  pnln'HiJerit  as  vvoll  iku  llio  pL'duiicles ;  rayH  very  nuiuurous,  pjile 
blue. — Wis.  t(;  Nobr.  12  to  18  liigh.  Lva.  loujf  utid  nnrrow.  Kuys  100  or 
more.     Jl.,  Aug. 

21.  CALLIS'TEPHUS,  Casa.  China  Aster.  (Gr,  KdkXor,  beauty, 
rTrKf/)or,  a  crown  ;  (;lijirH(;ti!risti<;  of  tlic  pappus.)  Kay-Howcrs  9  ,  k.iinier- 
(»Ms;  ilisk-f1o\vi!rs  f^;  iiivoliicro  licMiiisplieri(;al ;  re(;optacl«  sulxotivex; 
pappus  «l<)ul)lo,  each  in  I  sitrius,  outer  series  short,  chall'y-setaerous,  with 
the  setsi'  united  into  a  crown  ;  inner  series  of  lonj^,  filifoiiu,  scalrous, 
deciduous  bristles. — ( j;  Jvxoties.     Lvs.  alternate. 

C.  Chin6nsiB  Ne.ss,  St.  hispid;  bnimrhci  divergent,  1 -flowered;  lvs.  ovate, 
cofirsi'ly  d(.'ntjite,  potiolato,  cuuline  ones  soasiio,  cunealo  at  I)iiho. — Said  to  be  orif?- 
iiially  t'roiri  Cliiua.  Stum  about  18'  liigli,  witii  long  braiicbes,  eacli  terminated  by 
a  single,  largo  head.  Hays  dark  purple,  Disk  yellow.  July — Sept. — Cultiva- 
tion lias  produced  many  boautilul  and  even  Hplon<lid  varieties,  double  and  .seu)i« 
double,  with  white,  blue,  rod,  flaked  and  mottled  rays,    f     (Aster  (.liiuensis  L.) 

22.  BEL'LIS,  L.  Gakhkn  Paisv.  (Lat.  hdlns,  pretty  ;  a  terni 
(juite  appropriate  to  the  }r<«iiiis.)     Heads  many-flowered  ;   rays  $  ;  disk 

^  ;  involucre  hernispheri(;al,  of  equal  scales;  reeeptaele  subalveolate, 
conical ;  pappus  none. — Low  herbs,  either  0  and  caulescent  or  21  and 
acaidtjscent.     lids,  solitary. 

1  B.  integrifdlia  Mx.  Annual,  diffusely  branched;  lvs.  entire,  ppatulate-ofcovalc, 
upper  obl(Hig-lanceolat(5,  sossilo ;  soale.s  lance-ovato,  sotaeeous-acuminate,  with 
S'.iarious  margins. — Wet  prairies,  Ky.  to  Tex.  Sts.  6  to  I'i'.  Kays  violet-pur- 
ple, in  hd.s.  .simitar  to  tho  next.     Mar. — May. 

2  B.  per^nnis  L.  Perennial;  root  creeping;  scape  naked,  single- flowered ; 
lvs.  ohovate,  crenale. — If  Native  of  England  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  nearly 
niituialized  in  some  parts  ot'  N.  Kngland  in  cultivated  grotuids.  Scape  3  or  4' 
high,  with  a  single  white  huad  which  is  single,  doublo  or  quilled  in  the  ditl'er- 
ent  varieties.     Blossoms  in  tho  spring  and  summer  months. 

23.  DAH'LIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Andrew  Dohl,  a  Swedish  botanist, 
pupil  of  Liiuiujus.)  Heads  many-flowered,  rays  ? ,  disk  0',  involucre 
double,  the  outer  series  of  many  distinct  scales,  the  inner  of  8  scales 
united  at  base;  receptacle  chaffy;  pappus  none. —  2i  Splendid  Mexican 
herbs.     Lvs.  pinnate,  opposite. 

1  D.  viaridbilis  Desf.  St.  greon  ;  rachii  of  the  lvs.  winged ;  Ifta.  ovate,  acumt- 
natc,  serrate,  puberulont  or  nearly  smootii ;  outer  invol.  rcHexed  ;  ray  fls.  5  ,  sterile 
or  t'lTtilc. — The.se  superb  and  fashionable  plants  aro  natives  of  sandy  meadows 
in  Mexico.  They  have  coarse  and  roughish  lvs.  resembling  those  of  the  com- 
mon elder,  but  tho  flowers  aro  largo  and  beautiful,  sporting  into  ijinnmerable 
varieties,  single  and  double,  of  every  conceivable  shade  of  scarlet,  crimson,  purple, 
retl,  rarely  yellow,  blooming  from  .Tuly  until  arrested  by  frost. 

2  D.  coccfnea  Cav.  St.  frosty,  or  hoary,  hollow ;  lvs.  with  the  rachis  naked; 
Ifts.  roughish  beneath  ;  outer  invol.  .spreading;  rays  neuter. — Stems  about  41' high. 
Foliage  rather  glaucous.  Rays  scarlet,  saffron-color  or  yellow,  n(ver  purple  or 
white. — Tho  Dahlias  aro  generally  cultivated  by  the  divisions  of  the  tuberous  roots, 
wliicli.  as  soon  as  tho  frost  blackens  tho  tops,  aro  to  be  taken  up  and  prt  served 
through  the  winter  in  a  dry  place,  free  from  frcst. 

24.  BOLTO^NIA,  L'Her.  (To  J.  B.  Bolton,  author  of  "Ferns  of 
Great  Britain,"  &c.,  1788.)  Hds.  many-flowered  ;  ray-flowers  $ ,  in  a 
8inj:jle  scries,  those  of  tho  disk  tubular,  ^ ;  scales  in  2  series,  appresscd, 
witli  nienibranouR  mar£jins ;  receptacle  conic,  punctate ;  achenia  flat,  2 
or  3-winged ;  pappus  of  minute  seta),  2  (to  4)  of  them  usually  length- 


a 


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f;f  ■ 


liv 

,  '  ill ' 
'  .1 

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t 


J     H 


430 


obdeii  70— composite*:. 


eiied  into  awns. — 11  Glabrous,  branching  herbs.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  en. 
tire,  sessile.     Uds.  loosely  corymbous.     Rays  purplish-white. 

1  B.  glastifdlia  L'Her.  Los.  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  base,  the  lowest 
serrate;  hds.  in  a  loose  paniculate  corymb;  fr.  obovate,  with  2  awns,  and  several 
rjiiiute  setae  between. — Prairies,  &c.  West  and  South.  Very  slender,  3 — 7f. 
high,  strict.     Lvs.  3 — 6'  long.     Rays  pale,  spreading  7 — 9".     Jl. — Aug. 

2  B.  deciirrens.  Lvs.  oblong,  margins  decurrent  on  the  winged  stout  stem  ; 
bds.  corymbous,  globular  in  fruit ;    ach.  as  iu  No.  1 ;  rays  purple.     Bottoms  W. 

3  B.  diffiiBa  Ell.  L/vs.  linear-lanceolate  and  linear-subulate,  all  entire;  hds. 
small,  in  a  difiuso  panicle  with  very  numerous  and  slender  brauchlets;  ach. 
obovate,  narrowly  winged,  with  2  awns  less  than  half  its  length,  and  several  very 
minute  setJB  between.-  -Ga.  to  La.,  common,  A  very  slender  and  diSTusely 
branched  plant,  3  to  7f  higti.     Rays  fiprcadiug  about  5".     Aug. — Oct. 

4  B.  asteroides  L'Her.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  all  entire;  hds.  in  a  somewhat  con- 
densed corymb,  on  long  peduncles;  branches  leafy;  arh.  broadly  oval,  smcK^th, 
with  4  to  5  minute  seta3,  none  of  them  produced  into  awns. — Margins  of  swauips, 
Penn.  to  6a.  Plant  1  to  3f  high.  Bays  13  to  20,  spreading  6  to  7".  lug., 
Sept. 

25.  BRACHYCH>ETA,  Torr.  &  Gr.  False  Solidago.  (Gr.  Opan;.;?, 
short,  ;!ta/T7/,  hair ;  in  reference  to  the  pappus.)  Heads  few-fiowered  ; 
rays  4  or  5,  ? ,  ligulate ;  disk-flowers  4  or  5,  ^ ,  tubular ;  involucre 
cylindric,  imbiicate  ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  scale- 
like bristles  short'T  than  the  obconic  achenium. —  71  Habit  that  of  a 
Solidago.  The  golden  yellow  heads  arranged  in  little  clusters,  forming 
one  or  several  unilateral,  recurved  racemes. 

B.  cord^ta  Torr.  &  Gr.,  Woods,  E.  Ky.  (near  Cumberland  Gap)  to  Ga.,  along  the 
mts.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  simple  or  with  several  branches:  ubove,  pubescent.  Lvs. 
alternate,  cordate,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  petiolate,  more  or  less  cor- 
date, serrate,  the  upper  entire,  sessile.  Heads  small  (3"  long),  in  1  (or  more) 
long,  recurved,  nearly  leafless,  interrupted  rac.    Aug. — Oct. 

26.  SOLIDAXO,  L.  Goldenrod.  (Lat.  solidarij  to  unite ;  from  the 
vulnerary  qualities  of  the  plants.)  Flowers  of  the  ray  about  5,  $  ,  re- 
mote ;  of  the  disk  ^  ;  involucre  oblong,  imbricate,  with  appressed  scales  ; 
receptacle  punctate,  narrow  ;  pappus  simple,  capillary,  scabrous. —  2^ 
Herbs,  very  abundant  in  the  U.  S.  St.  erect,  branching  near  the  top. 
Lvs.  alternate.  Hds.  small,  with  1  to  15  (very  rarely  0)  small  rays. 
Fls.  yellow  (one  species  whitish),  expanding  in  the  autumnal  months. 

a  Shrub  I  to  8f  high.    Kavs  1  to  8.    Southern.. No.  1 

a  Herbaceous ;  heads  without  rayst^liscoid Nud.  'i,  3 

a  Herbaceous  ;  heads  radiate,  rays,  1  to  15,  usually  small,    (b) 

b  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  recurved,  herbaceous  tips Nos.  4,  6 

b  Scales  imbricated,  erect,  scarious,  seldom  herbaceous,    (c) 

0  Hays  white  or  cream-colored.    Clusters  axillary  and  terminal No.  6 

0  liays  golden  yellow,    (d) 

d  Inflorescence  axillary  (chiefly),  in  clusters  or  short  racemes,    (e) 

e  Stt'ms  pubescent Nos.  7.  S,  v 

e  Stems  glabrous Nos.  H,  9 

d  Inflorescence  terminal,  vlrgate  or  paniculate,    (f ) 

f  Clusters  or  rac.  erect,  not  sccund.     Lvs.  feather-veined,    (g) 

g  Heads  large,  with  loose  scales.    Alpine  plants Nos.  10 — 13 

g  Heads  not  large.     Plants  glabrous.    Kays  4  to  7 Nos.  18 — 15 

g  Heads  not  largo.     Plants  soft-downy.    Kays  9  to  12 Nos.  16,  17 

f  Clusters  or  racemes  recurved  and  secund  (one-sided),    (h) 

h  Leaves  3  (or  l)-veined.     Very  smootli,  salt-marsh  herbs Nos.  18,  19 

h  Leaves  evidently  3-veined.     Herbs  inland,  «fec.    (k) 

k  Le.ives  entire  or  very  nearly  so Nos.  20,  21 

k  Leaves  serrate.    Stem  8?nooth  and  glabrous Nos.  22-24 

k  Leaves  serrate.    Stem  roughisb-pubescent Nos.  25,  26 

h  Leaves  not  veiny,  thick,  subentire.    Herbs  inland Nos.  27 — 29 

h  Leaves  evidently  feather-reined,  mostly  serrate,    (m) 

m  Stem  hairy  or  downy.    Leaves  rough  or  not Nos.  80—33 

m  Stom  sriabrous.    Leaves  glabrous  or  not.     Kay;;  2  to  5  Nos.  83 — 31 
*  m  Stem  glalirous.    Lvs.  glabruui  er  not.    Rays '6  to  12.    [n) 


OUDER  70.— COMPOSITJi. 


4:J1 


I 


n 


n  Kaceines  distant,  loosely  if  at  all  punicled Nom.  :)(!,  ■'tT 

n  KueeiiU's  closo,  forniiii!/  c<>ni|iact  panicles Nos.  a^ — U) 

d  Infloresoeace  terminal,  in  ufn.'stigiute  corymb,     (o) 

O  Leaves  lanceolate,  ample.    Stem  Bniooth.  ^labrouB Nos,  4t,  42 

O  Leaves  lanceolate,  ainplo.    Stem  rough,  pubescent Nus.  4:^—40 

O  Leaves  linear.     lleu<l.s  small,  scales  close-pressed Nos.  47,  48 

1  8.  pauciflOBOuldsa  Mx.  Slirub,  much  branched,  glabrous,  glaucous  and 
somewhat  viscid;  Ivs.  soraewiiat  laitceolato  and  linear,  obscurely  3-veined,  obtuse, 
sessile,  entire ;  panicle  compound,  of  erect  raceraas ;  hds.  5  to  7-flowered,  with  1 
to  3  largo  rays. — S.  Car.  to  Fla,  barrens  near  the  coast.  A  low  bush,  about  2f 
high,  remarkably  distinguished  among  our  Solidagos  as  a  shrub.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  leatiiery.     Ray,  usually  solitary.     Aug. — Oct. 

2  S.  discoidea  (Ell.)  Villous-pubescent,  hoary ;  lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  coarsely 
serrate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  rac.  erect,  in  a  virgate  or  thyrsoid  pan. :  hda. 
discoid,  about  l2-Jiowe7'ed ;  scales  downy-canescent,  the  acute  herbaceous  tips 
squarrous-spreading. — Ga.  and  Fla.  (uplands),  to  La.  Plant  3  to  4f'  high,  remark- 
able for  its  rayless  fls.  and  squarrous  aster-like  involucre.  Lower  lvs.  3  to  4'  long, 
gradually  reduced  upwards.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  S.  brachyph^Ua  Chapm.  Rough-pubescent;  lvs.  numerous,  appressed-ser- 
rate,  spatulate,  oval  and  ovate,  glabrou.s ;  rac.  secund,  in  virgate  panicles ;  scales 
erec<  (not  spreading),  obtuse,  smooth ;  hds.  discoid;  disk-flowers  b  to  Q.  Mid.  Fla., 
uplands  (Chapman).  Tall  (4  to  Of),  with  erect  leafy  branches.  St.  lvs.  1'  long, 
diminishing  upwaids.     (Allied  to  S.  altissima.) 

4  S.  squarrdsa  MiihL  St.  stout,  simple,  densely  pubescent  above ;  lvs.  smooth, 
lower  very  broad,  oval-spatulate,  serrate,  acute,  upper  lanceolate-elliptic,  highest, 
entire;  rac.  glomerate,  rigid  and  pubescent;  scales  rigid,  oblong,  squarrous  with 
spreading  green  tips ;  hds.  many  flowered;  rays  10 — 12,  elongated. — A  handsome 
species,  found  on  rocky  hills,  Can.  to  Penn.  Stem  2 — 5f  high.  Heads  very 
large,  forming  a  large  terminal  spike  of  short,  dense,  axillary  fascicles  or  racemes. 
Sept. 

5  S.  Bquarruldsa  (T.  &  (r.)  Pubescent,  striate;  lvs.  rough,  numerous,  oval  or 
lanceolate,  the  upper  entire,  the  lower  serrate,  all  abruptly  contracted  at  base  but 
scarcely  petiolate ;  hds.  largo  (20  to  25-ttovvered),  in  a  terminal,  virgate  raceme  ; 
rays  Q  to  10  ;  scales  linear  or  lance-svJbulate,  with»  loose  herbaceous  tips,  the  outer 
spreading,  bract-like. — Uplands,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  2  to  31  high,  often 
branched  above.  Lvb.  1  to  2'  long.  Aug.,  Sept.  (S.  squarrosa  Nutt.  S.  petio- 
laris  Ait.  is  the  prior  name,  but  inappropriate.) 

6  S.  bicolor  L.  Hairy ;  st.  simple ;  lvs.  elliptical  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  lower 
serrate,  short-stalked;  rac.  short,  dense,  axillary,  paniculate-virgate above ;  invoL 
scales  obtuse;  rays  about  8,  whitish. — Woods  and  dry  liills.  Can.,  N.  Mid.,  &  W. 
States.  Remarkably  distinguished  among  the  solidagos  by  having  white  or 
cream-colored  rays.  St.  2f  high,  a  little  hairy.  Lv.s.  liairy  on  both  sides,  mostly 
entire,  gradually  reduced  in  size  upwards.  Axillary  clusters  approximating  above 
into  a  terminal,  interrupted  spike.  Rays  short  and  obscure,  Jl.,  Aug.  (Aster 
bicola  Nees.) 

/3.  HIRSUTA.     Fls.  all  yellow. — ^Penn.  (S.  hirsuta,  Nutt.) 

7.  S.  Btickleyi  Torr.  &  Gr.  Villous-pubescent;  lvs.  oblong,  serrate,  acute  3I 
eacii  end,  subsessile ;  clusters  axillary,  loose,  much  shorter  than  the  lvs. ;  ped. 
villous;  scales  glabrous,  acutish,  rays  4  to  6,  disk-floivers  9  to  12  ;  ach.  compressed, 
glabrous. — Interior  of  Ala.  (Buckley).  St.  2  to  3f  high  ?  Lvs.  as  large  as  in 
No.  8,  the  hds.  larger.     Oct. 

e  3.  latifdl^a  Muhl.  St.  somewhat  floxuous,  angular,  smooth  below,  pubescent 
above;  lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  deeply  serrate,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  petiolefc  margined  ;  rac.  axillary  and  terminal ;  ach.  silky  pubescent. — A 
singular  and  well-marked  species  common  in  dry  woods  and  by  rocky  streams, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  slender,  simple,  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  2  to  4',  with 
acute,  often  long-acuminate  serratures.  Clusters  very  sliort,  axillary,  the  stem 
ending  with  a  long  terminal  one.  Hds.  fev.  Sept. — Varial)le.  The  clusters  are 
often  long  and  loose,  and  exceeding  the  Ivs.  (S.  ambigua  Ait.  S.  macrophylla 
Bw.) 
p.  PUBENS.  Pubescent,  becoming  densaly  so  above,  especially  the  scale*— 
Mts.  of  N.  Car.  (Curtis)— (S.  pubens  Curtis.) 


i 


'I 


432 


Okdku  70.— composite. 


9  S.  OflBsia  Ait.  St.  erect,  round,  smooth  and  glaucouiii,  often  flexuous ;  Iva. 
smooth,  linear-lanceulat*;,  lower  ones  serrate ;  roc.  axillary,  erect,  ach.  minutely 
puhejicenf. — A  very  elegant  species,  in  tliickets  and  dry  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
Steal  2  to  4f  higli,  of  a  bluisli-purple  color,  terete  and  slender,  soinewliat  flexu- 
ous, simple  or  branched.  Leaves  2 — 5'  long,  ending  in  a  long  point,  sessile, 
glaucous  beneath.  Racemes  axillary,  numerous,  short.  Flowers  of  a  deep,  rich 
yellow.  Raj's  3 — 6,  once  and  a  half  the  length  of  the  involucre.  Aug.  (S. 
axillaris.  Ph.) 

fi.  FLKXic.vuLis.  St.  flexuous,  an<,'ular ;  Ivs.  ovato-lanceolate,  longer  than  the 
subcapitate  raceni"s. — Leaves  about  2' by  ^'.  Rays  pale  yellow.  (S.  flexi- 
caulis,  Ph.  not  of  L.) 

y.  CuHTisn.  St.  tall,  strict,  striate-augular. — Mts.  N.  Car.  Height  3  to  5f.  (S. 
Curtisii,  T.  &  (i.) 

10  S.  thyrsoidea  Meyer.  St.  simple,  flexuous,  very  smooth,  pubescent  al)ove ; 
h)».  smootii,  ovate,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  acute,  the  loivcr  on  long  petioles,  the 
tipper  subsessile,  lanceolate;  rac.  mostly  simple,  short;  hda.  large,  with  con- 
spicuous rays. — A  coarse  showy  golden  rod,  in  woods,  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Wil- 
loughby  and  (Irecn  Mts.,  Vt.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  long  slender  stalks  of  the 
lower  ovate  leaves,  and  for  the  large  hds.  wiiich  exceed  in  size  most  other  spe- 
cies. St.  1  to  3f  high,  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  usiially  in  a  tiiyrse-lik« 
panicle.     Aug.     (S.  virgaurea,  Bw.) 

11  S.  Virgaiirea  L.  ,i.  alhina  (Bw.)  St.  flexuous,  furrowed,  pubescent  ut  top; 
St.  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  lower  ones  oval ;  contracted  to  a  petiole,  rac.  ei<  ct, 
ray  elongated ;  /c/v.  largu,  about  SO-Jlowered ;  scales  very  thin,  orute.  'i'his  is  the 
only  species  common  to  tiio  two  continents.  One  of  its  numerous  varieties  is 
seen  scattered  here  and  there  on  the  lower  summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  II., 
Essex  Mts.,  N.  Y..  L.  Superior,  C.  W,,  also  ?  Mts.  of  N.  Car.  The  hds.  are  few, 
sometimes  one  only,  but  largor  than  tliose  of  most  other  species,  and  of  a  ricii, 
golden  yellow,  St.  often  purpli  to  3'  high,  simple,  with  axillary  and  ter- 
minal flowers.  Aug. — (S.  glomera  »  Mx.  whose  description  answers  well  to  the 
larger  specimens  of  S.  virgaurea.) 

12  S.  humilis  Ph.  Glabrous;  st.  simple,  erect;  radical  Ivs.  oblanceolate, 
petiolate,  ol)tuse  and  crenate- s't-rrato  at  apex;  the  cauline  oblanceolate,  and  lan- 
ceolate, acute;  rac.  simple  or  paniculate;  hds.  mi  Idle  size,  about  \2-flowered; 
Kales  oblong,  obtuse;  rays  sljort. — Rocks  along  mountain  streams,  Vt.,  li.  II.,  to 
Newfoundland.  St.  6  to  12'  higii,  somewhat  glutinous.  Rac.  slender,  strict. 
Lv3.  of  the  stem  about  2'  by  3  to  4",  serrulate.     Hds.  6  to  8  rayed.     Aug.,  Sept. 

0.  Taller ;  hds.  more  numerous,  in  short,  glomerate  clusters,  forming  a  dense, 
slender,  interrupted  rac. — Near  the  Willey  House,  White  Mts. 

13  S.  virgata  Mx.  Glabrous,  strict,  virgate,  tall,  cirnply  racemoxis  at  top ;  Ivs. 
entire,  thicki.sh,  oblong-Ianceolate,  and  oblanceolate,  rough  edged,  the  lowest 
subserrate,  petiolate;  hds.  about  lH-Jloivured;  rays  5  to  7  ;  ach.  pubescent. — 
Damp  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  3  to  5f  high.  Lower  Ivs.  3  to  4'  long, 
gradually  reduced  above  to  the  bracts  of  the  peduncles  3  of  i'  in  length.  Rac. 
6'  to  if  long,  composed  of  small  clusters.     Sept.,  Oct. 

14  S.  stricta  Ait.  Smooth;  st.  strict,  erect,  simple;  cauline  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
very  entire,  rough-edged,  radical  Ivs.  serrate,  very  long;  r(ic.  paniculate,  erect; 
ped.  smooth ;  hds.  about  10- rlowp red. — In  wet  woods,  N.  States.  St.  (and  every 
other  part)  very  smooth,  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  4  to  8'  by  i-  to  ^  to  1',  lower 
attenuated  at  base  into  a  long,  winged  petiole.  Pan.  terminal,  close,  composed 
of  short,  dense,  appressed  racemes.     Aug. 

15  S.  speciosa  Nutt.  St.  smooth,  simple;  lvs.  lanceolate,  entire,  and  scabrous, 
on  the  margin,  thick,  the  radical  and  lower  lvs.,  subserrate,  very  broad;  rax;,  erect, 
numerous,  forming  a  terminal,  thyreoid  panicle ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  invol, 
pube-pxnt;  rays  larg3,  6  to  8. — Woods,  Mass.  to  Ohio  and  6a.  A  noble  species, 
2  to  6f  higk  St.  stout,  often  purple,  furrowed.  Lvs.  ample,  some  of  them  6'  by 
3'.  Hds.  exceedingly  numerous,  about  15-flowered,  witli  conspicuous  rays  of  a 
rich  yellow,  in  a  large,  showy,  pyramidal  panicle.     Aug. — Oct. 

/?.  ERRCi'A.  Panicle  slender,  spicate. — With  the  other;  merely  a  reduced  form. 
(S.  erecta  DC.) 


Order  70.— <'0MP0S1T^. 


433 


16  8.  verna  Curtis.  Iloary  pubearti<: ,  st.  few-loaved,  branohed  nearly  niikod, 
loosely  pauicled  ;  lower  lis.  tiiiely  serrate,  otaie,  veiny,  on  maigiued  pttioies,  tlio 
upper  laace-ovato  or  oblong,  entire;  scales  lanci -linear,  smoothish ;  rays  10  to 
12,  disk  lis.  lli  to  20 ;  auh.  pubescent. — An  early  tioweriug  tsoiidagi).  in  pine 
barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  rare.  St.  2  to  31"  high,  erect  or  Honietiines  iufliued  and 
the  rac'.-niea  a  little  recurved.  Luwest  Ivs.  3'  by  2  ,  5-veiued,  tho  others  partly 
3-veinod.     May,  Jn. 

17  S.  pub^rula  Nutt.  Dusty  puberulent,  simple  strict;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  atti-ti- 
uate  at  base,  tho  lower  oblaiiceolate,  subserrato ;  pan.  spieate,  erev.'t,  dense  but  euin- 
pound;  ped.  puljescent;  suaU-s linear-lanceolate,  acute;  ray.s  about  10,  e!  ..gatetl; 
disk  fla.  about  13. — Woods,  Me.  to  Ga.  St.  straigtit,  purplish,  2  to  3f  high,  ter- 
tniuating  in  a  long,  thyrsoid  spike  of  dense,  appressed  racemes.  Lvs.  very 
minutely  pubescent  botii  sides,  the  lowest  on  close,  winged  stalks.  Hds.  rather 
'arge,  bright  yellow.     Aug. — Oct.     (Also  S.  pulverulenta  Nutt.) 

18  S.  sempervirens  L.  St.  smooth;  Ivx.  lanceolate,  somewhat  succuh'nt, 
smooth,  entire,  and  scabrous  on  tiie  margin,  suliaiaplexicaul,  obscurely  '.i-veiued ; 
rac.  securid,  paniculate;  pedicels  scalirous-pudesrent ;  rays  elongated  8  to  10,  disk- 
11s.  15  to  '20. — Marshes  along  the  coast,  and  river  hank.s,  witliin  tho  iiilluenco  of 
the  brackish  water.  St.  3  to  6f  higli,  purplish,  somewhat  glaucous,  with  nu- 
merous long  and  narrow  leaves,  lids,  largo.  Rays  .showy.  Sept.  (S.  hevi- 
gata  Ait.) 

19  S.  angustifdlia  Ell.  St.  smooth,  .strict,  branched  or  simple  :  lvs.  lance-linear, 
thick,  smooth,  entire,  sessile,  slwrt  and  erect,  l-ieined,  the  lower  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing at  base;  pan.  dense,  erect,  virgato;  pedicels  glabrous,  slender ;  hd-^.  small,  15 
to  20-flowered ;  rays  about  7. — linickish  swamps,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Sts. 
2  to  4f  high.  Lvs,  diminisliing  upwards,  tho  itighest  subulate.  Hds.  v^ry  nu- 
merous, partly  inclined  to  ono  side.     Scales  acute.     Sept.,  Oct. 

20  S.  nemordlis  Ait.  Dusty-suhtoinenlous ;  lvs.  rowjhish,  acute,  obscurely  3- 
veined,  attenuate  at  base,  suli-entiro  tho  lower  petiolate;  rac.  secund.  pimifulate ; 
hds.  small;  rays  5  to  6,  disk-tls.  3  to  7. — Dry  tiu-lds  and  roadside.-*,  Can.  and  U. 
S.  A  common,  starved-looking  species,  with  a  grayish,  dusty  aspect.  Height  1 
to  2f.  Lvs.  oltou  lascicled  in  tlie  axils.  Hds.  with  conspicuous  rays.  Pan. 
dense,  composed  t)f  many  short  racemes,  inclining  to  ono  side,  or  often  of  a 
single,  terminal  recurved  one.  Again,  the  stem  divides  into  branches,  eaeli  bear- 
ing a  panicle.     Sept. 

jS.  Very  slender,  minutely  puberulent,  terminated  by  a  slender  spicato  (re- 
curved) panicle. — In  woods.     Lvs.  as  long  as  in  S.  cicsia. 

21  S.  rup^Btris  Raf.  Sniooth,  slender ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  both 
ends,  plainly  'i-veined,  entire,  or  the  lower  subserrulate ;  hds.  small,  about  15- 
llowered,  in  a  simple,  slender  panicle;  rays  very  short. — Ind.,  Ky.,  on  river  banks. 
St.  2  to  3f  high,  often  branched.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  veins  wiiitish  beneath.  Aug., 
Sept.     Too  near  the  next. 

22  S.  Missouri ensis  Nutt.  Glabrous,  low,  simple,  slender;  lvs.  lauce-linoar, 
tapering  to  each  end,  plainly  ^-veined,  very  acute  and  rough-edged,  lower  ones 
with  acute,  slender  serratures,  radical,  oblanceolate,  petiolate;  rac.  small,  in  a 
dense,  pyramidal,  or  somewhat  corymbotis pan. ;  ped.  glabrous;  scales  with  greenish 
tips;  hds.  small,  12  to  Ib-Jiowered. — A  delicate  species,  1  to  2f  high,  in  dry 
prairies.  111.  and  Mo.  Lvs..  smooth  and  shining,  lower  3  to  4'  by  3  to  5' ,  tho 
others  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  minute  bracts.     Rays  about  8.     Jl.,  Aug. 

23  S.  serdtina  Willd.  St.  round,  striate,  smooth ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, slightly  serrate,  obscurely  'i-veined,  veins  beneath  pubescent :  rac,  secund,  re- 
curved, paniculate;  ped,  pubescent;  hds.  small,  15  to  '20-jio.  d. — A  smooth 
species  in  meadows  and  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  3  to  6f  i,  very  smooth, 
often  glaucous  or  purple.  Lvs.  3  to  5  to  7'  long,  smooth;  .nargin  scabrou.s, 
upper  entire.  Fls.  numerous,  forming  a  more  or  less  compact  panicle,  inclined  at 
summit.  Rays  leas  than  I''  long.  Sept. — Variable  and  scarcely  distinct  from 
the  next. 

24  S.  gigdutea  Ait.  St.  smooth,  striate ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate  with  sharp, 
spreading  teeth,  margins  rough-ciliate,  strongly  3-veined;  rac.  axillary  and  loosely 
pauicled;  branches  pubescent ;  ped.  and  pedicels  fiuiry ;  hds.  15  tu  2U  llowered. — 


'.  "i 


1:^^ 


\ 


<.. 


•  r 


WHl 


1 


434 


Order  70.— (^OMPOSIT^. 


A  largo,  showy  species,  in  low,  open  f^rotinda,  U.  S.  and  Can.  SL  unreon,  Fome- 
times  purplinh,  4  to  7f  IiIkIi,  otlen  inuuli  branched  above.  Lvh.  2  to  4  lu  7'  long, 
acuminate  at  each  end,  otien  with  divergent  teeth.  Fan.  oflon  ditl'use,  on  sprea<l- 
ing,  leafy  branches.     Aug. — Oct. — Raya  twice  longer  than  the  last. 

25  S.  Canaddusia  L.  Si.  downy ;  tv-i.  lanceolate,  serrate,  li-voinod,  aruminat^, 
rough :  rue.  paniculate,  secund,  recurved :  rays  short,  about  8,  disk-lls.  about  7  ; 
scales  linear. — (Fig.  118.)  Fields,  hedges,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.  From  18'  to 
5f  high.  Stem  furrowed,  terminated  by  a  copious  panicle  which  inclines  to  one 
side.  Lvs.  sensiU',  3'  long,  sometimes  nearly  entire,  and  perhaps  a  littio  downy. 
Heads  almost  innumerable,  very  small,  with  very  obscure,  yellow  rays.    Aug. — Oct. 

[3.  I'lioOKKA.  St.  villous;  Ivn.  rough,  villous  boiieath;  hds.  larger,  and  with 
larger  rays. — In  low  grounds,  4 — 7f  high.  Leaves  distinctly  3-veinod.  (S. 
proctra  Ait.) 

26  S.  Shortii  Torr.  «t  Or.  St.  minutely  rough-downy;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  strongly  3-veined,  actife,  vt^y  svmoth ;  rac.  secund,  dense ;  pan. 
contracted,  elotnjated;  scalfs  linear-oblong,  with  greenish  tips;  rays  5  to  7,  disk-fls. 
6  to  7. —  Banks  of  the  Ohio  River,  Ind.  and  Ky.  Sts.  1  to  2f  higli.  Readily  dis- 
tinguished from  the  last.     Jl.,  Auj. 

27  S.  pildsa  Walt.  Ilirsute,  tall,  si.'ut;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  remotely  serrulate, 
rough,  thick,  obsoletely  veined,  midvein  liairy  beneath,  upper  lance-ovate,  sessile, 
entire;  pan.  pyramidal;  rays  7  to  10,  minute,  disk-fi.s.  5  or  6. — Pino  barrens,  N. 
J.  to  Kla.,  in  damp  placo.s.  St.  4  to  7f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long  below,  reduced 
up'vards,  very  numerous,  yellowish-green.  Pedicels  with  subulate  bracts,  simi- 
lar to  the  outer  scales.     Sept.,  Oct. 

28  S.  oddra  Ait.  St. round,  pubescent  in  lines,  slender;  lvs.  linear  lanceolate,  acute, 
abrupt  and  sessile  at  base,  very  entire,  smooth,  punctate,  vnth  pellucid  dots,  rough- 
edged  ;  rac.  paniculate ;  rays  2  to  4,  disk-fis.  3  or  4. — In  dry,  fertile  woodlands 
and  sunny  hills,  U.  S,  and  Can.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  yellowish-green.  Leaves 
IJ — 3'  by  3 — 5",  with  a  strong,  yellowish  midvein,  but  no  veinlets.  Panicle  in- 
clined. Racemes  2 — 3'  long,  spreading,  each  generally  with  a  leaf  at  base,  and 
a  simple  row  of  small  heads  on  the  upper  side.  Jl. — Sept, — The  only  species  of 
Solidago  which  has  properties  generally  considered  either  agreeable  or  useful. 
The  leaves  are  aromatic  and  yield  by  distillation  a  fragrant  volatile  oil. 

p.  RKTitOHs.v.  Lvs.  linear  below,  subulate  above,  often  twisted;  rays  1,  2  or 
3 ;  St.  pubescent  all  over.  S.  W.  Ga.  (Miss  Keen).  Punctate  lvs.  acute. 
Scale-',  iVc,  as  in  a.     (S.  retrorsa  Mx.) 

29  S.  tortifdlia  Kll.  St.  rough,  pubescent;  lvs.  numerous,  linear,  subontire, 
often  twi.-ited  at  the  base,  small,  scabrous  above,  not  punctate;  rac.  recurved,  in  a 
pyramidal  panicle;  scales  obtuse;  ray  and  disk-fls.  each  3  to  5. — N".  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.,  in  dry  fields.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  often  much  branched.  Lower  lvs.  2  to 
3  long,  reduced  upwards  to  subulate  bracts.  (Elliott.)  Aug. — Oct. — Is  tliis  the 
same  as  our  z^.  No.  28? 

30  S.  altissima  L.  St.  hairy,  tall ;  Iva.  lanceolate,  very  veiny,  lower  ones  deeply 
serrate,  rough  and  wrinkled.  Scales  acute  ;  rays  6  to  8. — A  variable  species,  the 
tall,  rough  varieties  of  which  are  common  about  the  borders  of  fields,  in  hedges, 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem  rough  with  hairs,  erect,  3 — ,5f  high,  much  branched 
at  top.  Leaves  variously  toothed  or  serrate,  numerous  both  upon  the  stem  and 
brandies.  Branches  widely  spreading,  each  terminating  in  a  recurved  panicle 
with  the  flowers  turning  upwards.  Scarcely  two  of  the  plants  look  alike.  The 
branches  are  very  widely  spread,  or  but  little  diverging,  with  few  and  scattered 
heads,  or  with  numerous  heads ;  the  loaves  are  equally  or  unequally  serrate, 
hairy  or  woolly.     Aug. — Oct.     (S.  rugosa  Willd.) 

31  S.  Drummondii  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  velvety ;  lvs.  ovate  or  broadly  omI,  acute  at 
each  end,  sharply  serrate,  smooih  above,  velvety  beneath,  veiny  ;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse ;  rays  4  or  5. — III.  near  St.  Louis.  (Drummond  in  N.  Am.  Fl.)  St.  1  to  2f 
high. 

32  S.  Rddula  Nutt.  St.  rough-downy,  simple ;  lvs.  oblong-spatulafe,  tapering  to 
the  sessile  base,  serr.ite  above,  very  rough,  rigid,  the  lowest  petiolate ;  pan.  con- 
tracted; disk-fls.  3  to  6,  rays  5,  very  short — III.  near  St.  Louis  (Kngelman),  to 
La.     Plant  slender.  1  to  2f  high.     Hds.  small,  crowded,  in  short,  secund  racemes. 

Sept. 


OiiDun    70— COM  POSIT  J?. 


435 


33  S.  ulmifolia  Mulil.  St.  ylabr<>u,s,  with  hairy  branches ;  Ivh.  tliin,  i>Iliptic-ovate 
Hurrate,  acutniiiiito,  wssilo,  tupuring  to  tlio  b.ise,  smootli  above,  villous  benouth  '• 
rac.  paniculato,  rocurvud-Hproaditi},' ;  p«d.  villous ;  hds.  small ;  .scaler  acute ;  ray's 
3  or  4,  disk-Jia.  \\  or  4. — \n  woods  and  low  grounds,  N.  aud  W.  States.  A  speeios, 
ol'atrikiug  form,  liko  Bracliyclueta,  with  the  sluridor,  archod  bram^lifs  of  the  Kim. 
St.  striate,  about  31'  high,  rarely  with  scattered  hairs.  Radical  Ivs.  t!i|)erinR  to 
winged  petioles,  and  hairy  \Mt\\  Bides,  with  coarse  and  unequal  mrratnres,  upper 
ones  entire,  middle  ones  about  3'  by  l^  .     Uays  doi'p  yellow.     Aug.,  Sept. 

34  S.  Boottii  Hook.  .*?/.  glalrrnm,  with  hairy  Itrarichen  ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  lance-ovnte, 
serrate,  lower  contracted  to  marginal  petioli-s,  upper  sossilo,  acinninato  at  both 
ends ;  rac.  long,  rocui-ved,  loosely  piiniclod  ;  hdi  midilU:  size ;  scales  obtony,  oh- 
li(sn  ;  rays  2  to  5,  disk-fls.  8  to  12. — Sandy  soils,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Plant 
2  to  51' high,  variable,  with  the  stem  smooth,  or  more  or  less  rough-downy.  Aug. 
—Oct. 

35  S.  linoldes  Solander.  Smooth  throughout ;  st.  slender,  simple;  Ivs.  lanceolnte. 
finely  serrate  and  scabrous  on  the  margin,  radical  ones  pntiolate,  upper  entire ; 
hds.  small,  in  short,  secund,  at  length  spreafling  racemes ;  scab's  oblong-lineiir, 
ohttise,  apprcased ;  rays  1  to  4,  short,  disk-Hs.  4  to  5,  short. — A  small  sfK'cies, 
near  Boston  ((Jrecno  in  N.  Am.  Flo.)  to  N.  .T.  St.  12  to  20'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  5' 
by  3  to  6".     Pan.  .small,  usually  turned  to  one  side.     Sept.,  Oct. 

36  S.  Muhlenb^rgii  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  furrowed,  glabrous  ;  lvs.  smooth  f>oth  sides, 
strongly  and  sharply  serrate,  the  radical  ovate,  pctiolate,  caullne,  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  at  each  end;  rac.  secund,  short,  remote,  axillary,  spreading; 
pediwls  pubescent;  hds.  If) — 20-Howi'rel;  sjale.s  linear,  obtuse. — In  damp  woods 
and  thickets,  N.  II.  to  Penn.  Stem  2 — :{f  lii.;li,  generally  simple,  bearing  a  long, 
open  panicle.  Leaves  largo,  notched  with  very  acute  or  acuminate  iceth,  feather- 
veined.  Heads  middle  size,  with  G — 8  rather  largo  rays.  Aug. — Oct.  (S.  ar- 
guta  Muhl.) 

37  S.  pdtula.  Muhl.  St.  smooth,  angular-striato ;  his.  elliptic,  acute,  serrate,  very 
scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  lower  ones  o')l()ug-spatulato  ;  rac.  paniculato, 
loosely  spreading ;  pedicels  pubescent;  hds.  about  12  to  lH-Jltwred ;  scales  much 
imbricated,  oblong,  very  obtuse. — In  wet  places.  Can.,  N.  and  W.  States,  not  com- 
mon. St.  2  to  4f  high,  virgate,  often  purple,  strongly  angled,  with  leaty  branches 
at  the  top.  St.  lvs.  I  to  2'  long,  ^  as  wide,  radical  ones  2  or  3  times  larger.  Uac. 
short,  on  the  ends  of  the  spreading  branches.     Sept. 

38  S.  elliptica  Ait,  PJrect,  glabrous  throughout,  leafy ;  lvs.  elliptical,  acute  at 
each  end,  ob.scurely  serrate,  upp^r  ones  sessile,  entire ;  rac.  short,  recurv(;d,  in  a 
dense  pyramidal  panicle ;  hds.  middle  size ;  rays  5  to  8,  very  short,  disk-As.  6  or 
7  ;  scales  linear-oblong,  obtuse. — Salt  marshes,  R.  Isl.  (Olney),  near  N.  Y.  (T.  & 
G.),  to  Ga.  St.  3  to  5f  high,  bearing  a  close,  somewhat  leafy  pyramidal  panicle. 
Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  ^  to  If,  rough-edged,  the  serratures  appressed  atid  rather  remote. 
Rays  oblong,  rather  large,  pale  yellow.     Oct. 

,'y.  Elijottii.     Pan.  more  widely  spreading. — South.     (S.  EUiottii  T.  &  G.) 

39  S.  argiita  Ait.  St.  strict,  smooth ;  lvs.  smooth,  acutely  and  unequally  serrate, 
with  diverging  teeth,  cauline,  eUipticcd,  sessile,  highest  entire  and  small,  radical 
oblong-ovate,  attenuate  at  base  into  winged  petioles ;  rac.  secund,  dense,  in  a 
spreading,  corymbous panicle ;  hds.  middle  size;  rays  about  10,  disk-fls.  9  or  10; 
ach.  smooth. — In  meadows  and  woods,  U  S.  (from  lat.  38  ),  N.  to  the  Arc.  circle 
A  smooth,  shining  plant  3f  high,  with  a  large,  den.se,  corymbous  panicle.  Rac. 
recurved,  a  finger's  length,  the  compound  pedicels  roughisli,  bra(!ted.    Aug.,  Sept. 

li.  JUNOE.t.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  Bubserrate,  upper  entire ;  st.  brownish,  striate ; 
rays  twice  as  long  as  the  invol. ;  pan.  less  dense.— Open  fields.  (S.  juncea 
Ait.     S.  ciliaris  Muhl.) 

40  S.  neglecta  Torr.  &.  Gr.  St.  smooth,  striate ;  lvs.  smooth,  acute,  serrate,  with 
divergent  teeth,  cauline  linear-lanceolate,  subentire  highest  linear,  sessile,  lowest 
lanceolate  (large),  tapering  to  a  long  petiole ;  ra^.  secund,  erect,  at  lengt  h  recurved, 
in  an  abrupt  or  oblique  panicle ;  hds.  middle  size;  rays  6  to  10,  disk-fls.  7  to  12; 
ach.  smooth. — Swamps  Hanover,  N.  H.  (Ricard,  &c.)  to  Ind.  and  southward. 
St.  3  to  4fhigh,  terete.  Rt  lvs,  6  to  12'  long,  feather-veined;  upper  obscurely 
3-veined.    Aug.,  Sept. — A  handsome  Solid^o,  beat  knowa  by  its  peculiar  panicle. 


ir 


11  :. 


i*w' 


'4 


436 


OuUER  70,— COMPOSITufl. 


km 


41  S.  Ohi^nsis  Riddell.  Glabrous  tliroughout ;  lower  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
entire  or  serrulate  above,  tapering  to  long  petioles,  upper  oUong-laiiceolate,  ab- 
ruptly acute,  aeaaile,  entire;  hds.  numerous,  15 — 20-fio\vered,  rather  large,  in  a 
dense,  faatigiate  corymb. — Meadows  and  prairies,  western  N.  Y.  to  Ind.  A  per- 
fectly smooth  Solidago,  2 — IJf  high.  Stem  simple,  reddish,  leafy.  Leaves  of  a 
firn  texture,  the  radical  6 — 8'  by  1 — l.V,  on  petioles  of  equal  length,  middle  <'aul- 
ine,  about  2'  by  5".      Heads  about  6-rayed.     Sept.,  Oct. 

42  S.  Riddellii  Frank.  Stout  and  nearly  glabrous,  corymbously  branched ;  radi- 
cal Ivs.  very  bay,  lance-linear,  lony-pointed  entire,  on  long,  margined,  ctwiiiate 
petioles,  cauline  Ivs.  clasping  at  base,  arcuate,  carinate,  naf  ow,  acute,  entire ; 
branches  lear>  ;  he's.  20  — 24-flowered,  densely  clustered  in  a  compound,  fa>tigiato 
corymb. — Wet  praiues  Ohio,  Wis.  to  Mo.  A  well  marked  species,  15 — 30  high. 
Ridical  leaves  12 — 18'  louir,  almost  grass-like,  cauline  3 — 6'  by  V,  with  a  strong 
miuvein,  and  generally  much  recurved.  Rays  small,  6 — 0.  Sept.  (S.  Mexicana 
/3.  Hook.) 

43  S.  corynbo'^a  Ell.  Stout,  glabrous;  with  the  corymbous  branches  hirsute; 
Ivs.  sessile,  oblong-ianceola.te,  thick,  rigid,  smooth,  the  lower  and  radical  subdeu- 
tate,  upper  entire,  rough-oiliato ;  hds.  large,  in  loose  racemes,  the  outer  seooid, 
forming  a  fastigiate  corymb ;  scales  pubescent,  oblong,  obtuse ;  rays  about  !  0, 
disk-fls.  about  20  ;  acli.  glabrous. — Middle  Ga.  Plant  4  to  6f  high,  ditVering  fiom 
S.  rigida  in  its  smooth  stem  and  leaves,  smaller  hds.,  &c.     Sept.,  Oct. 

44  S.  Houghtonii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Like  S.  Ohiensis,  but  smaller,  unth  a  few  ve-ry 
large  hds., — found  in  Northern  Mich,  in  the  State  Survey.     Aug. 

45  S.  rigida  L.  Stout,  rough-hairy;  Ivs.  rigid,  ovate-oblong,  rougli  with  minute 
hairs,  the  upper  very  entire,  the  lower  serrate ;  branches  corymbous-paniculate, 
with  close,  siiort  racemes,  the  lower  somewhat  secund ;  hds.  very  large ;  scales 
obtuse;  rays  h.rgo,  7  to  10,  disk-Hs.  25  or  more;  ach.  glabrous. — A  rough  plant 
hi  dry  fields  and  rocky  woods,  Ct.  to  Mo.  ant'  Tex.  Abundant  in  western  prai- 
ries. St.  3  to  5f  high,  round,  striate,  with  rigid  Ivs.,  of  which  the  radical  ones  are 
sometimes  near  a  foot  long.  lid  ^  i  to  5"  long  and  wide.  Rays  about  3  '  by  1", 
deep-yellow.     Aug.,  Sept. 

46  S.  spithameba  Curt.  Villous;  Ivs.  lance-oval  or  oblong;  thin,  smooth ish, 
sharply  serrate,  margin  ciliate ;  hds.  middle  size,  corymbous;  ncaks  lanceolite, 
acute;  rays  6  to  8,  disk-Hs,  15  to  20;  ach.  pubescent. — High  Mts.  of  N.  Car. 
(Curtis).  A  low  plant,  growing  in  tufts,  with  hairy  stems,  branches  and  corymbs, 
and  inconspicuous  rays.     Aug.,  Sept. 

47  S.  lanceolata  Ait.  St.  angular,  hairy,  much  branched;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  3-veined,  rough-margined,  slightly  hispid  on  the  veins  beneath ;  corymbs 
terminal,  fastigiate  ;  rays  minute,  about  1",  disk-fis.  10. — In  woods  and  meadows. 
Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  witli  n\mierous,  very  long  and  narrow  Ivs.  whicii 
are  distinctly  3  veined  and  acutely  pointed,  smaller  ones  often  fascicled  in  the 
axils.  Fla.  in  terminal,  crowded,  corymbed  clusters.  Invol.  ovate.  Tlie  whole 
plant  is  fragrant.     Sept. 

48  S.  tenuifdHa  Ph.  St.  angular,  smooth,  with  many  fastigiate  branches ;  Ivs. 
narrowly  linear,  spreading,  mostly  1-velned,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  the  axilr. 
leafy;  corymb  terminal,  consisting  of  clustered  hds.  :  rays  dhout  10,  scarcely  as 
long  as  the  disk. — Meadows  near  the  sea-coast,  Mass.  to  La.  Also  Wis.  (Lap- 
ham.)  A  very  slender  species,  distinguished  from  S.  lanceolatn,  by  tiie  extreme 
narrowness  of  the  leaves  and  the  thinner,  more  open  corymb,  which  is  often  re- 
duced to  a  few  hds.     Aug. — Oct. 

27.  BIGELO'YIA,  DC.  (In  lioimr  of  Dr.  Jacob  B'ujehw,  the  wo!l- 
known  author  of  "  Florula  Boston ieiisis,"  ifcc.)  Heads  discoid,  3  to  4- 
flowered,  the  flowers  all  tubuhir,  ^ ;  invohicrc  cylindrical,  as  long;  a.s 
the  flowers ;  scales  rigid,  linear,  closely  imbricated  ;  receptach^  pointed 
by  a  scale-like  cusp;  achenia  obconic,  hirsute;  pappus  bristles  in  one 
series. — 11  Glabrous,  slender.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire.  Hds.  fastigiately 
corymbous,  with  yellow  fls.  and  colored  scales. 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  437 

B.  vlrg^ta  DC.  Smooth  in  all  its  parts ;  st.  virgately  branched  from  near  the 
base ;  branches  corymboua-fastigiate  above ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  1-veiued,  tlie 
cauline  liuear-spatulate  ;  scales  glutinous. — Swamps,  X.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  A 
plant  resembling  Solidago  teiiuilblia  in  aspect,  1  to  2f  iiigli.  Lvs.  2  to  :5'  by  1  to 
2  ,  rather  linn  and  somewhat  remote.  Fls.  bright  yellow,  the  scales  alsu  yellow- 
ish.    Aug. — Oct. 

28.  ISOPAP'PUS,  Ton-.  &  Or.  {dr.  hoc,  o<inaI  ;  naTTrog,  pappus.) 
llo.ids  radiate;  ray  fls.  5  to  12,  $,  disk-fls.  10  to  20  ^;  scales  o\'  tlic. 
involucre  laiiceolate-snbulato,  closely  imbricated  ;  receptacle  alveolate, 
achenia  terete,  silky-villous  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  equal  capillary 
bristles. — ®  Rough-hairy,  branching,  with  alternate  lvs.  and  loose; 
panicles.     (Ilaplopappus  Cass.) 

I.  divaric£L..U8  T.  &  Or.  Scabrous,  with  thin,  hispid  hairs;  lvs.  lincar-lancoolato, 
taper-pointed  at  each  end,  sessile,  nearly  entire;  hds.  on  slender,  naked  {)odicels ; 
rays  about  7,  longer  than  tlie  invol ,  disk-Hs.  about  12;  scales  slender-pointed, 
shorter  than  the  tawny  pappus. — Dry  sandy  soils,  Ga.  (Feay)  to  Fla.  and  Tex, 
Plant  6'  to  3f  higli.  Hds.  in  a  ditluse  panicle,  invol.  2'  long,  rays  3  ',  brii^ht  yel 
low,     Aug. — Oct. 

29.  PRIONOP'SIS,  Nutt.  (Gr,  Trpfwv,  a  saw,  oiJHg,  resemblance; 
alluding  to  the  serrate  leaf.)  Heads  depressed,  radiate,  many-riowere<l ; 
rays  in  one  scries,  $  ,  disk  fls.  ^  ;  scales  imbricate,  squarrous  ;  receptacle 
alveolate,  flat ;  ach.  glabrous,  turgid  ;  pappus  deciduous,  of  rigiil,  scab- 
rous, very  unequal  bristles,  the  inner  row  longer  than  the  corolla.^ 
Leaves  alternate.     Fls.  showy,  yellow. 

P.  Chaptnauii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hairy  or  downy,  strict,  erect ;  lvs.  erect,  smooth, 
lance-linear,  serrate,  wit;  1  remote  setaceous  teeth;  hds.  tew  ;  scales  cuspidate. — • 
2^  Swamps  in  pine  bariens.  Mid.  Fla.  (Chapman).     J'l.,  ,11. 

30.  HETEROTHEXA,  Cass.  (Gr.  t:rf-:pog,  diverse,  O/'/zcr/,  envel"p.'.) 
Heads  niany-flowereil ;  rays  in  one  series,  $  ,  disk-flowers  ^  ;  scales  im- 
bricated, appressed  ;  recteptacle  alveolate,  fringed  ;  achenia  minutely 
canescent,  of  the  ray  witiiout  pappus  (naked),  of  the  disk  with  a  dtvuble 
pappus,  the  outer  very  short,  scale-like,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles. 
21  ileros  hairy,  corymbously  branched,  with  alternate  lvs.  and  yel- 
low flowers. 

H.  sclbra  DO.  St.  erect,  flexuous,  striate;  lvs.  oblong-ovate,  petiolate,  dentate, 
scabrous;  petioles  abruptly  winged  as  if  stipulate  at  base;  hds.  la.ge,  in  a  loose, 
paniculate  corymb;  rays  15  to  20;  pappus  tawny-red,  the  outer  wliiu;. — A  showy 
plant,  in  dry  soils  near  the  coast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Te.v.  Plant  2  io  l'>t'  iiigh. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  diminishing  upwards,  where  they  are  lance-oblong  ami  sessile. 
The  ray  aclieni..  are  glabrous,  with  a  minute  crown,  those  of  the  disk  silky.  Uays 
of  a  rich  yellow,  expanding  9  .     Sept.,  Oct. 

31.  CHRYSOP'SIS,  Nutt.  {(W.  ^pvao^,  gold,  uijug,  appearance.) 
Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray -flowers  $  ,  disk-flowers  ^  ;  involucre  ind»ri- 
cate;  receptacle  subalveolate,  flat ;  pappus  of  the  ray  and  disk  similar, 
double,  the  exterior  short,  interior  copious,  cajiillary ;  achenium  hairy, 
compressed. —  21  Hairy  herbs,  with  alternate  and  entiie  leaves  and  yel- 
low flowers. 

I  Leavt'i  llneiir,  ftrasH-lik*-,  achenia  linonr Xos.  1—4 

I  Lcuvoii  liince-oblong  ;  uclieiiin  obovato,  (.'oinprcs.sod  (a\ 

a  Oiitor  imppus  .scul'.-likc N"'*.  \  <"• 

a  Outor  pajipus  brlstlo-loni Nos.  7,  •< 

1  C.  graminifdlia  Nutt.  Canescent  with  long  silky  hairs;  lvs,  lir.ear,  erect, 
entire,  /russ-like,  tapering  to  both  ends,  the  upper  numerous  and  fduced  to  subu- 

* 


1 

i    . '  iili 

^4 

{: 

Rfj;  i! ; 

m 

{\M 


138 


OuDKEt  70.— COMPOSITE. 


late  bracts ;  hds.  coryinbons ;  ach.  silky-pubescent. — I  tel.  to  I''la.,  common  in  <,b9 
pine  woods.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high.  BruiiclieH  usually  1-llovvered.  lid.-.  5  to  6"  long 
and  wide.     Pappus  tawny-white.     Jl. — Oct.     (C.  argentea  Nutt.) 

2  C.  oligantha  Chap.  Cane-scout  with  long  silky  hairs;  Ivs.  lance-linear  and 
Imeiir,  erect,  entire,  tapering  to  both  end.s;  st.  above,  nearly  naked;  hds.  few, 
large ;  pappus  white  •  uc7t.  silky-villous.  -  8.  W.  Ga.  and  Fla.,  in  damp  pine 
wood.s.  Height  1  to  2f.  Hds.  1  to  6,  a  third  larger  than  in  No.  1.  Rays  spread- 
iiig  14  to  17' ,  appearing  in  Apr.  and  May. 

3  C.  pinifdlia  Ell.  Glabrous,  rigid;  ks.  mvrroiuly  linear,  rigid,  erect,  crowded, 
tiie  upper  setaceous;  hds.  solitary,  terminal,  coryniboiis;  ach.  villous;  puppvs 
reddish-brown,  the  outer  scale-like,  vjhitish.— Sandy  hills,  middle  Ga.  Ht.  1  to  2f 
high.     Hds.  nearly  as  large  as  iu  No.  2.     Lower  Ivs.  3  to  5  long.     Sept..  Oct. 

4  C.  falc^ta  Ell.  Woolly  and  villous ;  Ivs.  sessile,  linear.  \cry  acute,  snbjalrate, 
spreading,  veins  pilous  on  both  sides;  hds.  small,  in  axilary  corymbs;  invol.  pil- 
ous.— A  1  >w,  leafy  plant,  iu  dry,  sandy  soils,  near  the  sea,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  St. 
thick,  ieafy,  about  8'  high.  lids,  small,  bright  yellow,  in  crowded,  paniculate 
corynib.s.     Kays  .'J-toothed  at  the  apex.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Inula  liilcata  Ph.) 

5  C.  Mavi^na  Nutt.  Silky-arachnoid;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subentire,  smooth 
when  old;  the  upper  sessile,  acute,  the  lower  spatulate  and  generally  obtuse ; 
cwymb  simple ;  scales  ncute,  viscidly-piibescerd ;  rays  15  to  20. —  Sandy  barren.s, 
N.  J.,  Md.  to  Fla.,  comu)on.  St.  and  Ivs.  clothed  with  scattered,  lon^:.  silky,  de- 
ciduous hairs.  Plant  about  2 f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2' long.  Corymbs  {•oniewhatum- 
beled ;  hds.  few,  large,  16  to  20-rayed,  yellow,  on  viscid-glandular  peduncles. 
Aug. — Oct.     (Inula  Mariana  L.) 

6  C.  villosa  Nutt.  Erect,  leafy,  villous-pubescent,  and  strigous ;  lvs.  entire,  ses- 
sile, ciliate  towards  the  base,  lower  ones  oblong-spatulate,  upper  oblong-linear  or 
liuiceolate;  lids,  large,  solitary,  and  terminal,  somewhat  fastigiatcly  corynibous; 
sc(des  linear-subulate,  strigous;  rai/s  20  to  :{0. — Prairies,  111.  to  Or.  St.  1  to  2f 
high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  U  to  5  ',  whitish  and  rough  Rays  oblong-linear,  entire, 
goiden-^-ellow.     Jl. — Sept.     (Amellus  Ph.     Biplopappus  Hook.) 

7  C.  gossypina  Nutt.  Clothed  throughout  with  a  cottony  tomentum ;  lvs.  oblong. 
obtuse,  entire,  the  lower  spatulate,  upper  sessile;  hds.  solitary,  corymbous;  scales 
woolly ;  pappus  tawny,  the  outer  bristle-form,  white. — Va,  to  Fla.,  in  the  bar- 
rens. St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.  xld.s.  larger  than  in  No.  5,  with 
aiiuut  25  rays.     Aug. — Oct. 

8  C.  trichoph](rna  Nutt.  Clothed  with  long,  iveak  hairs  heUno,  nearly  glabrous 
tt'  e;  Iv.  narrowly  oblong^  obtuse.  Otherwise  a.s  iu  No.  7. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and 
La.,  in  dry  soils.     Aug. — Oct. 

32.  CONY  Ik,  L.  Gnat-u.vne.  (Or.  kgjvojijj,  a  gnat;  the  plant  was 
supposed  to  e.xpcl  gnats  ami  fleas.)  lids,  discoid  ;  flowers  all  tubidar, 
those  of  the  margin  "^  ;  of  the  centre  ^  or  J;;5 ;  scales  in  »eveial  rows  ;  re- 
ceptacle flat  or  convex  ;  achenia  compressed  ;  |)appus  one  row  of  capil- 
lary hristles. — llerhs  chiefly  tropical.     Fls.  yellow. 

C.  siiiudta  Ell.  Hairy  and  cineroiis-pubcscent ;  lower  lvs.  sinuate-lobed,  ncute, 
Diiddle  repand-deutate,  upper  linear,  ('Mtiro ;  hds.  paniculate;  Hs.  white,  all  fer- 
tile; acii.  oblong,  almost  glabrous. — Charlcstoti,  S.  C.  and  Savaiinaii,  (Ja.  (Pond), 
coiiunon — "appearance  of  an  Erigeron,"  (KUiott.)  St.  a  foot  or  more  high.  Lvs. 
n.ir'ow,  12  to  18'  long.  Florets  very  numerous  (100  or  more)  iu  eaclj  head. 
Pappus  pale  cinnamon  color.     Apr. — Jl. 

23.  IN'ULA,  L.  Elecampank.  (Ancient  Lat.  name.)  Ilends 
niaiiy-flowere<l  ;  involucre  imbricate;  ray-flowers  nmnerous,  $  ,  disk- 
fl(»wers$;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  simple,  scabrous ;  anthers  with  2 
bristles  at  base. —  21  Coarse  European  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and 
vellow  flowers. 

I.  Helenium  L.  r.r.s.  nmplcxi'  nul,  ovate,  rugous,  downy  beneath  ;  mvnl.  .scales 
ovate. — llcrbcoarse-lookinu.  in  pa.stures  and  roadsides,  N.  Knt'.  to  111.  Stem  4-- 


Orebu  70.— COMPOSITiE. 


439 


6f  high,  furrowed,  bmncbiug,  and  downy  above.  Railioal  Ivs.  very  laru^e  (1  to  3f  by 
6  to  12),  serrate,  tliose  of  the  stem  claaping.  Hds*.  large,  solitary,  terminal. 
Ray^  linear,  with  2  or  3  teeth  at  the  ead.  Esteemed  as  a  toaic  and  expectorant. 
Jl.,  Aug.  § 

34.  PLU'CHEA,  DC,  Marsh  Flea-bane.  Heads  many-flowerud, 
those  of  tho  margin  $  ,  of  the  center  $  ,  but  sterile;  involucre  imbri- 
cated ;  receptacle  Hat,  naked ;  style  undivided ;  pappus  capillary, 
simple. — Strong-scented  herbs,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  corymbs  of 
purple  fls.,  and  copious,  reddish  pappus. 

1  P.  camphor^ta  DC.  Lvs.  ovate-lauceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  acute,  ses- 
sile or  short'pdioled,  se)rate,  serratures  nmcronate ;  Jls.  in  crowded  corymbs. —  If 
A  fleshy,  strong-scented  plant,  native  of  salt  marshes,  Mass.  to  Flor.  Stem  a  foot, 
high,  tliick,  downy,  witli  alternate  lvs.  and  axillary  branches.  Fls.  light  purple. 
Aug.     (Conyza  campliorata  Muhl.     C.  Marilaudica  Mx.) 

2  P.  foetida  DC.  Erect,  nearly  glabrous,  very  leafy ;  lvs.  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  petiolate,  feather-veined,  obtusely  subaerrate  ;  hdi). 
numerous,  in  paniculate  corymbs ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. — A  strong-scented 
plant,  in  open,  hilly  grounds.  Western  States.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  aubsimple.  Lvs. 
4 — 7'  by  1^ — 3',  sprinkled  with  minute  dots;  petioles  i — 1'  long.  lids,  numer- 
ous.    Aug. — Oct.     (B'lccharis,  L.    Conyza  camphorata  Ph.) 

3  P.  bifroiiB  DC.  Pubescent,  leafy ;  lvs.  oval-oblong,  acute,  finely  serrate,  cor- 
date-amplexicaul,  veiny  ;  hds.  in  compound,  corymboua  clusters. — Moist,  low  lands, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high,  strict  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1'  wide.  Fls. 
very  numerous,  as  in  tho  other  species,  dull  purple.     Jl.  — Sept. 

35.  BACXHARIS,  L.  Groundsel  Tree.  (From  Bacchus,  wine ; 
its  fragrance  resembling  that  of  wine.)  Heads  discoid,  many-flowered, 
diiucious  ,  involucre  imbricate,  cylindrie,  or  ovate,  with  snbcoriaceous, 
ovate  scales ;  sterile  flowers  with  the  stamens  exserted  ;  receptacle 
naked  ;  pappus  capillary. — Shrubby  plants,  with  alternate  lvs.  and 
white  fls. 

1  B.  halimifdlia  L.  Glabrous,  ivhitish-scurfij  ;  lvs,  ohora't,  incisely  dentate  above, 
the  highest  lanceolate,  panicle  compound,  leafy ;  fascidei  pedunculate,  terminal,  in 
a  dense  panicle. — Ct.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga  An  elegant  slirub,  8  to  12f  higli,  growing  on 
sea-coast  and  river  alluvion.  Every  part  is  covered  with  white  dust.  Tho  fertile 
hds.  growing  upon  separate  plants  are  in  large,  loose,  terminal  panicles,  and  fur- 
nished with  very  long,  slender  pappus.  Cor.  white,  20  in  each  head.  Sept.-- 
Merits  cultivation. 

2  B,  angUBtifolia  Mx.  Glabrous,  difl'usely  branched ;  lvs.  linear,  sessile,  entire ; 
lids,  small,  15  to  20-flowered,  cylindrical,  axillary,  loosely  paniculate. — S.  Car , 
Fla.,  and  La.,  in  the  edge  of  salt  marshes.  A  tine  shrub,  G  to  lOf  high,  witn 
slender,  tough  branches.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  3"  wide,  acute,  lids,  less  than 
2  '  long,  in  a  dilluse,  leafy  panicle.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  B.  glomerulifldra  Pers.  Glabrous,  minutely  scurfy ;  lvs.  all  ohovale  tapering 
fj)  a  short patiole,  very  obtuse,  repand-few-toothed ;  hds.  in  sessile  glomerules,  in  the 
a.riLs  of  the  upper  lvs. — Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  along  tho  coast.  St.  3  to  5f  high, 
pale  green  tvs  well  as  tho  whole  plant,  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  §  as  wide.  Hda,  thrice 
larger  (3  '  long  and  wide)  than  in  No.  1.     Sept. — Nov. 


V 

tl! 


M  : 


1 


1 

lli 
'I  ^< 
»1 


'  ll 


if 


Tribe  4.     SENECIONID.E. 

36.  PTEROCAU'LON,  Ell.  Black-root.  (Gr.  nr^pov,  a  wing,  KavXov 
a  stem  ;  i.  f.,  a  winged  stem.)  Heads  many  flowered,  the  fertile  flow- 
ers $  in  several  rows,  the  sterile  flowers  central  (  !  ),  mostly  ^  ;  .scales 
imbricated,  (caducous  with  the  fruit,  ?  coroUas  3-toothed,  i^  5-cleft ; 
ai'henia  angular,  hispid  ;  pappus  of  ecpial  capillary  bristles  longer  than 


lli' 


w 


440 


Order  70.— (JO:^POSlTyE. 


the  involucre. —  21  Rhizome  tuberous.  Lvs.  alternate,  very  densely 
tomentous  beneath,  decurretit  into  the  wings  of  the  stem.  lids,  sessile, 
densely  crowded  into  a  woolly  terminal  spik-j.     (Coiiyzji,  Mx) 

P.  pycnoBtdch3rum  Ell.  St.  simple;  Iva  lanceolate,  finely  serrulnte,  stnooth 
above ;  spike  continuouH. — Sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla  A  curiou.s  plant,  2  to  '^f 
high.  Lvs.  a  finger's  lengtli,  dark  green  above,  creamy- white  beneatli,  as  are  also 
the  wings  of  the  stem.     Spike  2  to  3  long.     May — Aug. 

37.  BORRICH'IA,  Adans.  Se.v  O.x-eve.  (Dedicated  to  Olof  liorrkh, 
a  Danish  botanist.)  Heads  radiate,  many-flowered;  rays  $,tertilc'; 
scales  imbricated,  the  outer  leafy  ;  recepi,acle  flat,  chaffy,  the  chatt' 
rigid,  persistent ;  achenia  4  angular,  crowned  witli  a  4-tootlied  pappus. 
— Shrubby  maritime  plants  with  opposite  lvs.  and  solitary,  yellow  hds. 
(Buphthalmum,  L.) 

B.  frutescens  DC.  Minutely  canesccnt  downy;  lvs.  lanceolate  and  olilanci'olate 
obscurely  repand- toothed,  slightly  connate  at  base,  cliatl'  of  the  recept.  cuspidate 
witli  a  rigid  point. — Va.  to  Fla.  St.  1  to  31"  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  rounded 
at  the  end  (with  a  cuspidate  point),  varying  to  linear,  tiie  upper  alternate.  Jn. — 
Oct. 

38.  ECLIPTA,  L.  Head  many-flowered  ;  ray  fls.  $  numerous  nar- 
row ;  disk  ^  tubular,  mostly  4-toolhed  ;  scales  10 — 12,  in  2  rows, 
leafy,  lance-ovate;  receptacle  flat;  chaff  bristly  ;  achenia  somewhat 
angular  or  2-edged  ;  pappus  0. — ^J)  Herbs  strigose  with  rigid  liairs,  erect 
or  procumbent.  Lvs.  opposite.  Heads  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary. 
Fls.  white.     (Fig.  328.) 

E.  er^Cta  L.  St.  often  decumbent ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  ta[)ering  to 
each  end,  subserrate ;  ped.  longer  than  tiie  heads ;  scalts  or  kaves  of  the  involucre 
acuminate. — Damp  soils,  Md.,  Ohio,  and  111.,  S.  to  Flor.  Stem  often  roolinu-  at 
the  lower  joints,  1 — 3f  long,  with  an  elastic,  thread-like  fiber.  Leaves  1  to  2' 
long,  rough,  obscurely  tripli-vemed.  Heads  small,  with  minute  flowers  and  sliort 
rays.  The  juico  turns  black,  and  is  said  to  dye  woo'  black.  Ju. — Sept.  {K, 
procurabens  and  brachipoda,  Mx.) 

39.  POLYM'NIA,  L.  Leaf-cup.  (The  name  of  one  of  the  ancient 
Muses ;  why  applied  to  this  plant  is  not  obvious.)  Heads  radiate.  In- 
volucrc  double,  outer  of  4  or  5  large,  leafy  scales,  inner  of  about  10 
leaflets,  concave  ;  ray-flowers  pistillate,  few  ;  disk  sterile  ;  receptacio 
chatty;  pappus  none. —  2X  Clammy  herbs.    Lvs.  opposite.     Fls.  yellow. 

1  P.  Canadensis  L.  Viscid-villous ;  lvs.  denticulate,  petiolate,  acuminate,  lower 
pinnatifid,  upper  3-lobed  or  entire,  ra7js  shorter  than  the  invol. — A  coarse,  broad- 
leaved,  hairy-viscid  plant,  3 — 5f  high,  Can.,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  the  mts.  of  Car. 
Stem  with  opposite  leaves  and  spreading  branches.  Flowers  light-yellow,  the 
rays  short,  surrounded  by  the  concave  leaflets  of  tiie  double  calyx  in  such  a  man. 
ner  as  to  tbrm  a  sort  of  cup,  hence  called  Leaf-cup.  Leaves  feather-veined,  3 — 8' 
long,  and  nearly  as  wide,  lobes  deeply  divided  and  acuminate.  Heads  ^  dium. 
Judo. 

2  P,  uveddlia  L,  Hairy  and  rough,  stout ;  lvs.  3-lobed,  acute,  dccurrent  into 
tl^e  petiole,  lobes  sinuate-angled;  rays  7  to  12,  mnch  longer  than  the  inrolurre.-^. 
In  liigiiland  woods.  Stem  3 — 6f  high.  Lower  leaves  very  large.  Flower.s  large, 
yellow,  the  rays  oblong,  obtuse.  Jl. — Neither  of  these  plants  has  been  found  in 
N.  Eng.,  and  they  are  rare  in  N.  Y.,  but  not  unoouimon  in  the  W.  and  S.  W. 
States. 

40.  CHRYSOC'ONUM,  L.  (Gr.;^pff76c,  gold,  yovi, 'nee;  the  golden 
flowers  at  the  joints.)  Heads  many-floweied,  rwiiiibj ;  rays  ;<!.*). ir  5,  ? , 
fertile,  disk  ^  but  sterile  \  scales  in  2  rows  of  about  J  '.;acli.  t)ic   uitef 


Ordee  70.-~COMPOSrT.'E.  441 

leitfy,  the  inner  chaffy  ;  receptacle  flat,  chiiflV  ;  achenia  of  the  rav  ol)- 
con^pre^s8etl,  obovate,  each  einbrneetl  by  a  clmir scale;  achenia  of  the 
disk  abortive;  pappus  a  small,  '2  to  3-toothed  crown. —  2i  A  little  pros- 
trate herb,  wiih  opposite  Ivs.  and  solitary,  peduucuUte,  bright  yellow 
vernal  tts. 

3.  Virgiiiidnum  L. — In  lioli  sliiuly  soils,  Md.  to  III.,  common  sontlnvard  to  the 
Giilt;  One  of  tlie  caiiiest  ncnvors  :iC  puring.  Pluiit  tint  on  tlie  gUMii.ii,  hirsiiJe, 
at  lirst  acauk'scent,  at  It-n^'ili  uiuioscent  and  ascei-.dihir.  Lvs.  ovale,  tapiring  to 
a  petiole,  creuate.     Rays  uxptindiug  7  to  i)  '.     Feb. — .Vlay. 

41.  SILPHIUM,  L.  RosiN-wEEo.  (The  ancient  name  of  some 
rcsiiKtus  plant.)  Heads  niany-flowercl;  ray-flowers  iiumcrons,  in  2  or 
3  rows,  fertile,  outer  row  ligulate  ;  disk-flowers  sterile  ;  involucre  cain- 
panulate,  scales  in  several  series,  leafy  and  spn-adiiij^  at  summit ;  recep- 
tacle small,  flat,  chall'y  ;  aclienia  broad,  flat,  obcompressed,  crowned 
with  a  2-toothed  pappus. —  2|!  Stout,  coarse,  resinous  herbs.  Hds.  large. 
Fls.  yellow. 

*  Stem  nearly  leafless,  .'jcaiie-liko.     Lvs.  very  large,  altorimte,  inostV  Kvlleal Nos.  1 — 8 

♦  Stum  Iciily. — Loaves  vertieillato  in  wliorl.s  of  3s,  rarely  4.s. . .    Nos.  4,  5  3 

— Leaves  oppo.sitc,  rarel  v  the  hiffliest  scattered Nos.  5 — 7 

— Leaves  alternate  (the  lowest  opposite  or  vcrtlciilaie  Oi  alternate) No.  8 

— Leaves  connate-purl'oliate No.  9 

1  S.  laciiii^tun.  L.  Polar  Plant.  Very  rough,  with  white,  h.'spid  Jjair.i;  lvs. 
alternate,  piuuately  parted,  lower  petiolate,  segments  sinuate  lobed  or  entire ; 
lids,  spicate,  distant;  scales  ovate,  appendaged  and  squarrous  at  ojjea?.-  Western 
States  to  Tex.,  producing  coliuuns  of  smoke  in  tlie  burning  prairies  by  its  co- 
pious resin.  Stem  3 — lOf  I'igli.  Lower  lvs.  1 — 2 f  long,  mucli  divided,  resem- 
bling tiioso  of  some  tliistles.  Heads  4 — 8,  very  large,  with  large,  yellow  ri;ya. 
Jl. — Sept. 

2  S.  terebinthindceum  L.  Prairie  Burdock.  St.  and  ped.  glabrous;  Ivt- 
mostly  radical,  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  cordate,  dentate-serrate,  olduse,  scabrous,  on 
long  petioles  ;  hds.  tew  paniculate;  scales  roundish  and  oval,  ghibrou:,  rays ahotU 
20. — Prairies,  Western  and  Southern  States.  Plant  exuding  resin.  Stem  4 — 8f 
high,  nearly  naked  and  simple.  Leaves  1 — 2f  lo!ig,  7 — IG'  wide.  Involucre 
globous.     Uds.  r  diam.,  rays  1  long.     Achenia  narrowly  2-winged.     Jl. — Sept. 

fj.  PiNNATiFTUUM,     Lvs.  moro  or  less  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatidd. — Prairies,  etc. 
with  the  other  form.    (S.  pinnatitidum   Ell.) 

3  S.  comp68ituin  Mx.  Glabrous  throughout;  st.  slender,  almost  naked,  glau 
eous;  /t)s.  radical,  on  long  petioles,  deeptltj  siwmte-pinnatijid,  the  segments  sinuate- 
lobed  or  toothed ;  hds.  corymbcd,  on  long  peduncles;  scales  oval,  obtuse;  ach. 
roundish-obovate ;  rays  about  10. — Barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Feay).  St.  '.i  to  Gf 
high.  lids.  7  '  diam.,  about  10-rayeu,  rays  about  as  long  (4')  as  the  involucre. 
June. — Aug. 

13,  RENiFORME.     Lvs.  roundish  or  roniform,  cordate,  slightly  sinuatc-lobed  or 
toothed. — Upper  districts  of  Ga.  and  Car. 

4  S.  trifolidtum  L.  St.  glabrous  and  often  glaucous,  teivte  or  G-sidcd ;  cauline 
lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  seabrous  above,  smooth  below,  remotely  dentate,  on  very 
.short petioles,  vei'ticillate /«  :Ja' o/- 46' ;  upper  ones  opposite;  hds.  loosely  cymose, 
on  rather  long  peduncles;  scales  broadly  ovate,  ratlier  obtuse,  smooth;  ach,  oral, 
with  2  short  teeth. — Dry  woi)ds  and  i)rairics,  Ohio  and  Southern  States.  Stem 
4 — Gf  liigli. — Leaves  4 — G  by  1 — 2' .  Rays  12 — IG, expanding  about  2^.  Ach. 
3  to  4"  long,  2  to  3"  wide,      'iiig.,  Sept. 

5  S.  integrifollum  Mx.     Scabrous ;  st.  quadrangular,  striati?,  simple ;  (vs.  o^f^io- 

me,  sessile,  ovate-lanreohtte,  entire  or  sliglitly  dentate;  lids,  in  a  close  corymb; 
scales  squarrous ;  act'  roundish,  trvuadly  luinged,  with  2  long  teeth. — Western  States 
S.  to  lia.  Stem  vei/  I'gid,  3 — 7f  high.  Leaves  rigid,  broad  and  eltisjting  at 
base.  Heads  middle-sizo,  Rays  12 — 20.  1'  iu  length.  Ach.  4  to  6  long,  4' 
wide.     JL,  Aug. 


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442 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


ji.  teRnXtum.  St  6-8ided ;  Ivs.  ternately  verticillate. — Prairie?,  with  tlie  com- 
mon form ;  apparently  connecting  tliis  with  S.  trifoliatum,  from  whioli  it  ia 
nevertheless  distinct. 

6  S.  PCab^rrimum  Ell.  St.  hispid ;  lis.  opposite,  rij.  ,  oval  somewhat  pointed, 
serrate,  very  roughly  -lispid  on  both  sides,  the  lower  ''tiolate,  upper  aubsesaile, 
entire ;  scales  ciliate-serrulaie,  squarrous ;  ach.  large,  roundish,  broadly  winged,  with 
convergent  teeth. — W.  Ga.  to  La.  St.  3 — 4f  high.  lids,  nearly  1'  diani.,  rays  20 
or  more,  spreading  2'.     Ach.  6"  long.     Aug.,  Sept. 

7  S.  laevigatum  Ell.  Smooth  and  glabrous;  Ivs.  opposite,  thick,  laneo-oblong, 
subserrate,  somewhat  pointed,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  with  an  abrupt 
base,  highest  cordate,  entire ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate-squarrous ;  ach.  oval, 
narrowly  winged,  the  teeth  short,  divergent. — W.  Ga.  and  Ala.  St.  2  to  3f  high, 
somewhat  4-angled.  Hds.  small,  coryrabed,  rays  spreading  IJ'.  Aehenia  4' 
long.     Aug.,  Sept. 

8  S.  AsteriBCUB  L.  Hispid,  often  hairy ;  st.  terete,  striate ;  Ivs.  mostly  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  crenate-serrate,  obtusish,  the  lower  tapering  to  a  petiole,  oppo- 
site or  alternate,  upper  sessile ;  scales  squarrous,  leafy ;  ach.  roundish-obovate, 
with  short  divergent  teeth.—  ^ry  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  common.  St.  2  to  4f 
high,  generally  purple.  Lower  Ivs.  (rarely  wh.orled)  4  to  7'  long.  Hds.  few,  1' 
broad,  witli  12  to  15  rays,  1'  in  length.  Ach.  3  to  4''  long.  Jn. — Aug. — Varia- 
ble, being  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  the  lower  Ivs.  sometimes  sinuate-toothed,  etc, 

fi.  PUMiLUM.  Downy  or  tomentous,  low;  Ivs.  elliptical,  obtuse,  subserratio, 
upper  entire  ;  hds.  smaller;  ach.  with  very  short  teeth  or  almost  truncate.^ 
Ga.  (Feay),  (S.  pumilum  Ph.).  The  teeth  of  the  ach.  are  not  invariable  in 
this  genus. 

9  S.  perfoliitum  L.  Cup-plant.  St.  square ;  Ivs.  large,  thin,  opposite,  connato- 
perfoliate,  ovate,  coarsely  tootlied,  narrowed  towards  the  base;  hds.  in  a  triehot- 
omous  cyme,  on  a  long  ped. ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  squarrous ;  ach.  broadly 
obovate,  winged,  emarginate. — ALng  streams,  etc.,  Mich,  to  Tenn.,  plant  coarse 
and  forbidding,  4  to  7f  liigh.  Lvs.  8  to  14'  by  4  to  7',  the  upper  pairs  forming  a 
cup  with  their  connate  bases.  lids,  large,  with  12  to  20  rays.  Ach.  G  lung. 
Jl.,  Aug.    (Also,  S.  connatuin  L.) 

42.  BERLANDrERA,  DC.  (Named  for  Berhmdier,  a  botanical  col- 
lector.) Heads  radiate  ;  ray-Howers  $  ,  fertile,  in  one  series  ;  disk  ^ 
but  sterile ;  scales  in  3  scries,  leafy,  subequal ;  receptacle  cliatiy ; 
pales  obtuse;  aehenia  all  marginal,  in  one  row,  obcoinpressed,  wing- 
le.ss,  obovate,  more  or  less  adlierent  *d  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre; 
j)appus  minute. —  U  Herbs  velvety-canesccut,  with  alternate,  cordate, 
petiolate  lvs.  and  hds.  with  yellow  rays. 

1  B.  tomentdsa  Torr.  &  Gr.  Caulescent,  whitened  with  a  close,  soft  tomentum ; 
at.  simple;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  petiolate,  somewhat  sinootii  and  green 
above ;  hds.  in  small,  dense  corymbs. — Barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.  and  La.  St.  1  to  2f 
high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1',  the  upper  and  low  jr  surfaces  strongly  contrasted  in 
color.     Rays  7  to  10,  spreading  2'.     Apr. — Aug.    (Silphium  Ph.) 

2  B.  subacaillliB  Nutt.  Acaulescent,  at  length  somewhat  caulescent,  roughiah 
canescent;  lvs.  radical,  lyrate  or  sinuate-pinnatifld,  the  lobes  crenate-toothed; 
scapes  elongated,  bearing  a  single  head. — Ga.  and  Fla,     May,  Jn. 

43.  PARTHE^NIUM,  L.  (Gr.  ixaQOtvot;,  a  virgin  ;  from  its  nu-dici- 
nal  efficacy.)  Heads  many-flowered;  ray-flowers  5,  somewhat  ligulatc, 
fertile;  disk  flowers  tubular,  sterile;  involucre  hemispherical,  scales  in 
2  series,  outer  ovate,  inner  orbicular;  receptacle  conical,  chaffy;  aehe- 
nia 6,  compressed,  cohering  with  2  contiguous  pales. — American  herbs 
with  alternate  lvs. 

1  P.  Integrifdlium  L.  Si.  pubescent,  striate,  erect ;  Iv.?.  hispid-scivbrous,  lance- 
ovate,  coarsely  dentate-crenate,  coriaceous,  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  hd.s. 
many,  tomentous,  corymbed  — If   Dry  soils.  Mid.  and  W.  States.     St.  rigid,  3  to 


Ordbr  70.— composite. 


443 


5f  high.     Radical  petioles  If  loug.     Lvs.  4  to  12  long,  J  as  wide.     Hds.  white, 
with  5  very  short  cucuUato  rays.     Jl. — Sept. 
2  P.  Hysterdphorus  L.     Annual,  puberulent,  decumbent,  lower  lvs.  bipinnatifid, 
upper  linear ;  hds.  numerous,  very  Hmall,  in  a  diffuse  panicle. — River  banks,  Flu. 
to  La. 

44.  rVA,  L.  Marsh  Elder.  IIighwater  Siirib.  Heads  dis- 
coid, monoicious,  involucre  of  3  to  9  scales,  distinct  or  partly  united; 
marginal  flowers  1  to  5,  fertile,  the  others  sterile ;  receptacle  cliafly ; 
achenia  obconic,  obtuse  ;  pappus  none. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lower  lvs. 
opposite. 

1  I.  frut^scens  L.  Shrubliy ;  lvs.  fleshy,  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate;  upper 
lance-linuar,  entire  ;  hds.  axillary ;  scales  5,  distinct,  rounded  ;  ach.  5. — Borders 
of  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  common.  St.  3  to  8f  high,  with  numerous  op- 
posite branches  and  lvs.  Hds.  small,  green,  drooping  on  short  stalks,  in  leafy, 
paniculate  racemes.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  I.  ciliata  Willd.  Annual,  hairy;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  coarsely 
toothed,  upper  lance-ovate ;  hds.  spicule;  scales  3,  distinct,  roundish,  ciliate;  ach. 
3. — Wet  grounds,  111.  to  La.  A  coarse  plant  of  no  beauty,  3  to  7f  high.  Lvs. 
3  to  4'  long.  Spikes  dense,  3  to  5'  long,  numerous,  panielcd,  green,  like  an 
Ambrosia.     Aug. — Oct. 

3  I.  imbric^ria  "Walt.  Herbaceotts,  terete,  glabrous;  lvs.  fleshy,  linear-lanceo- 
late, 3-nerved,  tapering  to  the  sessile  base  ;  hds.  axillary ;  invol.  of  6  to  9,  Jleshy, 
obtuse,  rounded  scales  in  2  rows,  their  margins  scarious,  lacerated ;  ach.  2  to  4. — 
U  Sea  coast,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Plant  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.  Hds. 
drooping,  on  short  pedicels,  in  leafy  clusters  or  racemes.     Jl. — Oct. 

45.  AMBRO^SIA,  Tourn.  Horse-weed.  (Gr.  du[3po(Jia,  food  of  the 
gods ;  a  term  strangely  applied).  Hds.  heterocephalous.  Sterile : 
involucre  of  several  scales  united  into  a  depressed,  hemispherical  cup, 
many-flowered:  anthers  approximate,  but  distinct;  receptacle  naked. 
Fertile;  involucre  1-leavcd,  entire  or  5-toothed,  1-flowered  ;  corolla 
(J  ;  styles  2  ;  stamens  0.  — Herbaceous  plants  with  mostly  opposite  lvs. 
and  unsightly  flowers. 

§  sterile  heads  .sessile,  densely  spicate,  chaflfy.    Leaves  nlternato No.  i 

§  Sterile  lieads  pedicellate,  raueiiicd,  not  chaffy. — Leaves  opposite No.  1 

— Leaves  alternate Nos.  2,  8 

1  A.  trlfida  L.  Hairy,  rough;  lvs.  3-lobed,  serrate,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate;  fr.  with  6  ribs  ending  below  the  conical  summit. —  IJ  A  very  tall, 
herbaceous  plant,  along  streams,  &c.  Can.  and  U.  S.,  common.  Stem  5 — 10/ 
high,  erect,  branching,  furrowed.  Leaves  opposite,  in  3  large,  deep  lobes,  with 
long  points  and  close  serratures.  Flowers  moan  and  obscure,  in  slender,  leafless, 
terminal  racemes,  the  fertUe  in  axillary  glomerules.  Aug. — It  is  greedily  oaten 
by  horses. 

3.  INTEGRIFOLIA.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  bristly  on  both  sides,  ciliate 
at  base,  often  some  of  them  3-lobed,     (A.  integrifolia  Mulil.) 

2  A.  artemisiaefoHa  L.  Hoo-weed.  Lvs.  twice-pinnatifid,  nearly  smooth;  petioles 
ciliate;  rac.  terminal,  panicled;  st.  virgate. — '.{)  A,  common  and  troublesome 
weed  of  the  gardens,  holds,  &c.  (Can.  to  (ia.)  far  more  worthy  of  its  Englisk 
than  its  Latin  name.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  branching,  pubescent  when  young: 
Leaves  witii  segments  acute  and  parallel,  larren  flowers  small,  green,  in  ter- 
minal racemes,  the  fertile  ones  sessile  about  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Aug., 
Sept     (A.  elatior  Ph.) 

3  A.  psylostachya  DC.  Wliiti-sh  with  appressed  woolly  hairs,  branched ;  lvs. 
crowded,  rigid,  the  lower  opposite,  bipinnatifid,  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  pin- 
natifld ;  sterile  hds.  in  spicate  racemes,  fertile  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile 
spikes,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  fr.  hairy. — (J)  Prairies,  "Wis.  to  Tex. 
Stem  1 — 6f  high,  at  length  very  branching  and  leafy.     Aug.,  Sept. 


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444 


Ohuku  70.— COMPOSIT.^!:. 


4  A.  bidentita  Mx.  Very  hirsute;  st.  branching;  branches  simple ,  Ivs.  crowded, 
mostly  altLTuate,  closely  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  undivided,  oblong,  with  a  siugle 
tootli  or  short  lobe  on  each  side  near  the  base;  sterilo  hds,  densely  spicatc,  fer- 
tile axillary ;  fr.  i-anyled,  acutely  pointed,  the  4  ribs  produced  in  4  short  spines. 
— ^^1;  Prairies,  111.  to  La.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  with  numerous  leaves  and  verydeusOj 
terminal  spikes.     Jl. — Sept. 

46.  XAN'THIUM,  Tourn.  Clot-weed.  Heads  heterocephaloiis. 
Sterile,  in  j^lobous  lieads  ;  scales  di.stinct,  in  one  row  ;  anthers  approxi- 
mate, but  distinct;  receptacle  chaffy.  Fertile:  involucre  2-leaved, 
clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  1  or  2-beaked,  eiiclosing  2  flowers ; 
stamens  0. —  X)  Coarse  weeds  with  alternate  Ivs. 

1  X.  Stnimarium  L.  Rough,  unarmed,  branching;  Ivg.  cordate,  lobed,  3-veined, 
unequally  .serrate;  fr.  elliptical,  armed  with  uncinate,  stitT  tliorns,  and  ending 
with  2,  spreading,  straight  horns. — A  coarse,  rough  plant,  in  old  fields,  &c.,  N. 
Eiig.  and  Mid.  States.  Stem  branched,  bristly,  spotted,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves 
large,  on  long  stalks,  rigid.  ^  Fls.  few  together,  terminal,  globular,  green ;  $ 
in  possile,  axillary  tufls.  Fruit  a  hard,  2-celled  burr,  near  an  inch  long,  covered 
with  stiff,  hooked  prickles,  which,  like  tho.se  of  the  common  burdock,  serve  to 
disperse  the  seeds.  Aug. — Variable;  fruit  more  than  1',  or  less  than  1'  in  length ; 
thorns  very  close  or  somewhat  scattered ;  horns  spreading  or  incurved.  (X. 
eehinatura  Murray.) 

2  X.  spindsum  L.  Wfiitish-downy,  armed  loith  triple,  slender,  subaxillary  spines, 
spines  at  base  of  the  leaves  triple,  slender ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  cuueate  at  base, 
petit )late,  3-lobed  or  dentate  or  entire,  under  surface  and  veins  above  whitish, 
twie.'  longer  than  the  spines ;  invol.  oblong,  with  slender,  uncinate  thorns. — 
Roadsides  and  fields,  Mass.  to  Penn.  and  Ga.  Plant  about  If  high,  very  con- 
spicuously armed  with  straw-colored  spines  ^ — 1'  long.  Heads  sessile,  sterile  in 
the  upper,  fertile  in  the  lower  axils.     Sept. — Nov. 

47.  MELANTHERA,  Cass.  (Gr.  fi^Xa^,  black,  Lat.  anthera,  an- 
ther.) Heads  discoid ;  flowers  all  tubular,  ^ ;  scales  in  2  subequal 
series ;  receptacle  chaflfy,  the  pales  partly  investing  the  flowers ; 
acheiiia  short,  truncate,  angular ;  pappus  a  few  minute  caducous  awns 
or  bristles. —  Zf  llorbs  rough,  with  square  stems,  opposite,  petioled,  3- 
veined  Ivs.  and  long  peduncled  hds.  Cor,  white.  Anth.  black,  tip- 
ped with  a  white  appendage. 

M.  hast^ta  Mx.  Lva  liastately  3-lobed,  acuminate,  dontnte,  on  slender  petioles; 
scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pales  rigid,  cusp-pointed. — Dry  soils,  S.  Oar 
to  Fla  and  La.  Sts.  3  to  (if  high,  beautifully  variegated  with  purple,  the  branchea 
slender,  erect,  few-flowered.  Lvs.  deep  groon,  very  ro\igh,  4  to  6'  long,  the 
upper  smaller,  lids,  near  G''  broad,  of  stiff  scales  and  singularly  contrasted, 
colors. — Jl. — Sept.  ,  .     .  ; 

48.  ZINNIA,  L.  (To  John  Godfrey  Z/'vn,  a  German  botanist, 
loo7.)  Heads  radiate;  rays  $,  disk  tubular,  ^  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oval,  margined,  imbri<!ate ;  receptacle  chafty,  conical  ;  pappus  of  the 
disk  of  1  or  2  erect,  flat  awns. — (£)  American  herbs,  with  apposite, 
entire  lvs.  and  solitary  terminal  hds.     Kays  bright  colored,  showy. 

Z.  multiflora  L.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  abrupt  at  base,  scarcely  petioled;  hda. 
on  peduncles  us  long  as  the  lv.s. ;  pales  obtuse,  entire;  aeh.  of  the  disk  with  one 
awn. — Fields  and  waysides,  Ga.,  Fla.,  to  Tex.  Sts.  6'  to  21'  high,  simple  or 
nearly  so.  Lvs.  I  to  2  long,  rather  obtuse.  Ped.  enlarged  upwMds,  hollow 
Rays  aliout  12,  oval,  scarlet  witiiiii,  yellowish  without.     May,  .In.  § 

2  Z.  ^legans  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  sessile-amplexicaul ;  hds.  on  ped. 
longer  than  the  lvs. ;  pales  serrated;  ach.  of  the  disk  with  2  awf  s. — Gardens; 
Pl.int  tall,  elegant  and  showy,  with  brilliant  fls.  of  varying  colors,  a.s  orange, 
BCarlet,  crim.son,  purple,  violet  and  white.     Jl.,  Aug.  f  Mexici). 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  445 

3  Z.  pauciflorum,  with  bright  yellow  flowers  13  somutimoa  cultivated. 

49.  HELIOP'SIS,  Pers.  Ox-eye,  (Gr.  i'jAing,  the  sun,  oipii;,  appear- 
ft'icL'',  dowers  radiant  like  the  sun.)  Hds,  radiate;  invohiere  inibrieate, 
with  ovate,  subequal  seales ;  rays  linear,  lari^e,  $  ;  disk  ^  ;  rc^ceptacle 
cbatfv,  eonical,  the  pales  laneeolate ;  achenia  4  sided  ;  pappus  0. —  U 
Lvs.  opposite,     lids,  larj^e.     Fls.  yellow.     (Helianthus,  L.) 

H.  l^vis  Pers.  St.  smooth ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolato,  3- 
veiuetl,  smooth  beneatii,  upper  ones  usually  lanceolate,  lower  ones  more  or  lesa 
fiuioate  at  base. — A  large,  symmetrical  plant,  in  hedges  and  tliickets,  U.  S.  St. 
angular,  striate,  di-  or  trichotomously  branolied  above,  3  to  51'  high.  Lvs.  2  to 
6  by  1  to  4',  acute,  distinctly  3-veir.ed.  Branches  thickened  at  the  summit,  each 
terminating  with  a  large,  solitary,  yellow  head.  Rays  lanceolate,  broad  at  base 
an  i  obtuse  at  summit.     Ju.,  Jl. 

li.  G11.\CILIS.      Small  and  slender;    lvs.   scabrous,   ovate-lauooolate,   acute  at 

base. — 2f  high.     (11.  gracilis,  Nutt.) 
).  SCABRA.     St.  and  lvs.  scabrous  and  yellowisli-green ;  lvs.  somewhat  deltoid, 
distinctly  truncate  at  base. — fJf  higli.     Common  in  Ind.     (II.  scabra,  Ih^ok.) 

50.  TETRAGONOTHEXA,  Dill.  {dr.  rerpa,  four;  yovv,  an^rle;  0/y«//, 
envelope.)  Heads  radiate  ;  involucre  double,  the  outer  of  4  Icaly  bracts 
united  at  base,  the  inner  of  8  small  scales  similar  to  Ihe  chati"  of  the 
conical  receptacle;  achenia  smooth,  truncate,  destitute  of  pappus. —  21 
Herb  clothed  with  viscid  hairs,  opposite  lvs.,  with  yellow-tlowered, 
lari^e  hds. 

T.  helianthoidea  L.  Sandy  soils,  "V'a.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  A  stout,  coarse,  un- 
sightly herb,  2f  high.  Lvs.  ovate,  sessile,  repand-loothed,  3  to  5'  long.  lids.  I 
or  few,  on  long  peduncles,  the  rays  spreading  nearly  3'.  Cor.  strongly  veined. 
Apr. — Jn. 

51.  ECHINACEA,  Moench.  '  Purple  Cone-flovver.  ((ir.  exlvng, 
the  hedgehog ;  from  the  character  of  the  pales.)  Heads  radiate ;  invo- 
lucre, scales  in  2  rows ;  ray  flowers  neutral ;  disk  flowers  ^  ;  receptacle 
conic,  with  rigid,  niucronato  pales;  achetiia  4-angled;  paj)pus  0. — .21 
Lvs.  alternate.     Rays  purple,  pendulous.     (Rudbeckia,  L.,  Nutt.) 

1  E.  purpiirea  Moench.  Very  rough;  lower  lvs.  broad-ovate,  5-veined,  attenuate 
at  base,  remotely  toothed ;  cauline  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire ;  rays 
12  to  15,  very  long,  defloxed,  bind. — Thickets  and  barrens,  W.  and  S.  States. 
Pl«nt  showy,  4f  higli,  branched.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  l)ng,  rough  with  siiort,  still'  bristles, 
3-veined.  Hds.  large,  solitary,  on  long  pi'd,  hisk  tliickly  licstt  with  the  still" 
pointed,  brown  chaff.  Kays  2  to  D'  )/(i(g,  pendulous,  rarely  varying  to  white, 
t  .11.— Sept. 

2  E.  angustifolia  DC.  St.  hispid,  subsimplo,  slender,  naked  above ;  lvs.  entire, 
hispidly  pubescent,  '6-veined,  lower  lunreolate,  petiulate,  upper  limce-liin'ar,  sessile : 
scales  in  about  2  rows,  short ;  rays  12  to  15,  slender,  drooping. — I'rairies  and 
marshes,  111.,  Mo.  to  Tex.  Plant  of  a  nxjre  slender  habit  than  the  last,  2  to  3f 
high.  Hds.  on  long,  naked  ped.  Rays  1  to  2'  Jong,  purple,  varving  to  whito. 
Disk  brown.     May — Ji. 

52.  RUDBECKI'A,  L.  (To  the  celebrated  Oloii.s  Rudheck,  Professor 
of  Jiotany,  at  Upsal,  Sweden.)  Heads  radiate  ;  iiiv<»liiiM-e  scales  nearly 
equal,  leafy,  in  a  double  row,  G  in  each  ;  ray-flowers  iieiilial  ;  disk  ])er- 
fect ;  receptacle  conic  or  columnar,  with  unarmed  pales  or  chaff; 
achenia  4-angled  ;  pappus  none,  or  a  lacerate  or  toothe*!  margin. —  21 
L\  s.  alternate.     Hds.  large.     Rays  yellow. 

S  lliivs  liirtco,  (li'(io|iin».     Disk  coluiniiar,  iit  least  in  fruit Nos   1,  3 

§  ll;iys  spreiulinir.     Uisic  dark  inirple,  conicii!  oiToinided.    (♦) 

*  Leaves  deeply  lobcil  or  parted,  the  upper  undivided Nos.  .3,  4 

*  Leaves  undivided. — Pales  of  tlic  disk  whitish-downy .Nos.  5.  (5 

— I'ales  dark  pumlo  as  well  as  tlic  llowers Nos.  7—9 


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446 


Okder  70.— composite. 


1  R.  nitida  Nutt.  Glabrous,  shining,  subaimple,  Ivs.  thick,  lanooloUe,  ricute,  the 
lower  aubderrulate,  petiolate,  upper  sessile  or  clamping ;  hds.  few  or  solitary,  with 
long,  drooping  rays ;  pappus  coroniform,  lacerate  at  summit. — G.a.,  Fla.,  to  La.  A 
handsome  herb.  3  to  5f  liigh,  in  awauipy  thickets.  Lva.  with  prominent  veins 
and  veinlets.  Ilda.  on  long  naked  peduncles.  Raya  9  to  12,  nearly  2  long. 
Disk  dark  purple,  oblong-ovato  or  spicate  in  Iruit     Jn.,  JL 

2  R  lacini^ta  L.  Glabrous ;  lower  Ivs.  pinnate,  segments  3-lobed,  upper  onea 
ovate ;  pappus  crenaie. — In  the  edges  of  swamps  and  ditchus,  Can.  and  U.  S.  A 
tall,  showy  plant,  resembling  Helianthus,  from  which,  however,  it  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  its  conical,  at  length  ovate  diak.  St.  round,  branching,  6  to  8f 
high.  Lvs.  alternate,  ample,  rough,  upper  ones  generally  ovate,  the  rest  variously 
divided,  toothed  or  cut,  petiolate.  Fls.  largo,  tonuinaL  Rays  1^  to  2  long, 
oblauceolate,  bright  yellow,  spreading  or  drooping.     Aug.     (R.  Itevigata  Ph.) 

3  R.  subtomentdaa  Ph.  St.  branching,  tomentous-puhescent ;  lvs.  petiolate, 
hispid-scabrous  above,  softly  subtomentoua  beneath,  aerrate.  the  lower  deeply  3- 
lobed  or  3-parted,  upper  undivided,  ovate,  acuminate ;  hda.  corymbous ;  scales 
numerous,  spreading;  rays  10  to  15,  spreading;  disk  at  length  globoua;  pales 
bearded,  shorter  than  the  corollas. — Prairies,  &c..  Western  and  S.  W.  States.  St.  3 
to  5f  high,  angular,  marked  with  brown  linos.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  on  petioles  1 
to  24:"  long.     Rays  orango  yellow,  about  1'  long.     JL,  Aug. 

4  R.  triloba  L.  Hirsute;  branches  panicled  spreading;  lower  cauline  lvs. 
mostly  3-k>bed,  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate ;  upper  ovate  lanceolate  .somewhat 
clasping,  serrate  or  entire ;  radical  onea  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  crenate-dentate  or 
incisely  lobed,  petiolate;  hds.  rather  small,  ciis/fc  dark  purple;  at  length  ovoid; 
rays  8,  broad-oval,  rather  longer  than  the  linear,  reflexed  scales. — Fields,  Mid. 
and  W.  States.  A  handsome  species,  2  to  4f  high,  very  branching.  Lvs.  2  to 
4'  long,  3-veinod.  Rays  deep  yellow,  6  to  10"  long,  |  as  wide.  Chaff  cuspi- 
date-awned  at  the  summit.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  R.  m611is  Ell.  So/t-ivoolly  or  tomentous  all  over;  lvs.  oblong,  sessile  or  clnsp- 
ing;  scales  hnear  lanceolate,  reflexed;  rays  15  to  20,  elongated;  disk  dark  pur- 
ple except  the  canescent  pales.  W.  Ga.  An  interesting  species,  contined  as  yet 
to  a  narrow  limit.  Plant  whitened  with  down,  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  gmalL  lids, 
large;  rays  an  inch  long.     Pappus  almost  none.     Aug. — Oct. 

6  R.  Helidpaidis  Torn  &  Gr.  Slightly  downy ;  lvs.  ovate  or  oval.  5-veined, 
mostly  obtuse,  petiolate;  scales  obtuse,  squarrous;  rays  10  to  12  ;  disk  conical, 
dark  purple  except  the  downy  canescent  pales. — Barrens,  W.  Ga.  and  Ala.    Plant 

1  to  2f  high.     Lva.  2  to  3  long,  tho  lower  on  long  petioles.     Pappus  scarcely  any. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

7  R.  hirta  L.  Very  hirsute  or  hispid ;  st.  simple  or  somewhat  branched ;  ped. 
naked ;  lvs.  ovate-spatulate,  3-veined,  petiolate,  mostly  entire,  the  upper  onea  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate;  invol.  scales  numerous,  narrow,  imbricated  in  3-rovvs;  rays 
spreading,  oval ;  pales  bearded. — A  showy  plant  in  dry  soils.  Can.  W.  to  Fla., 
rarely  in  N.  Eng.  Sts.  subaimple  or  branching  from  tho  base,  each  branch  leaf- 
less towards  the  summit,  and  bearing  a  large  head  with  12  to  15  bright  yellow 
rays.  These  are  an  inch  long,  and  surround  a  broadly  conical  disk  of  dark  brown 
chafT  and  flowers,     f  JL,  Sept. 

8  R.  fdlgida  Ait.  St.  hirsute  with  rigid  hairs ;  branches  slender,  naked  above  ; 
lvs.  strigous-pubescent,  remotely  dentate,  radical  petiolate,  ovate,  5-veined.  cauline 
lance-oblong,  tapering  to  the  sessile,  aubclasping  base ;  scales  oblong,  spreading,  as 
long  as  the  spreading  rays ;  pales  glabrous,  linear-oblong,  obtuse. — Mountains, 
Peun.  to  Ohio  and  Ga.  St.  1  to  3f  high.  Rays  12  to  14,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  leafy  involucre,  deep  orange-yeUow.  JL — Oct.  f  (R.  chrysomela  Mx.  R. 
spatulata  Ph.) 

9  R,  Bpeciosa  Wender.  St.  hiapidly  hirsute ;  branches  slender,  elongated,  naked 
above ;  lvs.  scabrous-pubescent,  strongly  dentate  acuminate,  radical  ovate,  5-veined, 
oil  long  petioles,  cauline  ovate  and  lanceolate,  3-veined,  upper  sessile;  scales 
lance-linear,  much  shorter  than  the  spreading  rays ;  pedes  linear-oblong,  acute. — 
Borders  of  woods.  III.  (Jenney),  Ohio  to  Penn.     A  large  and  very  showy  species, 

2  to  4f  high.    Lvs.  rather  thin,  radical,  4  to  5'  by  3  to  4',  the  teeth  mucronulate  • 


ii  vi'M 


Ordsr  70.— composure.  447 

petioles  6  to  10'  long.     Raja  about  18,  obloug,  linear,  bright  yellow.     Aug  — 
Oct.  f 

53.  LEP'ACHYS,  Raf.  Heads  radiate;  involucre  in  one  series  of 
linear  scales ;  ray  tlowers  few,  neutral,  disk  perfect ;  receptacle  col- 
umnar, chafly ;  chatF  obtuse,  and  bearded  at  apex  ;  pappus  0  ;  fer- 
tile achenia  compressed,  1  to  2-wiiiged. —  U  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnately 
divided,     lids,  of  fls.  yellow,  with  long,  drooping  rays. 

Ii.  pinnata  Terr.  &  Gr.  Scabrous;  lvs.  all  pinnate,  the  divisions  3  to  7, 
some  of  tlie  lower  ones  2-parted,  the  rest  undivided ;  rays  elongate.. — In  dry 
soils,  Western  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.  States.  St.  2  to  't"  higli,  slender,  turrowed  and 
hispid.  Hds.  very  showy.  Rays  yellow,  about  2  in  length,  pendulous,  the  disit 
ovato,  purple.     Ju. — Sept.     (Rudbeckia  Mx.     Obeliacaria  Cass.) 

54.  HELIANTHUS,  L.  Sin-flowek.  (Or.  ijAiog,  the  sun,  drOog, 
flower.)  Heads  radiate,  ray-ds.  neutral,  disk  ^  ;  scales  of  the  invol- 
ucre imbricated  in  several  .'«  "ies ;  receptable  flat  or  convex,  the  chaff 
persistent,  embracing  the  achenia ;  pappus  of  2  chaft'y  awns,  deciduous ; 
achenia  compressed  or  4-sided,  not  iii.iigined. — Herbs  mostly  2^,  rough. 
Lvs.  opposite,  the  upper  often  alternate,  mostly  tripli-veined.  Kays 
yellow,  disk  yellow  or  purple. 

I  Disk  (113  coroHas  and  pales)  dark  puvpi   .  mostly  con  v.  \.     (a) 

a  Herbs  annual.     Loiives  chiofly  ail.    nate Xos.  1,8 

a  Herbs  p«!rennial.    Leaves  oppositt- . — Sciilcs  iM'irninate N<is.  8—5 

— Scales  obtuse Nns.  6,  7 

§  Disk  (its  corollas  and  pales)  yellow,    (b) 

b  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  feather-veined Nos.  8 — 11 

b  Leaves  chiefly  op{)osite  and  3-veined  or  tripliveinrd.    (c) 

C  Scales  erect,  closely  imbricated. — Plants  preen,  rough Nun.  12,  18 

— Plants  whitisli,  downy *S'tis.  14,  16 

C  Scales  loosely  spreaflinc.     Heads  lurfje,  9  to  15-rayed.    (d) 

d  Scales  liinci  -linear,' longer  than  disk.     Leaves  thin Xos.  16, 17 

d  Scales  l:inee-ovate,  as  long  as  the  disk.     Leaves  tliick No.s.  ls--'il 

O  Scales  loosely  spreailinsj.     Heads  small,  5  to  8-rayed No.'..  22  -26 

1  H.  dnnuuB  L.  Erect,  stent;  lvs.  all  cordate,  .3-veinod,  only  the  lowest  op- 
posite; ped.  thick;  hds.  large,  nodding;  ach.  glabrous. — This  stately  annual  is 
from  S.  America.  It  grows  in  any  soil,  but  its  magnitude  is  in  proportion,  vary- 
ing from  2f  to  10,  or  even  15f.  The  enormous  size  of  the  flowers  with  their 
broad  ra\  -*  of  brilliant  yt;liow  are  too  well  known  to  require  description.  A 
variety  occurs  with  the  flowers  all  radiate.  Jl.,  Aug. — An  edible  oil  has  been 
expressed  from  the  seeds. 

2  H.  debilia  Nutt.  Decumbent,  slender;  lvs.  ovate,  serrulate,  petiolate,  mostly 
alternate;  hds.  small,  solitary,  pedunculate;  scales  narrow,  slender-pointed;  ach. 
pubescent. — 0  Fla.,  La.  (Not  within  our  limits  ?).  Sts.  1  to  2f  long.  lids,  half 
an  inch  diam.     Rays  about  12. 

3  H.  Rddula  Torr.  &  Gr.  Erect,  hirsute,  simple,  bearing  a  single  head ;  Ivt. 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  roundish  obovate  or  ovate,  obtwe,  opposite,  crowded  below ; 
scales  and  pales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  erect,  dark  purple ;  rays  7  to  10,  rarely  none. 
— U  Barrens,  Ga.,  Ala.,  Fla.  Sts.  often  clustered,  1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  very  rough 
on  the  upper  surface.  Hds.  near  1'  diam.,  disk  dark  purple.  Aug.,  Sept.  f 
(Rudbeckia,  Ph.) 

4  H.  heteroph^Uus  Nutt.  Slightly  hispid,  slender,  bearing  a  single  head ;  lvs. 
opposite,  entire,  subsessile,  the  lower  oval,  upper  linear-lanceolate,  scales  acumi- 
nate, erect,  dilate;  pales  acute;  rays  12  to  18. —  y  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  1 
to  2f  high.     Hds.  6    diam.,  rays  expanding  2  J'.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  H.  angustifdliuB  L.  Erect,  slender,  scabrous  or  hispidly  hirsute ;  lvs.  ses- 
sile, lance-linear,  tapering  to  a  long  point,  1-veined,  rigid,  opposite,  the  upper  often 
alternate,  subdenticulate,  often  revolute ;  hds.  pedunculate,  few ;  scales  lance- 
linear,  the  long  point  ^reading ;  pales  linear,  3-toothed. — Sandy  or  rocky  places, 
N.  J.,  Ky.,  and  S.  Stares,  common.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  8ubs;mple.  Lvs.  2  to  6'  by 
3  to  6",  broadest  at  the  abrupt  base.  Rays  12  to  18,  expanding  about  2'.  Disk 
llowera  browu  at  the  summit.    Aug. — Oct. 


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Okder  70.— COMPOSIT.E. 


6  H.  rfgidus  Deaf.  St.  rigid,  simple  or  with  few  brandies,  scabrous  or  smooth* 
ish,  iici.rly  nukod  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  petiolate,  mostly 
opposite,  tripli-veinod,  serrulate  or  entire,  rigid,  scabrous  botli  sides ;  hds.  lew ; 
scales  in  iaany  roios  ovate,  acute,  regularly  imb'-icato,  shorter  than  the  disk ;  pale.s 
obcUaish. — Prairies,  Ac,  Wi.s.  (Lapiiain),  to  Mo.,  La.,  &c.  Plant  2  to  If  higli. 
Lvg.  3  lo  6  by  J  to  1',  very  rouffh  with  papillous  hairs,  but  less  so  than  II.  divari- 
catus.     Rays  12  to  20,  expanding  2  to  3",  liglit  yellow.     (11.  .«caberriinu.s  KU.) 

'i  H.  atrordbens  L.  .St.  with  few  long,  nakrd  peduncles  above,  hirsute  below : 
Ivs.  ovate,  or  oval,  ohttisish,  abruptly  <!ontracted  into  wingcMi  petioles,  subserrate, 
rough  or  hispid,  3-veinod ;  scales  obovate  or  oblong,  nbliise,  'i-veined,  about  equaling 
tlie  disk;  pales  obtusis'i. — Dry  .soils,  Va.  to  Fia.  and  Ark.  St.  2  to  4f  high.  Lvs. 
mostly  near  the  base,  large.  Hda.  small,  few,  with  12  to  15  rays,  9  to  10  '  long. 
Aug. — Oct. 

8  H.  gigduteus  L.  St.  rough,  hairy  lvs.,  alternate  (the  lowest  opposite),  lanceo- 
late, acuininaie,  serrate,  scabrous,  obscurely  3-veined,  tapering  at  base  into  short, 
ciliate,  winged  petioles ;  scales  lanceolate-linear,  ciliato ;  pappus  of  2  short,  slightly 
fringed  scales. — Can.  to  Oar.  and  Ky.,  in  low  grounds  and  thickets.  Stem  4 — 8f 
high,  purplish,  branching  above  into  a  corymbous  panicle  of  large,  yellow  flowers. 
Leaves  2 — 5'  by  i — 1',  opposite  or  alternate  in  various  degrees.  Raya  12 — 20. 
Variable. 

"  i  .\MniGUUS.     Lv.s.  nearly  all  opposite,  sessile  and  rounded  at  base." — L.  L 
(T.  k  Ct.) 

9  H.  tomentdsuB  Mx.  St.  stout,  pubescent,  branched  above ;  lvs.  mostly  alter- 
nate, acuniiiuite,  nearly  entire,  s<;abrous  above,  tomentous  or  nearly  glabrous  be- 
ncatli,  lower  ones  ovate,  petiokite,  upper  long-lanceolate,  subsessile ;  hds.  long-pedun- 
culate; scales  lance-linear,  long-acuminate,  villous,  squarrous;  chatf  3-tootlied, 
hirsute  at  summit. — Dry  soils.  111.  to  Ga.  Plant  4  to  8f  high,  witli  ample  lvs.  and 
lis.  Lvs.  G  to  12'  by  2  to  6',  some  of  them  tripli-veined.  Rays  elliptical  lanceo 
late,  about  15  '  long.     Aug. — Oct.  f 

3.  Lvs.  oval,  mostly  opposite. — Ga.     (II.  spatulatus  Ell; 

10  H.  groaae-aerrAtUB  Martens.  St.  smooth  and  glaucous ;  lvs.  mostly  alternate, 
lanceolate,  or  lance-ovate,  long-acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  scabrous  above,  hoary 
and  softly  pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  contracted  into  naked  petioles;  scales 
lance-subulate,  loosely  imbricated,  sparingly  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  disk. — Oliio, 
Ind.,  111.,  to  La.  Allied  to  IL  giganteus.  St.  4  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  6  to  9'  by  1  to 
2 ,  broade.-it  near  the  base,  lower  ones  rather  coarsely  serrate.  Rays  15  to  20, 
expanding  near  3  .      Aug.,  Sept. 

11  H.  tuberdauB  L.  Jerusalem  Artichoke.  Jioct  bearing  obhng  tubers ;  Iva 
3-veined,  rougii,  lower  ones  opposite,  cordate-ovate,  upper  ovate,  acuminate, 
alternate;  petioles  ciliato  at  base. —  U  Native  of  lirazil.  The  plant  lias  been  cul- 
tivated for  the  sake  of  its  tuberous  roots,  wliich  are  used  tor  pickles.  It  is  natu- 
ralized in  borders  of  tields,  iiedgo.s,  &c.     Sept.   ^  ^ 

12  H.  laetifldrua  Pers.  St.  rougli  and  branched  above ;  lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  tripli-voined,  veij  rough  on  both  sides,  on  short  petioles,  ujipor 
ones  often  alternate ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate,  appressed,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  di'<k;  chalf  entire  or  3-loothed;  rays  12  to  20. — Barrens,  &c.,  Ind.,  Oliio  (Torn 
.V  Gr.)  A  rough,  but  siiowy  plant,  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  tiiick,  5  to  8'  by  \\  to 
2  ,  .     Rays  nearly  2   in  length.     Disk  yellow.     Aug. — Oct.  f 

13  H.  ocoideutSlia  Riddoll.  St.  slender,  simple,  nearly  naked  above ;  lvs.  oppo- 
.<ite,  oval,  scabrous,  obscurely  serrate,  contracted  at  base  into  long,  hairy  petioles, 
upper  oni'S  small  and  few,  entire :  hds.  pedunculate ;  scales  lance-oval,  approased. 
Sand  prairies,  W.  States.  St.  3  to  6f  high,  scape-like,  slender.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  by 
1  to  2 ,  upper  ones  1  to  2  long.  lids,  few,  middle  size.  Rays  12  to  15,  light 
yellow.     Jl. — Sept.  f 

14  H.  mdllia  Lam.  St.  villous;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile,  cordate  and  clasp' 
ing,  entire  or  subserrate,  tomentous  canescent,  opposite,  upper  ones  sometimes 
alternate  ;  scales  lanceolate,  villous  canescent ;  pales  entire,  acute  and  canescent  above. 
Prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Mo.,  common.  A  hoary  and  villous  species,  2  to 
4f  high,  nearlv  simple.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  h  to  3  as  wide.  Rays  16  to  25,  ^^  to 
1   by  ^'.     Jl  —Sept.     (II.  canescens  Mx.)  •  . 


1  f) 


(I 


Okubr  70.— compos IT.-E. 


449 


15  H.  cindreoug.  /}.  Sullivantii  Tort.  A  Gr.  Hougli,  cinereonK-pubescoiit ;  at. 
virgato,  somewliat  naked  and  bninclied  above;  /i;s.  opposite  (the  uppi.T  otttn 
alteruatf),  ovutt-obloiig,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  the  lower  to  a  winged  petiole ; 
scales  lanceolate,  canescent,  pales  pointed,  with  2  lateral  teeth. — Ohio  (vSiJiivant). 
St.  2  to  :Jf  high.     lids,  as  large  as  in  No.  14. 

16  H.  decap^taluB  L.  Lvs.  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  irregularly  tootheil,  thin, 
;i-veined,  scabrous  above,  smooth  or  nearly  so  beneath,  on  winged  petioles  :  scales 
lanceolate-linear,  subciliate  spreading,  nearly  equal;  rays  9  to  12,  pale  yellow. — 
Copses,  along  streams.  Can.,  N.  Eng.  and  Middle  States.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  pur- 
plish. Invol.  varying  in  all  degr"«' j  of  leafiness  between  the  present  form  and 
the  variety  following.     Aug.   j 

/3.  FWNDOSUS.     Outer  scaLs  larger  and  leaf-like.     (IF.  frondosus  L.) 

17  H.  tracheliifolius  Willd.  Lvs.  oppf)sito,  those  of  the  branches  mostly  alternate, 
thin,  scabrous  both  sides,  tripli-veinod,  auprcsstd-serrate,  acuminate,  petiolute, 
Icjwer  ones  ovate,  middle  lanceovatc,  upper  lance-linear ;  scales  lance-linear,  atten- 
uate-acuminate, longer  than  the  disk,  loosely  .spreading,  ciliate;  chalV  sligr:  tly  3- 
toothed;  rays  12  to  15. — Tall,  Imndsome,  in  thickets,  &c.,  Ohio  to  ill.  and  Tenn. 
St.  purplish,  3  to  81  high.  Lvs.  !'>  to  G'  long.  lids,  middle  size,  at  top  of  the  slen- 
der, suberect  branches.     Rays  expanding  2  to  3'. 

18  H.  doronicoidea  Ijam.  St.  branclied,  rough  or  hirsute  above;  lvs.  opposite, 
netiolate,  the  upper  alternate  and  subsessile,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
tripli-veined,  serrate,  very  scabrous  above,  smooth  and  pubescent  beneath ;  acaka 
lance-linear,  ciliate,  longer  than  the  disk;  rays  12  to  15. — W.  and  S.  States.  Also 
at  Poughkeef.sio,  N.  Y.  (W.  R.  Gerard.)  St.  4— 7f.  Lvs.  3  to  10'  by  1  to  3  ;  petioleg 
ito  1'  long.     Raj'S  very  showy,  15  to  20'  by  4  to  6^  .     Jl. — Sept. 

jJ.  piitiNA-FLOBA.     ¥\^.  all  radiate. — Gardens.     A  handsome  flower,  somewhat 
like  a  yellow  Dahlin.  % 

19  H.  strumdsuB  L.  St.  smooth  below,  scabrous  above;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
short  petioled,  all  similar,  acummate,  finely  s(  rr.-ite,  scabrous  above,  smooth  or 
tomentous-canescent  beneath;  hds.  few,  about  10-rayed;  scales  ciliate,  equalimj 
the  disk,  squarrou8-.sprcading  at  tip. —  1i  Grows  in  swamps,  Ac,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
St.  3  to  6f  high,  erect,  branching  above.  Lvs.  petiolate,  with  an  acute  point  and 
close  serrature.s,  the  lower  surface  varying  in  tiie  degree  of  pubescence.  Rays 
bright  yellow,  an  inch  or  more  in  lengtij.     Scales  hairy.     Jl. 

20  H.  hiraiitua  Raf.  St.  simple  or  dichotomous  above,  scabrous,  hirsute ;  i"; . 
oj)posif,e,  petiolate,  subserrate,  3-veined,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtus^e  at  base,  acumi- 
nate, very  scabrous  above,  hirsute  beneath ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  hir- 
sute, as  long  as  the  disk;  rays  11 — 15. — Dry  soils.  Western  and  Soutliern  States. 
Stem  4 — 7f  high,  with  irregular,  alternate  branches.  Leaves  H — 10'  by  1 — 3', 
petioles  Jl — 1' long.  Rays  very  showy,  15 — 18  by  4 — G '.  Jl.-  -ot.  (11.  diver- 
sifolius  Ell.) 

p.  PUBESCENS.     Lvs.  tomentous  beneath,  subsessile.     (II.  pubescens  Hook.) 

21  H.  divaricdtua  L.  St.  smooth,  branching  or  simpln;  Ins.  nearly  opposite, 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-veined,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath ;  panicle  tricho- 
tomous,  slender,  fow-llowered. — Rocky  woods,  brook-siues,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am. 
Stem  5f  high,  glaucous.  Leaves  rather  abrupt  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long,  acute 
point,  with  obtuse  serratures.  Flowers  large,  although  small  for  the  genus,  few, 
yellow  and  showy.     The  panicle  is  either  2  or  3-forked.     Aug.,  Sej)t. 

/i.  SCABERRIMUS.     St.  subsimple ;  lvs.  thick,  exceedingly  rougli  and  rigid;  op- 
posite or  ternately  verticillate. — Barrens,  West. 

22  H.  microc^phalua  Torr.  &  Gr.  Si.  glabrous;  lvs.  opposite,  thin,  oblong-lance- 
olate^ acuminate  at  each  end,  petiolate,  rotighish  above,  downy  beneath ;  hds.  very 
small;  scales  with  slender,  spreading  points;  rays  5  to  7. — Thickets,  W.  Can., 
W.  States,  to  La.  St.  3  to  6f  high,  fork-branched,  or  sometimos  irregularly.  Lvs. 
4  to  5'  long.     lids.  3  to  4  '  diam..  rays  spreading  1^'.     Jl. — Sept. 

23  H.  Soh'weinftzii  Torr.  k  Gr.  St.  pubescent,  with  appressed,  bristly  hairs ;  lvs. 
rough  above,  densely  tomentous-canescent  beneath,  otherwise  as  in  No.  22. — \.  (,'ar. 
in  the  upland  counties  (Curtis).  Similar  to  II.  microeephalu.'*,  except  in  its  rough 
and  downy  clothing. 

24  H.  laevigsituB  Torr.  4  Gr.     Smooth  throughout;  st,  slender,  nearlv  simple ; 

29 


I   t; 


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A 


;><TH 


t,;  ^i 


'  1 


fl 


>'/ 


M 


^^T 


^ 


450 


Oedbb  70 COMPOSITiE. 


bds.  small,  but  larger  than  in  No.  22.    Character  otherwise  as  in  that  species. — 
Allegliauies  of  Va.  and  Oar. 

25  H.  longifdlius  Ph.  Very  smooth,  often  clustered;  Ivs.  chiefly  opposite,  long- 
lance-linear,  acute,  entire,  obscurely  3-veined,  sessile,  the  radical  somewhat  serrate 
and  petioled;  ocaks  ovate,  acute,  the  outer  with  spreading  tips;  rays  8  to  iO, 
short.— Western  Ga.  St.  4  to  7f  high,  smooth  and  dark  purple.  Hd.  not  larger 
than  in  No.  22. — A  rare  species. 

55.  HELIANTHEL'LA,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Lat.  diminutive  of  Helianthns.) 
Involucre,  flowers  and  pales  as  in  Ilelianthus ;  achenia  compressed,  4- 
angled,  one  or  more  of  its  angles  slightly  winged  and  produced  into  a 
persistent,  awn-like  or  chaft'y  appendage. —  H  Lvs.  scattered. 

H.  tenuifdlia  Torr.  A  Gr.  Rough,  slender;  lvs.  narrowly  linear;  scales  lance- 
subulate,  spreading,  hairy;  rays  10  to  12;  pales  3-lobcd;  ach  2-tootbed  at  the 
summit.    Sand  hills,  Gadsden  Co.,  Fla.     (Chapman). 

56.  ACTINOM'ERIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  aKTiv,  a  ray,  (iepog,  a  part ;  par- 
tially  radiate.)  Heads  many-flowered,  ray  flowers  4  to  14,  rarely  0; 
involucre  scales  foliaceous,  subequal,  in  1  to  3  series ;  receptacle  conical 
or  convex,  chaffy ;  aclienia  compressed,  flat,  obovate,  mostly  winged,  2 
awned. —  21  Plants  tall,  with  3  veined,  serrate  lvs.  Hds.  corymbous. 
Kays  when  present  yellow 

•  stem  winged  with  the  decurrent,  alternate  leaves Nos.  1 — .S 

*  Htein  nut  at  all  winged,  with  mostly  opposite  leaves No.  4 

1  A.  helianthoides  Nutt.  St.  hirsute,  winged  except  near  the  base ;  lvs.  alter- 
nate, ovate-lanceolate,  decurrent,  acuminate,  serrate,  hirsute  and  scabrous ;  co- 
rymb contracted  ;  rays  6 — 14,  long,  irregular;  scales  erect. — In  barrens  and  prai- 
ries. Western  States.  It  is  a  rough  plant,  with  the  aspect  of  a  Helianthus.  Stem 
2 — 4f  high.  Leaves  2—4'  by  6 — 14",  grayish.  Rays  1'  long.  Fls.  all  yellow. 
Jn.,  Jl.     (Verbesina  Mx.) 

2  A.  squarrdaa  Nutt.  St.  tall,  winged,  branching  above,  somewhat  pubescent ; 
lvs.  alternate,  often  opposite,  oblong-Janceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to  each  acute 
or  acuminate  end,  sciibrous,  decurrent ;  hds.  small ;  scales  spreading  or  refloated ; 
rays  4: — 8;  regular,  short;  receptacle  very  small. — Dry,  alluvial  soils,  W.  N.  Y. 
and  W.  States,  common.  An  unsightly  weed,  5 — lOf  high.  Leaves  6 — 14'  by 
I — 3',  sharply  serrate,  especially  the  lower.  Rays  ^'  long.  Fls.  all  yellow.  Aug. 
— Oct.     (Coreopsis  alteriiifolia  L.) 

3  A.  alba  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  narrowly  winged,  rarely  wingless ;  lvs.  glabroixs  but 
rough,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  linely  serrate ;  scales  lance-linear, 
few,  in  about  2  rows;  rays  none;  ach.  broadly  winged,  with  2  spreading  awns; 
cor.  white. — S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.,  common  in  moist,  rich  soils.  St.  4  to  Cf  high. 
Lvs.  5  to  8'  long.  Hds.  in  small  corymbs,  globular.  Aug. — Oct.  (A.  squarrosa, 
p.  Nutt.) 

4  A.  nudicav^lia  Nutt.  Rough,  hairy;  st.  wingless,  naked  and  branched  above; 
lvs.  olilong,  unequally  serrate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  the  upper  bract-like ;  hds.pani> 
culate,  corymbed;  scales  pubescent,  in  2  or  3  rows;  rays  1  to  12,  linear;  ach. 
broad-obovate,  narrowly  winged. — Ga.  (Peay,  Pond),  Fla.,  Ala.,  in  sandy  soiL 
St.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Ach,  1"  long.  Awns  erect.  Fls.  all  yellow. 
Rays  1  to  1  J'  long.     Sept.,  Oct. 

57.  COREOP'SIS,  L.  Tick-Seed.  (Gr.  «dptc,  a  bug,  5i/>tf,  appear- 
ance ;  from  the  concavo-convex,  2-horned  achenia.)  Heads  many- 
flowered,  radiate,  rays  about  8,  rarely  0 ;  involucre  double,  each  6  to 
1 2-leaved ;  receptacle  chaflfy  ;  achenia  obcompressed,  emarginate,  each 
commonly  with  a  2-toothed,  upwardly  hispid  pappus,  sometimes  with 
none. — Lvs.  mostly  opposite.  Rays  usually  yellow  ;  disk  fls,  yellow  or 
dark  purple. 


f  i 


Obdkb  70.— COMPOSITiE. 


451 


I  Corollas  uf  the  disk  dark  purple,  (a) 

a  Kny  tlowers  yellow  with  »pur|ile  base.     Achcnia  Incurved Nos.  1,  2 

a  Kay  dowers  wholly  yellow.    Acheiiia  not  incurved,  2-awned Nos.  3---5 

iCorollsH  of  the  disk  yellow.    Kays  roso-colored.    Leave.*-  simple Nos.  6,  7 
(Jurollas  of  the  disk  Hnd  ray  all  yellow  (disk  brownish  in  No.  9).  (b) 

b  Leaves  sessile,  divided  often  so  as  to  appear  verticillute Nos.  8—11 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  never  serrate, — pinnate  with  lance-linear  segments. Nos.  12, 13 

— simple,  or  rarely  auricled  below... Nos.  14—1.% 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  serrated.— .simple  ;  acbenia  awns  ob»<olete Nos.  16—17 

—compound. — Kays  about  8 Nos.  IS— •.'() 

— Kays  wasting No.  21 

1  C.  Drummdndii  Torr.  &,  Gr.  Pubescent;  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,  sometimes 
simple,  segments  {or  leaves)  oval,  entire ;  scales  lanceolate-acumiaute ;  rays  un- 
equally 5-tooti^d,  twice  longer  than  the  iuvol. ;  ach.  obovate,  incurved,  scarcely 
toothed.  —  I)  From  Texas.  St.  10  to  20'  high.  Rays  large,  yellow,  with  a  pur- 
ple spot  at  base  f     (Calliopsis,  Don.) 

/i.  ATROSANGUINBA.     A  garden  variety  with  dark  orange  Hs.  f 

2  C.  tinctoria  Nutt.  Glabrous ;  Ivs.  alternate,  radical  ones  subbipinnate,  Ifts. 
oblong-linear,  entire,  smooth,  cauline  subpinnate,  Ifts.  linear ;  rays  3-lobeil  at  tfie 
apex,  ach.  wingless,  toothless. — A  handsome  border  annual,  native  of  the  upper 
Missouri.  St.  1  to  3f  high,  with  light,  smooth  foliage.  Hds.  with  yellow  rays, 
beautifully  colored  with  purple  at  their  base.  Flowering  all  summer,  f  (Calliop- 
sis DC.) 

3  C.  gladi^ta  Walt.  Glabrous ;  st.  terete,  Ivs.  thickish,  alternate,  some  of  them 
ternately  divided,  the  lower  lance-oblong,  long-tapering  to  a  clasping  petiole,  upper 
lanee-hnear,  acute;  outer  scales  lance-ovate ;  ach.  fringed  with  2  slender  awns. — 
Moist  soils  in  barrens,  X.  Car.  to  Flo.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  slender.  Hds.  several, 
corymbed ;  rays  3-toothed  at  the  dilated  apex,  yellow ;  disk  purple.    Aug.,  Sept. 

4  C.  angustifolia  Ait.  Glabrous ;  st.  square ;  Ivs.  opposite,  sometimes  the  lower 
alternate,  undivided,  the  lower  spatulate,  long-petiolate,  upper  linear,  spatulate,  ob- 
tuse ;  outer  scales  ovate,  obtuse ;  ach.  wing-fringed,  the  2  awns  very  short. — Moist 
soils,  in  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  ^lender,  2f  high.  Hds.  several, 
corymbed,  with  the  rays  3-lobed  at  the  dilated  summit.     Jn. — Sept. 

5  C.  CEmleri  Ell.  Glabrous ;  st.  angular  above ;  Ivs.  opposite,  or  the  lower 
alternate,  lance-ovate,  narrowed  to  a  clasping  petiole,  upper  lanceolate ;  outer 
scales  oblong,  obtuse ;  ach.  margined,  ciliate,  the  2  awns  very  .sdiort. — W.  Ga.  and 
Fla.,  near  the  Chattahoochee.  Sts.  2f  high.  Lvs.  rather  thick,  entire,  the  upper 
always  opposite.     Jl.,  Aug. 

6  C.  nuddta  Nutt.  Glabrous,  very  slender ;  lvs.  few,  terete,  rush-like,  alternate, 
the  lower  very  long ;  hds.  lew ;  outer  scales  very  short,  obtuse,  inner  ovate, 
iicutish ;  rays  wedge-obovate,  unequally  crenate-lobed. —  U  A  curious  species,  in 
.'^liady  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.,  near  Savannali  to  St.  Mary's  and  Apalachicola.  Sts. 
2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  10'  long.  Rays  somewhat  fan-shaped,  rose-purple, 
spreading  20".     Apr. — Jn. 

7  C.  rdsea  Nutt,  St.  branched;  lvs.  opposite,  \-veined,  linear,  ontire,  ped.  short; 
outer  scales  very  short;  rays  oblong,  obscurely  tridentate. —  U  A  very  delicate 
species  ir.  wet  grounds,  Mass.  (Dr.  Robbins),  to  N.  J.  St.  slender,  erect,  8  to  IG' 
high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  scarcely  I"  wide,  clothing  the  stem.  llda.  few,  small 
Rays  rose-color,  varying  to  white.     Disk  light  yellow.    Jl.,  Aug. 

8  C.  senifdlia  Mx.  Minutely  downy  or  glabrous ;  lvs.  opposite,  temate,  sessile, 
appearing  in  whorls  of  6 ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  thick ;  scales  downy, 
obtuse ;  rays  oval-oblong,  entire. — Sandy  soils,  Va.,  Ky.  to  Ga.,  common.  St.  1 
to  2f  high,  angular,  strict,  slender.  Rays  bright  yellow,  1'  long.  Corollas  of 
the  disk  yellow.     Jl.,  Aug 

ji.  STELLATA.     Lfts.  lance-Unear,  and  even  linear,  mostly  glabrous. — Ky.  and 
Tenn.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.     (C.  stellata  Nutt.) 

9  C.  delphinifdlia  Lam.  Glabrous;  lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  divided  into  lfts.  which 
are  each  a^ain  2  to  5-parted,  segm.  linear,  entire,  acute ;  disk  corollas  brotvn  at 
summit ;  outer  scales  linear,  inner  ovate,  all  obtuse ;  rays  acute. — Barrens,  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Ala.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lfts.  1  tu  2'  long,  1  to  3 '  broad.  Hd&  small. 
Aug. 

10  C.  vertioillAta  L.     Glabrous  branched  Its.  3-divided,  closely  sessile,  divisions 


ii! 


)^^ 


m 


I'T 


452 


OiiUBtt  70.— OOMPOrilT^. 


I 


ill 


pinnaiely  or  bipitinateiy  parted,  segments  filiform,  linear,  obtuse;  raya  acute  or  (ia 
c\iltivation)  obtuse  aud  2  or  3-toothed;  ach.  obovate,  slightly  2-toothed. —  U 
Moist  places,  Md.  and  Western  States.  Stem  1 — 3f  high.  Leatlels  appareutlj 
verticillate  in  6s.  Heads  with  bright  yellow  rays,  near  1'  long.  Outer  scalea 
oblong-linear,  obtuse,  united  at  base.     June — Aug. 

11  C.  palmita  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth ;  st.  branched,  angled  and  striate,  very 
leafy  to  the  sutnn)it ;  Ivs.  sessile,  deeply  ^-cleft  {to  below  the  middle),  rigid,  lobeu 
linear,  acutish,  entire  or  again  cleft;  raya  obovate-oblong ;  ach.  linear-elliptic,  in- 
curved.— Dry  prairies,  W.  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  sometimes  much  branched. 
Leaves  1 — 2^'  long,  some  of  tliem  undivided,  lobes  2 — 4"  wide.  Heads  1  or 
several,  with  yellow  raya.  Outer  scalea  linear  oblong,  obtuse.  Ju.,  Jl.  (Calliop- 
sis,  Sprong.) 

12  C.  tripteris  L.  Glabrous;  *t  si mpfe,  ta?i,  corymbous  at  summit ;  Ivs.  coriace- 
ous, opposite,  petiolate,  3 — j-divided,  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute; 
lids,  small,  on  sliort  peduncles,  rays  obiuss. — A  tall,  smooth,  elegant  species,  in 
dry  soils,  Southern  and  Western  States,  common.  Stem  4 — 8f  high,  slender, 
terete.  Divisions  of  the  leaves  3 — 5'  by  | — l^.  Rays  spreading  i'  long.  Outer 
scales  linear,  obtuse,  spreading,  much  smaller  than  tho  inner.  Jl. — Oct.  (Chry- 
sostemma.  Loss.) 

13  C.  grandifldra  Nutt.  Glabrous ;  st.  low,  simple  or  branched ;  Ivs.  petiolate, 
lanceolate,  mostly  pinnately  or  tematcly  divided,  segments  lance-linear  or  linear-, 
hds.  solitary,  on  long  podunrlos,  large ;  rays  4  to  5-cleft  at  apex. — Mo.  to  Ala. 
and  Tex.     Plant  If  high.     Hds.  much  like  No.  14.     Jl.— Sept. 

14  C.  lanceolata  L.  St.  ascending,  often  branched  below;  lower  Ivs.  oh- 
lanceolate,  peiiolate,  tho  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  all  entire,  with  scabrous  margins; 
hds.  solitary,  on  very  long,  naked  peduncles ;  rays  4 — 5-toothed  at  apex :  ach. 
suborbicular,  with  2  small  teeth. — y  Native  of  tho  Soutiiern  States.  Heads 
showy.     Rays  about  8,  1'  by  ^'.     Jn. — Aug.  f 

15  C.  auriculata  L.  Pubescent;  lower  Ivs.  roundinh-ovate,  petiolate,  some  of 
them  with  2  srnall,  lateral  seymente  at  base  (auriculate),  the  upper  oblong,  nearly 
or  quite  sessile ;  hds.  few,  on  long  peduncles ;  outer  scales  oblong-linear. — Dry 
soils,  Va.,  Ky.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Plant  1  to  3f  high,  variable.  At  first  (Ma\',  Jn.) 
it  has  divided  Ivs.  and  very  long  peduncles.  Later  (Jl,  Aug.),  it  is  tall,  the  Ivs. 
all  entire,  the  lower  having  perished.     Hds.  similar  to  No.  14.     May — Aug, 

16  C.  latifdlia  Mx.  Very  glabrous,  tall;  Ivs.  thin,  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate, 
unequally  toothed,  petiolate,  the  upper  ovate-oblong ;  hds.  small ;  rays  5  to  6.  en- 
tire ;  outer  scales  4  to  5,  linear,  spreading. — Mts.,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  Plant  with  am- 
ple Ivs.  and  few  large,  yellow  raya.     Aug. 

17  C.  argClta  Ph.  Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  sts.  strict,  striate-angled ;  Ivs.  of  tho 
stem  simple,  petiolate,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  nmcronate-serrate ; 
hds.  few,  large,  on  slender,  naked  peduncles ;  outer  scales  about  8,  as  long  as  the 
inner;  rays  9  to  12,  3-cleft;  ach.  oblong,  awns  obsolete. — Car.  (Pursh),  W.  Ga., 
in  the  upland  districts.  Differs  much  from  C.  aurea.  St.  2  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  1 
to  3'  long.     Rays  spreading  1  k'.     (Root  lvs.  not  seen).     May — Jn. 

13  C.  ailrea  Ait.  Nearly  glabrous ;  lower  lvs.  pinnately  divided,  upper  ternately, 
or  simple ;  divisions  ovate,  lanceolate  and  lanee-linear,  acuminate,  sliarph'  serrate ; 
outer  scaks  about  S ;  Mnear  as  long  as  tho  inner ;  rays  about  8,  obtuse;  ach.  teeth 
very  short. — '^  Ditches,  etc.,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  An  untidy  weed,  2  to  4f 
high.     Hds.  small,  corymbed.     Ach.  2"  long.     Aug.,  Oct. 

19  C.  aristdsa  Mx.  Sparingly  pubescent ;  lvs.  pinnately  6  to  i»-parted,  se(pnents 
lance-linear,  iiicisely  serrate  or  pinnatifid;  hds.  small,  with  conspicuous  rays;  outer 
invol.  of  \0  to  12  linear,  green  scales  longer  than  the  inner,  villous  at  basjo ;  awns 
slender,  spreading,  about  as  long  as  Die  achenium. — '^)  Low  woods,  W.  States.  St. 
obtusely  4-angled,  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  thin,  4  to  6'  long,  petioles  ^  to  i  .  Rays 
8,  orange-yellow,  expanding  1|'.     (C.  involucrata  Nutt.) 

20  C.  trichoBp6rma  Mx.  St.  glabrous,  square,  dichotoraous ;  lvs.  pinnately  5  to 
1-parted,  brieily  petiolate,  segm.  lanceolate,  incised  or  serrate;  scales  of  the  outer 
invol.  ciliate,  linear,  long  as  tho  inner ;  rays  entire,  large ;  ach.  narroio-cuneate^ 
with  2  short,  stout  awns. — Q^  In  wet  grounds,  N.  Y.,  Mass.  to  Car.     A  smooth, 


OHb.;R  70.— OOMl'OdlT^. 


453 


;t. 


to 

vT 

te, 


branching  plant,  I.  to  2t  high,  with  a  panicle  of  large,  showy,  yellow  heads.  Lva 
mostly  opposite,  thin,  the  upper  3-cleft,  subsessile.  Ach.  j'  long,  awns  half  a| 
long,  Jl.,  Aug. 
21  C.  dlscoidea  Torr.  &  Gr.  Glabrous,  much  braached,  erect ;  lva.  temate,  long- 
petiolate ;  lft«.  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  dentate,  Ms.  discoid  on  slender  ptdun« 
cles;  outer  involucre  3 — 5  linear-,spatulate,  Itat-liko  bracts;  ach.  linear-oblong, 
twice  longer  than  the  2  erect  awns  which  are  hispid  upward.«,^  1'  Ohio  to  La, 
Stem  and  branches  purplish.  Terminal  leatiets  3 — 5  by  -h — U  ,  lateral  niuch 
smaller.     Ueads  small  (3"  diam,),  about  30-flowerecL     Jl. — Sept, 

58.  BrDENS,  L.  Burr-Marigold,  (Lat.  bidens,  two-toothed;  tlio 
achenia  have  two  (or  more)  barbed  teeth.)  Involucre  double  ;  sciilts 
somewhat  similar,  or  the  outer  foliaceous ;  rays  4  to  8  (sometimes 
none),  neutral;  disk-flowers  perfect;  receptacle  chaffy,  flat;  pappus  of 
2  to  4  awns  rough  backwards ;  achenia  obconipressed,  obscurely  quad- 
rangular.— Lvs.  opposite,  incised.     Fls.  yellow. 

5  .Vchenin  linear,  somewhiit  4-anKle(I,  H  to  4-awtu'<l.     IJiij-s  few  or  none Xo.  1 

§  Achenia  flattened,  broadest  at  top, — Uuys  none  or  very  few No;^.  2 — 4 

— liays  about  H,  showy,  regular No*.  5,  6 

1  B.  bipinndta  L.  Spanish  Needles.  Smooth,  lvs.  bipiimate,  Ills,  lanceo- 
late, pinnatitid,  rays  very  short  or  none ;  outer  invol,  the  length  of  the  inner ; 
ach,  slender,  elongated,— (X)  Grows  in  waste  places  Conn,,  N,  Y,,  west  to  111, 
St.  2  to  4f  high,  branching,  smooth.  Lvs,  bipinnately  dissected,  nearly  smooth. 
Hds,  of  flowers  on  long  peduncles,  each  with  3  or  4  (or  none)  obscure,  obo\  ate, 
yellow  rays.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  B.  fronddsa  L.  Hds,  discoid ;  outer  invol,  6  times  as  long  as  the  jioicer, 
its  leaflets  ciliate  at  btise ;  lower  lvs.  pinnate,  upper  oius  toniate,  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate; ach.  2-awned. — ''£)  A  common  weed,  in  moist,  cultivated  flelds  throu>:liout 
Can,  and  U.  S.,  often  called  Beggar-ticks  from  the  2-honied  achenia  which  ailhero 
to  every  passer-by,  St.  2f  higli,  diffusely  branched.  Lower  lvs,  in  2s  or  5h. 
Fls.  in  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  without  rays,  yellow,  leafv.  Aug., 
Sept, 

3  B.  connllta  Willd.  Hds.  discoid,  smooth;  lvs.  lanceolate,  sen-ale,  sWjhtly 
connate  at  base,  lower  ones  mostly  tritid ;  outer  scales  longer  than  the  head,  leafy  ; 
ach.  with  3  awns. — (1)  In  swamps  and  ditches.  Can.  N.  Eng,,  to  Mo.  St.  1  to  3f 
high,  smooth  and  4-f"rrowed,  with  opposite  branches.  Lvs.  tiiin,  taper-pointed, 
often  all  undivided.     Hds.  scarcely  ever  with  a  ray,     Aug.  (B,  tripartita,  Bw.) 

4  B.  c^rnua  L.  fids,  subradiate,  cernuous ;  outer  invol.  as  long  as  the  flower ;  lvs. 
all  simple,  lanceolate,  subcounate,  dentate. — In  swamps  and  ditches,  Can.  to  Pa. 
and  Wise.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  purplish,  branched,  round  at  base,  striate  above. 
Branches  opposite.  Lvs,  opposite,  somewhat  connate  at  base.  Fls.  yellowish 
green,  finally  drooping,  generally  with  small  yeilow  rays  aljout  8  ira  number. 
Aug.,  Oct. 

5  B.  chrysauthemoides  L.  Rays  3  times  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  invol. ; 
lvs.  oblong,  attenuate  at  each  end,  connate  at  base,  dentate. — .'i)  A  low  plant,  with 
large,  yellow-rayed  flowers,  in  muddy  places.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  6—20'  liigh, 
round  and  smooth.  Leaves  smooth,  with  few  remote  teeth,  narrow,  opiiosite, 
with  narrow,  connate  bases.  Flowers  commonly  erect,  rays  about  8,  large, 
spreadmg     Scarcely  distinct  from  B.  cernua.     Sept.,  Oct. 

6  B.  B^ckii  Torr.  St.  subsimple;  submersed  lvs.  capillaceous-multifid ;  evursed 
ones  lanceolate,  connate,  acutely  serrate  or  lanciniate;  fls.  radiate;  rays  longer 
than  the  involucre. —  4  I"  water,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  ko.  Yt.  (Chnndler),  N.  to 
Can.  Stem  2 — 3f  long,  simple  or  with  minute,  slender  branches  above.  Lower 
loaves  dissected  as  in  Ranunculus  aquatilis;  upper  1 — 2'  long,  i  as  wide,  deeply 
serrate.     Head  solitary,  terminal,  yellow.     July,  Aug. 

59.  ACMELXA,  L.  (Gr.  a«p/,  apoint;  from  the  sharp  taste  of 
the  foliage?)  Heads  radiate;  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  double, 
appressed,  pubescent ;  receptacle,  conical,  chaflfy ;  pales  embra^'ing  the 
flowers;  rays  about  12,   $,  disk  ^  ;  achenia  compressed,  those  of  the 


i 


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'I' 


i 


t'l'l 


r. 


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!,"! 


^   lil 


464 


OiU)KB  70.— COMPOSITyE. 


►it 


ray  angular,  mostly  awnless. — Qp  Herbs  with  an  acrid  taste,  opposite 
Ivs.,  solitary,  yellow  beads.     Tropical. 

A.  rdpena  Pers.  St.  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  diffuse ;  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  petiolate,  more  or  le.«s  serrate ;  hda. 
solitary,  ov  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles;  scales  lance-ovate;  rays  10  to  12. — 
Wet  places,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Spilaulhes  Nuttallii,  T.  &  G.) 

60.  VERBESrNA,  L.  Crown-bkard.  Heads  few  or  many-flowered; 
rays  $ ,  few  or  none,  disk  ^  ;  scales  in  2  or  more  series,  imbricated, 
erect;  chaflf  concave,  or  embracing  the  flowers;  acJienia  compressed, 
2-awned. —  U  American  plants,  sometimes  shrubby.  Lvs.  often  decur- 
rent,  serrate  or  lobed.     Hds.  solitary  or  corymbous, 

1  V.  siegisb^ckia  Mx.  St.  4-winged ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  serrate, 
acuminate,  triple-veined,  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole,  hds.  radiate,  in  trichotomous 
cymes;  rays  1  to  5;  ach.  wingless;  Jts.  yellow. — Roadsides  and  dry  fields,  W. 
and  S.  States,  common.  St.  4  to  6f'  high.  Lvs.  5  to  8'  by  3  to  4',  thin.  Hds. 
about  25-liowered,  with  yellow  corollas,  and  yellow,  lanceolate  rays,  tlie  latter 
about  9"  long.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Corjopsis  alata  Ph.  Actinomeris  alata  Nutt.) 

2  V.  Virginica  L.  St.  narrowly-winged,  pubescent  above ;  lvs.  alternate,  lanceo- 
late or  lance-ovate,  subserrate,  scabrous,  acute  or  acuminate,  tapering  to  the 
sessile  base ;  lower  ones  decurrent ;  corymbs  compound,  dense ;  rays  (oval)  and 
disk-fls.  white;  ach.  winged. — Dry  woods,  Penn.  to  La.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  and 
leaves  beneath  often  more  or  less  tomentous.  Heads  about  20-flowered,  the  3  or 
4  rays  scarcely  J'  long.     Aug.  Sept. 

3  V.  sinu^ta  Ell.  St.  wingless,  striate-angled,  pubescent ;  lvs.  alternate,  ovate, 
acuminate,  contracted  to  a  long,  slender  base,  irregularly  repand-toothed and  itome 
of  them  sinuate-lohed  or  pinnatifid ;  hds.  corymbous ;  rays  3  to  5,  oval,  and  with 
the  disk  white ;  ach.  broadly  winged. — Sandy  soil,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Feay),  Fla.  St. 
2  to  4f  high,  with  ample,  coarse  lvs.  Hda.  similar  to  the  last,  about  12-flowered. 
Lvs.  feather- veined.     Sept. — Nov. 

61.  DYSO^DIA,  Cav.  False  Dog-fknnel.  Heads  many-flowered ; 
fays  ?  ;  disk  S  ;  involucre  of  a  single  series  of  partially  united  scales, 
usually  calyculate  ;  achenia  elongated,  4-angled,  compressed  ;  pappus 
scales  chaff'y,  in  one  series,  fimbriatoly  and  palmately  cleft  into  bristles. 
— (D  Herbs  with  large,  pellucid  glands.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite  and 
pinnately  parted  or  toothed.  Hds.  paniculate  or  corymbous.  Fls, 
yellow. 

D.  chrysanthemoidea  Lagasca.  St.  glabrous,  much-branched;  lvs.  pinnatdy 
parted,  lobes  linear,  toothed;  hds.  terminal  on  the  short branchlets ;  scales  united 
at  base,  scarious,  obtuse,  with  large,  oblong  glands ;  outer  scales  7  to  9,  Ihiear ; 
pappus  bristles  slender,  as  long  as  the  involucre. — Prairies  and  roadsides,  IIL, 
Mo.,  to  La.  An  ill-scented  plant,  about  If  high,  with  finely  divided  lvs.  Aug. — 
Oct     (Tagetes  papposa  Vent.) 

62.  GAILLAFi'DIA,  Fougeroux.  Heads  radiate  ;  rays  neutral ;  scales 
in  2  or  3  series,  acute,  leafy,  spreading,  outer  largest ;  receptacle  con- 
vex, fimbrillate  (naked  in  the  following  species) ;  rays  cuneiform,  3- 
cleft;  Jichenium  villous  with  long  hairs  from  its  base ;  pappus  of  6  to  10 
long  awns,  which  are  membranous  at  base. — Lvs.  alternate,  entire, 
often  dotted.     Hds.  on  long,  naked  peduncles. 

1  G.  lanceolSta  Mx.  Pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  liiioar,  sessile,  the  lower 
petiolate ;  scales  as  long  as  the  disk ;  dLsk-fis.  with  long,  subulate,  pubescent 
teeth;  receptacle  mooth,  {not  fimbrillate!). — @J  Barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
St.  1  to  2f  high,  slender,  ending  in  long,  naked  flower-stalks.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  iong^ 
rather  oblong.     Scales  and  disk  purple.     Rays  yellow.     May — Aug. 

2  Q.  pulohella  Fouger.      Pubescent;  Iva.  lanceolate,  the  lower  sbort-petioled, 


Ordeb  70.— composite. 


455 


toothfcd  or  incised,  upper  subcluaping ;  scales  very  hairy,  longer  than  the  disk  • 
disk  corollas  with  subulate  teetli ;  receptacle  fimbriUate,  toith  skiuier  awns. —  1; 
La.,  Tex,  and  in  garden.s.  St.  branching,  lids.  1  to  1^'  diuin.  Haya  10  to  12, 
violet-purple,  with  yellow  teeth. 

63.  POLYP'TERIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  troXxx;,  many,  Trrtpov,  a  wing  ;  from 
the  feather-like  pappus.)  Heads  discoid ;  flowers  all  perfect,  tubular 
and  similar ;  scales  flat,  scarious,  in  2  or  3  series,  appressed  ;  receptacle 
naked;  achenia  4-angled,  slender  at  base;  pappus  of  6  to  12  mem- 
branous, pinnately  striate  scales. — Lvs.  scattered,  lanceolate.  FIs. 
cyanic.     (Palafoxia,  T.  &  G.) 

P.  integrifdlia  Nutt.  Rough;  st.  corymbous  above;  lvs.  line.ir-Ianceolate, 
entire ;  outer  scales  loose,  acut^,  inner  obtuse ;  pappus  of  8  to  10  acuminate 
squamae  with  fringed  or  plumed  edges, — Barrens,  S.  W.  (ia.  and  Mid.  Fla. 
.Sta.  .3  to  5f  high,  bearing  the  large,  purplish  heada  in  a  level-topped  corymb. 
Aug. — Oct. 

64.  HYM2N0PAPTUS,  L'Her.  (Gr.  vp'/v,  membrane,  TraTTTrfof, pap- 
pus ;  from  the  character.)  Heads  many-flowered ;  flowers  all  perfect, 
tubular;  scales  6  to  12,  in  2  series,  oval,  obtuse,  membranaceous, 
colored;  receptacle  small,  naked  ;  anthers  exserted  ;  achenia  bro".d  at 
the  summit,  attenuate  to  the  base ;  pappus  of  many  short,  obtuse, 
membranous  scales  in  one  series. — (g)  or  U  North  American,  villous 
herbs.     St.  grooved  and  angled.     Lvs.  alternate,  pinnately  divided. 

H.  BcabiosaeuB  L'Her.  Hoary -villus,  or  nearly  glabrous;  lvs.  pinnately  or  bi 
pinnately  parted,  segments  linear  or  oblong,  entire  or  sparingl.v  toothed ;  hds. 
in  simple  corymbs;  scales  obovate,  7 — 11,  white,  greenish  at  base,  undulate  on 
the  margin,  longer  thar.  the  disk ;  cor.  deeply  lobed ;  ach.  pubescent. — 111.  to 
Fla.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  whitish  with  soft  cotton  when  young,  at  length  purplish 
and  glabrous.  Segments  I — H'  by  1 — 2  ',  rather  acute.  Hds.  whitish,  about 
21-flowered.     Apr.,  May.    (South.) — Aug, 

65.  HELE^NIUM,  L.  American  Snkezewort.  (Xamed  for  the 
celebrated  Helen,  who  is  said  to  have  availed  herself  of  its  cosmetic 
properties.)  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  leafy,  narrow  scales,  the 
inner  chaffy  ;  ray  pistillate  ;  pappus  of  five,  one-awned,  chaflfy  leaves  ; 
receptacle  globous,  naked  in  the  disk,  and  chaflfy  in  the  ray  only  ;  ray 
flowers  half  3-cleft ;  seed*  villous. — Lvs.  alternate,  decurrent.  Rays 
yellow. 

t  Disk  globular,  its  florets  with  a  5-toothod  corolla Nos.  1 — a 

I  I)i!>k  oblong,  ita  tlurets  with  a  4-toothcd  corolla No.  4 

1  H.  autumn^le  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  de- 
current ;  Jls.  loosely  corymbotis. — U  In  damp  places.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  branching 
strongly,  winged  by  the  decurrent  lvs.  Lvs.  tapering  to  each  end,  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  more  or  less  deeply  serrate.  Fls.  large,  numerous,  terminal,  with 
drooping  rays,  each  ending  in  3  obtuse  teeth,  and  longer  than  the  large,  globous 
disk.     The  plant  is  very  bitter.     Aug. 

/3.  CANALicuLATUM.     Rays  concave,  canaliculate  or  3-furrowed.     (H.  canalicu* 
latum  Lam.) 

2  H.  parvifldrum  Nutt.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  subentire,  smooth,  scarcely  decwrent ; 
hds.  solitary,  or  in  small,  scattered  clusters. — Ga.  (Nuttall.)  Heads  about  half  as 
large  as  in  No.  1.  Disk  globous.  longer  than  the  filiform  scales.  Rays  fiat. 
Pappus  scales  awned,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla    Ach.  smooth. 

3  H.  tenuifdlium  Nutt.  Smoothish;  branches  numerous,  faatigiate,  very  leafy; 
lvs.  linear  or  filiform,  entire,  <aacicled;  scales  subulate;  disk  globous. — Fields, 
waysides,  6a.  (Feay,  Pond)  to  La.     St  1  to  2f  high,  naked  and  woody  below, 


M 


I 


(if  * 


i 


■\^ 


f 


450 


Order  70.— COMPUBIT^. 


brauchos  uprigbt.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.  Hds.  4  or  5"  diani.  Raya  about  12, 
spreading  9  or  10".  Apr. — Nov. 
4  H.  quadrident^tum  Labill.  Siuootliish,  much  brunehed ;  lvs.  oblong,  .'spar- 
ingly lobfd  or  tootliud,  the  highest  lanceolate,  entire ;  disk  oblong,  longer  than 
the  rays ;  pappus  scales  obtuse. — riwatiips,  Miss.,  La.  to  Ark.  St.  1  to  3f  high. 
with  solitary,  tiTininal,  small  hds.  Lvs.  about  4-toolhed  or  lobed.  Disk  tla.  4- 
toothed.     Jn. — Aug. 

66.  LEPTOP'ODA,  Nutt.  (Gr.  Mito^,  slender,  novg^  foot ;  alluding 
to  the  elongated  peduncles.)  Heads  niany-Howered  ;  rays  neutral,  cune- 
ate,  3 — 4  cleft ;  disk  i^ ;  scales  spreading,  numerous,  attenuate  ;  recep- 
tacle conical;  chaff  0;  pappus  of  6 — 10-fringed  scpumiie. —  21  North 
American  herbs,  with  the  habit  of  llelcnium. 

§  Ili-ads  corymbcfl,  on  short  peduncles.     Pappiw  ctispidntc-awncd No.  1 

§  llcail  soliury,  on  a  long  iteduncle.     Pitppus  awnlcss. — Aclienia  glabrous Nos.  2,  8 

— Aclienia  bairy Nos.  4,  .5 

1  L.  brach^poda  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  leafy,  corymbous  at  summit ;  lvs.  decurrcnt, 
lanceolate,  subentire,  the  lower  toothed,  obtuse ;  hds.  on  short  peduncles ;  scal<;s 
lance-linear,  about  half  as  long  as  the  8 — 12  drooping  rays ;  disk  brownish-purple. 
— Separated  from  Helenium  only  on  account  of  its  sterile  rays.  In  damp  soil, 
from  Southern  111.  to  Tex.  and  S,  States.  Stem  about  2f  high.  Heads  several  or 
numerous.  Rays  broadest  at  summit,  rather  deeply  and  irregularly  toothed, 
7 — 9''  by  4 — 5".     (Helenium  quadridentatum  Hook.) 

2  L.  Helenium  Nutt.  Smooth ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  lance- linear,  entire  or  re- 
motely denticulate,  mostly  slightly  decurrent,  the  lowest  tapering  to  a  petiole ; 
pappus  awnless,  laceratc'(l;  ach.  glabrous;  rays  20  or  more  in  one  row. — Moist 
soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  About  2f  high,  lealy  below,  ending  in  a  long,  naked 
stalk,  bearing  one  hd.     Lvs.  .3  to  6'  long.     Disk  5  to  8''  broad.     Mar.,  Apr. 

3  L.  incisa  Torr.  &  Gr.  Glabrous ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  sessile,  not  decurrent,  sinnate- 
pinnatifid  or  incised;  pappus  awnless,  lacerated;  rays  about  40,  in  2  or  3  rwu.v; 
ach.  glabrous. — Ga.  (Le  Conte). 

4  L.  pub^rula  Macbr.  St.  clustered,  tomentous  or  downy ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  oc- 
casionally toothed  or  incLsed,  no#  decurrent;  ach.  hairy;  pappus  scales  obtuse. — 
N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  usually  many  from  one  root.  Lvs.  2  to  4  long, 
half-clasping.  Rays  20  to  30,  broadly  wedge-shaped,  spreading  l.V  to  2  .  Apr., 
May.     (H.  pinnatifida  Nutt.) 

5  L.  brevifdlia  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrotus ;  lvs.  all  entire  or  nearly  so,  thi'  cauline 
decurrent,  the  lower  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse,  highest  lanceolate,  acute;  ach. 
hairy. — N.  Car.  to  Ala.  St.  1  to  3f  high,  occasionally  branched,  and  with  mor© 
tliau  1  bead.     Hd.  about  as  large  as  in  No.  4.     May,  Jn. 

67.  BALDWIN 'I  A,  Nutt.  (To  Br.  William  Baldwin,  one  of  our 
pioneer  botanists.)  Involucre  scales  imbricated  in  2  to  4  rows,  appres- 
scd,  shorter  than  the  disk,  inner  acute  or  acuminate ;  receptacle  con- 
vox,  deeply  alveolate  with  horny  walls  ;  rays  8  to  20,  neutral,  in  one 
row,  narrow-cuneiform,  3-toolhed ;  disk  flowers  ^  ,  tube  horny  below  *, 
achenia  immersed  in  the  cells,  silky-villous,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of 
9  to  12  oblong  scales. —  21  Herbs  simple  or  corymbed,  naked  above, 
with  alternate,  linear,  punctate  lvs.  and  yellow  fls. 

1  B.  unifldra  Nutt.  Fitberuknt,  simple,  \-ftowered;  hd.  about  20-rayed ;  pa[)pu3 
9-leaved. — Open  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La,  near  the  coast.  Plant  1  to  2f  high, 
striate-angled.  Lvs.  thick,  linear-spatulate  below,  linear  and  bract-like  above. 
Disk  7  to  8"  wide,  rays  narrow,  spreading  nearly  2'.  Cells  of  the  receptacle  just 
like  a  honey-comb,  2  to  3"  deep.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  B.  multifldra  Nutt.  Glabrous,  much  branched,  with  a  corymb  of  fls. ;  lvs.  very 
numerous,  narrowly  linear ;  rays  about  10  ;  pappus  12-leaved;  ach.  marked  with 
12  rays  on  its  tiat  summit. — Sand  bills,  Ga.,  Fla.     Plant  1  to  3f  high,  slender. 


OaoKii  70.— COMPOSIT.E. 


457 


tlio  Ivs.  almost  filiform.     Ildi  iiboiit  U' broad,  incluiUiig  tho  rayii.     luvol.  acjuar- 
rous.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Actiuospermuiu  angustifolium  T.  k  G.) 

68.  MARSHAL  LIA,  Schrt'b.  False  Scauish.  {To  Humphrey  Mar- 
ahull  of  Penii.,  one  of  our  earliest  botanical  aiitliors.)  Itivoluere  siales 
la!ico-linear,  subequal,  erect,  in  one  or  two  rows ;  receptacle  convex, 
with  linear,  rig i< I  pales;  flowers  all  tubulaf,  i;^ ;  corolla  lobes  slender 
fjpreadiiii;;  achenia  5-angleil ;  pappus  of  5  or  0  nuiiubranous,  awned 
scales. —  2^  Driianieiital  herbs,  simple  or  branch(;d,  with  alternate,  en- 
tire, ;i-veined  Ivs.,  and  solitary  long-stalked  hds.  of  purplish  fls.  resetn- 
blinix  a  Scabish. 

1  M.  latifolia  Ph.  St.  simple,  leafy  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ses.sile  ; 
sr<ilt^  rigid,  acute;  pales  narrowly  linear;  pappus  triangular-aeuminate. — Dry 
soils,  Va.  to  Ala.  (Shields)  along  tho  mouutains.  A  smooth,  haudsomo  plant  If 
high,  with  a  slender,  pui^/le  stem.  Lvs.  about  2'  long,  conspicuously  3-veined. 
.Cf»r.  G  to  7  '  long,  with  slender  tubes,  scales  half  as  long.     May,  Jn. 

2  M.  angustifdlia  Ph.  St.  mostly  branched,  leafy ;  lvs.  below  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, above  narrowly  linear,  all  acute  ;  scales  acute,  pales  setaceous  ;  pappus  ovate- 
acuminate. — Swamps,  &c.,  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  to  Fla.  A  beautiful  plant.  Sts.  otlen 
clustered  at  base.  If  high.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  shorter, 
(Uminished  to  bristle  form  bracts.     Jn. — Aug. 

3  M.  lanceol^ta  Ph.  Simple,  leafy  below,  naked  above ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  oh- 
lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  tho  upper  sessile;  scales  oblong, 
linear,  obtuse;  pales  spatulate ;  acli.  pubescent. — Upper  districts  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 
and  Ala.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high.     Apr. — Jn. 

69.  AN'THEMIS,  L.  Chamomile.  Involucre  liemispherical,  with 
nearly  equal  scales;  rays  numerous,  pistillate;  receptacle  chafty,  con- 
vex or  conic ;  achenia  crowned  with  a  slight  border. — European  herbs 
with  much  divided  lvs. 

1  A.  arv6nai8  L.  St.  erect,  hairy ;  lvs.  bipiimatifid,  hairy  and  caneacent,  segments 
linear-lanceolate;  acli.  crowned  with  a  narrow  margin  ;  pales  lanceolate,  cuspidate, 
longer  than  the  flowers. — (2)  Grows  in  dry,  cultivated  fielda  A  pilous,  inodorous 
plant,  somewhat  resembling  the  Mayweed.  Stems  diffusely  branching,  8 — l.'i' 
liigh.  Heads  large,  solitary  on  the  leafless,  downy  summits  of  the  branches. 
Disk  yellow,  rays  white.     July.     §  Eur. 

2  A.  ndbilis  L.  Si.  prostrate,  branching  from  the  base,  woolly  ;  lvs.  decompound- 
pinnatifld,  segments  linear,  subulate;  j^afes  scarious,  lanceolate,  scarrrly  as  long  an 
the  thxoers. — 11  Grows  wild  occasionally  in  fields,  and  is  cultivated  in  gardens. 
The  strong  and  agre.eablo  scent  of  the  Chamomile  is  well  known,  also  its  tonio 
and  anodyne  qualities,  which  chiefly  reside  in  tho  flowers.     July — Sept.     §  Eur. 

70.  MARU^TA,  Less.  May-weed.  Involucre  hemispherical,  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  neutral ;  disk  perfect;  receptacle  conical,  ehaflfy  (at  least 
at  the  summit) ;  pappus  0  ;  achenia  smooth. — European  herbs,  with  al- 
ternate, much  divided  leaves.     Rays  white. 

M.  cotula  DC  St.  erect,  nearly  smooth  ;  lvs.  bipinnatifid,  segments  linear-subu- 
late :  pales  bristly,  shorter  than  the  flowers. — (l)  Waste  places,  in  hard,  dry  soils, 
especially  by  roadsidef,  in  patches  of  great  extent.  Stem  branching,  difl'uso.  If 
high,  with  alternate  leaves  divided  and  subdivided  into  a  multitude  of  segments. 
Flowers  solitary,  on  terminal,  striated  stalks.  The  plant  is  ill-scented.  Linnaeus 
says  it  is  grateful  to  toads,  drives  away  fleas,  and  is  annoying  to  flies.  Jn. — 
Sept.     §  Eur.     (Anthemis  L.) 

71.  ACHILLE^A,  L.  Millfoil.  Yarrow.  (Named  after  AchilU^ 
a  disciple  of  Chiron,  who  first  used  the  plant.)  Involucre  ovoid,  of  un- 
equal  imbricated  scales;  rays  6  to  10,  short,  pistillate  ;  receptacle  flat, 


-'li 


/     /  M 


'!jrf 


■'f: 


I 


T 


458 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE 


chaffy;  achenia  without  a  pappus. —  li  European  herbs  with  much  di^ 
vided,  alternate  Ivs.     lids,  radiate. 

1  A.  Millefdlium  L.  Lvs.  bipinnatifid,  with  linear,  dentate,  mucronato  sofj^* 
ments ;  st,  furrowed,  corymbed  at  top ;  scales  obiou}f ;  mys  4  to  5,  short. — Fields, 
pastures,  Ac,  N.  Eng.  to  Or.  and  Arctic  America.  St.  a  foot  high  brauchiug  at 
top  into  a  dense,  ttat-topped  corymb  of  white  or  rose-colored  Hs.  It  has  an  agree- 
able, pungent  taste  and  smell.  Jn. — Sept. — The  variety  with  rose-purple  tlowon 
is  very  pretty  in  gardens. 

2  A.  ptdrmica  L.  Snkezewort.  Lvs.  linear,  acuminate,  equally  and  sharply  ser- 
rate, sm(X)th. — Found  in  moist  grounds  and  siiady  places,  Can.  and  N.  Y.  (Piirsii), 
Mass.  (Nichols).  Plant  aliout  15'  higli,  branching  at  top  into  a  diffuse  corymb  of 
white  fls.  The  lvs.  are  remarkably  distinct  from  the  yarrow.  Tiio  dried  jpowder 
of  the  leaves,  used  as  snuff,  provokes  sneezing.  A  variety  with  doul»lo  flowers 
occurs  which  is  quite  ornamental  in  pots.     Aug.  \     g  Eur. 

72.  LEUCANTHEMUM,  Tourn.  White-weed.  (Or.  XevKoc^  white, 
dvOog,  flower ;  the  heads  liave  larc^e,  coiispicuons  rays.)  Invohio\;o 
broad,  depressed,  iinbrieated  ;  rays  pistillate,  numerous ;  receptacle  flat, 
naked;  achenia  striate  ;  pappus  none. — Herbs  with  alternate  lvs.  lids, 
radiate. 

L.  vulgare  Lam.  St.  erect,  simple  or  few-branched,  with  solitary  heads;  lvs. 
clasping,  lanceolate  and  oblong,  toothed  above,  cut-pinnatitid  at  the  base^ 
scales  edsfed  with  brown.— 2f  A  great  annoyance  to  tiie  farmer,  in  fields  and 
pastures,  U.  S.  to  Aic.  Am.  St.  about  2f.  high.  Lv.«.  comparatively  lew  and 
small.  Heads  large  (13 — 16''  broad).  Rays  many,  ligulate,  white.  Jl. — Sept. 
§  Eur.  (Chrysantliemum  Leucanthemum,  L.) 
i3.  TUBULiFLoHUM  (Tenney).  Rnys  tubular,  elongated,  white,  deeply  cleft 
into  5  or  3  lobes. — Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  (Mr.  W.  11.  Gerard.) 

73.  MATRICA^RIA,  Tourn.  Fever  Few.  Involucre  scales  imbricate, 
many-flowered,  with  membranous  margins;  receptacle  conical  or  con- 
vex, naked ;  pappus  a  membranous  margin  crowning  the  achenia,  or 
none. — Herbs  chiefly  perennial,  with  alternate  lvs.  lids,  with  or  with- 
out rays.     (Pyrethrum,  Smith.) 

M.  parthdnium  L  Eds.  radiate ;  lvs.  petiolate,  flat,  tripinnate,  the  segm.  ovate, 
cut;  ped.  branching,  corymbous;  st.  erect;  invol.  hetnispherical,  pubescent. — 
Fields,  rare.  Several  varieties  of  the  Fever-few  are  cultivated,  and  are  in  great 
favor  with  many  florists,  on  account  of  their  fine  pyramidal  form,  surmounted 
with  a  corymb  of  pure  white,  double  flowers  which  retain  their  beauty  for  several 
weeks,  f  Eur. 

2  M.  diacoidea  DC.  Hds.  discoid;  lvs.  sessile,  2  to  3-pinnateIy  parted,  lobes 
small,  linear-oblong,  acute ;  hds.  on  simple  peduncles ;  scales  equal,  oval,  obtuse, 
with  white,  scarious  margins  much  shorter  than  the  conical  disk. — j)  111-  opposite 
St.  Louis,  also  in  Oregon.  Sts.  3  to  8'  high.  Disk  2  to  3  '  broad  and  high.  Pap- 
pus obsolete. 

3  M.  Balsdmita  Willd.  English  Mint.  Pubescent ;  hds.  discoid ;  st.  erect; 
lvs.  ovate,  oblong,  serrate,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  auriculate  at  base; 
hds.  corymbed ;  pappus  none. — Gardens.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  The  plant  is  yellow- 
ish green,  clothed  with  loose,  minute  tomentum,  with  the  fragrance  of  spearmint. 

74.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  (Gr.  xpv(T6g,  gold,  dvdog,  flower.)  Heads 
heterogamous ;  involucre  imbricate,  hemispherical ;  the  scales  with 
membranous  margins ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  none. — Ornamental 
plants  from  China  and  other  eastern  countries.  Lvs.  alternate,  lobed. 
Hds.  radiate. 

1  C.  corou£kriuin  L.  Annual ;  st.  branched ;  lvs.  bipinnatifid  broader  at  the 
summit,  acute. — Native  of  S.  Europe  and  N.  Africa.     The  variety  with  double 


Orukb  70.— COMPO.SITi«L  459 

flowers  is  frequently  cultivated  as  a  hardy  annual.  St.  about  .If  hiirh,  striat«i, 
imootb,  erect,  with  alternate,  clasping  Iva  Fls.  large,  turniinal,  solitury,  yellow. 
Aug. 

2  C.  oarindtum  Willd.  Annual;  Iv.i.  bipinnate,  hcshy,  nmooth ;  iti\nl.  sc-alos 
carinutf. — Native  of  Biirbury.  lids,  large  and  beautiful;  disk  pur[)lf,  nivs  white, 
with  u  yellow  base.  A  variety  has  rays  entirely  yellow.  Jl. — Oct.  (»'  tricolor 
Andr.) 

3  C.  Sin^nse  Sabine.  Perennial;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  stalked,  sinuate-pi nnatijid, 
dentate,  glaucou-s ;  r.ays  very  long. — A  native  of  (Jhina,  where  it  hua  hm^  boeii 
cultivated  and  highly  esteemed  for  its  beauty.  A  groat  number  of  voriotiu.s  liiivo 
been  produced  with  double,  semidouble,  and  quilled  flowers  of  every  pos.<ible 
shade  of  color.  It  Is  of  very  easy  culture  in  any  common  soil.  The  phmts  are 
propagated  by  divisions,  by  suckers,  and  by  cuttings.     (Pyrethrum  Sinenso  DO.) 

75.  TANACETUM,  L.    Tanst.      (Said  to  be  a  corruption   o(  idavaata 
deathless  ;  for  the  dur{il)le  flowers.)      Itivoiucro  hemispherical,  imbri- 
cate, the  scales  all  miimto  ;  receptacle  convex,  naked  ;  pappus  a  slitjht, 
membranous  border  ;  achenia  with  a  lar<;e,  epij^ynous  disk. —  Lvs.  alter- 
nate, mucli  dissected.     Fls.  yellow,  discoid. 

T.  vulg^re  L.  Zys.  |3jnraa<e/i/ dtyWed,  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  piniuitidd  and 
incisely  serrate;  h  l^^.  fastigiato-eorymboiM,  ruy  fin.  terete,  tubular,  'i-toothed. —  U 
in  old  fields  and  roadsides.  Stems  clustered,  2 — 3f  high,  branched  above  into  a 
handsome  corymb  of  yellow  flowers.  Aug. — The  whole  plant  has  a  strong  and 
aromatic  smell  and  bitter  taste.  The  seeds  are  anthelmintic.  A  variety  ciillcd 
double  tansey  occurs,  with  dense  and  crisped  loaves.     §  Eur. 

2  T.  Hurou^nse  Nutt.  Lvs.  bipinnaiely  divided,  lobes  oblong,  often  again  pin- 
uatitid;  hds.  large,  corymbd;  ray  fis.  flattened,  unequally  3  to  ^-cleft. — .Shores  of 
Lake  Huron  and  Mackinaw  Strait,  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Plant  1  to  ;U"  hij^h,  some- 
what tomentous.     Hds.  larger  than  In  No.  1,  citron-yellow. 

76.  ARTEMIS'IA,  L.  Wormwood,  <fcc.  (Probably  from  ArtntiiSy 
one  of  the  names  of  the  goddess  Diana.)  Involucre  ovoid,  imbrii-ate, 
with  dry,  connivent  scales ;  receptacle  without  pales ;  disk-flowers 
numerous,  ^ ,  tubular,  ray  flowers  few,  often  without  .stamens  and  with 
a  subulate  corolla  or  none ;  achenia  with  a  small  disk ;  pappus  0. — 
Jiitter  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate.     Cor.  yellow  or  purplish,  discoid. 

%  Receptacle  villous  or  hairy.    Flowers  all  fertile Nos.  1,  9 

§  liuuei)tacle  naked. — Flowers  all  fertile.     Leaves  or  segments  lanceolate Nos.  8,  4 

— Flottvrs  all  fertile.    Leaves  or  segments  linear Nos.  fi,  6 

— Flowers  of  the  disk  sterile.    Leaves  or  segments  linear Nos.  7—9 

1  A.  frigida  Willd.  Lvs.  pinnately  parted,  silky  canescent,  Ifts.  linear  and  3 — 5- 
cleft ;  heads  nodding,  globuos,  in  panieled  racemes;  scales  of  the  in  vol.  canescent, 
roundish,  the  inner  oblong;  corollas  glabiou.s. — Rocky  hills,  Minnesota,  Dakota, 
and  westward.    Plant  branched  Irom  base,  6 — 12'.    July — Aug. 

2  A.  AbBinthium  L.  Commox  Wormwood.  Lvs.  multifld,  clothed  tvith  short, 
silky  pubescence,  both  sides ;  segments  lanceolate  ;  hds.  hemisperical,  drooping ;  re- 
ceptacle hairy. — 2f  Grrowing  among  rubbish,  rocks,  and  by  roadsides,  N.  Eng., 
Can.  Stems  angular,  branched,  with  erect  racemes  of  nodding,  yellow  flowers. 
The  whole  plant  is  proverbially  bitter,  and  of  powerful  medicinal  qualities  as  a 
tonic,  stomachic,  &c.     §  Eur. 

3  A.  Ludovici^na  Nutt.  Oanescently  tomentoiis  all  over ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  lower 
incisely  and  remotely  serrate  or  subpinnatitid,  upper  entire ;  hds.  ovoid,  subses- 
sile,  arranged  in  a  simple,  slender,  leafy  panicle. —  U  Lake  and  river  shores,  Mich, 
to  Mo.  W.  to  Oreg.  Stem  2 — 5f  high,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  quite  vari- 
able in  size  and  also  in  pubescence,  sometimes  nearly  smooth.  Heads  small  aod 
crowded. 

♦  A.  vulgaris  L.  Muowokt.  Lvs.  caMscent-tomenUms  beneath,  cauline  ones  pin- 
natifid,  segm.  lanceolate,  acute,  subdentate,  floral  ones  entire^  linear-lanceolate,- 


;  I ,  •>♦ 


"^^.^f- 


f! 


Tf 


Si 


'f 


ill 


•400 


Order  70.— COMPOSIT.t:. 


hds.  erect,  ovoid,  subaessile ;  invol.  tomentous. — %  Fields,  roadsides,  bankn  of 
stroaius,  Ac,  Vt.,  K  H.  ttt.  2  to  3t'  liigh,  branching  into  a  panicle  of  spicate 
Kicomes.  Lvs.  very  variabli>,  but  never  attenuated  to  linear,  now  obtuse,  now 
acute  tiom  the  same  locality  (Hanover,  N.  II.  Ricard.)  Hds.  few-flowered, 
purplisi). 
3  A.  biennis  Willd.  riant  erect,  smooth;  lvs.  bipinnately  parted,  upper  ones 
pimialifid,  all  with  linear,  acute,  and  mostly  incised  lob.'S ;  hds.  .sessile,  arranged 
in  a  close,  narrow,  leafy  panicle  of  short  spikes. —  "I;  Wester,  i  States  and  north- 
ward.    Also  eastward  to  the  Hudson  R.  (Mr.  C.  B.  Gerard.) 

6  A.  Abrotanum  L.  ScurnERNWOOD.  St.  erect;  loivi'r  lvs.  bipinnale; 
uppir  ones  capillary,  pinnate;  invol.  downy,  hemispherical. — 2|  A  well  known 
shrubby  plant  in  gardens,  about  3f  high.  Leaves  alternate,  much  divided  into 
very  narrow,  linear  segments.  Flowers  numerous,  nodding,  yellow.  Nativo  of 
S.  Europe.  \ 

7  A.  borealia  Pallas.  Oitspitoiis,  silky-villous  or  sraoothish ;  st.  simple ;  lower 
lvs.  pdiolate,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  towards  tho  base,  ternat(.ly,  plnnately,  or  bi- 
pinnately parted  above,  with  linear  lobes,  upper  linear,  3  to  5-cleft  or  entire ;  hds. 
hemispherical,  spicute  or  racemou.s-pianlculate. — %  Kcweena  Pt.,  Lake  Superior 
(Houghton,  in  N.  Am.  Fl.)     St.  6  to  10'  high. 

8  A.  Canadensis  Mx.  Sea  Wormwood.  St.  erect  or  decumbent;  lvs.  pin- 
nalijid  with  linear  segments;  fls.  subglobous,  sessile,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes. — 1(. 
Rivers  and  lake  shores,  N.  Eng.  and  Can.  Shores  of  the  great  lake-».  St.  2  to  4f 
high,  much  branched,  snlcatL-,  browni.sh,  mostly  erect.  Hds.  2  '  diam.,  numer- 
ous, forming  a  large  panicle  of  racemes.  Scales  with  a  membranous  margin. 
Aug. 

9  A.  oaudata  Mx.  Glahroit.%  simple,  densely  paniculate ;  lvs.  bipinnately  divi- 
ded, upper  pinnate,  segm.  filiform  or  svtactous,  alter uafc;  lids,  ovoid-globous, 
pedicellate,  erect. — '$)  On  the  sea-coast,  N.  H.  to  Ga.  St.  3  to  5f  higli,  strict. 
Lvs.  in  many  tl\read-like  and  somewhat  fleshy  segm.;  hds.  1%"  diam.,  in  a  strict, 
dense  panicle.     Outer  scales  ovate,  inner  scarious,  elliptical.     Aug.,  Sept. 

77.  SOLTVA  Ruiz.  «t  Pav.  (To  Sahator  Soliva,  a  Spanish  botan- 
ist an.l  physician.)  Invohicre  of  5  to  10  to  15  scales  in  one  row;  re- 
coptacle  flat,  naked  ;  fertile  flowers  in  several  rows,  apetalous ;  $  fl.s. 
few,  interior,  Avith  a  3  to  o-toothed  corolla;  achenia  obcompressed,  tip- 
ped Avith  the  persistent  st\le  and  no  pappus. — Little  depressed  herbs 
with  pinnately  divided  l\s.  and  sessile  lids. 

S.  naJturtiifdlia  DO.  Plant  very  small,  minutely  pubescent ;  lvs.  pinnately  5 
to  9- parted,  lobes  oblong,  obtu.so;  scales  10  to  15  ;  ach.  obconic,  rugous,  crowned 
with  a  dense  tull  of  wool  instead  of  pappus. — S.  Car.,  Ga.,  near  tho  cotist,  banks 
of  the  Ogeech(^e,  growing  <vith  Sencbiera.  Plant  Hut  on  the  ground,  forming  a 
dense  mat.  IjVS.  6  to  10"  long,  lobes  1".  Ild.s.  disproportionately  largo  (2  to  3'' 
broad),  axillary,  depressed.     Ach.  wrinkled  transversely.     Mar.,  Apr. 

78.  GNAPHA^LIUM,  I..  Cidweeu.  Everlasting.  (Gr.  ym</)aAoj', 
cotton  or  wool ;  from  tho  soft,  cottony  surface  of  tho  heibage.)  Heads 
discoid,  heterogamous ;  ''nvolucre  imbricate  with  scarious,  colored 
scales ;  marginal  flowers  luibulate,  pi.stillate,  mostly  in  several  rows ; 
central  flowers  ^  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  i»appus  a  single  row  of  scab- 
rous, hair-like  bristles. — Herbs  generally  clothed  with  whitish  wool. 
Lvs.  alternate,  entire. 

•  Heads  in  terir.inftl  corymbous  clusters Nos.  1 — 3 

*  llimds  in  axillary,  soniewlint  spicute  chisters No.^  4,  6 

1  G.  decdrrens  Ives.  Lvs.  decurrent,  liuear-lanc^olate,  very  acute,  naked  above, 
white  and  woolly  beneath,  Jis.  in  dense,  ioundisli,  terminal  clusters. —  2^  A  stcut 
species,  covered  with  a  dense,  hoary  pubescence.  It  grows  in  hilly  pastures,  Ac, 
N.  H.  Yt.  to  N  J.     Stem  2f  high,  with  scattered  leaves  and  spreading  branches. 


Obdbii  70.— composite. 


461 


Leaves  on  the  upper  side  green,  scabrous  and  viscid.     Scales  whitish,  with  yel 
low  corollas.     Aug. 

2  O.  polyc^phalam  Mx.  Erect;  Ivs.  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous 
above,  whitiah  totnentous  beneath,  aa  well  as  the  paniculate  stem  ;  hds,  capitate, 
corv'ubous ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. — (I)  Common  in  flelua,  &c.,  Can.  and  U. 
S.  It  is  distinguishable  by  its  strong,  agreeable  odor,  and  its  brownish  color 
Stem  1 — 2f  high,  whitish,  with  a  cottony  down,  much  branched.  Hds.  much 
larger  than  in  the  next.  Involucre  with  whitish  scales  and  yellow  flowers. 
Aug. 

3  G.  uliginoBum  L.  Cudweed.  St.  diffusely  branched,  woolly;  Ivs.  sessile, 
linear-lanceolati. ,  hds.  small  (1"  wide)  in  terminal,  crowded,  leqfy  clusters ;  scales 
obtuse,  yellowish  or  brownish ;  ach.  smooth. — (I)  A  small,  spreading  plant,  clothed 
witli  whitish  down,  common  in  sandy  places  where  water  occasionally  stands,  X., 
Mid.  and  W.  Str.tes.  Stein  4 — 6'  high.  Leaves  numerous,  acute,  narrowed  at 
the  base.     Scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  yellowish.     Aug. 

4  O.  purpiireum  L.  St.  erect,  simplo  or  branched  from  the  base,  tomentous; 
Ivs.  linear-spatulate  or  obovate-spatulate,  downy-canescent  beneath,  grcon  above ; 
hds.  sessile,  crowded,  terminal  and  axillary;  scales  acuminate. — 1'  Grows  in 
sandy  fields  and  pastures,  N.  H.  to  Ind.  and  La.  Stem  8 — 12  high,  sending  out 
shoots  at  the  base.  Heads  with  tawny,  purplish  scales  and  yellow  corollas. 
June. 

5  G.  Bupinum  Villars.  Gcespitous,  woolly;  Ivs.  linear;  hds.  few,  oblong,  in  a 
spicate  raceme  or  solitary ;  scales  acute,  blown;  pistillate fis.  in  but  one  row. — 
White  Mt.s.,  N.  H.  (Nuttall.)     Sts.  2  to  4'  liigh. 

79.  ANTENNA^RIA,  Br.  Everlasting.  (Name  in  allusion  to  the 
bristles  of  the  pappus,  which  resemble  antennjc.)  Heads  dicEcious ;  in- 
volucre of  imbricate,  colored  scales;  pistillate  corollas  filiform  ;  recep- 
tacle subconvex,  alveolate  ;  pappus  a  sinj^le  row  of  bristles. —  li  Tomen- 
tous. L\  s.  alternate,  entire,  lids,  corymbous,  with  white  or  brownish, 
never  yellow  scales.     (Gnaphalium  L.) 

1  A.  margariticea  Br.  St.  erect,  simple,  corymbously  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  3-vein'^d,  sessile,  woolly  beneath,  stem  woolly ;  corymbs  fasti- 
giate;  scales  elliptic,  obtuse,  opaque,  white. —  IC  Fields  and  pjisturf's,  U.  S.  and 
Brit.  Am.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  and  with  its  numerous,  scattered  Us.  clothed  with 
white  and  cotton-like  down.  Hds.  numerous,  hemispherical,  fadeless.  Fls.  yel- 
low. Jl. — Named  for  its  dry,  imperishable,  pearl-white  scales. 
A.  plantaginifdlia  Br.  Mouse-ear.  Everlastino.  Stolons  procumbent ;  st. 
aimpk;  radical  Ivs.  oval,  obovate  or  spatulate,  mucrouate,  3-veined,  silky -canes- 
cent,  St.  Ivs.  small,  lanceolate;  scales  ovato,  obtuse. —  IC  Borders  of  woods,  &c., 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  flowering  in  early  spring.  Whole  plant  whitish  with  down. 
St.  5  to  8'  liigh,  often  wifh  stolons  at  base.  Rt.  Ivs.  much  larger  than  those  of 
the  stem.  St.  Ivs.  few,  bract-like.  Hds.  in  a  terminal,  dense  cluster,  purplish 
white.     Feb. — May.     (A.  dioica  Br.) 

80.  FILA^GO,  Tourn.  Cotton  Rose.  Cudweed.  (Apparently 
from  the  Latin  Jilum,  a  thread  ;  on  account  of  the  cottony  hairs.) 
Heads  beterogamous ;  involucre  of  a  few  villous  scales ;  marginal 
flowers  ?  ;  receptacle  columnar,  naked  at  the  apex,  chaffy  at  base  ; 
achenia  terete,  central  ones  with  a  hnvrj  pappus. — Downy-canescent 
herbs.     Lvs.  alternate,  entire. 

P  Germdnica  L.  St.  dichotomous  or  proliferously  branched  above ;  lvs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  crowded,  erect ;  hds.  few-flowered,  in  dense,  capitate  clust«,'rs, 
terminal  and  lateral ;  scales  cuspidate,  passing  insensibly  into  the  pales  of  tlie 
teceptacle,  each  with  a  pistillate  flower  in  the  axil. — (T  Fields  and  roadsides, 
Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Ya  St.  6  to  10'  high.  Scales  atraw-oolor,  with  a  green  Uoe 
outside.    Jl. — Oct.     §  Eur. 


ill 


i    \ 


■^4 


^^  n 


n 


•4 

■I 


1 


402 


Ohi>ku  70.— C0MP0S1T>K. 


81.  XERAN'THEMUM,  (Gr.  ^7jp6g,  dry,  dvi9of ;  on  account  of  its  dry, 
imperishiiblo  llowers.)  Ucads  discoid ;  iuvolucre  hemispherical,  with 
radiant,  colored,  opaque,  scarious  scales ;  receptacla  paleaceous  ;  pappus 

paleo-sctaceous. — (i)  Native  of  S.  Europe. 

X.  annuum  Willd.  Eternal  Flower.  St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  oblong- 
luiiceolato,  obtusish,  iilternate,  entire;  hds.  large,  terminal,  solitary;  scales  of 
the  jnvolucro  obtuse,  scarious,  inner  ones  of  the  ray  spreading,  lanceolate,  obtuse. 
— A  .singular  plant,  half  hardy,  of  easy  culture.  Stem  2 — 3f  high.  The  radi- 
ant involucre  scales  are  of  a  rich  purple,  but  there  are  variuties  with  red, 
white,  blue  and  yellow  scales.     The  flowers  retain  their  beauty  for  years. 

82.  HELICHRY^SUM.  (Gr.  (/olden  sun)  is  another  genus  of  fadeless 
flowers,  of  which  several  species  are  occasionally  cuiiivated.  The 
sproaling  scales  are  of  various  colors.  II.  bracteosura  is  the  finest 
species,  having  yellow  scales,  heads  on  long  stalks  and  lanceolate 
leaves. 

83.  ERECH'TITES,  Raf.  Fire-weed.  (Gr.  ^pe;t'^6>,  to  trouble  ;  the 
species  are  troublesome  weeds.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  those  of  the  mar- 
gin pistillate,  of  the  disk  perfect;  involucre  cylindrical,  simple,  slightly 
calyculate;  receptacle  naked;  pappus  of  numerous,  fine,  capillary 
bristles. — (£)  Lvs.  simple,  alternate.     Fls.  corymbous,  whitish. 

B.  hieracifdlius  Raf.  St.  paniculate,  virgate;  lvs.  oblong,  amplexicaul,  acute, 
unequally  and  deeply  toothed  with  acute  indentures;  invol.  smooth  ;  ach.  hairy. 
— A  rank  weed,  growing  in  fields  (Can.  and  U.  Sj),  particularly  in  8uc;h  as  have 
been  newly  cleared  and  burnt  over.  St.  thick  and  fleshy,  branching,  3f  high, 
roughish.  Lvs.  of  a  light  green,  large,  irregularly  cut  into  many  deep  and  acute 
teeth.  Fls.  terminal,  crowded,  destitute  of  rays,  white.  Invol.  large  and  tumid 
at  base.     Aug.,  Sept.    (Senecio  hieracifolius  L.) 

84.  CACATIA,  L.  Wild  Caraway.  Tassel  Flower.  (An  an- 
cient Gr.  name  of  an  uncertain  plant.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  ^  ;  in- 
volucre cylindric,  oblong,  often  calyculate  witli  small  scales  at  the  base; 
receptacle  not  chafty  ;  pappus  capillary,  scabrous. — Mostly  21 .  Smooth. 
Lvs.  alternate.     lids,  of  fls.  corymbed,  mostly  cyanic. 

6  Scales  of  tho  Involucre  united,  about  12.    Flowers  60  to  80,  scarlet No.  8 

§  Scales  of  tho  involucre  distinct, — about  12.    Flowers  20  to  80,  white No.  1 

— 5  only.    Flowers  6. — Leaves  cordate  or  lobed. .  .Nos.  2—4 
— Leaves  never  cordate Nos.  C — 7 

1  C.  suavSolena  L.  Glabrous ;  st.  striate-angular ;  lvs.  petiolate,  hastate-sagit- 
tate, serrate,  smooth,  green  on  botii  sides ;  tls.  corymbed,  erect ;  invol.  many- 
flowered. —  U  Western  N.  Y.  to  Conn.  (Robbins),  to  Ga.  and  111.  Stems  4 — 6f 
high,  striate,  leafy.  Radical  leaves  on  long  stalks,  pointed ;  cauline  ones  on 
winged  stalks.  Flowers  whitish,  in  a  terminal,  compound  corymb.  Scales  and 
peiluncles  smooth,  with  setaceous  bracts  beneath  the  involucre,  and  beneath  the 
divisions  of  the  peduncles.     Aug. 

2  C.  renifdnnis  Muhl  St.  sukate-angled ;  lvs.  palmately  veined,  nearly  smooth, 
green  both  sides,  petiolate,  lower  ones  reniform,  upper  flaheUiform;  corymb  com- 
pou-  (1,  fastigiate;  hds.  6-flowered. — Woods,  Ind.,  Ill,  Penn.,  S.  to  Car.  St.  3  to 
6f  1  gh,  nearly  simple,  glabrous.  Lvs.  3  to  12'  by  6  to  18',  repand -dentate,  lower 
pel  oles  very  long.     Scales  of  involucre  6,  obtuse,  whitish.     Jl. 

3  C.  atriplicifdlia  L.  St.  terete;  lvs.  petiolate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  palm- 
ate-veined, angularly  lobed  and  dentate,  the  lower  subcordate;  Hs.  corymbed, 
erect;  invol.  5 -flowered. — N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  111.  St.  3  to  5f  high,  leaty.  Lvs. 
alternate,  the  lower  ones  as  largo  as  the  hand,  with  large,  uncqiial  teeth  or  lobes. 
Hds.  small,  ovoid-cylindric,  whitisli,  looaely  corymbous  at  the  top  of  the  branchea 
Ji.— Sept. 


Obdeb  70.— composite. 


463 


4  C.  diversifdlia  Toir.  k  Gr.  Plant  not  glaucous;  st.  striate-angUd ;  lower  Iva. 
ovate,  obtust,  repand-toothed,  upper  3  to  5-lobed,  somewhat  hastate ;  hds.,  corymbs 
and  fla.  as  in  the  preceding  (of  which  it  seemd  to  be  a  variety). — Swamps  along 
the  Cliattahoochee,  Fla.     Plant  2  to  3f  high.     May. 

5  C.  tuberosa  Nutt.  St.  angular-sulcate ;  Ivs.  oval  or  ovate,  strongly  5  to  7- 
veiued,  obtu:iO  or  subacute,  entire  or  repaud-denticulato,  not  glacous,  lower  ones 
tapering  into  long  petioles,  upper  ones  on  short  petioles ;  hds.  in  compound  cor- 
ymbs.— Marshes,  W.  States,    St.  2  to  5f  high,  branched  above.    Lvs.  rather  thick, 

3  to  7'  long,  §  as  wide,  veins  converging  to  the  apex.    lids,  oblong,  6-loaved  and 
5-flowered,  white.     May. — Jl. 

6  C.  ov^ta  Ell.  St.  terete;  lvs.  glaucous  beneath,  3  to  5-veined,  ovate  and  oval, 
entire  or  undulate-margjned,  contracted  at  base  into  petioles ;  corymb  fastigiate. — 
Macou,  Ga.  (Mettauer),  Ala.,  Fla.,  in  moist  woods.  St.  suiooth,  glaucous,  3  to  4f 
high.  Lower  lvs.  on  'ong  petioles,  rather  obtuse ;  upper  ones  nearly  sessile, 
rather  acite.     Scales  broad-linear,  acute.     Jl. — Aug. 

7  C.  lanceoldta  Nutt.  St.  terete;  lvs.  glaucous  beneath,  3-veined,  lanceolate  and 
lance-linear,  entire  or  with  few  sharp  teeth,  lower  tapering  to  petioles,  upper 
sessile ;  .'orymb  simple. — Wet  grounds,  Ga.  Fla.     St.  4  to  6f  high.     Lvs.  below 

4  to  6  long,  diminishing  upwards.     Scales  linear,  acute.     Aug.,  Sept. 

8  C.  coccinea  Curt.  Tassel  Flower.  Radical  lvs.  ovato-spatulato,  cauHue 
amplexicaul  crenate ;  invol.  ovate-cylindric,  scales  linear,  at  length  reflexed ;  ach. 
ciliate ;  pappus  in  several  rows. — A  pretty  garden  flower,  native  of  the  E,  Ind., 
&c,  St.  If  or  more  high.  Fls.  bright  scarlet.  Jn. — Sept.  A  bed  or  patch  sown 
thickly  makes  a  fine  appearance.     (Emilia  sagittata,  DO.) 

85.  CINERARIA,  Less.  (Lat.  cinercus,  ash-colored  ;  for  its  soft, 
white  down.) — ilds.  radiate ;  rays  pistillate ;  iuvol.  scales  in  one  row, 
sc;iriou8  on  the  margin;  recept.  naked,  flat;  ach.  beakless,  obcoin- 
pressed ;  papp.  capillary. — Greenhouse  shrubs  with  mostly  alternate 
leaves. 

1  C.  amelloldea  Willd.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  smooth;  peduncles  each 
bearing  a  single  head  with  blue  rays. — Shrubby,  2  to  3f  liigh.     \  S.  Africa. 

2  C.  apeciosa  Sciirad.  Lvs.  alternate,  reniform,  denticulate,  on  inllated 
petioles ;  hds.  in  a  simple  raceme  terminating  tiio  simple  ste.ii,  with  yellow  rays. 
—Shrub  4  to  6f  high,     f  Siberia. 

3  discolor  Willd,  Lvs.  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate, 
smooth,  white  beneath;  hds.  corymbous,  with  yellow  rays. — Shrub  3  to  4f  big! i. 
f  Jamaica. 

4  C.  lanata  "Willd.  Lvs.  roundish,  7-angled,  cordate,  woolly  beneath ;  hds. 
solitary  on  eacli  peduncle;  rays  while  within,  of  a  vivid  purple  outside. — f  Ca- 
naries.    Very  beautiful. 

5  C.  populifolia  H.  K.  Lvs.  somewhat  angular,  cordate,  downy  beneath,  the 
petioles  appondaged;  hds.  corymbous;  rays  red. — The  tlorists  iiave  produced 
many  hybrids  of  superior  beauty ;  as  tiie  Rosy  Morn,  Jenny  Lind,  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field, 4&C. 

86.  SENEXIO,  L.  Groundsel.  (Lat.  senex,  an  old  man;  the  word 
is  synonymous  with  Erigeron.)  Involucre  of  many  equal  scales  or 
invested  with  a  few  shorter  ones  at  base ;  flowers  all  tubular,  ^ ,  or 
usually  radiate  and  rays  $  ;  receptacle  not  chafty  ;  pappua  simple,  ca]v. 
illary  and  copious. — A  vast  genus  embracing  600  species  of  herbs  and 
shrubs.     Lvs.  alternate.     Fls.  mostly  yellow,  exceeding  the  invol. 

Hi'Uils  (liscuid.     Root  Annual No.  1 

Ueudfl  radiate.— Radical  leaves  undivided.     Achenia  glabrous No.<.  2,  8 

— Radical  leaves  undivided.     Aclicnia  pubescent Nos.  4,  5 

— Radical  leaves  divided,  as  well  as  the  cauline Nob.  Ct—% 

1  S.  vulgaris  L.     St.  paniculate,  erect,  angular;  lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  dentate^ 

amplexicaul. — (J)  A  weed  growing  about  houses,  in  waste  grounds,  rubbish,  Ag. 

N.  Statea    St.  18'  high,  leafy,  branching,  generally  smooth.    Lva.  alternate,  thio^ 


f':! 


■  ]::-i; 


m 


:u; 


m 


464 


obdeb  70,— composite 


bright  green,  the  radical  one3  stalked.     Fls.   without  rays,  terminal,  scattered, 
yellow,  uppearing  all  summer.     §  Eur. 
2  8.  ai!ireu8  L.     Badical  Iva.  ovate,  cordate,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate,  cauline  ones 
lyrato-pianatifld,  dentate,  terminal  segments  lanceolate ;  ped.  subumbellate,  thick ; 
rays  8  to  12  ;  ach.  glabrous. —  2^   Plant  with  varying  forms,  in  meadows,  woods, 
(U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am,),  with  golden  yellow  tls.     St.  smoothish,  striate,  erect,  1  to 
2f  high,  simple,  or  branched  above,  terminating  in  a  kind  of  umbellate,  simple  or 
compound  corymb.     Lower  stem  Ivs.  lyrate,  upper  ones  few  and  slender.     Ped. 
more  or  less  thickened  upwards.     Scales  linear,  acute,  purplish  at  apex.     Rays 
spreading  about  1',     May — Aug, 
(3  BALSAMiT.fi.     St.  villous  at  base;  Ivs,  few,  small  and  distant,  pubescent* 
radical  ones  oblong-lanceolate ;  ped,  villous  at  base. — Rocky  hills  and  pas- 
tures.    (S.  Balsamitae,  Muhl.) 
y  OR.\ciLls.    Radical  Ivs.  orbicular,  on  long  petioles,  cauline  few,  linear-oblong, 
incisely  dentate ;  ped.  short,  pilous,  with  small,  few-rayed  heads, — A  slender 
state  of  the  species,  on  rocky  shores.     (S,  gracilis,  Ph.) 
6  OBOVATUS.      Radical  Ivs.   obovate   to  oblong-spatulate ;    ped,  elongated.— 

Meadows,  &c.     (S.  obovatus,  Willd.) 
e  LANCKOLATUS.     Radical  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  cauline  lanceolate,  pinnatifid 
at  base. — Shady  swamps,  &c. 
8  S.  obovdtus  Ell.     Tomeutous  when  young,  at  length  glabrous ;  root  Ivs.  obo- 
vate or  roundish,  crenate,  with  an  attenuated  sessile  base,  cauline  few,  small,  cut- 
pinnate;  corymb  small;  rays  10  to  12;  ach.  glabrous. — Va.  to  Fla     St.  a  foot 
iiigh,  nearly  leafless.     Lvs.  mostly  radical,  near  3'  broad  and  long,  often  slightly 
petioled ;  the  upper  lvs.  rapidly  diminished.     Hays  spreading  about  1'.     May, 

4  S,  tomentdsus  Mx,  Clothed  with  soft,  cotton  like,  nearly  persistent  tomentum ; 
rod  lvs.  oblong  or  oblanceolate  or  ovate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  long,  slender  petiole, 
crenate,  the  upper  sessile;  hds.  faatigiate,  rays  12  to  15;  ach.  pubescent. —  U  Va. 
to  Fia.  and  La.  St,  1  to  2f  high,  often  nearly  leafless  above.  Corymb  simple, 
subumbellate.  Root  lvs.  with  their  petioles  6  to  9'  long,  1  to  3'  wide.  Rays 
spreading  16",  Apr. — Jn. — The  leaves  are  exceedingly  variable,  A  variety  (on 
Stone  Mt.,  Ga.)  is  low,  dousel}'  toraentous,  with  the  lvs,  all  radical. 

5  S,  anouymuB.  Plant  clothed  with  a  white,  partly  deciduous  tomentum ;  root  lvs. 
sm,all,  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  some  of  tlieui  slightly  lobed,  tapering  to  a 
petiole,  cauline  lvs.  long  and  narrow,  remotely  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  seym.  cut-den- 
tate;  hds.  subumbellate,  small,  ach.  pubescent, — U  ?  Moutgutnery,  Ala.  St.  16  to 
24  liigij.  Root  lvs,  J'  wide  and  with  their  petioles  2  to  3'  long.  St.  lvs,  G'  long, 
the  upper  1',  almost  bipinnatifid.     Rays  8  to  10,  spreading  about  7''.     May.,  Jn. 

6  S.  Canad^iisia  L.  Lvs.  glabrous,  bipinnate  with  linear,  lobed,  obtuse  segm., 
the  upper  few  pinnately  divided;  corymbs  compound,  fastigiate;  rays  9  to  12. — 
11  Canada  (Kalm,  in  Willd.  Spec,  &c.)  Upper  districts  of  the  S.  States,  lids, 
rather  small,  Jn. — Possibly  our  S.  anouymus  is  a  variety  of  this,  (S,  mille- 
folium T.  &  G, 

7  S,  lobatUB  Pers.  Butter-weed.  Glabrous  or  slightly  floccous  at  base ;  lvs. 
all  lyrate-pinnatijid  (or  the  upper  pinnatitid),  the  lobes  crenate,  distant,  odil  one 
roundisli ;  corymbs  somewhat  compoundly  umbeled ;  invol.  slightly  calyculate ; 
rays  10  to  12;  ach.  minutely  hispid, — (J)  Low,  wet  grounds,  N,  Car.  to  Fla.  and 
La,,  common,  St,  striate,  2_to  3f  high,  Lvs,  4  to  6'  long,  terminal  lobe  1'  diam, 
Rays  spreading  about  11".     Mar, — Jl. 

8  S,  pseudo-elegans  DC,  Purple  Jacob.£a,  Lvs,  equal,  pinnatifld 
pilous-viscid,  spreading;  ped,  somewhat  scaly;  invol.  calyculate  with  leafy 
scales;  scales  mostly  withered  at  tlie  tips. — (T)  Native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
A  beautiful  plant  in  cultivation.  Fls.  of  the  disk  yellow,  of  the  rays  brilliant 
purple.  A  variety  has  double  fls.  with  colors  equally  fine.  Another  variety  has 
white  fls.    Jn, — Aug.  f    (S.  elegans  L.) 

87.  AR'NICA,  L.  Involu-re  of  equal,  lanceolate  scales,  1  or  2-rowed ; 
ray  flowers  $ ,  disk  ^  ;  receptacle  flat,  with  scattered  hairs ;  pappua 
single,  rigid  and  serrulate. —  "H-  St.  simple.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  yellow. 
1  A.  mollis  Hook.     Pubescent;  ai,  leafy ;  lvs,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  thin, 


Ordbr  70.— COMPOSITiE. 


466 


Teinj,  dentate,  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblong,  radical  ones  stalked,  cauline  sessile, 
hds.  few ;  invol.  hairy,  with  acuminate  scales ;  ach.  hairy. — Ravines,  White  Mts., 
N,  H.,  Essex  Mts.,  N.  Y.  Also  Rocky  Mts.  St.  I  to  2f  high.  Lva  2  to  5  in 
length,  the  upper  one  broad  at  the  base,  the  lower  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole, 
otlon  acute,  but  not  acuminate.  Jl. 
2  A.  nudicaiilis  EIL  Hirsute ;  Ivs.  all  sessile,  subentire,  oval  or  ovate,  S  to  6- 
veined,  the  veins  converging  to  the  apex,  cauline  small,  1  or  2  pairs ;  hds.  few, 
large,  terminal ;  rays  about  12,  3-tootlied  at  end;  ach.  glabroiis. — Wet,  eamiy 
soils  Va.  to  Fla.  St.  If  high,  scape-like.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  resembling  f  lioso 
of  the  plantains  (Pluutago),  but  smaller  (2  to  3'  long.)  Rays  spreading  fully  2 . 
ApL,  May. 

Tribe  5.     CYNARE^. 

88.  CYN'ARA,  L.  (Gr.  /tvwv,  a  dog;  the  stiff,  hard  spines  of  the 
invol.  resemble  a  dog's  teeth.)  Heads  discoid,  honiogamous ;  invol- 
ucre dilated,  imbricate,  scales  fleshy,  emarginate,  pointed  ;  receptacle 
setaceous  ;  pappus  plumous  ;  achenia  not  beaked. — Natives  of  the  Old 
World. 

1  C.  Scolymus  L.  Garden  Artichoke.  Lvs.  subspinose,  pinnate  and  un- 
divided; invol.  scales  ovate. — y  Gardens  and  cultivated  grounds.  A  well  known 
garden  esculent.  The  parts  used  are  the  receptacle,  the  lower  part  of  the  in- 
volucre and  the  upper  portion  of  the  stalk.  It  is  cultivated  from  suckers  placed 
in  rows,  3  feet  apart.     Aug.,  Sept.     ^  %  ^'^'■• 

2  C.  cardunculuB  L.  Cardoon.  Lvs.  spiny,  all  pinnatifid  ;  invol.  scales  ovate. 
— U  Flowers  purple.  This  plant  is  blanched  or  etiolated,  by  heaping  earth 
around  it,  whence  its  petioles  become  crisp,  tender,  and  are  used  like  celery. 
X  J5  Eur. 

89.  TAGETES,  L.  Marigold.  (For  Tages,  a  Tuscan  divinity,  son 
of  Genius  and  grandson  of  Jupiter.)  Heads  heterogamous ;  involucre 
simple,  tubular,  of  5  to  10  united  scales ;  ray  flowers  6,  persistent;  re- 
ceptacle naked ;  pappus  of  5  erect  awns. — Q  Uerbs  of  tropical  Amer- 
ica.     Lvs.  pinnately  divided. 

1  T.  pdtula  L.  French  Marigold.  St.  erect,  with  widely  spreading 
branches;  segra.  of  the  leaves  linear-lanceolato ;  ped.  elongated,  subcylindric, 
one-flowered;  invol.  smootli. — Plant  about  2f  high.  Rays  orange  yellow; 
variegated  with  dark  purple,  f 

2  T.  er^cta  L.  African  Marioold.  St.  stout,  erect;  segm.  of  the  lvs. 
lanceolate,  ciliate-sorrate  ;  ped.  1-tlowered,  venlricous  and  thickened  at  the  sum- 
mit; invol.  angular. — The  hds.  are  twice  larger  than  in  T.  patula,  and  on  shorter 
peduncles. — These  are  well  known  and  popular  garden  flowers  with  several 
varieties,  f 

90.  CALEN'DULA,  L.  Pot  Marigold.  (Lat.  calenda,  the  first  day 
of  the  month ;  some  species  blossom  monthly.)  Heads  radiate ;  in- 
volucre of  many  equal  leaves,  in   about  2  series  ;  rays  ?  ,  fertile,  disk 

(? ,  sterile ;  receptacle  naked ;  achonia  of   the   disk    membranaceous ; 

pappus  0. — An  oriental  genus  of  annual  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate. 

C.  ofiBcinilis  L.  Viscid-pubescent;  st.  branched;  lvs.  oblong,  acute,  mu- 
cronate,  sessile,  subdentate  and  scabrous-ciliate  on  the  margin ;  hds.  terminal, 
solitary;  ach.  carinate,  muricate,  incurved. — A  common  and  handsome  garden 
plant,  from  S.  Eurone.  It  has  double,  lemon-colored,  and  other  varieties.  Flow- 
ers large  and  brilliant,  generally  orange-colored.     Jn.— Sept.  f 

8i.  CENTAU^REA,  L.  Knap-weed.  Bachelor's-button.  (The 
centaur,  Chiron,  it  is  said,  cured  with  these,  his  foot  wounded  by  Her* 

80  - 


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466 


Ordbr  70.— composite. 


culcs.)  Heads  discoid  ;  involucre  imbricate ;  ray  flowers  longer  than 
the  rest,  sterile,  often  wanting ;  receptacle  bristly ;  pappus  of  filiform, 
scabrous  bristles  in  several  series. — A  genus  of  oriental  herbs  with 
alternate  Ivs. 

•  scales  <if  the  involucre  with  a  fringed  or  pectinate  appendage Nos.  1,  3 

*  Scales  of  the  invulucre  merely  ciliate,  or  tipped  with  »  spine Hoa.  8,  4 

1  C.  nigra  L.  St.  erect,  branched,  pubescent  above ;  lower  Ivs.  angular-lyrate, 
upper  lauccolate,  dentate,  scales  ovate,  with  au  erect,  capillary,  fringed  appendage; 
ray  and  disk-fls.  jdike. —  2^  A  troublesome  weed,  in  meadows  and  pastures,  Mass, 
St.  about  21"  liigli,  simple,  or  oftener  divided  into  elongated  branches.  Hds.  few, 
large,  terminal,  solitary.  Fringed  appendage  of  the  scales  dark  brown.  Fls.  pur- 
ple.    Jl.,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  C.  Americana  Nutt.  St  erect,  sulcata,  sparingly  branched ;  lower  Ivs.  oblong- 
o\.ite,  repaud-dentiito,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  acute,  all  sessile  and  glabrous;  hds. 
lew  or  solitary,  very  largo;  ped.  thickened  at  sununit;  ray  fls.  twice  longer-  than 
the  disk;  scales  with  a  pectinate-pinnate,  reflexed  appendage. — (T)  Ark.  and  La., 
naturaUzed  in  111.  (Mead.)  Cultivated  in  gardens.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  with  largo, 
sliowy,  pale-purplo  hds.     Appendages  straw-color.  •)■ 

8  C.  C^anuB  L.  BAcnELon's-BUTXON.  St.  erect,  branching,  downy  ;  Ivs.  linear, 
entire,  downy,  the  lowest  subdentate ;  scales  ciliate-serrate ;  ray  flowers  much  en- 
larged.— d)  Cultivated  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  old  fields.  It  is  a  hardy  an- 
nual, justly  popular  for  its  handsome  flowers  which  are  very  variable  in  color. 
Hds.  ovoid,  solitary  on  the  ends  of  the  branches.     Jl. — Sept.     §  Eur. 

4  C.  Calcitrapa  L.  Star  Thistle.  St.  diffusely  branched,  hairy;  Ivs.  sessile, 
pinnately  lobed,  lobes  linear,  toothed,  upper  mostly  entire ;  hds.  sessile ;  middle 
scales  tipped  v)ith  a  strong,  spreading  spine  with  1  or  2  minute  spines  each  side ; 
pappus  0. — l)  ®  Va.     Fls.  purple.     §  Eur. 

92.  AMBER'BOA,  DC.  Sweet  Sultan.  Heads  discoid  ;  involucre 
imbricated  ;  ray-flowers  wanting  or  larger  than  the  rest,  stcriiC ;  pappus 
of  oblong  or  obovate  pales,  attenuated  to  the  base,  all  similar,  rarely 
small  or  0. — Eastern  herbs  with  alternate  Ivs. 

1  A.  inoBchdta  Willd.  Lvs.  lyrate-dentato ;  invol.  subglobous,  smooth ; 
scales  ovate ;  ray-flowers  scarcely  enlarged,  not  exceeding  the  disk ;  pappus  0. — 
A  haudsomo  border  annual  from  Persia.  Flowers  purple.  A  variety  has  white 
flowers.     July — Oct.    (Centaurea  L.)  f 

2  A.  odordta,  a.  amboracea.  DC.  Yellow  Sweet  Sultan.  Lower  lvs. 
broadly  subspatulate,  dentate,  upper  lyrate  at  base ;  hds.  globous ;  ray-fls.  en- 
larged upwards,  longer  than  the  disk ;  pappus  chaffy,  a  little  shorter  than  the 
fruit. — From  Levant.  Leaves  scarcely  pinnatifid.  Flowers  yellow,  f  (Centaurea 
Buaveolens  Willd.) 

/3.  OLAUCA.    Lvs.  often  deeply  pinnatifid ;  flowers  purple,  f    (Centaurea  glauca 
WUld.) 

93.  CARTHAMUS,  L.  Saffron.  (Arabic,  qorthom^  to  paint ;  from 
its  coloring  property.)  Heads  discoid ;  involucre  imbricated,  outer 
bracts  foliaceous  ;  flowers  all  tubular  and  ^  ,  filaments  smooth  ;  pappus 
0  ;  receptacle  with  setaceous  pales  ;  achenia  4-angled. — Oriental  herbs. 

C.  tinctorluB  L.  St.  smooth ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  spi nous-denticu- 
late.— (D  Native  of  Egypt,  but  long  cultivated  in  other  lands  on  account  of  its 
orange-colored  flowers.  Stem  branching,  striate,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  subam- 
ploxicaul,  smooth  and  shining.  Heads  large,  terminal,  witii  numerous  long  and 
slender  flowers.  The  latter  are  useful  in  coloring,  and  as  a  nursery  medicine. 
July,  f 

94.  CNIXUS,  Yaill.  Blessed  Thistle.  (Gr.  Kvi^co,  to  prick  ;  well 
applied  to  these  herbs.)  Heads  discoid  ;  involucre  ventricous,  imbri- 
cate with  doubly  spinous  scales ;  ray -flowers  sterile ;  receptacle  very 


Ordkh  70.— COMPOSlTiE. 


467 


hairy;   pappus  in  3  series,   the    outer    lO-toothed,  the  3  inner  each 

lO-bristlod. — Oriental  lierbs. 

C.  benedictuB  L.  Lvs.  somewhat  decurrent ;  dentate  and  spiny ;  tavol.  doubly 
spinous,  woolly,  bracteatc. — 1)  Native  of  Perr^ia,  Tauria  an  J  Greece.  About  2f 
liigh,  with  yellow  flowers.  Sparingly  naturalized.  June. — It  was  formerly  in 
great  estimation  in  medicine,  but  is  now  considered  worthless.  +  § 

95.  ONOPOR'DON,  Vaill.  Cotton  Thistle.  Ileads  discoid,  lionio- 
gamous;  involucre  ventricous,  imbricate  with  spreading,  spinous  scalus; 
receptacle  deeply  alveolate;  pappus  copious,  capillary,  scabrous;  aclic- 
iiia  4  angled. — Large,  branching  herbs,  with  decurrent  leaves. 

O.  acanthium  L.  Invol.  scales  spreading,  subulate ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  decurrent, 
sinuate,  spinous,  woolly  on  both  sides. — @  This  tine  looking  thistle  occurs  natiir- 
alized  in  waste  grounds,  and  is  about  3f  in  height.  The  whole  plant  hasa  whiti', 
cottony  appearance.  Stem  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves,  which  are  unusually 
large.     Involucre  round,  cottony,  spinous.     Flowers  purple.    July,  Aug.    g  Eur. 

96.  CIR  SIUN,  Tourn.  (Cnicus  L.  Mulil.)  Thistle.  (Gr.  Kifjoor, 
a  swelling  of  a  vein,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  heal.)  Ileads 
discoid,  homogamous ;  involucre  subglobous,  of  many  rows  of  spi- 
nous-pointed,  imbricated  scales ;  receptacle  bristly ;  style  scarcely 
divided ;  pappus  copious,  plumous ;  achenia  compressed,  smooth. — 
Herbs  with  alternate  lvs.,  generally  armed  with  spinous  prickles.  FIs. 
cyanic. 

♦  Leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem  more  or  loss.    Scales  tipped  with  spines Noa.  1,  2 

•  Leaves  not  decurrent. — Heads  involucrato  with  a  whorl  of  12  to  20  spiny  bracts No.  .3 

— Heads  naked. — Flowers  ochroleuccnis.     Scales  i)rickiy No.  4 

— FIs.  purple. — Lvs.  wliite-toinentous  beneath. .Nos,  ,"■) — 7 

— Lvs.  green. — Stem  low,  simple.. Nos.  ^,  9 

—Stem  tall,  branched.  "10-12 

1  C.  lanceolatum  Scop.  Common  Thistle.  Lvs.  decurrent,  pinnatifid,  hispid, 
the  segments  divaricate  and  spinous;  hds.  several,  ovoid,  villous;  scales  lanceolate, 
tipped  with  a  spine,  spreading. — ®  Common  in  borders  of  fields,  roadsides,  N. 
Eng.  and  Mid.  States,  always  distingiiished  by  the  decurrent  leaves.  St.  3  to  4f 
high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves  which  are  white  and  woolly  beneath, 
armed  with  formidable  spines  at  ail  points.  FIs.  numerous,  large,  purple.  Invol. 
scales,  webbed,  each  ending  in  a  spine.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  C.  Lecontii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Slender,  simple,  tvith  one  head;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate, 
more  or  less  decurrent,  with  a  few  spinous  teeth,  glabrous  above,  white-floccous 
beneath,  invol.  ovoid,  araciinoid  when  young;  scales  not  spinous,  merely  muero- 
nate  or  acuminate-pointed. — Ga.  to  La.  St.  about  2f  high.  lid.  large,  (T  or 
more  diam.)  terminal. 

3  C.  horridulum  Mx.  Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  acutely  cut,  spinous ;  hds.  invested 
with  an  external  invol.  of  about  12  to  20  ve7-y  spinous  brads;  scales  sharp-pointed, 
but  unarmed. — (g)  Found  in  meadows  and  hills,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.  St,  1  to  3f  high, 
invested  with  wool.  Lvs.  somewhat  clasping,  woolly  and  hairy,  armed  witli  stiff 
Bpinea  Hds.  large  (1'  diani.),  with  yellowish  white  corollas,  the  scales  webbed. 
Aug. 

/3.  Elliotth.  Corollas  purple,  2' long.    Bracts  about  12. — South  (Elliott).    Fla., 
near  Quincy. 

4  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  &  Gr.  White-tuiiiontous ;  lvs.  rigid,  pinnately  parted,  mar- 
gins revolute,  segm.  long,  linear,  toothed  or  entire,  spinous;  hds.  axillary;  scales 
arachnoid,  acuminate,  tipped  with  a  weak,  spreading  prickle. — Sandy  lake  shores, 
Mich,  and  Can.  "West.     Cor.  ochroleucous.     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  C.  discolor  Spreng.  Lvs.  sefsile,  pinnatifid,  rough-haired,  downy  beneath, 
segm.  2-lobed,  divaricate,  spinous;  invol,  globous,  the  scales  ovate,  appreased, 
with  spreading  spines  at  the  tip. —  @  A  slender  thistle  3  to  5f  high,  much  branch- 
ed and  leafy  at  the  summit,  found  in  tiiickets,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  Hds,  terminating 
the  branches,  1'  diam.,  with  reddish  purple  corollas,     JJ.  Aug. 


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Obdeb  70.— composite 


6  C.  altlBsimum  Spreng.     Tall,  branched,  villous-pubescent,  leafy  to  the  top ;  hs. 

whitish  beneath,  spiuous-ciliatc,  sessile,  lanceolate  oblong,  often  sinuate-dentate,  lower 
undivided  or  pinnatiiid  petiolate,  lobes  or  teeth  spinescent.  Hds.  large,  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  outer  one  with  a  spreading  spine  at  apex. — Fields  and  barrens, 
Penn.  and  W.  States,  comraoa  St.  3  to  8f  high.  Lvs.  6  to  8,  by  1  to  6'.  Hds. 
about  1'  diatn.,  with  linear-lanceolate  bracts  at  base.  Fl.  purple  or  purplish 
white.     Aug. 

7  C.  Virgini^num  Michx.  Slender,  mostly  simple,  and  naked  above;  lvs. 
sessile,  lanceolate,  margin  revolute,  entire  or  repand-dentate,  teeth  spinescent,  or 
sometimes  remotely  sinuafe-iobed  or  piunutifid,  upper  surface  glabrous,  under 
surface  tomentous-canescent ;  hds.  small;  wfoi.  subglobous;  scales  tipped  with  a 
short,  spreading  prickle. — Woods,  Ohio,  and  S.  States.  Fiant  about  the  size  of  the 
Canada  thistle,  clothed  with  an  arachnoid  pubescence,  with  few  or  many  heads 
(sometimes  but  one)  which  are  about  ^'  diam.  Flowers  purple.  Apr. — Sept. 
(Carduus,  L.  Cnicus,  Ph.) 

8  C.  repdndum  Mx.  Arachnoid  when  young ;  lvs.  crowded  to  the  top,  at  length 
groen  both  sides,  clasping  ohlong-linear ,  undulate,  spmous-ciliate ;  hds.  1  or  2; 
scales,  outer  ovate-lanceolate,  inner  subulate-acuminate. — Barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 

9  C.  pumiluxn  Spreng.  Hairy;  lvs.  few  above,  green  on  both  sides,  clasping, 
ohhng-lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  segm.  irregularly  lobed,  ciliate,  spinous ;  hds.  few, 
very  large,  subtended  by  1  to  5  bracts ;  invol.  round-ovate,  spinous. —  @  A  common, 
low,  turgid  thistle,  in  roadsides,  pastures,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  St.  1  to  2f 
higii,  stout,  striate,  with  1  to  3  very  large  heads  of  fragrant,  purple  fls.  Aug. 
(Cnicus  odoratus  Muhl.) 

10  C.  mClticuin  Mx.  Lvs.  pinnatifid  with  divaricate  segments ;  hds.  on 
naked  peduncles  without  bracts;  invol.  ovoid  with  unarmed,  villous-arachnoid, 
glutinous  scales. —  <$)  A  fine  looking  thistle  found  in  damp  soils.  Can.  and  U.  S. 
St.  branching,  3  to  7f  high.  Lvs.  armed  with  spines  at  each  angle.  Eds.  1'  diam., 
with  deep  purple  corollas,  the  scales  webbed  and  glutinous  on  the  back.  Aug., 
Sept. 

LI  C.  glaber  Nutt.  Tall,  slender,  nearly  glabrous;  lvs.  lance-linear,  rigid,  with 
spinescent,  divaricate  segmeuts,  the  lower  slightly  decurrent;  hds.  naked,  on  leafless 
stalks;  scales  setaceously  inucronate,  strongly  keeled,  almost  glabrous,  the  inner 
attenuate-acuminate. — N.  Jer.  to  Ga.  St.  very  smooth,  angled,  3  to  5f  high.  L"s. 
minutely  arachnoid  beneath.  lids.  6"  diam.,  truncate  at  base.  Fls.  purple.  Jl. 
Sept. 

12  C.  arv^nse  Scop.  Canada  Thistle,  Cursed  Thistle.  Lvs.  sessile,  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  wavy,  spmous;  st.  panicled;  hds.  numerous,  small,  invol.  round  or 
ovate,  tvith  minute  spines,  scales  close-pressed,  ovate-lanceolate. — y  Common  in 
fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places,  N.  Eng.  to  W.  States,  very  troublesome  to  the 
farmer.  Root  creeping,  long  and  tenacious  of  life.  St.  3f  high,  with  a  branching 
panicle  at  top.  Hds.  small  (4  to  5"  diam.)  purple,  the  involucre  nearly  thornless, 
and  is  the  only  part  of  the  plant  that  can  be  safely  handled.     JL  §  Eur. 

97.  LAPTA,  Tourn.  Burdock.  (Lat.  lappa,  a  burr,  from  Gr.  Xa(3etv^ 
to  lay  hold  of;  a  characteristic  term.)  Heads  discoid,  homogamous;  invo- 
lucre globous,  the  scales  imbricated  and  hooked  at  the  extremity  ;  re- 
ceptacle bristly  ;  pappus  bristly,  scabrous,  caducous. — (g)  Coarse,  Euro- 
pean herbs.     Lvs.  alternate,  large. 

L.  m^jor  Gaert.  Lvs.  cordate,  unarmed,  petioled. — Common  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds,  fields.  N.  Eng.,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Each  plant  is  a  large,  coni- 
cal, ill-scented  and  coarse-looking  mass  of  vegetation,  surmounted  by  a  branching, 
irregular  panicle  of  ovoid  heads  with  tubular  corollas  of  an  exceedingly  delicate 
pink  color.  The  leaves  are  very  large,  with  wavy  edges.  It  has  a  wonderful  de- 
sign for  the  dispersion  of  its  seeds.  The  scales  of  the  involucre  all  end  in  a  mi- 
nute, firm  hook,  which  seizes  hold  of  everything  that  passes  by.  JL,  Aug.  §  Eur. 
(Arctium  Lappa  L.) 

3.  Leaves  pinnatifid. — Penn.  (Darlington). 


Ordbu  70.— C0MP(3SIT^. 


409 


Suborder    II.     LIGULIFLOR.^. 

98.  LAMPSA'NA,  Toum.  Nipple- wort.  (Gr.  XaTrrto,  to  purge; 
**  Lapsana  greatly  relaxes  the  body,"  says  Pliny.)  Heads  radiant,  8  to 
12-flowered ;  involucre  cylindrical,  angular,  scales  8,  erect,  in  one  row, 
with  2  or  3  nninute  bractlets  at  base ;  receptacle  naked ;  achenia  gla- 
brous ;  pappus  0. — Slender,  oriental  herbs,  with  small,  yellow  hds.  in 
paniculate  corymbs. 

L.  commftnia  L.  St.  branchea,  punicled,  leafy;  Ivs.  ovate,  petiolato,  dentate; 
ped.  cylindrical;  invol.  angular  in  fruit.—  ®  Waysides,  Can.  East  (Hook).  Nea» 
Boston  (Oakes).  § 

99.  APOXON,  Ell.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  rrwywr,  beard ;  as  destitute 
of  pappus.)  Heads  radiant ;  involucre  scales  ovate,  acuminate,  about  8, 
in  2  rows;  receptacle  naked;  achenia  glabrous,  oval,  longitudinally  12- 
striate ;  pappu.  0. — (D  Herbs  glabrous  and  glaucous,  branched  from  the 
base.     Lvs.  alternate,  lanceolate.     Hds.  small,  yellow. 

A.  hiimilis  Ell.  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  small,  slender,  suiooth  plant,  com- 
mon in  sandy  soils.  Sts.  3  to  12'  high,  trichotomously  branched  above.  Lvs. 
varying  from  lance-linear  to  linear,  and  from  entire  to  lyrate-lobed,  the  radical 
tapering  to  a  petiole.  Hds.  few,  small,  the  fls.  spreading  about  3'.  Mar. — Jn. 
(A.  lyratum  Nutt.     A.  gracilis  DC.) 

100.  CICHO'RIUM,  Toum.  Succory.  (The  Egyptian  name  chi- 
koaryeh,  whence  Gr.  Kix(^pTi,  and  Eng.  succory.)  Involucre  doul)le,  the 
outer  of  5  leafy  scales,  the  inner  of  about  8  linear  ones  ;  receptacle 
chaffy ;  pappus  scaly  ;  achenia  not  rostrate,  obscurely  6-sided. — Orien- 
tal herbs  with  bright  blue  fls.,  about  20  in  a  head. 

1  C.  intybuB  L.  Fls.  in  pairs,  axillary,  sessile;  lower  lvs.  nincinatc. — U  Plant 
2 — 3f  high,  with  large,  showy,  sky-blue  flowers,  in  grass  fields,  by  roadsides,  com- 
mon in  many  localities.  Stem  round,  with  few  long  branches,  rough.  Tiio  upper 
leaves  become  cordate  acuminate,  sessile,  inconspicuous,  only  the  radical  ones 
runcinate.  The  flowers  are  1 — 2'  diam.,  and  placed  rather  remote  on  the  long, 
nakedish  branches.  Corollas  flat,  5-toothed.  The  root  is  used  in  France  as  a 
substitute  for  coflee.     July — Sept.  §  Eur. 

2  C.  Endivia  L.  Endive.  Ped.  axillary,  in  pairs,  one  of  them  elongated 
and  1-headed,  the  other  very  short,  about  4-headed ;  hds,  capitate. — A  hardy  an- 
nual, esteemed  and  cultivated  for  salad.    Also  a  remedy  for  jaundice,    f  E.  Indies. 

101.  KRIG'IA,  Schreb.  Dwarf  Dandelion.  (To  Dr.  Daniel  Krieg, 
a  German  botanist  who  traveled  in  this  country.)  Involucre  man\- 
leaved,  nearly  simple,  equal ;  receptacle  naked  ;  achenia  turbinate,  stri- 
ate, 6-angled ;  pappus  double,  consisting  of  5  broad,  membranous  scales 
alternating  with  as  many  slender,  scabrous  bristles. — (D  Acaulescent 
herbs.     Hds.  solitary,  with  20  to  30  yellow  fls. 

1  K.  Virginica  Willd.  Early  radical,  lvs.  round-spatulate,  subeutira,  the  later 
lvs.  lance-oblong,  angular-toothed,  or  lyrate-pinuiatifid ;  heads  solitary,  on  scapes 
finally  longer  than  the  leaves,  glabrous. — Dry,  sandy  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.  Leaves 
all  radical.  Scapes  2 — 10'  high,  bearing  each  a  small  head  of  deep  yellow  flowers. 
Late  flowering  specimens  show  many  scapes  branched  from  the  base.  (K.  dicbo- 
toma  Nutt.)    May — Aug. 

2  E.  Carolinidna  Nutt.  Lvs.  lyrate-pinnatifid,  with  irregular,  oval  or  angiUar 
segments,  the  terminal  one  roundish  and  largest,  primary  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  few- 
toothed  or  entire,  scapes  always  simple,  solitary  at  first,  finally  several  1 -flowered. 
^Dry,  sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Scapes  1  to  4'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  a* 
long,  rosulate.     Fls.  spreading  4  to  6".    Feb.— May. 


i       I; 


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470 


Obdeb  70.— composite 


102.  CYNTHIA,  Don.  (One  of  the  names  of  Diana;  fancifully  ap- 
plied to  this  genus.)  Involucre  nearly  simple,  of  equal,  narrow  scales ; 
receptacle  flat,  alveolate ;  pappus  double,  the  outer  minute,  scaly,  inner 
copious,  capillary ;  achenia  short. —  21  Lvs.  alternate  or  all  radical.  Hds. 
with  15  to  -0  yellow  flowers. 

1  C.  Virginica  Don.  St.  few-leaved,  branched  above;  lvs.  oval  and  lance-oval, 
entire  or  remotely  toothed,  rarely  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  radical  on  winged  petio- 
les, cauliue  amplexicaul,  entire. — In  barrens  and  dry  soils,  Western  N.  Y.  to  111. 
smooth  and  glaucous.  St.  1  to  21"  higii,  often  diehotoiuoualy  divided,  with  1  to  2 
clasping  leaves  at  the  forks.  Radical  lvs.  3  to  5'  long.  lids,  terminal  on  tlio 
bracteato  and  subuuibellate  peduncles,  witli  deep  yellow  flowers.  Scales  united 
at  nase  in  a  somewhat  double  series.     May — Jl.     (Krigia,  Nutt.) 

2  C.  Dandelion  DC.  Acuulescent ;  scapes  leafless,  simple,  l-flowered;  Iva.  elon- 
gated, iance-liuear,  entire  or  remotely  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid,  the  primary  Iva. 
oblong-spatulate. — Low  grounds,  Md.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.  Scapes  G  to  18'  high,  sev- 
eral from  the  same  root.  Lvs.  some  of  them  nearly  as  iong  as  the  scapes,  more 
geuei'ally  entire;  when  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  are  2  or  3  on  each  aide,  triangular. 
A  variety  in  the  mountainous  districts  produces  at  length  a  short,  decumbent 
stem.     (Hyosiris  niontana  Mx.     C.  lyrata  Nutt.) 

103.  LEONTODON,  L.  Autumnal  Hawkbit.  (Gr.  At'wv,  a  lion, 
66ovg,  a  tooth  ;  in  reference  to  the  toothed  leaves.)  Involucre  imbri- 
cate, the  outer  scales  very  short ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  plumous, 
persistent  on  the  somewhat  rostrate  achenia. — Acaulescent  herbs  with 
yellow  fls.,  many  in  a  head,     (.\parcfia,  Willd.) 

Ii.  autunm&lis  L.  Scape  branching;  pcd.  scaly,  lvs.  lanceolate,  dentate-pinnat- 
itid,  smootHish. — Connnon  iu  the  eastei-n  parts  of  N.  Eng.,  grass  lauds  and  road- 
sides. Fls.  simulating  tlie  dandelion.  Rt.  large,  abrupt,  scape  round,  striate, 
hollow,  decumbent  at  base,  G  to  18  high,  with  a  few  branches  and  scattered 
scales.  Lvs.  spreading,  6'  long,  with  deep,  round  sinuses,  and  covered  with  re- 
mote hairs.     Uds.  I'  diam.     Jl. — Nov.  §  Eur. 

104.  TRAGOPO^GON,  L.  Vegetable  Oyster.  (Gr.  rpdyog,  a  goat, 
TTG)y(i)v,  a  beard  ;  in  allusion  to  the  tawny,  showy  pappus.)  Involucre 
simple,  of  many  leaves ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  plumous,  achenia 
longitudinally  striate,  contracted  into  a  long,  tiliibrm  beak. — (g)  Euro- 
pean herbs,  with  long,  linear,  grass-like  lvs. 

T.  porrifdliUB  L.  Involucre  much  longer  than  the  corolla ;  lvs.  long,  linear, 
undivided,  straight;  pod.  thickened  upwards.  St.  3  to  4f  high.  Fls.  terminal, 
solitary,  large,  bluish  purple.  Cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  root,  which  is  long, 
tapering  and  nutritious.  When  properly  prepared  it  has  a  mild,  sweetish  taste, 
which  has  been  compared  to  that  of  the  oyster.  ^  §  in  W.  N.  Y. 

105.  HIERA'CIUM,  Tourn.  Hawkweed.  (Gr.  Upa^,  a  hawk ;  sup- 
posed to  strengthen  the  vision  of  birds  of  prey.)  Involucre  more  or 
less  imbricated,  ovoid,  many-flowered  ;  scales  very  unequal ;  achenia 
not  rostrate  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  copious,  tawny,  fragile  bristles. — 
21  Lvs.  alternate,  entire  or  toothed. 

•  Heads  40  to  50-fl()wero(l.     Involucre  more  or  less  inibviciitcd Nos.  1,3 

*  Heada  12  to  SO-ttowcred.     Involucre  simple. — Aelienvi  contracted  at  the  top Nos.  3, 4 

—  Aclienia  not  contracted  upward.s..  .Nos.  5,8 

1  H.  Canadense  Mx.  St.  erect,  subvillous,  leafy,  many-flowered ;  lvs.  sessil(\ 
lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  divaricately  and  acutely  dentate,  the  upper  ones 
somewhat  amplexicaul,  with  an  obtuse  lase;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal, 
corymbous,  downy ;  invol.  strongly  imbricated. — In  open  dry  or  rocky  woods,  N. 
Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Can.  Stem  stout,  1 — 2f  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  pe- 
duncles downy  but  not  glandular.  Leaves  somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy.  Heads 
large  and  showy,  yellow  Involucre  sometimes  with  a  few  glandular  hairs.  Aug. 
(H.  Kalmii  Spreng.) 


Order  70.— COMPOSITJE. 


471 


2  H.  scabrum  Mx.  St.  leafy,  scabrotia  ami  hispid ;  Ivs.  elliptic-obovate,  soabrntKi 
and  hirsute,  entire  or  the  lower  slightly  dentate ;  ped.  thick,  anrf  wiih  the  n,vol. 
densely  gUmduUir-hiapid ;  hda.  40 — 50-Ho\vereii. — Dry  hilla,  borders  of  woods, 
Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Stem  1 — 3f  higli,  round,  striate,  rather  stout.  Lower 
leaves  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  subacute,  often  purplish  as  well  as  the  stem. 
Heads  large,  with  yellow  flowers.     Achenia  obtuse  at  apex,  brigiit  red.     Aug. 

3  H.  longipihim  Torn  Plant  demdy  piloiis  with  long,  straight,  ascending,  bristly 
hairs;  st.  strict,  simple,  sraoothish  and  nearly  leafless  above ;  Ivs.  crowded  on 
the  lower  pnrt  of  the  stem,  ol)long-lanceolate,  attenuated  at  the  base,  entire ;  lids. 
glandular-tomentou!4  or  hispid,  20 — liO-liowend,  in  a  small,  terminal  panit-le. — 
Barrens  and  prairies,  W.  States.  Plant  1 — 2f  high,  remariiable  tor  the  long  (G  ') 
brownish  hairs  with  which  tho  lower  part  is  thickly  clothed.     July — Sept. 

4.  H.  Gronovil  L.  St.  Imfy,  hirsute,  paniculate;  invol.  ami  pidicels  gliuidiilar- 
pilous;  radical  Ivs.  ohovaio  ov  oblancoolato,  entire,  or  denticulate,  slrigous. //;^ 
midvein  beneath  very  villous;  upper  ones  oblong,  closely  P's.'^ile,  ach.  'JO  to  .'lit, 
contracted  above. — Dry  hills.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  1  to  3t;  furnished  witli  a  tew 
leaves  below,  naked  above  and  bearing  a  narrow,  elongated  panicle.  l,ower  leaves 
taj)oring  into  a  long  stalk.  Flowers  yellow,  on  glandular,  slender  pedicels.  Ache- 
nia tapering  upwards  from  tlio  middle,  but  not  rostrate.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  H.  venosiim  L.  Scape  or  st.  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  smooth,  paniculate ; 
Ivs.  obovate,  somewhat  acute,  entire,  a  little  hairy  above,  nearly  glabrous  beneatli, 
ciliate  on  tho  margin,  veins  colored ;  invol.  glabrous,  about  20-flowered  ;  ach. 
linear. — In  woods,  &c.,  N.  Eng.  to  W.  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  higii,  dark  brown, 
slender.  Panicle  diiVuse,  several  times  dichotomous,  corymbous.  Heads  rather 
large,  ou  slender  pedicels,  with  bright  yellow  tlowers.     Jl.,  Aug. 

€  H.  panicul&tum  L.  St.  slender,  leafy,  diffusely  pariculate.  whitish  pubescent 
below ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous,  memljranaceous,  ac  ute,  with  remote  spreading 
teeth,  or  enMre ;  panicle  ditTuso;  ped.  very  sleudur ;  hds.  10 — 20-Jtowered. — A 
smooti),  slender  plant,  in  damp  woods.  Can.  to  Ga.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  .several 
times  dichotomous.  Leaves  thin,  2 — 4'  long.  Heads  small,  numerous,  with  yel- 
low flowers.  Pedicels  long  and  filiform,  forming  a  very  dilluse  panicle.  Aug. — 
It  is  not  easy  to  determine  tiio  exact  limits  of  the  last  three  t^pecies.  A  thorough 
revision  of  tho  genus  will  probably  reduce  them  to  one,  viz.,  H.  Gronovii. 

106.  CATANANTHE,  L.  (Gr.  tcard,  dvdjKr]^  from  necessity  ;  it 
must  necessarily  be  adniirod  ?)  Involucre  imbricated,  scariou.s  ;  recep- 
tacle paleaceous ;  pappus  paleaceous,  5-leaved ;  pales  awned. — (1)  Orien- 
tal herbs,  Avith  alternate,  lanceolate  Ivs. 

C.  cceriilea  L.  Lvs.  linear  lanceolate,  villous,  somewhat  bipintratifid  at  base ; 
lower  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  mucronate. — From  S.  Europe.  A  handsome 
annual,  2  to  3f  high.  Hds.  solitarj',  on  long  peduncles,  with  blue  spreading, 
ligulate  corollas  toothed  at  apex.     Jl. — Sept.  f 

107.  NAB'ALUS,  Cass.  Drop  Flower.  (A  barbarous  name.)  In- 
volucre cylindric,  of  many  linear  scales  in  one  row,  caJycuiate  with  a 
few  short,  appressed  scales  at  base  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  Copious, 
capillary,  brownish,  2-rowed,  persistent ;  achenia  not  beaked,  smooth, 
striate. — Erect  herbs  with  a  thick,  tuberous,  bitter  root.  lids.  6  to  18, 
flowered,  not  yellow,  although  often  straw-colored.      (Prenanthes  L.) 

f  Heads  pendulous,  glabrous.     Leaves  variously  lobed  or  sliaped.     (a) 

a  Dwarf  species  (6  to  10'  bigti)  native  of  liigh  mountains Nos.l,  8 

a  Tall  (2  to  5f  high).— Hds.  5  to  6-rtowered No.  3 

— Hds.  8  to  12-Howered. — Pappus  tawny No.  4 

— Papi>us  straw  colored Nos.  5,  i 

{  Heads  nodding  or  erect,  hairy.    Leaves  mostly  undivided,    (b) 

b  Heads  about  12-flowered.    Pappus  straw-color Nos.  7,  8 

b  Heads  about  25-flowered.    Pai)pus  tawny  or  dusky No.  9 

1  N.  Boottii  DC.  St.  simple,  dwarf;  lower  lvs.  subcordate  or  hastate-cordate,  ob- 
tuse, the  middle  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  mostly  entire ;  hds.  nodding,  racemed  ; 
invoL  10  to  18-flowered,  of  10  to  15  obtuse,  proper  scales  calyculate  at  the  base  with 
iaz  linear  scales  half  their  length;  pappus  straw-color, — White Mts.,  N.  H.,  and 


m 


f  ' 


Im.' 


i 


H 


472 


Ordkr  70.— composite 


Essex  Mt.,  N.  Y.     St.  5  to  8  high,  bearing  the  hda,  in  a  flubsimple  raceme.    F1& 
whitish  and  odorous.     Ji.,  Aug. 

2  N.  n^nus  DC.  St.  simple,  low,  smooth ;  Ivs.  on  slender  petioles,  the  lowest 
variously  lobed  or  parted,  tlie  others  successively  deltoid-hastate,  ovate  and  iauce- 
olato ;  hda.  in  small,  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  fornjiug  a  short,  racemoua 
panicle;  invol.  greenish-purple,  of  about  8  scales  and  10 — 12  tiowers;  pappus 
dingy  white. — White  Mts.,  N.  11.,  witli  No.  1,  where  we  find  it  with  the  same 
sportive  character  of  foliage  as  appears  in  other  species.  Stem  5 — 10'  high. 
Heads  with  whitish  flowers.     Aug.     (P.  alba.  /i.  nana  Bw.) 

3  N.  altfssimuB  Hook.  St.  smooth,  slender,  straight,  paniculate  above:  Ivs. 
more  or  less  deeply  3 — 5-clfft,  all  petiolate,  angular,  denticulate  and  rough-edged, 
the  lobes  acuminate ;  hds.  pendulous;  invol.  of  b  scales  and  about  5-Jiowered. — 
Tall,  with  cylindric,  yellowish,  nodding  fl(3wers,  in  woods,  Newfoundland  to  N. 
Eug.  and  Ky.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  bearing  a  narrow  and  elongated  panicle.  Heads 
in  short,  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Aug. 

f3.  0VATU8.     Cauline  Ivs.  nearly  all  ovate,  on  slender  petioles. 

■y.  C0RDATU8.     Lvs.  cordate,  on  slender  petioles.     (Prenanthes  cordata  Willd.) 

d.  DEiTOiDEUS.   Lvs.  deltoid,  acuminate,  acutely  denticulate.  (P.  deltoidea  Ell.) 

e.  DI98ECTUS.  Lvs.  mostly  3-parted  or  divided,  segments  entire  or  deoply  cleft 
into  2  Of  3  narrow  lobes. 

4  N.  dlbuB  Hook.  Lion's-foot.  Wiiite  Lettuce.  St.  smooth  and  somewhat 
glaucous,  corymbous-paniculato  above;  radical  lvs.  angular-hastate,  often  more 
or  less  deeply  lobed ;  stem  lvs.  roundish-ovate,  dentate,  petioled,  the  lobes  or 
leaves  obtuse ;  hds.  pendulous;  invol.  of  8  scales,  9 — 12-flo\vered;  pappus  brown. 
— Moist  woods  and  shades,  N.  Eug.  to  Iowa,  and  Can.  to  Car.  Stem  stout,  2 — 4f 
higii,  purplisii,  often  deeply  so  in  spots.  Leaves  very  variable,  all  irregularly 
toothed.     Scales  purplish.     Fls.  a  dingy  white.     Aug. 

/i.  Sebpentabia.  Radical  lvs.  palmate-sinuate,  those  of  the  stem  on  long 
petioles,'  with  the  middle  segment  3-parted;  upper  lvs.  lanceolate. — Has 
the  reputation  of  curing  the  rattlesnake's  bite.    (Prenanthes  serpentaria  Ph.) 

5  N.  Frdseri  DC.  St.  smooth,  corymbously  paniculate  above;  lvs.  subscabrous, 
hastate  or  deltoid,  often  pinnately  lobed,  on  winged  petioles,  the  upper  ones  lance- 
olate, subsessQe ;  invol.  of  about  8  scales,  8 — 12-fiowered  ;  pappus  straw-colored. — 
U  In  dry,  hard  soils,  Conn,  and  Mid.  States  (rare)  to  Fla.,  common.  Stem  2 — 4f 
high.  Leaves  as  variable  as  in  other  species,  sometimes  all  being  lanceolate,  with 
only  irregular  indentures  instead  of  lobes.  Jlcads  drooping,  with  purplish  scales 
and  cream-colored  corollas.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from  N.  albus  by  the  more 
lively  color  of  the  pappus.     Aug.    (P.  rubicaulis  Ph.) 

6  N.  virgdtUB  DC.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  slender  and  simple ;  lower  lvs.  sinuate- 
pinnutifid,  petiolate,  middle  ones  toothed,  sessile,  upper  entire  partly  clasping, 
gradually  reduced  to  the  minute,  subulate  bracts ;  hds.  clustered,  in  a  long  com- 
pound,  virgate,  somewhat  secund  raceme;  invol.  witli  about  8  scales  and  10  flow- 
ers; pappus-straw-colored. — A  remarkably  slender,  wand-like  species,  in  sandy 
soils,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  racemous  half  its  length.  Lvs.  gradually 
simplified  from  the  base  upward,  aa  in  most  of  the  species.     Sept.,  Oct. 

7  N.  rdcemosua  Hook.  Glabrous,  simple,  slender;  lvs.  all  undivided,  lower 
oval-lauceolate,  sharply  denticulate,  petiolate,  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  subclasping, 
entire ;  Jids.  in  nodding  fascicles,  arranged  in  a  long,  interrupteilly  spicate  panicle ; 
invol.  of  8  to  9  scales,  witli  9  to  ]  2  fls. ;  pappus  straw-color. — N.  J.,  N.  "W.  States 
and  Can.     St.  2  to  4f  high.     rls.  pale  red-purple. 

/?.  Lvs.  deeply  and  irregularly  pinnatitid, 

8  N.  daper  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  strict,  simple,  scabrous;  lvs.  simple,  scabrous-pubes- 
cent, dentate,  lower  ones  oblong-oval,  on  margined  petioles,  upper  lance-oblong 
and  lance-linear,  subentire,  sessile;  hds.  erect,  in  small  fascicles,  in  a  slender, 
elougoted,  compound  raceme;  invol.  strongly  hirsute,  of  7  to  10  scales  and  with 
11  to  14  fls. ;  pappus  straw-color. — Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  W.  States  (Dr. 
Skinner),  common.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  pubea- 
cent  or  glabrous.  Rac.  1  to  2f  long.  Fls.  ochroleucous.  Sept.  (N.  lUinoensis 
DC.) 

9  N.  crepidineua  DC.    Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  tall,  stout,  corymbously  paniculate ; 


Order  70.— COMPOSITiE. 


47U 


Ivs.  largo,  irregularly  toothed,  petioles  winged,  lower  ones  oblong-ovato,  aomewbat 
haaitate  or  deltoid,  upper  obloug-lauceolaiu ;  hda.  nodding,  iu  biiiiUl.  peduuculatu 
and  panicled  clusters;  invol.  fuiiry,  of  H  to  li  teaks,  witli  25  to  3j  jLi. ;  pappua 
tawny. — Fields  and  thickets,  W.  States.  One  of  the  larjrv.st  wperios.  Si.  5  to  8f 
bigh.  Lvs.  4  to  12  by  'ii  to  7  ,  obtuse  or  acute.  Hda.  large  but  not  uunioroua, 
with  brown  scales  and  yellowish  fla.     Aug. — Oct. 

108.  TROX'IMON,  Nutt.     (Gr.  rpoj^ifiog,  eatable;   applied  to  this 

genus  with   little  propriety.)     Heads  inauy-flowered ;    involucre  cam- 

panulate,  scales  loosely  imbricate,  lance-ovate,  membranous,  in  2  to  3 

rows;  achenia  oblong-linear,  compressed,  glabrous,  not  rostrate;  pappus 

setaceous,  copious,  white. —  U  Lvs.  all  radical.     Scape  bearing  a  single, 

large,  showy  hd.  with  yellow  fls. 

T.  cuspid^ltum  Ph.  Rt.  fusiform ;  lvs.  linear- lanceolate,  acuminate,  margins 
tomentous,  often  undulate ;  scales  acuminato-cuapidate,  erect,  smooth,  in  2  series, 
the  outer  nearly  equal  to  the  inner.  Prairies,  Wise.  (Lapham),  111.  (Mead.),  W. 
to  the  Rocky  \lts.  (Nuttall).     Apr. — Jn.     (T.  marginatum  Nutt.) 

109.  TARAX'ACUN,  Dcsf.  Dandelion.  (Gr.  rapdKTiKo^,  cathar- 
tic ;  from  its  medicinal  properties.)  Invohicro  double,  the  outer  of 
email  scales  much  shorter  than  the  iimer,  appressed  row  ;  receptacle 
naked ;  achenia  produced  into  a  long  beak  crowned  with  the  copious, 
white,  capillary  pappus. — Acaulescent  herbs,  with  runcinate  lvs. 

T.  Dens-lednis  Loss.  Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflexed;  lvs.  runcinate, 
smooth,  dentate. —  2^  In  all  open  situation,  blossoming  at  all  seasons  except  win- 
ter. Lvs.  all  radical,  the  tueth  or  lobes  bent  backwards.  After  the  flower  is 
closed  and  decayed,  the  hollow  scape  rises  higher  and  bears  a  head  of  fruit  full 
fledged,  the  airy,  globular  form  of  which  is  very  conspicuous  iu  the  tall  grass.  The 
leaves  in  Spring  furnish  an  excellent  pot  herb.  Apr. — Nov.  §  Eur.  (Leontodon 
Taraxacum  L.)     (Fig.  324.) 

110.  PYRRHOPAP'PUS,I>C.  False  Dandelion.  (Gr.  Trvppof,  flame- 
colored  ;  -rraTrTro?",  pappus.)  Involucre  double,  the  outer  row  numerous, 
loose  and  spreading ;  receptacle  naked ;  achenia  6-grooved,  at  length 
long-beaked,  bearing  a  copious,  soft  capillary,  reddish  pappus. — (T)  and 
1i  Hds.  solitary  on  long  peduncles,  large,  with  numerous  deep  yellow 
fls.     (Borkhausia,  Nutt.) 

P.  Carolini^nua  Dp.  St.  simple  or  branched,  scape-like;  lvs.  mostly  radical, 
lanceolate,  acute,  sinuate-toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnatitid,  some  or  all  of  them  often 
entire. — Fields  and  pastures,  very  common.  Sts.  witli  1  to  3  small  lvs.,  6  to  20' 
high.  Outer  scales  subulate-filiform,  inner  linear.  Ach.  oblong,  beak  filiform, 
longer  (7')  than  the  showy  pappus.  Hds.  in  fiower  18"  to  2'  broad,  turuing  lo 
the  morning  sun.     Mar. — Jl. 

111.  LYGODES'MIA,  Don.  (Gr.  Avyof,  a  wand,  deofxo^,  a  bond ; 
alluding  to  its  slender  habit.)  Involucre,  flowers,  (fee,  as  in  Nabalus, 
except  that  the  pappus  is  very  copious,  soft,  smooth,  whitish,  and  the 
corollas  rose-colored. — In  habit  remarkably  different  from  Nabalus,  with 
linear-subulate  lvs.  and  erect  hds.  on  long,  naked  peduncles.  (Prenan- 
thes,  Nutt.) 

L.  aph^Ua  DC.  St.  scape-like,  erect,  slender,  striate,  once  or  twice  forked  above; 
lvs.  Bearly  all  radical,  short,  linear-filiform. — Pine  woods,  Ga.,  Fla.  (Mettauer.) 
St.  2f  high.  Hds.  few,  cylindrical,  the  invol.  10  "  long;  cor.  showy,  exsertod 
about  the  same  length.     Root  lvs.  6  to  10'  long.    May. 

112.  LACTUXA,  Tourn.  Lettuce.  (Lat.  lac,  milk ;  from  the  milky, 
abundant  juice.)  Involucre  few-flowered,  scales  imbricated  in  2  or 
more  unequal  rows  ;  achenia  obcompressed  (flattened  same  way  as  the 


m 


:^^ 


n 


vi 


474 


Okdeh  70.— OOMPOtSlT.-E. 


m 


scales),  glabrous,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long,  filiform  beak  ;  pappus 
copious,  sort,  capillary,  white,  tngacious. — Herb^  with  leafy  stems  and 
paniculate  lids,  of  -'arious  colors.    (I'  ig.  333.) 

1  L.  graminifdlia  Mx.  St.  tereto,  simple,  strict ;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  entire,  or  the 
lower  sparingly  siuuaco-lobod,  the  lobes  turned  backwards ;  panicle  loose,  naked ; 
scales  6  to  9;  Jls.  20  or  more;  ach.  oval,  as  long  as  their  beaks  (2"). — Dry  soils, 
y.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  not  very  slender,  hollow.  Lvs.  partly  clasp- 
ing, 3  to  6  to  8'  long,  3  to  4''  wide.  Cor.  purple,  varying  to  white,  rarely  yellow. 
Ajir. — Sept. 

2  L.  Canadensis  L.  Trumpet  Milkweed.  Lvs.  smooth  and  polo  beneath,  am- 
plexicaul,  rwicinate-pinnatijid,  upper  lanctokite,  entire,  sessile;  hds.  nicemous- 
paniculiite ;  scales  low  ;  fls.  1 2  or  more. — A  comnjon  rank  plant,  growing  in 
heuge.s,  thickets,  where  the  soil  is  rich  and  damp.  St.  hoHow,  stout,  3  to  6f 
high,  often  purple,  bearing  a  leatles.s,  spreading  panicle  of  numerous  hds.  of  tis. 
Lvs.  very  variable,  tho  lower  6  to  12'  long,  commonly  deeply  r uncinate.  Corol- 
las yellow,  varying  to  purplish.  Achenia  oblong,  compressed,  about  the  length 
of  the  beak.     Jl.,  Aug. 

ji.  INTE0UIP0LI.\.     Lvg.   nearly  all  undivided,   lanceolate,   sessile,   the  lowest 
oRen  sagittate  at  base.     (L.  integrifolia  liw.     L.  sagiltifolia  Ell.) 

y.  SANOumEA.     Leaves  runcinate,  aniploxicaul,    mostly  pubescent,  glaucous 
beneath;  lis.  purple.     St.  2  to  3f  higii,  olten  purple.     (L.  sanguinarea  P.w.) 

3  L.  sativa  li.  Gauue.^i  Lettuce.  St.  carymhons ;  lvs.  suborbicular,  the 
cauline  ones  cordate. — (I)  Cultivated  for  salad.  Pl.iiit  with  very  smooth,  yellow- 
ish green  Ibliage,  which  in  one  variety  (capitata)  is  so  abundant  as  to  form  iieads 
like  the  cabbage.  Fls.  numerous,  small,  with  yellowish  corollas.  The  milky 
juieo  contains  opium,  hence  the  unpleasant  narcotic  efl'ects  when  eaten  too 
lru..'ly.  t 

113.  MULGE^DIUM,  Cass.  Wild  Lettuce.  (Lat.  m?/A7<?o,  to  inilk^ 
in  allusion  to  the  milky  juice.)  Involucre  many-lowered,  somewhat 
double,  the  outer  series  of  scales  short  and  imbricated  ;  receptacle 
naked,  faveolate ;  pappus  copious,  soft,  capillary,  crowning  the  short 
beaked  achenia,  which  are  compressed  contrary  to  the  scales. — Lvs. 
mostly  spimilous.  lids,  with  many  yellow  or  cyanic  fls.  (Sonchus, 
VVilld.     Agathyrsns,  Don.)     (Fig.  3;]2.) 

§  C(»rollas  blue.    Pappus  briglit  white Nor.  1,  2 

|j  t'oroUns  creuin-colored,  turning  purpiisli.     I'lippus  tiiwny N<>.  8 

1  M.  acumiudtu.in  DC.  Lvs.  orate,  acuviinate,  petiolate,  dentate,  undivided,  or 
the  radical  slightly  runcinate ;  hds.  loosely  paniculate,  on  somewhat  braeteolate 
peduncles;  ach.  slightly  beaked. — In  hedges  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Ind.  and  S. 
States.  A  smooth  plant,  3  to  Gf  high,  w  ith  the  stem  often  purplish.  Lvs.  3  to 
6  lung,  tho  lower  ones  often  deltoid-ho,8tato  or  truncate  at  base,  sinuate-denticu- 
late, narrowed  at  base  into  a  winged  petiole,  lids,  small.  Scales  dark  purple, 
with  blue  corollas.  Pappus  white  ou  tho  short-boaked,  ovate-acuminate  achenia. 
Aug.,  Sei)t. 

2  M.  Floridanum  DC.  Lvs.  runcinatdy  pinnate-parted;  eegm.  few,  serrate- 
dentate,  upper  ones  triangular,  acute  or  acumiuate ;  panicle  loose,  erect,  cora- 
))ound ;  ach.  Bhort-beaked. — W.  and  S.  States,  hedges  and  waste  grounds.  Plant 
svith  a  terminal  panicle  of  blue  (lowora  St.  3  to  Gf  high.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  long, 
variable  in  form.     lids,  small.     Rays  expanding  9  '.     Jl. — Sept. 

3  M.  leucophsbum  DC.  Lvs.  numerous,  lyrate-runcinate,  coarsely  dentate; 
hds.  paniculate,  on  squamous-bracteato  peduncles ;  pappus  tawny ;  cor.  yelloivish. — 
Moist  thickets,  N.  and  W.  States.  A  tall,  leafy  plant,  nearly  smooth.  St.  4  to 
lOf  high.  Lvs,  5  to  12'  long,  irregularly  divided,  tho  segm.  repand-toothed,  the 
radical  on  long  stalks,  the  upper  ones  bcssUo,  often  undivided.  lids,  small,  iu  a 
long,  slender  panicle.     Aug.,  Sept. 

114.  SONXHUS,  L.     Sow-TiiisTLE.      (Tho  ancient   name.)     Invo- 
lucre many-llowercd  imbricate,  of  numerous  unequal  scales,  at  length 


OaoBR  71.— LOBELIACEiE. 


475 


tumid  at  base;  receptacle  naked;  pappus  of  simple,  copious,  wliit<'- 
silky  hairs,  in  many  series :  achenia  compressed,  not  rostrate. — Lvs. 
mostly  spinulous.     Uds.  with  matiy  yellow  Us. 

§  Flowers  bright  yellow,  in  showy  lioads.     Achenia  angular.     Peronninl Xo.  1 

§  Flowers  pale  yellow,  iu  l.irgu  heatls.    Achenia  Hut.     Annual Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  arv^nsiB  L.  Root  creeping;  t^tom  glabrous,  erect ;  Iv.s.  runcinate-pin- 
uatilid,  spinulou3-dentatc',  cordate,  clasping  at  base,  witli  short  and  obtuso  auri- 
cles; panicles  umbellato-corymbous ;  ped.  and  invul.  hispid;  ach.  somewhat 
4-anglod,  ribs  transversely  rugulous. — Waste  jrrounds,  naturalized,  K.  Ma.ss.  and 
S.  N.  York,  rare.  St.  angular,  about  '2f  iiigh.  lids,  large,  witli  deep  yellow 
lis.  §     Eur. 

2  S.  asper  Vill.  Lvs.  cordate-amplexicaul,  ohlong -lanceolate,  unduUiU',  .spinulous- 
dentate ;  ped.  subuinbellato ;  ach.  oval-uhovaie,  '.i-rihbed  on  each  sitO: — iM)uii(i  in 
similar  situations  with  the  next,  but  less  common,  U.  S.  St.  1  1o  2f  hi^li, 
smooth  except  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  where  it  is  often  hispid-glandular. 
Lvs.  with  immerous,  short,  spiny  teeth,  wavy  or  .slightly  runeiuate,  the  upper 
ones  clasping  so  as  to  appear  perfoliate.  Scales  with  lew  scattered  hairs.  Aug., 
Sept.     (8.  spinulosus  Bw.     S.  Carolinianus  Walt.) 

3  S.  olerdceus  L.  Lvs.  sagittate-amjilericaul,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  subspinulous, 
dentate ;  ped.  downy;  invol,  at  lotigtii  smooth  ;  ach.  many-striate. — A  sordid  look- 
ing plant,  in  waste  ground,  among  rubbish,  &c.  Plant  of  a  glaucous  hue.  St. 
angular,  hollow,  fragile,  2  to  3f  in  height.  Lvs.  apparently  clasping,  %%  ith  Inrgo, 
retreating  lobes  at  base,  wavy  and  serrated  in  a  runcinate  manner,  the  teeth  end- 
ing iu  weak  spines.     Invol.  dilated  at  base,  with  yellow  corollas.     Sept.     §  Eur. 

SuBouDER    in.     LABIATIFLOR  Ji:. 

115.  CHAPTAXIA,  Vent.  (Dedicated  by  Ventenat  to  the  celebrated 
French  chemist  M.  Chaptal.)  Heads  radiate  ;  involucre  campanu'.atc  ; 
scales  in  few  series,  linear,  acute  ;  receptacle  naked ;  ray  flowers  $  , 
ligulate,  disk-flowers  ^ ,  but  sterile,  bilabiate,  lips  equal,  outer  3-,  inner 
2-parted  ;  achenia  glabrous  ;  pappus  capillary. —  li  Aeaulescent  herbs. 
Lvs.  all  radical,     lid.  solitary,  cyanic. 

C.  tomeiitdaa  Vent.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate  or  lance-oval,  on  a  short  petiole,  re- 
trorsely  denticulate,  clothed  with  a  dense,  white  tonientum  beneath ;  scape 
loosely  tomentous;  hd.  nodding  until  iu  flower,  thonco  erect  on  the  slender ,  sim- 
ple scape. — Moist  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  An  interefstiug  plant, 
alone  representing  the  suborder  Labiatjcfloras.  Lvs  2  to  i'  long,  G  to  15  '  v.'ide, 
often  subsessile,  the  upper  surface  at  first  arachnoid,  at  length  smooth.  Scape 
6  to  12'  high.  Rays  about  20,  rose-red  or  white.  Disk  florets  pale  yellow. 
Mar.,  Apr. 


'ill. 


f! 


■I  14 


M 


ii!  4i 


•■;| 


I  .f 


1*    <••  ^j 


M 


•4. 


t  fC 


Order  LXXI.     LOBELIACE^.     Lobeliadb. 


Herbs  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate,  cxst'ipulato  lvs.  and  scattered  fls. 
Calyx  6-lobed  or  entire.  Cor.  monopetalous,  irregular,  split  down  to  the  base  on 
one  side.  Stamens  6,  free  from  the  cor.,  united  into  a  tube  at  least  by  their  anthers. 
Ovary  adlierent  to  the  calyx  tube.  Style  I.  Stigma  surrounded  by  a  fringe,  Fruii 
a  capsule  2 — 3-(rarely  1-)  celled.     Seeds  numerous,  albuminous. 

Oenera  29.  specien  376,  most  abundant  in  countries  near  the  tropics,  as  W.  Indies,  Braiili 
Bandwicb  Islands,  but  cotnnion  alito  throughout  the  teuiperatc  zoacs. 

Properties.  The  species  of  Lobelia  are  more  or  less  poisonous.  The  milky  juice  Is  acrid  and 
narcotio,  producing  effects  similar  to  those  of  Tobacco.  L.  inilata  has  lonf{  been  conBi(U3rod  a 
remedy  for  spasmodic  asthma,  but  more  recently  is  adopted  in  the  ro(?ular  practice  of  the  "Bot- 
anic SchooK' of  Medicine  a.«  nn  onu'M<>,  expectorant  and  sudoriflc,  applicable  in  nuinorous  di*> 
eus<.<«.    Lilie  Aconite  and  other  medioiual  poisona,  It  is,  of  course,  to  be  used  with  caution. 


'»£ 


J 


476 


Order  71.— LOBELIACE^. 


1.  LOBE^LIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Matthias  de  T^obel,  physician  and 
botanist  to  James  I.)  Corolla  tubular,  irregular,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base 
on  the  upper  side,  upper  lip  of  2  separate  lobes,  lower  3-lobod  ;  stamens 
with  the  anthers  united  abo'e  into  a  curved  tube ;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  cap- 
sule opening  at  the  summit ;  seeds  minute. — Herbaceous  plants,  with 
the  fls.  axillary  and  solitary,  or  in  terminal,  bracted  racemes. 

^  Corolla  bright  red  or  scarlet,  large Nos.  1,  2 

^  Corolla  blue,  often  pale,  or  variegated  with  white.  (*) 

•  Calyx  lobes  auriculate  at  base  and  often  denticulate,  (a) 

a  Leaves  acute  or  somewhat  acutnintito Nos.  8—5 

,a  Leaves  obtuse  or  scarcely  acute Nos.  6,  7 

*  Calyx  lubea  not  auricled,  entire,  (b) 

b  Leaves  cauline, — denticulate.    Ftoir  simple Nos.  8,  9 

— denticulate.  8  em  branching.No.s.  10,  11 
— entire.    Stem  very  slender Nos.  12,  18 

b  Loaves  radical  or  nearly  so.    Stem  naked Nos.  14,  15 

1  L.  cardindlia  L.  Cardinal  Flower.  St.  simple,  glabrous;  Iva.  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, slightly  toothed,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile ;  fls.  in  a  terniinal,  bracted, 
secund  raceme ;  stam.  longer  than  the  corolla. — A  tall  species  frequent  in  mea- 
dows and  along  streams,  Can.  to  Car.W.  to  111.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  often  quite  glab- 
rous as  well  aa  the  whole  plant.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  8  to  15",  usually  denticulate. 
Fls.  on  short  pedicels,  few  or  numerous,  in  a  superb,  nodding  raceme.  Bracts 
linear-subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Cor.  deep  scarlet,  near  2'  in 
length.  Jl.,  Aug.  f — A  variety  from  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  has  the  leaves  all  entire. 
Another  var.  from  Mass.  has  white  corollas  with  more  narrow  segments. 

2  L.  fulgens  Willd.  Mexican  Cardinal  Flower.  St.  erect,  simple,  pu- 
bescent; lvs.  pubescent,  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate,  subentire  and  revoluto  at 
edge ;  raceme  many-flowered ;  stam.  the  length  of  the  corolla. — Cultivated.  Even 
superior  in  size  and  splendor  to  No.  1.  Stems  3  to  5f  high,  racemes  2  to  3f  long, 
f  Mexico.     (Banks  of  the  Mississippi,  Pursh.     Probably  an  error.) 

3  L.  syphilitica  L.  Blue  Cardinal  Flower.  Sc.  erect,  simple ;  lvs.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  somewhat  hirsute ;  rae.  leafy ; 
cal.  hispidly  ciliato,  with  the  siauscs  retiexed. —  y  A  showy  plant,  in  wet  mea- 
dows and  along  streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  more  common  in  the  W.  States.  Stem 
erect,  2 — 4f.  high,  simple,  angular.  Lvs.  acute  at  each  end,  hairy.  Fls.  1'  long, 
light  blue,  showy,  each  solitary  in  the  axil  of  a  lance-ovate  bract.     July. 

jS.  CANDIDUS.    Corollas  pure  white.   A  singular  variety  found  at  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  by  G.  M,  Wilbur ;  also,  Wayne  Co.,  by  E.  L.  Uankenson. 

4  L.  glanduldsa  Walt.  Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  simple ;  lvs.  linear-lance- 
olate, rather  acute,  sessile,  glandular-denticulate ;  fls.  few,  rather  large ;  cal.  tubo 
short,  hispid  or  pubescent,  lobes  lanceolate,  cordate  or  somewhat  auriculate  at 
base,  mostly  denticulate,  half  as  long  as  the  stamens,  tohich  are  but  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla. — 1[  In  damp  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  18'  to  2f  high.  Lvs. 
1  to  ii'  long.  Fls.  9"  long,  blue.  Pedicels  2  to  3''.  Varies  nmch  in  pubescence. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

5  L.  Ludovici^na.  ITispidly  pubescent,  strict,  erect,  simple ;  lvs.  small,  crowded, 
oblong-linear,  sessile,  strongly  denticulate;  fls.  subsessile;  cal.  truncate  at  bii,«e. 
densely  hispid,  segm.  ovate-acuminate,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  densely  Jim- 
briate-toothed, — La.  (Haie).  A  plant  widely  diiferent  from  the  foregoing.  Height 
1  to  2f.  Lvs.  loss  than  1'  long,  I  to  2"  wide,  aU  similar  (radical  not  seen).  Cor. 
blue,  8  to  9  "  long,  hispid. 

6  L.  leptdstachya  A.  DC.  Glabrous;  st.  erect,  virgate,  simple;  lvs.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  minutely-denticulate,  sessile;  _^.  subsessile,  small,  Tjo^Aecwnc^, in  a  long, 
slender  spike,  cal.  segm.  lanceolate-acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla; 
bracts  lance-linear,  denticulate,  longer  than  the  pedicels. — Prairies,  W.  Status  to 
La.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  4  to  8".  Rac.  6  to  12"  in  length,  the 
bracts  and  sepals  rather  conspicuous.  Fls.  light-blue,  about  4"  long.  Much  re- 
sembles L.  spicata.     Jl. 

7  L.  pub^rula  Mx.  Soft  puberulent;  st.  erect,  simple;  lvs.  ovate-oblong  or 
elliptical,  obtuse,  sessile,  repand-denticulate;  rac.  spicate,  secund;  Jis.  large;  caL 
ciliato,  the  segments  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  coroll:^ — U  Wet  grounds.  Ohio, 


Order  71.— LOBELIAOE.^. 


477 


lor 


Ponn.  to  Ga.  and  La.  St.  12 — 30'  high,  scarcely  furrowed.  Lts.  covered  with  a 
short,  downy  or  silky  pubescence,  1  to  2'  in  leuyth  and  half  as  wide.  Fls. 
twice  larger  than  in  No.  7,  on  very  short  pedicels,  each  solitary  in  the  axil  of  an 
ovate-lanceolate  bract,  forming  a  one-sided  raceme,  leafy  below.  Cal.  liuiry  at 
base.     Cor.  of  a  bright  purplish  blua     Jl. 

8  L.  amcena  Mx.  Erect,  simple,  glab.ous  (rarely  a  little  pubescent);  Ivs.  lanceo' 
late,  attenuated  at  each  end,  the  low»ir  petiolate,  repand-denticulate ;  tls.  large, 
secund ;  calyx-tube  abrupt  at  base,  very  short,  lobes  subulato  nearly  as  long  as 
the  corolla. — Ditches  and  damp  soils,  Va.  to"  Ga.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high,  with  numer- 
ous Hs.  of  a  bright,  blue.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  (4  to  6',  Nutt.)  long.  Corolla  about  10"  long. 
Differs  from  No.  7  in  its  pointed,  smooth  lvs.,  sepals  without  auricles,  &c.  I'edicels 
very  short.     Sept.,  Oct 

9  L.  spic^ta  Lam.  Puberulent ;  st.  erect,  simple ;  lvs.  oblong,  sessile,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, obscurely  denticulate,  radical  ones  spatulato ;  fls.  (small)  usually  crowded,  in 
a  long,  slender  raceme  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers,  or  entire,  subulate  bracts ; 
sep.  subulato,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — U  Fields  and  prairies,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  St.  li  to  2f  high,  somewhat  grooved,  few-leaved,  ending  in  a  spike-like 
raceme  6  to  10'  long.  Cor.  pale  blue,  3  to  4  "  long,  the  palate  bidentate.  Jl. — 
Sept. — Differs  from  No.  6  in  its  slender  pedicels,  absence  of  auricles,  ko.  (L. 
Claytonia  Mx.)  With  a  loose  fewer-flowered  raceme,  it  is  the  same  as  L. 
pallida  Muhl. 

10  L.  infldta  L.  Indian  Tobacco.  St.  hairy,  branched,  erect ;  lvs.  ovate-lancoo- 
late,  sessile,  serrate,  pilous ;  caps,  inflated. — (1)  In  fields  and  woods,  Can.  and  U. 
S.  Root  fibrous.  Stem  erect,  very  rough,  angular,  simple,  becoming  branched 
in  proportion  to  the  luxuriance  of  the  growth,  10 — 15'  high.  Leaves  elliptical, 
sessile,  liairy  and  veiny.  Flowers  in  leafy  spikes,  axillary,  peduncled.  (,'oi'ollu 
small,  pale  blue,  leaving  an  oval,  turgid  capsule  in  the  calyx.  Jl. — Sept. — This 
plant  is  much  renowned  in  Pharmacy.     See  remarks  under  the  order. 

11  L.  Boykinii  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  glabrous,  branched,  branches  ei-ect,  virgate;  lvs- 
linear,  erect,  glandular-denticulate;  fls.  on  slender,  flattened  pedicels  in  long, 
loose  racemes ;  cal.  turbinate,  with  lance-linear,  acuminate  segm. — Wet  soils,  Ga. 
and  Flo.     We  merely  saw  tiiis  species  in  the  herbarium  of  Dr.  Curtis. 

12  L.  Nuttallii  DC.  Glabrous ;  st.  erect,  very  slender,  almost  filiform,  subsim- 
plo ;  lvs.  few  and  remote,  subentire,  radical  linear-spatulate,  cnuline,  rather  acute ; 
fls.  few,  remote;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  corolla;  calyx-tube  almost  none. — An  ex- 
ceedingly slender  plant,  around  sandy  swamps,  L.  Isl.  to  Car.,  1  to  2f  high,  often 
branched.  Lvs.  6  to  12"  by  1  to  IJ".  Pedicels  3  to  10  '  long,  blue  as  well  as 
the  flowers.     JL,  Aug. 

13  L.  Kalmii  L.  Glabrous ;  st.  slender,  erect ;  radical  lvs.  spatulate,  stem  lvs. 
linear-lanceolate,  obtuse .  rac.  lax,  few-flowered,  leafy ;  pedicels  longer  tJian  the 
floiuer,  minutely  bracteolate;  cal.  tube  obovate. — A  small  and  delicate  species,  in- 
Bphagnous  or  rocky  banks  of  streams,  Me.  (Miss  Towle),  to  Niagara  and  Wis.  St. 
6  to  12'  high,  commonly  simple.  Lvs.  sessile,  1'  long  and  1  to  2  wide,  upper  onea 
entire,  lower  with  remote,  minute  teeth.  Fls.  remote,  axillary  to  bracts.  Cor. 
pale  blue,  the  3  lower  segments  obovate.     Aug. 

14  L.  paluddaa  Nutt.  Lvs.  linear-spatulate,  thickish,  obtuse,  petiolate;  scape 
with  a  few  small,  linear  bracts,  simple;  fls.  loosely  racemed,  pedicels  about  as 
long  as  the  calyx  segments. — In  bogs  Del.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Scapes  2  to  Sf  Lvs. 
few,  near  the  base,  5  to  10'  long,  5  or  6  '  wide,  slightly  glandular-crcnate.  Fls. 
pale  blue,  rather  larger  than  No.  13  (6  "  long).     Apr. — Jn. 

15  L.  Dortmdnna  L.  Lvs.  submerged,  tufted,  linear,  entire,  hollow  with  2  longi- 
tudinal cells,  short,  obtuse ;  scape  simple,  nearly  naked ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
remote,  pedicellate,  nodding. — If  A  curious  aquatic,  growing  in  ponds,  N.  States 
to  Ga.,  the  flowers  only  rising  above  the  water.  St.  erect,  hollow,  long,  bearing 
above  the  surface  a  raceme  of  3  or  4  remote,  pedicillate  flowers.  Lvs.  radical, 
erect,  recurved  at  the  top,  2'  long.  Fla.  pala  blue.  Caps,  half  free,  lipped  with 
tli«  style.    Jl. 


l-i 


II 


'^««c,. 


' »' 


■H 


1 


478  Obdbr  72.— CAMPANULACE^. 

16  L.  BryntiB  L.  Glabrous,  clender.  diflVise;  Ivs.  toothed,  the  lower  elliptt- 
cal,  petiolate,  the  upper  lance-linear ;  fls.  scattered,  small ;  cor.  blue  with  a 
white-palate ;  sepals  linear. — O  S.  Africa.    Pretty  i;i  pots,  f 

1 7  Ij.  Douglassii.  Glabrous,  sparingly  branched ;  st.  slender,  angular ;  Ivs. 
sessile,  ovate,  3-veined ;  ova.  sessile,  long-acuminate,  triangular,  contorted, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves;  cor,  blue,  with  a  wliite  spot  in  the  middle  of 
the  lower  lip. — Native  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  &c.  A  beautiful  annual,  with 
bright  blue  flowers,  f    (Clintonia,  Doug.    Downingia  elegans,  Torr.) 

Order  LXXII.     CAMPANULACE^.     Bellworts. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  witliout  stipules.  Flowers  mostly 
blue,  showy.  Calyx  superior,  generally  5-cleft,  persistent.  CoroUa  regular,  cara- 
panulate,  generally  5-cloft,  witliering,  valvate  in  aestivation.  Stamens  5,  free  from 
tlie  corolla;  anthers  distinct,  2-celled;  pollen  spherical.  Ovary  adherent  to  the 
calyx,  2  or  more  celled.  Style  covered  with  collecting  hairs.  Capsule  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal.     Seeds  many. 

Illust.  in  fig.  31S,  319. 

Genera  28,  species  600,  chiefly  abounding  In  tlie  northern  tempernto  lone  and  In  South 
Africa.  Of  its  500  species,  according  to  Alphonse  De  Candolle,  only  19  inhabit  the  torrid  zone. 
Tho  CampanulaceaB  are  interesting  chiefly  for  their  beauty,  being  destitute  oi  any  important 
Ivnuvv'u  properties. 

1.  CAMPAN'ULA,  Tourn.  (Lat.  campanula^  a  little  bell ;  from  the 
form  of  the  flowers.)  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft ;  corolla  cair.panulate,  or 
snbrotate,  5-lobe(J,  closed  at  base  by  the  broad,  valve-like  bases  of  the  5 
stamens  ;  stigma  3  to  5-cleft ;  capsule  3  to  5-celled,  opening  by  lateral 
pores. — Mostly  2J!.  Fls.  generally  in  racemes,  sometimes  spicatc,  or 
few  and  axillary. 

§  Corolla  rotate,  flat,  deeply  5-lobed,  arranged  in  leafy  spikes Nos.  1,  2 

§  Corollk  campanulate,  broadly  or  narrowly  (a) 
a  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  or  panicled  (b). 

b  Root  leaves  unlike  the  stem  leaves.    Corolla  large  (6  to  12"  broad) Nos.  3,  4 

b  Root  leaves  and  stem  leaves  similar.    Corolla  small  (2  to  6"  broad) Nos.  5,  6 

a  Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Stem  erect.    Gardens Nos.  7—9 

1  C.  Amexio^na  L.  St.  erect;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  uncinately  ser- 
rate, contracted  to  a  winged  petiole,  veins  often  ciliate ;  fls.  axillary,  sessile ;  style 
exserted,  decurved. — A  tall,  erect,  ornamental  species  in  copses,  woods,  &c. 
"Western  N.  T.  and  Penn.  to  111.,  common.  Also  cultivated  in  gardens.  St.  2  to 
3f  higli,  nearly  smootli.  Lvs.  ending  in  a  long  point,  smooth,  with  fine  teeth. 
Fls.  blue,  flat,  on  short  stalks,  or  sessile,  numerous,  solitary,  or  several  in  each 
upper  axil,  forming  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme.  Corolla  spreading.  Aug.  f  (C. 
acuminata  Mx.)  C.  Illinoensis  Frosen  (in  DC.)  is  a  branching  state  of  the  same 
plant. 

2  C.  planifldra  DC.  Very  glabrous;  st.  simple;  lvs.  sessile,  coriaceous, 
shining,  radical,  crowded,  ovate  or  t  Mvate,  obtuse,  crenulato,  caulino  linear-lauceo- 
late,  acute,  suberntire ;  fls.  in  a  spicate  raceme ;  cal.  lobes  ovate,  acute,  i^  a.s  long 
as  the  campanulate-rotate  corolla. — Native  about  Hudson's  Bay  (Pursb.)  A 
species  with  numerous  blue  fls.     Stem  about  a  span  high,  f     (C.  nitida  Ait.) 

3  C.  rotundifdlia  L.  Hark  Bell.  St.  weak,  slender;  radical  lvs.  ovate  or 
reniform-cordate ;  cauline,  linear,  entire ;  fls.  few,  nodding. — Fine  and  delicate, 
with  blue,  boll-shaped  fls.  On  damp  rocks,  rocky  streams,  N.  States  and  Brit. 
Am.  St.  a  foot  or  more  high,  smooth.  The  root  lvs.  generally  decay  on  the 
opening  of  the  flowers,  so  that  a  specimen  with  tlieso  (7  to  10"  by  4  to  7")  is 
rather  rare.  Cauline  lvs.  smooth,  linear,  2'  long  and  scarcely  a  line  in  width 
Fla.  terminal,  in  a  loose  panicle,  drooping.     Root  creeping,  perennial.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  C.  peraioifdlia  L.  St.  angular,  erect ;  lvs.  rigid,  obscurely  crenate-ser- 
rate,  radical  obtong-obovate,  cauline  lance-linear;  fls.  large,  broadly  campanulate. 
— A  beautiful  species,  native  of  Europe,  with  very  large,  blue  (varying  to  white) 
flowers.     Corolla  about  1'  .broad,  f 


Okdbb  73.— ERICACB^. 


479 


!  I 


5  C.  apf  rinoides  Ph.  St.  flaccid,  slender,  branching  above,  triangular,  the 
angles  inversely  aculeate;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  subentire;  fls.  terminal. — A  slender 
annual,  found  in  wet  meadows,  Can.  and  Wis.  to  Ga.  St.  12  to  18'  high,  ita  3 
angles  roHgh  backwards,  by  means  of  which  it  supports  itself  upright  among  the 
grass.  Lvs.  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  1  to  2'  in  length.  Fls.  broad,  belU 
shaped,  4''  wide,  white,  on  ihread-like,  flexuous  peduncles  at  the  top  of  the  stem. 
Ju. — Aug. 

jS.  ERlNOiuES.     Lvs.  elliptical,  less  than  1'  in  length;  fls.  smaller.     (C.  erinoi- 
des  Mx.) 

6  C.  divaric^ta  Mx.  Glabrous,  erect,  with  slcndor,  divaricate,  paniculate 
branches ;  lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  dentate  •  fls.  cain- 
panulate,  pendulous  on  the  slender  branchlots. — Rocky  woods,  along  the  Mts., 
Ky.,  Va.  to  Ga.  Plant  about  2f  in  height.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  6  '.  Corolla 
exactly  bell-shaped,  4  to  5"  broad,  its  segments  revolute.     Jl.,  Aug. 

7  C.  glomerata  L.  St.  angular,  simple,  smooth;  lvs.  scabrous,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, cordate-sessile,  lower  petiolato ;  ./is.  crowded  in  a  dense  Jiead ;  cat.  lobes  acum- 
inate, half  aa  long  as  the  funnel-shaptd  coroUa. — A  European  species,  cultivated 
in  gardens,  naturalized  at  Danvers,  Vt.  (Oakes.)  It  is  a  handsome  plant,  about 
2f  high,  with  numerous  bell-shaped  flowers  of  an  inttnse  violet-blue,  varying  to 
pale  purple.     In  cultivation  it  lias  many  varieties.  §  f 

8  C.  Medium  L.  Canterbury  Bells.  St.  simple,  erect,  hispid;  lvs. 
lanceolate,  obtusely  serrate,  sessile,  3-veined  at  base  ;  fls.  erect,  be'.l-shaped,  with 
an  obtuse  base. — <i)  An  ornamental  border  flower,  from  Germany,  and  of  the 
easiest  culture.  Root  biennial.  Stem  several  feet  in  height,  undivided,  rough 
with  bristly  hairs.  Flowers  very  largo,  the  base  broad,  limb  reflexed,  of  a  deep 
blue.  Several  varieties  occur  with  double  or  single  flowers,  of  blue,  red,  purplo 
and  white  corollas.     June — Sopt.  f 

9  C.  lanuginosa,  with  ovate,  crenate,  rugous  and  somewhat  woolly  lvs.  and 
'■ather  large  flowers,  acute  at  base,  is  sometimes  cult.,  and  also  a  few  other  specirs. 

2.  SPECULA^RIA,  Heist.  (Lat.  speculum,  a  mirror ;  alluding  to 
the  flower  of  S.  speculum.)  Calyx  6  lobcd,  tube  elongated;  corolla 
rotate,  6-lobtd ;  stamens  5,  distinct,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  filaments 
hai-y,  shorter  than  the  anthers;  style  included,  liairy ;  stigmas  3  ;  cap- 
sule prismatic,  3-celled,  dehiscing  in  the  upper  part. — (D  Fls.  axillary 
and  terminal,  sessile,  erect. 

1  S.  perfolidia  Lam.  St.  simple,  rarely  branched,  erect;  lvs.  cordate,  crenate, 
amplexicaul;  fls.  sessile,  aggregate,  axillary. — Plant  somewhat  hairy,  a  foot  high, 
found  in  flelds  and  roadsides.  The  strict,  upright  stem,  is  furnished  with  distant, 
short,  alternate,  heart-reniform,  veiny,  stem- clasping  leaves,  containing  1 — 4 
crowded  flowers  in  the  concavity  of  their  upper  surface.  Flowers  axillary  and 
terminal,  the  upper  clusters  larger.  Corolla  blue  or  purple,  with  spreading  seg- 
ments, calyx  seg.  acute,  lanceolate.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Campanula  amplexicaulis  Mx.) 

2  S.  Ludovici^na  Torr.  St.  at  length  producing  rMmarous  slender  branches ;  lvs. 
broad-ovate,  acute,  subentire,  sessile  or  slightly  amplexicaul;  fls.  axillary  and  ter- 
minal on  the  slender  branches. — La.  (Hale)  and  S.  Car.  (Curtis.)  Plant  similar  in 
size  and  appearance  to  No.  1,  but  ita  flowers  are  rather  smaller,  with  quite  slen- 
der ovaries. 

3  S.  speculum  L.  Venus'  Lookinq-qlass.  St.  diffuse,  very  branching; 
lvs.  oblong-crenato ;  fls.  solitary ;  scalen  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  sometimes 
wanting. — A  pretty  border  flower,  named  from  the  form  of  the  blue  corolla,  which 
reiembles  a  little,  round,  concave  mirror  (speculum).     Aug.  f 


Order  LXXIII.     ERICACE^.     Heathworts. 

Plants  shrubby  or  suRhiticoas,  sometimes  herbaceous  with  Lvs.  simple,  alternate 
or  opposite,  mostly  evergreen,  without  stipules.     Corolla  regular  or  somewhat  ir- 


'  i  i 


l\>  M 


V   '■   i 


480 


Ordbb  73. — ERICAOBL^. 


regular,  4  to  6-cleft,  the  petals  raroly  distinct     Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  tree,  bypogynous.      Anthers  2-celled,  generally  open  by  pores,  otlen 
appendaged.     FoUen  (except  iu  Moiiotropea;)  coujpouuded  of  4  united  grams.    Evi>- 
bryo  straight,  lying  in  the  axis  of,  or  iu  the  end  of  tleshy  albumen,     lllust  in  tigs 
38,  45,  110,  203,  320,  345,  350,  355. 

Gfriero  66,  specien  1086,  dispersed  throughout  all  countries,  but  comparatively  rore  In  the 
torrid  zone.  The  true  EricacciB  (Heaths),  are  cliiclly  natives  of  the  Cai)e  of  Good  Ilojie,  tliere 
beiii«  none  in  Asia,  New  Holland,  ond  but  ono  or  two  in  America.  The  Tribe  Vaccinete  ur« 
cliielly  natives  of  \.  America. 

Properties. — The  Ilcathworts  are,  In  general,  astringent  and  diuretic.  Some  of  them  yield  a 
stimulating  and  aromatic  resinous  matter.  The  Bearberry,  (Arctostuphylos  Uva-ursi)  is  a  well 
known  remedy  in  nephritic  ccnnplaiiits.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  astringent,  demulcent 
and  diuretic.  Similar  properties  .ire  also  possessed  by  the  Vipsissiwa  (Chimaphlia  uuibellata). 
The  s|tecie8  of  Rhododendron  and  Kalniia  are  pervaded  by  a  narcotic  principle,  rendering  them 
(particularly  their  leaves)  often  actively  poisonous.  The  lioney  collected  from  their  flowers  by 
the  bees  appears  so  have  been  so  to  some  of  the  soldiers  in  the  retreat  of  the  immortal  ten  thou- 
sand (Xcnophon's  Anabasis).  The  berries  of  the  VaccinciD  (Whortleberries,  Blueberries  and 
Cranberries,)  and  of  Gaultheria  procumbens  (spicy  Wintergreen)  are  escuic.t  and  wholt^ume. 

The  true  position  of  our  suborders  Cyilleie  and  Galaclnie  is  not  known.  We  follow  I)e  C'an- 
dollo  in  appending  them  to  Ericaccic  rather  from  convenience,  as  their  habit  certainly  points  to 
this  order. 

SUBORDERS  A\J)  GENERA. 

I.  VACCINE.iE.    Shntba.    Calyx  adherent.    Fruit  a  berry  crowned  by  the  calyx  teeth.  (♦) 

*  Erect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  10-seeded  fruit Gaylussacia.  1 

*  Erect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  oo -seeded  fruit.    No  resinous  dots. .  Vaccinipm.  2 

*  Trailing  shrubs.    CoroHa  deeply  4-cleft, — rottexed.     Fruit  red Oxycoccus.  3 

— spreading.     Fruit  white Chiogenks.  4 

II.  EEICINE-E.    Shrubs  or  trees.    Calyx  free.    Coroll»  and  stamens  hypogynous.    Sds.  cX).  (a) 
a  Flowers  4-parted,  stamens  8.    Capsule  4-celled,— loculicldal Ebica.  6 

— septlcidal.  (b).    (No.  13.) 
a  Flowers  5-p.arted,  petals  distinct  or  very  nearly  polypotalous.  (f) 
a  Flowers  5-parted,  petals  united, — monopetalous.  (b) 

b  Corolla  saueer-form,  holding  the  anthers  in  10  pits Kalmia.  6 

b  Corolla  salver-form,  very  fragrant.    Trailing  shrublet Epio.«a.  7 

b  Corolla  funnel-  or  bell-form,  with  spreading  lobes,  (e) 

b  Corolla  urceolate  (ovoid,  cyllndric  or  globular),  lobes  small,  (c) 

C  Fruit  fleshy,  the  matured  ovary  5-seeded Abotostaphyios.  8 

O  Fruit  fleshy,  the  matured  e;ilyx  oo -seeded GAULT^ERt.^.  9 

O  Fruit  dry,  capsular,  opening  into  the  cells  (loculicldal).  (d) 

d  Shrublet  moss-like,  with  linear  leaves.     Valves  2-cleft Casbiop'!.  10 

d  Shrubs  with  ample  leaves.    Valves  entire Andromeda.  11 

d  Tree  with  ample  leaves  and  slender  racemes Oxydendrum.  12 

O  Fruit  dry,  capsular,  opening  between  the  cells Menziesia.  18 

e  Stamens  5,  included.    Plant  and  leaves  very  small Loiseleubia.  14 

e  Stamens  5  (rarely  more),  long-cxserted.    Corolla  funnel-form . .  „ Azalea.  16 

e  Stamens  10  (rarely  fe.ver),  exsertec'.     Corolla  bell-form Kuodourndron.  16 

f  Corolla  very  irregular,  open  before  tlio  leaves  appear Kiiodora.  17 

f  Corolla  regular,— 7-petaled.     Stamens  14 Befaria.  18 

— 5-petaled. — Capsule  5-celled Ledum.  19 

—Capsule  3-celled. — Fls.  umbeled  Leiopiiyllum.  20 

— Fls.  racemed Clktiiba.  21 

III.  CTRILLEyE.    Shrubs.    Cal.  free.   Pet.  and  stam.  hypogynous.    Cells  of  caps  1 -seeded,  (g) 

g  Flowers  4-parted,  with  8  stamens  and  a  2-cellcd  capsule ELLiorriA.  22 

g  Flowers  6-parted, — with  5  stamens  and  a  2-celled  capsule Cyrilla.  23 

— with  10  stamens.     Capsule  3-celled,  2-winged Mvlooariuh.  24 

IV.  PYROLEiE.    Herbs  evergreen,  woody.    Cal,  free.     Pet.  5,  distinct.  Testa  of  sd.  loose,  (h) 

h  Flowers  racemed,  niiny.    Horbs  nearly  acaulescent P yrola.  25 

h  Flowers  solitary  (one  only)     Herb  low,  acaulescent Monfbes.  26 

li  Flowers  umbel«d,  few.    Stems  ascending.    Stylo  very  short Ciiimapuila.  27 

VT  OALACINEJ3.    Herb  evergreen,  oMCBnXasiC&nt.    Filaments  10,  monadelphous, 

alternately  sterile  ;  anthers  6,  one-celled.    Capsule  8-celled,  00  -seeded Galax.  'H 

VI.  MONOTROPE.1E.     irerba  leafless,  verdurelets,  >vith  scale-like  bracts,  (k) 

k  Corolla  polypetalous.    Plant  white,  reddish  or  tawny Monotropa.  2* 

k  Corolla  monopstalous,- campanulate,  in  a  short  spike Schweimtzia.  30 

— ovoid,  in  a  looso  raceme PTiRoepoBA.  8) 


m 


Order  73.— ERICACE^. 


481 


Suborder  I.     VACCINES.     The  Bluebeury  Tribe. 

i.  GAYLUSSAXIA,  H.  B.  K.  Huckleberry.  (In  honor  of  the 
distinguished  chemist,  Gay-Lussac.)  Calyx  adherent,  5-toothed ;  corolla 
urceolate  or  campanulate,  6-cleft  or  toothed;  stamens  10,  anthers  awn- 
h.'ss,  the  cells  produced  upwards  into  tubular  beaks  opening  at  the  apex; 
berry  drupe-like,  globular,  10-celled,  10-seeded. — Shrubs  resembling  the 
Vaccinia.  Lvs,  often  resinous-dotted  beneatli.  FIs.  in  lateral,  bracted 
rr.cemes,  white  or  reddish,  small.  Fr.  black  or  dark  blue,  sweet.  (Vao 
cinium  L.) 

*  Kacemes  axillary.    Leaves  evergreen,  doUoss,  very  smooth   No.  1 

*  liucemes  lateral.    Leaves  dotted  hencatli, — luucroniite,  thick No.  2 

— not  mucronate,  thin N  js.  3,4 

1  G.  buzifolia.  Box  Huckleberry.  Very  smootli ;  lvs.  oval  and  ovate,  finely 
crcnatt-dentate,  tliick  and  fijm ;  rac.  dense,  axillary  and  terminal  subso-ssile,  tlio 
pedicels  verv  short ;  cor.  short-ovoid ;  lilameuts  glandular ;  berries  liglit  blue  I — 
Rocky  hills,"  New  Bloomfield,  Perry  Co.,  Penn.  (Rev.  D.  11.  Focht),  W.  Va.  {Guv- 
tis)  and  E.  Tenn.  A  handsome  little  evergreen,  If  high,  with  leaves  (T — 9''  liy 
4 — 5")  like  those  of  the  Box,  and  white  rls.  delicately  tinged  with  red.  May. 
(V.  buxifolium  Salisb.     V.  brachycerum  Mx.) 

2  G.  dumdsa  Torr.  &  Gr.  Brjyichlets,  lvs.  and  pedicels  sprinkled  with  minute 
bristles  and  resinous  dots;  lvs.  obovate-oblong,  subsessilo  subcoriacoous,  obtuse, 
mucronate,  entire  or  ciliate-serrulate ;  rac.  with  persistent  bracts ;  pedicels  bracteo- 
late  in  the  middle ;  cor.  cylindric-eampanulate,  including  the  stamens  and  style. — 
Swamps  and  thickets,  Uxbridge,  Mass.  (Robbins),  S.  to  Fla.  A  small  shrub,  If 
high,  with  leafy  racemes.  Lvs.  about  16"  by  7".  FIs.  white  or  purplish,  each 
from  the  axil  of  an  oval  bract.  Berries  black,  i..sipid,  large.  Jn.  (V.  dumo- 
Bum  Andr.) 

(i.  HIRTELLA.     Plant  more  or  less  hairy. 

3  G.  resindsa  Torr.  &  Gr.  Bl.\ck  Huckleberry.  Branches  cinereous-brown, 
villous  when  youug;  lvs.  c'  '.ong-ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  entire, 
petiolate ;  rac.  lateral,  secund  ;  pedicels  short,  subbracteolate ;  cor.  ovoid-conic,  at 
lengtl),  subcampanulato,  6-angled ;  berries  black, — This  common  shrub  of  woods 
and  pastures  (Can.  to  Va.  and  Teun.)  is  about  2f  high,  very  branching.  Lvs. 
1  to  2'  long,  rarely  acute,  shining  beneath,  with  resinous  patches  and  spots. 
Petiole  1"  in  length.  FIs.  small,  drooping.  Corollas  contracted  at  the  mouth, 
greenish  or  yellowish  purple,  longer  than  the  stamens  but  shorter  than  the  stylo. 
Berries  globous,  sweet  and  eatable,  ripe  in  August.     May.     (V.  resinosum  Ait.) 

(i.  brevifolia.     Corolla  very  short,  when  open  as  broad  as  long. — Quincy,  Fla. 

4  G.  fronddaa  Torr.  &  Gr.  Blue  Dangles.  Higu  Blueberry.  Lvs.  oblong- 
obovtite,  obtuse,  entire,  glaucous  beneath ;  rac.  loose,  bracteate;  pedv^els  filiform, 
bracteate  near  the  middle ;  cor.  ovoid-campanulate,  including  the  stamens ;  berries 
blue. — Grows  in  open  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  shrub  3  to  5f  high,  with 
round,  smooth  and  slender  branches.  Lvs.  twice  as  long  as  wide,  the  margin 
slightly  revolute.  Rac.  lateral  (not  axillary),  the  bracts  deciduous.  Pedicels  5 
to  10"  in  length.  FIs.  reddisli- white,  succeeded  by  large,  globous'-,  blue  and 
sweet  berries  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  when  mature.  May,  Jn.  (V. 
frondosum  Willd.) 

2.  VACCIN'IUM,  L.  Blueberry.  Calyx  adherent,  6-toothed ;  co- 
rolla urceolate,  campanulate  or  cylindric,  limb  4  to  5-cleft,  retiexed  ; 
stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  generally  included ; 
anthers  with  2  awns  on  the  back,  or  awnlcss,  the  2  cells  prolonged  into 
a  tube  opening  at  apex  ;  berry  invested  with  the  calyx  4  or  5  (falsely 
8  to  10) -celled,  cells  many-seeded. — Shrubs  or  undershrubs  with  scat- 
tered lvs.  FIs.  solitary  or  raccmous,  white  or  reddish,  small,  Fr.  gene- 
rally eatable.  A  false  partition  often  divides  the  cells,  each  partly  into 
2.     (Fig.  350.)  ^^ 


.'"'V 


ii.,-'-i 


I  '\I:^-M 


483 


Order  73.-^ERICACE^. 


liWi 


>M 


■iij. 


8 


''fer 


S  Anthers  2>awno(l  bnck  of  the  2  horns.    Leaves  deciduoiu.    (a) 

a  FiliMnents  smooth.    Fr.  4  to  5-celIed.    Low  alpine  undershrubs Xos.  1,  2 

a  Filaments  hairy.    Fruit  partly  lu-celled.    Taller  (2  t«  20f  high.) Nos.  8,  4 

$  Anthers  '2-liornfd,  without  the  awnu.     Filaments  10,  halrv.    (b) 

b  Leaves  evergreen.    Flowers  4-parted.     Fruit  4-ccIled No.  5 

b  I -eaves  evergreen.    Flowers  6-parted.    Fruit  partly  10-celled Nos.  6,  7 

b  Leaves  deciduous.    Fruit  partly  10-celled.    Fls,  in  short,  close  racemes,    (c) 

C  Corolla  bell-shaped.    Leaves  hairy  both  sides,  entire No.  3 

C  Corolla  cylindrical.    Leaves  sinoo"th  or  nearly  so Nos.  "^  1 1 

C  Corolla  ovoid,  evidently  contracted  at  the  mouth Nos.  li— 13 

V.  uligindsum  L.  Bilberry.  Procu.-nbent ;  Ivs.  obovate,  very  obtuse, 
enilre.  smooth,  not  shining,  glaucous  and  veiiiy  L,^neaMi;  fls.  mostly  solitary, 
ii.villary;  cor.  ovoid-globous,  ^-cleft;  anth.  8,  with  2  slender  awns. — A  low,  alpino 
slirub,  White-Mts.  Sts.  with  numerous  rigid  branches.  Lvs.  4"  by  3",  scarcely 
l)ctiolate,  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  of  a  bluish-green.  Fls.  half 
as  long  as  the  leaves,  subsessile,  sometimes  2  together.  Berries  oblong,  deep  blue, 
crowned  with  the  style.     Jn.,  Jl. 

V.  caeBpitdsum  Mx.  Bilberry.  Dwarf,  csespitous;  lvs.  obovate,  attenuate 
at  the  base,  thin,  serrate,  reticulate  with  veins,  shining ;  ped.  subsolitary,  1-flow- 
ored;  cal.  very  sliort;  cor.  oblong.,  suburceolate,  5-toothed;  stara.  10. — White  Mts. 
(Oakes),  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  St.  a  few  inches  higli.  Fls.  numerous,  nodding, 
on  short  pedicels.  Anth.  with  2  long  awns  at  the  back.  Berries  large,  globous, 
blue,  eatable. 

v.  staxnineum  L.  Deerberrt.  Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  dull,  glaucous 
beneath;  pedicels  solitary,  axillary,  nodding;  cor.  campanulate-spreading,  sogm. 
acute,  oblong;  anth.  10,  with  the  long  tubes  exserted  and  2  awns  at  their  biise. — 
Dry  woods,  Can.  to  Fla,  and  La.  Shrub  2  to  3f  high,  very  branching.  Lvs.  1  to 
2'  long,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  and  on  very  short  petioles,  those  on  the  slender 
flowering  branches  very  much  smaller.  Cor.  white.  Stam.  conspicuously  ex- 
serted, but  shorter  than  the  style.  Berries  large,  greenidh  white,  bitter.  May,  Jn. 
(V.  elevatum  Banks.) — Varies  with  the  leaves  beneath  nearly  white  to  green, 
smooth  to  pubescent,  and  with  smaller  flowers. 

v.  arboreum  Mx.  Lvs.  obovate,  acute  and  short-petioled  at  base,  mucronate 
and  glandular-serrulate  or  entire,  veiny,  shining  above,  pale  green  and  subpu- 
bescent  beneath;  pedicels  axillary  to  bracts,  secund,  in  leafy  racemes ;  cor.  cy- 
lindric-bell-shaped ;  anth.  10,  included,  2-awned. — Woods,  N.  Car.- to  Fla.  Slirub 
or  small  tree,  8  to  20f  high,  Lvs.  usually  small,  rather  thick,  1'  to  18'  long. 
Fls.  numerous,  elegant,  rose-white,  half  as  long  as  their  pedicels.  Berries  black, 
dryish,  ripening  but  few  seeds.  Alay,  Jn. — (V.  myrtilloides  ?  Ell.  with  tiie  bracts 
enlarged  to  lvs.  in  fruit) 

V.  Vitis-Idaea  L.  Decumbent,  much  branched,  smooth,  evergreen ;  lvs.  oval, 
t'.iick,  margin  revolute,  obtuse,  small,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath;  ^fls.  soli- 
tary or  in  short  clusters,  4-parted ;  cor.  campanulate. — Summits  of  the  White 
Mta.  N.  11.,  also  rocky  hills,  E.  Mass.  and  Me.  Sts.  3  to  6'  long.  Lvs.  crowded,  4 
to  1"  long,  channeled  along  the  midvein  above.    Fr.  small,  mealy,  sour.    Jn.,  Jl. 

V.  Myrsinftes  Mx.  Erect,  much  branched;  lvs.  small,  elliptical,  acute  at  each 
end,  glabrous,  serrulate ;  fls.  in  small,  lateral  clusters  of  2  to  5;  cor.  ovoid,  urceo- 
late;  sty.  slightly  exserted. — A  beautiful  little  shrub  1  to  2f  high,  common  in 
woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Branches  greenish.  Lvs.  3  to  5"  long,  varying  from 
elliptic  to  obovate  or  roundish,  perennial,  often  purplish.  Cal.  purple,  cor.  rose- 
colored.     Fr.  rather  large,  bluish  black,  sweet,  pulpy,  many-seeded.     Mar.,  Apr. 

V.  myrtifdlium  Mx.  St.  simple,  decumbent  at  base,  from  long,  creeping  roots; 
bark  green,  puberulent  above ;  lvs.  cuneate-obovate,  or  oval,  pale  and  with  scat- 
tered glandular  hairs  beneath;  fls.  in  dense,  sessile,  lateral  clusters  of  Q  to  \2;  cor. 
oulong-cylindric;  antli.  unawned. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  If  high.  Lvs.  scattered, 
1  to  2'  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole.  Berries  small,  pedicel- 
late, globous,  black.     Mar.,  Apr. 

V.  C^ad^nse  Rich.  Branches  reddish-green,  pubescent,  leafy;  lvs.  subses- 
sile, elliptic-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  villous  beneath,  tomentoxis  on 
the  veins  above,  entire;  rac.  fasciculate,  sessile,  subterminal;  cor.  campanvlate;  cal. 
lobes  acute. — A  shrub  8  to  12'  high,  not  uncommon  in  rocky  fields  and  thickets. 
Can.,  Me.,  N.  II.  to  Wis.  and  the  11.  Mts.     Lvs.  8  to  12"  by  3  to  6  ".     Fls.  about 


Order  1^.—ERICA.CEJE. 


483 


3"  long.     Sty.  and  stara.  included.     Berries  blue  and  sweet,  Bimilar  to  those  of 
No.  9.     May. 

9  V.  Pennsylvdnicum  Lam.  Common  Low  Blueberry. — Branches  green, 
with  2  pubescent  lines;  Ivs.  subsessile,  crowded,  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at  each 
end,  minutely  serrulate,  thin,  glabrous,  and  shining,  witii  the  veins  beneatli  pube- 
rulent;  fls.  in  short,  bracteate,  dense,  subterminal  racemes;  cor.  ovoid-oylindrical. 
— Thickets  and  pastures  in  hard  soils.  Can.  to  Penn.,  common  in  N.  Eng.  A  low 
under-slirub,  6 — 12'  high,  growing  in  dense  patches.  Leaves  8 — 12"  by  4 — 6". 
Flowers  reddish-white,  3 '  long.  Bracts  mostly  colored.  Berries  large,  blue, 
sweet  and  nutritious.     May.     (V.  tenellum  Ph.) 

/3.  NIGRUM.     Lvs.  dark  green ;  berries  black  and  shining,  destitute  of  bloom. — 

"With  variety  a.     (V.  ligustrinum  Ph.  ?) 
y.  ALPiNUM.     Dwarf;  decumbent;   lvs.  very  small  (3  to  4"  long),  narrow-ob- 
lanccoJate. — Summits  of  the  White  Mts.  with  No.  5  (V.  angustitblium  Ait.) 

XO  v.  vacillans  Poland.  Low,  bushy;  Iv.s.  oval,  elliptical  or  ovate,  acute  or 
mucronate,  pale  green,  dull,  glaucoiis  beneath,  at  lengtli  glabrous,  minutely  serru- 
late; rac.  dense-Howercd,  preceding  the  foil-grown  lvs.;  lis.  a  little  longer  tlmn 
the  pedicels;  cor.  ovoid-cylindric,  slightly  contracted  at  tlie  mouth. — Hilly  wood- 
lands, N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  to  Clinch  Mt.,  Tenn.  Shrub  1  to  2K  high,  with 
greenish  branches.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  corolla  4",  reddish  white.  Berries 
bluish  black,  sweet.     May,  Jn. 

11  V.  corymbdsum  L.  CosraoN  IIigii  Blueberry.  Tall ;  flowering  branches 
nearly  leafless ;  lvs.  oblong-oval  or  elliptical-Umceolaie,  acute  or  acv/minate  at  each 
end,  entire,  pubescent  when  young,  often  glaucous  beneath ;  rac.  short,  sessile ;  cor. 
ovoid-cylindrical. — A  tall  shrub,  5  to  lOf  high,  growing  in  shady  swamps,  copses, 
hedges,  &c.  Can.  to  Fla.  Branches  green  or  purplish.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  usu- 
ally with  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  veins  beneath.  Fls.  numerous,  noddin^r, 
generally  appearing  in  advance  of  tlie  leaves.  Corolla  large  for  the  genus  (5" 
long)  purplish  white.  Stam.  included,  sty.  often  exserted.  Berries  large,  black, 
often  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  subacid.  Mar. — Jn. — Varies  exceedingly.  Some 
of  its  more  striking  varieties  are 

/3.  VIRGATUM.  Branches  short,  entirely  naked  when  in  flower ;  rac.  numerous, 
cor.  oblong-ovoid,  angular,  briglit  rose-color. — Conmiou  southward.  Sta.  4 
to  6f  high  (V.  virgatum  Ph.  ?) 

y.  AMCENUM.  Lvs.  oblong ;  cor.  cylindrical,  large,  reddish  white ;  style  in- 
cluded.— Shrub  6  to  1  Of  high.     Berries  black. 

6.  FUSCATUM.  Lvs.  serrulate,  glabrous;  pedicels  elongated ;  style  exserted. — 
A  smaller  shrub  witli  corollas  red  and  white,  striped.     Calyx  brown. 

c.  GLABRUM.     Plant  glabrous  throughout. — Not  common. 

12  V.  galezans  Mx.  Flowering  branches  leafy;  lvs.  sessile,  cuneate-lanceolate, 
subserrato,  veiny,  glabrous  when  old;  fls.  in  small,  sessile  fascicles;  cor.  uvoid, 
much  contracted  at  the  mouth ;  stylo  exserted. — Swampy  woods,  Va.  (Puish)  to 
Ga.  and  La.  Sts.  If  to  18'  high,  green  with  a  reddisli  or  yellowish  tinge.  Young 
lvs.  also  reddish.  Cor.  small,  yellowish  wliite.  Berries  small,  black.  A  few  lvs. 
are  sometimes  persistent.     .  i  pr.,  May. 

13  V.  hiratltuin  Buckley.  Whole  2)lant,  with  fls.  and  fruit,  densely  hirsute ;  rac. 
small,  axillary  and  terminal ;  lvs.  deciduous,  ovate,  entire,  mucronate,  sub&ossile, 
cor,  oblong,  nearly  closed  at  throat,  with  5  short  teeth ;  anth.  awnless,  included ; 
fll.  and  style  hrary ;  berry  globous,  oo-seeded. — Mts.  N.  Car.  (Buckley).  Bush 
much  branc^hed.  If  high. 

3.  OXYCOCXUS,  Pers.  Cranberry.  (Gr.  o^v^,  acid,  KOKKog, 
berry.)  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4-cleft;  corolla  4-parted,  with 
narrow,  reflexed  segments;  stam.  8,  convergent;  anthers  tubular,  2- 
parted,  opening  by  oblique  pores ;  berry  globous,  4-celled,  many-seeded. 
— Shrubs,  with  alternate  lvs.  and  red  and  purple  berries. 

•  Stem  erect,  with  membranons,  decidous  leaves.    Berries  sweetish No.  1 

•  Stem  pro.strate,  slender ;  leaves  evergreen,  small.    Berries  acid, Nos.  2,  3 

1  O.  crythroodrpuB  Ell.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  thin,  ciliate-serrulate ;  fls.  axil- 
lary, solitary,  the  long  segments  at  length  r^exed. — Mts.  of  Va.  and  Car.     St» 


}i 


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1,1  "  * 


484 


Order  73.— ERICAOE.E. 


with  divaricate  branches,  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  much  larger  than  in  the  other  spe- 
cies, veins  beueiitli  pubescent.     Berries  globular,  scarlet,  translucent.     Jn. 

2  O.  palllBtriB  Pera.  St.  filiform,  prostrate;  lvs.  o'. ate,  entire,  revolute  on  the 
margin;  pediouLs  terminal,  1-liowered;  segments  of  the  corolla  ovate. — A  pros- 
trate under-shrub,  found  in  Alpine  bogs,  Brit.  Am.  and  N.  Statea  Stems  creep- 
iut<  extensively,  smooth,  purple,  with  erect  brandies.  Lvs.  very  small  (2  to  3" 
long),  exiictly  ovate.  Fls.  .several  together  on  the  summits  of  tiie  branches. 
Pedicels  an  inch  in  length,  with  2  nearly  opposite  bracts  in  the  middle.  Cor. 
light  pink.  Stamens  purple.  Fruit  smaller  than  in  the  next  species,  crimson, 
ripe  in  Oct.     Fls.  in  June. 

3  O.  macrocdrpuB  Pers.  St.  creeping,  filiform ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end, 
edges  revolute,  glaucous  beneath;  pedicels  axillary,  elongated,  1 -flowered;  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  linear- lanceolate. — Sphagnous  swamps  Va.  to  the  Arc.  Ocean. 
Stems  8 — 15'  in  length,  brown,  with  ascending  branches.  Lva.  numerous,  4 — 6" 
by  2 — 3",  rounded  at  each  end,  on  very  short  petioles,  smooth  both  sidea  Fls. 
flesii-colored,  pedicels  5 — 15"  long,  .solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leuves.  Berry 
lar^e,  bright  scarlet,  ripe  in  Oct.     Fls.  in  June. 

4.  CHIOG'ENES,  8alisb.  (Gr.  ;^«6)i^,  snow,  yftvo^,  offspring ;  in  allu- 
sion to  its  evergreen  liabit.)  Caly.x  4-cleft,  persistent;  cor.  broadly 
cainpaiiulate,  limb  deeply  4-cleft;  stam.  8,  included,  filaments  very 
broad  and  short,  anther  colls  distinct,  awnless  on  the  back,  bicuspidate 
at  apex,  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  adherent,  except  at  the  summit, 
4-celled ;  fruit  white,  4-celled,  many-seeded. — A  prostrate,  evergreen 
undershrub,  with  alternate  leaves.     Fls.  solitary,  axillary.     (Fig.  38.) 

C.  hiBpidula  Torr.  &  Gr.  A  delicate  woody  creeper,  in  old  shady  woods,  moun* 
tains,  N.  Eng.  to  Newfoundland,  W.  to  the  R.  Mts.  Stems  ligneous,  slender, 
creeping  extensively,  with  numerous  brandies,  and  clothed  with  short,  appressed, 
reddidit  hairs.  Leaves  numerous,  alternate,  and  roundish-oval,  4 — 6  by  3 — 4", 
abruptly  acute,  dark  evergreen  above,  paler  beneath.  Cor.  white,  its  parts  in  4s. 
The  leaves  and  white  berries  have  an  agreeable  spicy  fiavor  like  those  of  Gaul- 
theriii  procumbens.     (Vaccinium  L.)     May,  Jn. 

Suborder  II.     ERICINEJ^:.     The  Heath  Tribe. 


W' 


5.  ERFCA,  L.  Heath.  Heather.  (Gr.  epeiKCJ,  to  break  ;  in  allu- 
sion to  the  brittleness  of  the  branches  and  stems.)  Calyx  4-cleft ;  cor. 
tubular,  globous,  ovoid,  urceolate,  campanuhite  or  hypocrateriform, 
limb  short,  4-lobed ;  stam.  8  ;  style  filiform ;  caps.  4,  rarely  8-celled, 
4-valved,  locnlicidal ;  seeds  2 — go  in  each  cell,  affixed  to  the  axillary  pla- 
centae, usually  conformed  to  the  smoothish  or  shining  testa. — European, 
or  cliiefly  South  African  shrubs,  branching,  mostly  brittle.  Lvs.  linear, 
acerous,  margin  revolute,  verticillate,  rarely  alternate.  Fls.  axillary, 
solitary,  verticillate,  or  terminal,  cor}mbous  or  capitate,  mostly  nodding. 
Cor.  of  the  cyanic  series,  from  purple  through  red  to  white,  very  rarely 
orange  or  yellow. 

Obs.  Of  this  vast  and  beautiful  penus,  429  species  are  described  by  Mr.  Bcntham  In  the  Pro- 
drotiius  of  DO..  Part  vii.,  pp.  613 — ki'JS.  All  these  species  have  been  cultivated  in  Euru])e,  and 
many  in  this  country,  but  their  successful  culture  is  attendeii  with  more  care  than  tliat  of  most 
otlier  plants,  and  they  liave  never  as  yet  received  general  attention.  To  describe  so  few  .spe- 
cies as  the  V.mits  of  this  worli  would  permit,  wlicre  so  many  are  rarely  and  none  generally  met 
With,  would  be  of  little  satisfaction  to  the  student. 

6.  KAL'iHIIA,  L.  American  Laurel.  (Named  by  Linnaus  in 
honor  of  Peter  Kalm,  Prof,  at  Abo,  Finland.)  Calyx  5-parted,  corolla 
with  10  prominences  beneath  and  10  corresponding  cavities  within,  in- 
cluding the  10  anthers  ;  border  5-lobed  ;  filam.  elastic ;  capsule  5-celled, 


Order  73.— ERICACEJi.  435 

many-seeded. — Beautiful  shrubs,  natives  of  N.  America.     Lvs.  entire, 
evergreen,  coriaceous.     Fls.  in  racemous  corymbs,  white  and  red. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.    Lvs  tliiclc,  mostly  nciitc Nos.  1,  2 

•  Flowfi's  in  luterul  corymbs.    Leaves  obtuse Nns.  8,  4 

♦  i'lowersi  solitury,  axillury.    Calyx  elongated,  deciduous No.  5 

1  K.  latifdlia  L.  Calico  Bush.  Spoon-wood.  Lvs.  alternate  an<i  ternate,  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth  and  grten  on  both  sidts ;  corymbs  teruiuial, 
viscidly  pubescent. — A  profui-ely  flowering  shrub,  sonu'times  attaining  the  height 
of  a  small  tree.  It  is  found  in  all  the  Atlantic  States  from  Maine  to  Fla.,  and  W. 
to  Ohio  and  Ky.  in  woods.  Wood  crooked,  fine-grained  and  compact.  Lt-aves 
2 — 3'  long,  smooth  and  shining,  acute  at  each  end  and  entire.  Flowers  hi  splei.- 
did  corymbs,  white  or  variously  tinged  with  red,  abundant.  Corolla  with  a 
spreading  limb  9 — 10"  diam.  and  a  5-lobed  margin.  Tiie  leaves  aic  narcotic  and 
poi-sonous  to  uomo  animals.     May,  Jn. 

2  K.  glauca  Ait,  Swamp  Laurel.  Branches  ancipitous ;  lvs.  opposite,  subses.sile, 
lanceolate,  polished,  glaucous  beneath,  revolute  at  the  margin ;  corymbs  terminal, 
tfie  peduncles  and  bracts  smooth. — A  delicate  shrub.  '2f  high,  Ibund  in  swamps,  etc., 
Penn.,  Ky.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Stem  slender,  the  branches  distinctly 
2-edged  by  an  elevated  ridge  extending  from  the  base  of  each  opposite  leaf  to 
the  ni'xt  node  below.  Lvs.  smooth  and  shining,  white  underneath,  and  1  in 
length.     Fls.  8 — 10  in  each  corymb.     Corolla  about  V  diam.,  pale  purple.     June. 

(i.  UOSMAUINIFOLIA.     Lcaves  linear,  more  revolute,  green  beneath. 

3  K.  angustifdlia  L.  Sheep-poison.  Lvs.  ternate  and  opposite,  elliptical-lance- 
olate, 2>fitiolate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  smooth;  corvnibs  lateral ;  bracts  linear-lance- 
olate.— Shnib  2 — -If  in  height,  in  marshes  and  iiy  ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ky. 
Leaves  with  rounded  ends  entire,  smooth,  1 — 2'  long,  and  i  as  wide,  on  short 
petioles.  Flowers  deep  purple,  in  small,  axillary  fascicles  ajiparently  wliorled, 
about  half  iis  large  in  No.  1.  Bracts  minute,  about  3  at  the  base  of  each  pedi- 
cel    Jn. — Said  to  be  poisonous  to  cattle. 

4  K.  cunedta  Mx.  Lvs.  scattered,  sessile,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  glan- 
dular-pubescent beneath  ;  fls.,  in  sessile,  lateral  clusters  of  4  to  G. — Mts.  of  N.  Car. 
(Michaux),  in  swamps,  S.  Car.,  near  Ueorgetown  (Elliot),  near  Camden  (Nuttall). 
Shrubs  about  as  large  as  No.  3.  Lvs.  about  1'  long.  Pedicela  1'  long,  tilitbrm, 
with  minute  bnictlets.     Cor.  white,  red  in  the  center.     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  K.  hirafita  Walt.  Very  slender,  branched,  hairy;  lvs.  scattered,  sometimes 
opposite,  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  sessile ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the 
leaves ;  cal.  segm.  lance-linear,  nearly  equaling  the  corolla  limb. — Barrens,  S. 
Car.  to  Fla.,  abundant  in  wet  places.  Sts.  terete,  about  If  high.  Lvs.  small  (4 
to  6"  long),  edges  mostly  revolute.    Fls.  rose-colored,  about  7  '  broad.    May — Ju. 

7.  EPIG^^A,  L.  Trailing  Arbutus.  May  Flower.  (Gr.  eni, 
upon,  yrj,  the  earth  ;  fr6m  its  prostrate  habit.)  CjUn  x  largo,  5-parted, 
with  3  bracts  at  base  ;  corolla  liypocrateriform,  tube  villous  within, 
limb  5-parted,  spreading  ;  stamens  10 ;  anthers  dehiscent  by  2  longi- 
tudinal openings;  capsule  5-celled,  5-valved. — SutiVuticous  trailing. 
Lvs.  evergreen,  cordate,  ovate,  entire,  alternate. 

E.  repena  L.  Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  entire;  cor.  tube  cylindrical. — 1[  Woods,  New> 
fouudland  to  Ky.  and  Penn.  This  little  shrubby  plant  grows  flat  upon  the 
ground,  10 — 15'  in  length,  covered  with  a  hairy  pubescence  in  ;U1  its  parts.  Lvs, 
2 — 2^'  by  1|',  roundish  at  the  end  and  abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  short  point 
Fls.  very  fragrant,  white  or  tinged  with  various  shades  of  red,  in  small  axillary 
clusters.  C^yx  green.  The  tube  of  the  corolla  hairy  within,  longer  than  the 
calyx,  the  border  in  5,  rounded,  spreading  segments.     Apr.,  May. 

8.  ARCTOSTAPH'YLOS,  Adans.  Bear-berry,  (Gr.  dpKrog,  a  bear, 
aTa(f>v/i'q,  a  cluster  of  grapes  ;  that  is  Bear-berry.)  Calyx  5-parted, 
persistent ;  corolla  ovoid,  diaphanous  at  the  base,  limb  with  6  si  .all, 
recurved  segments  ;  anthers  10,  with  2  long,  reflexed  awns,  opening  by 


n 


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48C 


ORDEfi  73.— ERICACE^. 


poros;  drupe  with  a  6-celled  putaraen,  the  cells  1-seeded. — Trailing 
shrubs,  with  alternate  Ivs.     (Arbutus  L.) 

1  A.  Uva-ursi  Spreng.  Procumbent;  Ivs.  entire,  obovato,  smooth,  on  short 
petioles,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  shiuiug  above,  paler  beneath ;  fla.  in  short,  terininul, 
drooping  clusters ;  drupe  globular,  about  us  large  as  a  currant,  deep  red,  nearly 
insipid,  the  nucleus  consists  of  5  bony  seeds  firmly  united  together. — Rocky 
hills,  N.  Statesand  British  America.  Stem  prostrate  except  the  younger  branches, 
whit^h  arise  3 — 8'.  Lvs.  about  1'  in  length,  2 — 3"  wide,  often  spatulate  in  form; 
medicinally  they  are  astringent,  and  much  valued  in  nephritic  coujplaints.     May. 

2  A.  alpina  Spreng.  Procumbent ;  lvs.  thin,  deciduous,  obovate,  acute,  serrate, 
ciliato  when  young;  fls.  in  short,  terminal  racemes;  bracteoles  ovate,  broadi 
ciliatL'.  about  equaling  the  pedicel. — High  Mts.,  in  Me.  and  Can.,  alpine  regions  o( 
the  White  Mts.  (Robbins).     Flowers  white.     Berries  black. 

9.  GAULTHE^RIA,  Kalm.  Boxberry.  Checkerberry.  Winter- 
green.  (To  one  Gaulthier  (or  Gaultier),  a  French  physician  jit  Que- 
bec.) Caly.x  5-cleft,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base  ;  corolla  ovoid-tubular, 
Mmb  with  5  small,  revolute  lobes  ;  filaments  10,  hirsute  ;  capsule  6-cclled, 
invested  by  the  calyx  which  becomes  a  berry. — SuftVuticous,  mostly 
American  plants.     Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen.     Pedicels  bibracteolate. 

G.  proci^mbens  L.  St.  with  the  procumbent  branches  erect  or  ascending ; 
lvs.  obovate,  mucronate,  denticulate,  crowded  at  the  top  of  stem ;  tls.  few,  droop- 
uig,  terminal. — A  little  shrubby  plant  well-known  for  its  spicy  leaves,  and  its 
well-flavored,  scarlet  berries;  common  in  woods  and  pastures,  Can.  to  Pcnn.  and 
Ky.  The  branches  ascend  3'  from  the  prostrate  stem  or  rhizome  which  is  usually 
concealed.  Lvs.  thick,  shining,  acute  at  each  end.  Cor.  white,  contracted  at 
the  mouth-  Fr.  consisting  of  the  capsule  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  calyx 
which  becomes  of  a  bright  scarlet  color.     Jn. — Sept. 

10.  CASSIOTE,  Don.  Moss-plant.  (In  Grecian  mythology  Cas- 
siope  was  the  mother  of  Andromeda.)  Sepals  bractless,  imbricated, 
ovate ;  corolla  globular-campanuiate,  4  or  5-lobed  ;  anthers  8  or  10  pen- 
dulous cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore,  with  a  long  reflexed  awn  be- 
hind ;  capsule  4  or  5-celled,  valves  4  or  5,  2-parted  ;  placenta  pendulous, 
many -seeded. — Small,  alpine,  moss-like  or  heath- like  shrubs.  Fls.  soli- 
tary, pedicellate. 

C.  liypnoides  Don.  St.  filiform,  spreading;  lvs.  evergreen,  subulate,  smooth, 
crowded ;  ped.  solitary,  terminal ;  fls.  5-partcd.  One  of  the  smallest  and  most 
delicate  of  shrubs,  summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.  and  Mts.  of  N.  Y.  and 
Me.  Sts.  woody,  -iaeh  branched  at  base,  2  to  3'  high.  Lvs.  minute,  evergreen, 
imbricated,  concealing  the  stems.  Fls.  large  in  proportion  (1^'  long)  nodding; 
ped.  1'  long  in  fruit.  Cal.  purple.  Cor.  light-red,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
lobes  erect.     Stam.  included.     Jn.     (Andromeda,  L.) 

H.  ANDROME^DA,  L.     [Andromeda  of  ancient  fable,  was  chained  to 


a  rock  near  the  sea; 


the  original 


species.  No.    1,  grows   near  water.) 


Calyx  6-parted,  persistent,  not  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit ;  corolla  urceo- 
late,  the  mouth  more  or  less  contracted,  5-toothed  ;  anthers  10,  cells  2, 
opening  by  a  terminal  pore  ;  capsule  5-celled,  6-valved,  often  reinforced 
with  5  external  valvelets ;  seeds  numerous,  from  lateral  or  suspended 
placentae. — Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  deciduous  or  evergreen,  entire, 
or  serrulate,  alternate  lvs. 

Flowers  In  a  terminal,  nodding  umbel.    Anthers  2-awned  at  apex No.  1 

Flowers  In  racemes  or  axillary.    (•) 

•  Calyx  calyculate,  with  2  braotlets  at  its  base,    (a) 

a  Anthers  awnless.    Racemes  leafy.    Pericarp  double.    (Oassajcdea) Nos.  2,  8 

a  Anthersawned.  Racemes  leafless.  (Lvs.  evergreen,  No.  7)  Lvs.  deciduous. Nos.  4»f 

•  Calyx  naked  at  base ;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels,    (b) 


Order  73.— KRICACK^. 


48' 


b  Anther  cells  cnch  2-awno(l  at  apex.  Cor.  boll-shapcil.  Paniclo  terminal No.  6 

b  Anthers  with  2  roflexed  Utrnr  awns  on  the  back.     Kvercrcfn No*.  7,  8 

b  Anthers  with  'i  deflex-spreiuling  bristles  at  the  back.     Ciipsiile  wiili  T) 

narrow  valvelets  applied  to  the  sutures.    (Piekis) Xus.  9, 10 

b  Anthers  awnless,  cells  often  minutely  2-tootbed  nt  ui>ex.    (C) 

0  Corolla  cyllndric,     Uacenies  sessile.     Valvelit^  o.    ^LKl^:^>TlI<>K.).  .N..s.  II— 1.1 
0  Corolla  globular.     Valvelets  of  capsule  ^,  conspicuous    (Lyom.v).No.-».  14—10 

1  A.  polifdlia.  Wild  Rosemary.  Erect ;  Ivs.  ontiro,  linear-lanceolate,  cori- 
aceous, rovoluto  on  the  margins,  glaucous  beneatii ;  fls.  subglobous,  in  a  den.so, 
tern)iiml  corymb. — A  low,  smooth,  evergreen  shrub,  1  to  *2f  high,  growing  by  tlio 
side  of  puiids  and  in  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.,  N.  to  Are.  Am.  Lvs.  very  smootii. 
2  to  3'  long,  on  very  short  petiole.'^,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  bluish  white 
bene-iith.  Clusters  of  flowers  drooping.  C'al.  white,  tipped  with  rod.  Cor.  rose- 
colored.     Jn. 

2  A.  calycul^ta  L.  Leather-leaf.  Erect ;  lvs.  oval-oblong,  obUise,  obsokiely  sfr- 
rulate,  flat,  ferruginous  beneath ;  rac.  terminal,  leaty,  subsecuud  ;  lis.  short-pedi- 
celled,  solitary,  axillary,  forming  leafy  racemes ;  cor.  oblong-cylindrical,  aj  ever- 
green shrub,  2  to  4f  high,  tlowering  early  in  wet  situations,  Can.  and  m.'^f  u!  the 
U.  S.  The  lvs.  are  coriaceous,  sliiuing,  dotted,  about  an  inch  long  and  half  as 
wide,  those  of  the  raceme  not  half  as  largo.  Fla.  20  to  30  in  each  raceme,  white. 
Cal.  double,  the  outer  of  2  bracts,  the  inner  of  5  acute  sepals.    Apr.,  May. 

3  A.  angustifdlia  Ph.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  margins  revolute,  somewhat 
ferruginous  beneath;  rac.  terminal,  leafy,  secund;  pedicels  short,  solitary,  axil- 
lary ;  cal.  acuminate ;  bractlets  minute,  acute ;  cor.  ohlong-oval. — Open  swamps, 
Car.,  Ga.  Evergreen.  Nearly  allied  to  the  preceding.  Apr.,  May.  (Casdandro, 
G.  Don.) 

4  A.  racemdsa  L.  (Fig.  203.)  Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate, 
glabrous,  serrulate  ;  rac.  terminal,  secund,  elongated,  one-sided,  strict,  ascending  ; 
cal.  ovate-acuminate,  cor.  cylindric ;  anth.  cells  each  2-awned  at  apex ;  seeds  wing- 
less.— Shrub  4  to  6f  high,  wet  woods.  Can.  to  Fla.  W.  to  Ky.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  naked  racemes  2  to  4'  in  length,  each  with  its  12  to  30  white  fls.  all  turned 
downwards.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  in  length,  deciduous.  Pedicels  short,  with  2  ovati'- 
acuminate  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  colored  calyx.    Jn,,  Jl. 

5  A.  recurva  Buckley.  Branches  and  rac.  recurved-spreading ;  lvs.  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  cal.  segm.  ovale;  anth.  cells  each  1-awned ;  caps,  con- 
spicuously lobed ;  seeds  flat,  winged. — Mts.  and  hills,  Va.,  N.  Car.  A  straggling, 
deciduous-leaved  shrub,  nmch  resembling  the  last.     Apr.,  May. 

6  A.  specidsa  Mx.  Lvs.  oval,  obtuse,  mucronate,  serrate,  reticulate-veiny ; 
flowering  branches  raceme-like,  aggregated,  leafl^s ;  cor.  campanulate ;  anth.  cells 
each  2-awned. — Swamps  Va.  to  FJa.  An  ornamental  shrub  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs. 
glabrous,  deciduous.  Fls.  several  from  each  bud,  large  (4"  long),  sliorter  than 
their  pedicels,  white.     Jn.     (Zonobia,  G.  Dixi.) 

0.  pulverulbnta.     Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  crenau^,  and  with  the  branches  whit- 
ish pulverulent. — Grows  with  the  other  form. 

7  A.  florlbunda  Lyon,  (Ph.)  Lvs.  glabrous,  thick,  evergreen,  oblong-ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  petiolate,  serrulate,  often  ciliato ;  rac.  dense-flowered,  paniL'ulate ; 
pedicels  bracted,  secund ;  cal.  bractlets  minute. — Va.  to  Ga.  along  the  Mts.  Shrub 
2  to  lOf  high,  very  handsome,  with  a  terminal  panicle  of  numerous  white  fla. 
Anth.  each  with  2  long,  reflexed,  white  awns.     Apr. 

8  A.  Croomia  Torr.  Lvs.  oval  and  oblong,  obtuse,  coriaceous,  veiny,  serrate 
towards  the  apex,  petiolate ;  rac.  short,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  lvs. ;  pedicels 
bractless ;  cal.  naked,  sep.  triangular-lanceolate,  §  as  long  as  the  ovoid  corolla ; 
anth.  each  with  2  long,  black,  reflexed  awns  at  the  back. — Damp  woods,  Quincy, 
Fla.     A  slender  shrub,  1  to  3f  high. 

9  A.  nitida  Bartram.  Fetter-bush.  Lvs.  thick,  evergreen,  ellipticnl,  slightly 
acuminate  at  each  end,  perfectly  smooth,  with  a  vein  running  close  to  each  revolute 
margin;  fls.  in  pendulous  clusters  of  6  to  10,  in  the  axils  of  divaricate  lvs. ;  cor. 
ovoid-oblong ;  valvelets  linear. — By  streams  and  in  sandy  swamps,  N.  Car.  to 
Fla.  A  singularly  elegant  shrub,  3  to  6f  high.  Branches  sharp-angled.  Fls. 
Dumerous.  Cal.  green,  tipped  with  purple,  much  smaller  than  the  ro3e-cok)rc(i 
eorolla.    Mar.,  Apr. 


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488 


Order  73.— ERICACE^. 


It 


/3.  RiiOMBiFOLiA.     Lvs.  roundish-oval,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed  ;  cal.  lialf  as 
long  as  the  turgid-ovato  corolla.     (A.  rliornbifolia  Pers.  ?) 

10  A.  Mariina  L.  Stagqerbush.  Glabrous;  Iva  deciduous,  oval,  subacute 
at  each  end,  flat,  entire,  subcoriaceous,  paler  beneath ;  flowering  branches  leaf- 
less ;  pedicels  fasciculate ;  cal.  lobes  linear,  foliaceous :  cor.  ovate-cylindric ;  stani, 
10,  fil.  villous. — Woods  and  dry,  sandy  soils,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  common.  An 
ornamental  shrub,  2  to  3f  high,  with  very  smooth,  deciduous  foliage,  and  largo 
(5"  long),  white  or  pale  red  fis.  Caps,  urn-shaped,  the  valvelets  narrow-linear. 
.Seeds  angular.  Jn.,  Jl. — After  flowering  the  calyx  and  corolla  sometimes  become 
very  large  and  erect,  as  if  diseased.     (Leucothoe,  6.  Don.) 

11  A.  axillaris  Lam.  Lvs.  oblong  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  or  slightly  pointed, 
petiolatp,  spinulous-serrulate,  glabrous,  or  minutely  strigous  beneath ;  fls.  in  axil- 
lary, denso  racemes,  not  drooping,  much  shorter  than  the  lvs. ;  sep.  broad-ovate,  ob- 
tusish ;  cor.  ovoid-cylindrical. — Banks  of  streams,  Va.  to  Fla.  in  the  low  country, 
common.  Shnib  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  largo  (3  to  5'  long).  Rac.  apike-like,  inter- 
rupted.    Feb.,  Mar. ;  again  in  Sept. 

12  A.  Catesbsbi  Walt,  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicriously  acuminate,  rounded 
at  base,  petiolate,  serrulate,  with  appresstd,  spinulous  teeth,  thick,  strigous  be- 
neath ;  fls.  in  spicate,  drooping  race7nes  as  long  as  the  blade  of  the  leaves ;  sop. 
ovate-oblong,  acute. — Banks  of  streams,  Penn.  (Miss  Carpenter,  Blue  Ridge),  to 
Cra.  in  the  mountainous  district.  Rac.  2  to  3'  in  length,  on  the  long,  recurved 
branches.    May.     (Leucothoe,  Don.) 

13  A.  acuminata  L.  Pipe-wood.  Lvs.  very  smooth,  rigid,  ovate  and  lanceo- 
late, gradually  acuminate,  entire,  on  short  petioles ;  rac.  few-flowered ;  cor.  cylin- 
drical ;  sep.  broad-ovate,  acute ;  caps,  globular,  strongly  lobed. — Shady  swampa, 
S.  Caj.  to  Fla.  Sts.  3  to  lOf  high,  straight  and  hollow.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  1' 
wide.  Fls.  white,  abundant  and  handsome.  Apr. — The  stems  are  used  by 
smokers  in  pipe-making. 

14  A.  ligUBtrina  Muhl.  Pubescent;  lvs.  deciduous,  obovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate-cuspidate, finely  serrulate ;  fls.  somewhat  paniculate,  in  terminal,  leafless 
racemes;  caps.  5-angled  by  the  linear  valvelets. — Shrub,  4  to  8f  high,  in  swamps, 
&c..  Mid.  and  S.  States.  Lvs.  abruptly  acuminate,  paler  beneath,  2  to  3'  long  and 
nearly  half  as  wide,  on  short  petioles.  Fls.  small  (1"  long),  nearly  globous,  white, 
in  dense  panicles.   (Jn.— Jl). 

/3   frondosa.     Panicle  with  small  lvs.  scattered  among  the  fls.     (A,  frondosa 
Muhl.) 

15  A.  ferruginea  Walt.  Shrubby ;  lvs.  evergreen,  distant  {not  crowded),  oblan- 
ceolate  or  obovate,  obtiuse,  tapering  to  very  short  petioles,  thick,  revolute-edged, 
rust-scaly  Ijeneath ;  fls.  in  axillary  umbels ;  valvelets  of  the  capsules  nearly  aa 
large  as  the  valves. — Pino  woods,  Ga.  and  Fla.  Shrub  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  1  to 
2'  long.     Fruit  appearing  when  open  as  if  10-valved.     Jn. 

16  A.  rigida  Ph.  Arborescent;  branches  rigid,  erect;  lvs.  rigid,  coriaceous, 
crowded,  obovate,  acute,  strongly  revolute  edged,  rust-scaly  beneath ;  fls.  numer- 
ous, in  axillary  umbels,  bbssoming  in  April;  fruit  as  in  the  last. — Sandy  pine 
barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  A  small  tree,  10  to  20f  high,  remarkably  rigid  and  leafy. 
Lvs.  1'  long,  pale  or  yellowish-green. 

17  A.  mont^na  Buckley.  Lvs.  evergreen,  ovate-lanceolate,  minutely  serrate  or 
entire,  eiliate ;  fls.  in  largo,  terminal  and  axillary  panicles ;  pedicels  3-bracted, 
bracts  subulate,  the  2  upper  opposite ;  ped.  pubescent. — High  Mts.  of  N.  Car. 
Shrub  5  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  2'  by  1',  the  petiole  6"  long.  Stem  above  sprinkled 
with  mucronate  glands. 

12.  OXYDEN'DRUN,  DC.  Sorrel-tree.  (Gr.  d^vf,  sour,  dt'vdpov, 
a  tree;  the  herbage  is  sour  to  the  taste.)  Sepals  bractless,  valvate  in 
the  early  bud  ;  corolla  urceolate,  ovoid,  6-toothed  ;  stamens  10,  anthers 
linear,  erect,  awnless,  cells  opening  lengthwise ;  capsule  oblong,  trun- 
cate, 5-celled,  5-valved,  placentae  below,  seeds  many,  ascending. — A 
tree,  with  deciduous,  petiolate,  oblong-Ianeeolate,  acuminate,  serrulate 
lvs.  and  terminal  panicles  of  slender,  spicate  racemes. 


Ordek  73.— BRICACE^. 


489 


O.  arboreum  DC.  Ohio,  Penn.,  along  the  Alleghany  Mts.  to  Flor.  A  fine  tree, 
40 — 50f  high,  trunk  10 — 15'  diam.  Bark  thick  and  deeply  furrowed.  Leaves  4 
— 5'  by  IJ — 2',  villous  when  young,  at  length  smooth,  with  a  distinctly  acid  taste. 
Flowers  white,  3"  long.     Capsule  pyramidal,  5-sided.     June,  July,  f 

13.  MENZIE'SIA,  Smith.  (To  Menzies,  the  discoverer  of  the  original 
species  (M.  ferruginea)  in  Oregon.)  Calyx  deeply  4  or  6-cleft ;  corolla 
urceolate  or  campanulate,  4  or  5-lobed  ;  stamens  8  to  10,  anthers  open- 
ing by  terminal  pores;  capsule  4  to  5-celle(l,  the  dissepinjents  made 
by  the  introflexed  margins  of  the  valves ;  seeds  many. — Low,  shrubby 
plants,  of  various  habits.     Fls.  in  terminal  clusters. 

S  PiivLi.oDOCE,  Salisb.    Leaves  evergrcon,  lieath-like.    Flownvs  5-pnrtcrt No.  1 

g  Mkn/.iesa  proper.     Leaves  deciduous.    Flowers  4-partod No.  2 

1  M.  tazifolia  Robbing.  Mountain  Heath.  St.  prostrate  at  base ;  Ive.  linear, 
obtuse,  with  minute,  cariQaginous  teeth ;  ped.  terminal,  aggregate,  l-Howered ; 
Hs.  campanulate,  decandrous;  eal.  acute.— -Shores  of  the  "  lake"  on  the  White  Mts. 
N.  II.,  on  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.  It  resembles  a  heatii  in  its  flowers ;  and  .some  of 
the  fir  tribes  in  ifi  leaves  and  stems.  St.  decumbt:;^  at  b.ise,  6  to  10'  long,  with 
crowded  Ivs.  above  which  are  5  to7  '  in  length.  Fls.  drooping,  purple,  at  the  top 
of  the  highest  branch,  the  colored  ped.  18''  in  length.     Fr.  erect.     Jri. 

2  M.  ferruginea  Smith,  /i.  globulaeis  Sims.  Branches  and  pedicels  with  scat- 
tered hairs ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate,  ciliate  above  and  on  the  veins  beneath ;  apex 
tipped  with  a  gland ;  fls.  in  terminal  panicles,  nodding  on  the  slender  pedicels. 
— Mts.  Penn.  to  Car.  abundant  near  Winchester,  Va.  (Pursh).  Shrub  4f  high. 
Fls.  greenish  purple,  small,  one  on  each  pedicel  which  is  glandular  pubescent, 
18"  long.     Cor.  short-urceolate.     Jn. 

i4.  LOISELEU^RIA,  Desv.  Alpine  Azalea.  (To  Loiselvur  Belong- 
champs^  a  French  botanist.)  Caly.^  6-parted,  lobes  equal ;  corolla  sub- 
campanulate,  5-parted,  regular;  stamens  6,  equal,  erect,  shorter  than 
the  corolla,  anthers  dehiscing  laterally  from  the  apex ;  ovary  roundish  ; 
style  straight,  included ;  capsule  2  to  3-cclled,  2  to  3-valved,  many- 
seeded. — A  little,  branching,  procumbent  shrub,  with  opposite,  petiolate, 
evergreen,  entire  Ivs.  Pedicels  terminal,  solitary,  1-flowered.  Cor.  rose 
color,  (Azalea,  L.) 

L.  prociimbens  Desv.  Summit  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.  Sts.  3  to  6'  long,  very 
branching  and  leafy.  Lvs.  elliptical,  th'ck,  shining,  not  more  than  3"  by  1", 
margins  strongly  revolute.  Fls.  glabrous,  on  very  short,  purple  pedicels,  in  the 
midst  of  the  lvs.     Jn.,  Jl. 

i5.  AZA^LEA,  L.  Swamp  Pi:jk.  (Gr.  d^aXEO^^  arid ;  perhaps  the 
original  species  grows  in  dry  places.)  Calyx  small,  6-parted,  corolla 
funnel-form,  somewhat  irregular,  with  6  spreading  lobes  ;  stamens  6, 
filaments  and  style  long,  exserted,  declined,  anthers  opening  by  pores ; 
capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  oo-seeded. — Erect  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate, 
deciduous,  oblong  or  obovate,  entire.  Fls.  in  umbeled  clusters,  termi- 
nal, large  aud  showy,  (Rhododendron,  Don.) 

S  Calyx  lobes  uil  (or  rarely  one  excepted)  very  short  or  minute Nos.  1,  9 

I  (Jaly.K  lobos  all  ubloog  aud  of  conspicuous  length Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  viscdsa  L.  Eranchlets  hispid  ;  lvs.  obovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  edges, 
midvein  and  petiole  bristly ;  fls.  appearing  with  tl\£  adult  lvs.  very  viscid,  the  tube 
much  longer  than  the  segments ;  stam.  exserted ;  style  much  longer. — Moist  woods. 
Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Shrub  4  to  7f  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  often  gUmcous.  Fls.  flragrant,  white  or  rose  cobr,  with  full  grown  lvs.  Cal. 
very  small.  Tube  about  1'  long,  downy  and  clammy,  slender.  May — Jl.  (A. 
glauca  Ph.) 
(i.  nItida.  Lvs.  shining  above,  smooth  both  sides,  green,  oblanoeolat©.— A 
low  shrub  in  mountain  swamps.     Oal.  segm.  obsolete. 


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490 


Obdbr  73.— ERICACE^. 


y.  HiSPiDA.  Branchlets  and  Ivs.  above  very  hispid ;  Iva  lanceolate,  glaucoua, 
glabrous  beneath ;  tube  shorter. — Mta.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.     (Pursh.) 

2  A.  nudifldra  L.  Pinxter-bloom.  Young  branchlets  hairy ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate 
and  obovate,  downy  beneath ;  clusters  naked,  appearing  with  or  he/we  the  young 
leaves ;  cal.  very  small ;  cor.  slightly  viscid,  tube  downy,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
segments ;  stam.  (5  to  7)  much  exserted. — Frequent  in  forests  throughout  the 
country,  especially  southward.  St.  crooked,  much  branched,  the  branchlets  often 
fh  irregular  whorls.  Pedicels  short.  Tube  nearly  1'  long,  segm.  spreading  1^'. 
Stam.  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  style  thrice.  Its  varieties  in  color  are  numerous 
and  splendid,  «.  g.,  pink-colored,  slightly  fragrant ;  deep  purple ;  white  variegated 
with  purple  and  yellow ;  white  with  a  buff-colored  center,  fragrant ;  buff'Cohred  all 
over,  very  fragrant.     Ap. — Jn. 

ii.  CALYCOSA.  Cal.  with  one  of  its  segm.  subulate,  3  or  4  times  longer  than 
the  others  (not  constantly  so  even  in  the  same  umbel.) — Ga.  (Miss  Wyman). 
(A.  bicolor  Ph.  ?) 

y.  FOLYANDRA.     Stam.  10  to  20;  cor.  rose-colored  (Pursh). 

3  A.  calendulacea  Mx.  Flaming  Pinxter.  Young  branchlets  pubescent ;  Ivs. 
oblong,  attenuated  to  tliebase,  mucronate,  smoothisli  or  pubescent;  corymbs  nearly 
or  quite  leafless;  cal.  lobes  oblong;  tube  of  the  cor.  hirsute,  not  viscid,  she ".r  than 
the  ample  lobes. — A  splendid  flowering  shrub,  in  mountains  and  woods,  enn.  to 
Ohio  and  6a.  Fls.  very  numerous,  limb  expanding  18  to  20",  usually  yellow  and 
bright  crimson,  showing  at  distance  like  flame. — Its  varieties  are  numerous,  e.  g., 
flame-colored ;  brick-red  (very  rich) ;  saffron-yellow.  Cultivation  has  produced 
many  more.     May,  Jn. 

4  A.  arbor^scena  Ph.  Tree  Azalea.  Branches  smooth,  ...;.  obovate,  both 
sides  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  margins  ciliate,  veins  nearly  glabrous ;  corymbs 
leafy  with  full  grown  leaves ;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  acute ;  cor.  tube  not  viscid,  longer 
than  the  lobes  ;  stam.  and  sty.  exsert. — Rivulets  near  the  Blue  Mts.,  Penn.  to  (Ma- 
con) Ga.  Shrubs  10  to  20f  higli.  Fls.  rose  color,  scales  of  the  flower  buds 
large,  yellowish-brown,  with  a  fringed  white  border.  Sepals  fully  2"  long.  A 
very  distinct  species.     May — Jl. 

5  A.  Pontica  L.  Lvs.  ovate  and  oblong,  pilous-ciliated  on  the  margin,  acute 
or  acuminate ;  Jis.  with  full  grown  lvs.  viscid ;  tube  funnel  form,  about  as  long  as 
the  segments ;  stam.  very  long-exserted. — Cultivated.  This  splendid  shrub  comes 
from  Asia  Minor,  but  is  in  no  wise  superior  in  beauty  to  our  own  A.  calondu- 
laccae  (which  it  much  resembles).     Varieties  of  every  hue.     (R.  flavum  Don.) 

16.  RHODODEN 'DRON,  L.  Rosb  Bay.  (Gr.  p66ov,  a  rose,  dfvdpov, 
a  tree.)  Calyx  (small)  deeply  5-partetl,  persistent ;  corolla  campanu- 
lato,  slightly  unequal  or  regular,  6-lobcd  ;  stam.  10  (rarelv  fewer), 
mostly  declinate,  anth.  opening  by  2  terminal  pores;  capsn)  o-celled, 
6  valved,  many-seeded. — Shrubs  with  alternate,  entire,  eve.:;^: 'en  lvs. 
Fls.  in  dense,  terminal  umbels  from  large,  scaly  buds.     (Fig.  ha.y,'' 

S  Caly.x  lobes  large,  lenf-llkc.    Leaves  hairy.    Stamens  6  to  10 No.  T 

I  Calyx  lobes  small,  scale-like. — Leaves  obtuse  at  each  end Nos.  1,  2 

— Leaves  acute,  rusty  or  silvery  beneath Noa.  3,  0 

— Leaves  acute,  glabrous  beneath Nos.  4,  5 

1  R.  Lappdnioum  Wahl.  Lapland  Rose  Bay.  Dwarf;  lvs.  elliptical,  obtuse, 
very  small,  roughened  with  concave  rusty  scales  both  sides ;  fls.  in  terminal,  leafy 
clusters,  campanulate,  limb  spreading,  5-lobed;  stam.  5  to  7  to  10,  exserted. — 
An  erect  siirub,  8  to  10'  liigh,  native  of  higli  mts.,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  Branches 
numerous,  with  a  rough  bark.  Lvs.  about  5"  by  2^'',  revoluto,  ferruginous  be- 
neath, crowded.     Cor.  7  to  8"  diam.,  deep  purple,  regular.    Jn.,  Jl. 

2  R.  Catawbi^nse  Mx.  Catawba  Rose  Bay.  Lvs.  oval,  rounded-ohi\\s,Q  at 
each  end,  paler  beneath,  smooth ;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  elongated ;  cor.  broail-cam- 
panulato ;  stam.  10. — On  the  higliost  suuunits  of  the  Alleghonies,  Va.  and  Car. 
Shrub  3  to  6f  higli.  Fls.  bluish  purple,  without  spots,  nmch  larger  than  in  No. 
1.    Jn. 

3  R.  punctdtum  L.  Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  ferruginous  and 
sprinkled  with  resinous  dots  beneath ;  cal.  teetli  very  short  •,  cor.  luvrrow,  campanur 


Order  73.— ERICACE^ 


401 


late  or  funnel-/orm,  segm.  wavy. — A  handsome  slirub  4  to  8f  high,  on  the  high- 
lands of  Car.  and  Ga.  Fls.  smaller  than  in  No.  4,  pink-red.  Jn.,  Jl. 
4  R.  mdziinuin  L.  Lvs.  obovate-oblony,  acute,  smosih,  coriaceous,  discolored  be- 
neath, subrevolute  on  the  margin,  cal.  lobes  oval-obtuse ;  cor.  somewhat  campanu- 
late,  unequal,  pet.  roundish. — A  splendid  tiowering  shrub,  streams  and  lakes,  N. 
Eng.  to  the  mts.  of  Car.  Stems  crooked,  6  to  20f  in  height.  Lvs.  very  smooth  and 
4  to  t'  long,  entire,  thick  and  leathery.  Corymbs  15  to  20-flowered,  in  the  midst 
of  the  evergreen  lvs.  Scales  of  the  flower-bud  near  an  inch  long,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate. Cor.  pink  or  rose-colored,  varying  to  white  with  purple  dots,  sometimes 
dotted  with  yellow,  1^  to  2'  diam.     Jl.,  Aug. 

5  R.  Ponticum.  L,  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuated  to  each  end,  smooth  and 
scarcely  paler  beneath ;  corymbs  short,  terminal ;  cor.  campanulate-rotate ;  cal.  lobes 
subacute,  very  short. — From  Asia  Minor.  Fls.  large,  often  2'  diam.,  purple,  but 
in  cultivation  very  variable,  f 

6  R.  arbdreum  Smith.  St.  arborescent;  lvs.  lanceolate,  glabrous,  with 
silvery  spots  beneath ;  fls.  densely  corymbed ;  cor.  lobes  with  crenulate,  curled 
margins ;  ped.  and  cal.  pubescent. — A  most  beautiful  tree  or  shrub  from  llimmaleh 
Mts.    Fla  purple,  red,  white,  cinnamon  color,  &c.  f 

7  R.  Indicum  Sweet.  Branchlets,  petioles,  veins  and  sepals  strigous  but 
not  glandular ;  lvs.  cuneate-lanceolate,  ciliate,  acuminate  at  eacli  end ;  fls.  termi- 
nal, 1  to  3  together,  on  short  pedicels. — From  Java.  Sep.  lance-ovate,  5  to  8' 
long.  Fls.  scarlet,  purple,  crimson,  flame-color,  &c.  In  cultivation  very  bril- 
liant, f    (Azalea  Indica  L.) 

17.  RHODO^RA,  Dunham.  (Gr.  podov,  a  rose;  from  the  color  of  the 
fls.)  Calyx  5-toothed,  persistent ;  cor.  adiiatc  to  the  calyx,  clee}>ly 
divided  into  3  segments,  upper  one  much  the  broadest,  2 — 3  lobed  at 
the  apex,  in  aestivation  enfolding  the  2  lower  entire  segments;  sta.  10, 
declinate ;  fil.  unequal ;  anth.  opening  by  2  pores ;  caps.  5-celled,  6- 
valved ;  cells  many-seeded. — Shrub  with  deciduous,  alternate  leaves, 
and  pale  purple  flowers. 

R.  Canadensis  L.  A  handsome,  flowering  shrub,  in  bogs,  mountain  or  plain, 
Can.  to  Penn.,  frequent.  Stems  2 — 3f  high,  clothed  with  a  smooth,  brown  bark, 
each  dividing  at  vop  into  several  erect,  flowering  branches.  Each  branch,  while 
yet  naked  of  foliage,  bears  a  terminal  cluster  of  3 — 5  sessile  flowers.  Corolla 
1'  long,  about  equaling  the  deflected  stamens  and  style.  Leaves  obovate-oblong, 
downy-canescent  beneath.     Apr.,  May. 

18.  BEFA^RIA,  Mut.  (So  named  by  Mutis,  in  honor  of  Bejar,  a 
Spanish  botanist.)  Flowers  heptamerous ;  calyx  7-toothed,  campanu- 
late;  corolla  of  1  distinct  petals;  stamens  14;  capsule  7-celled,  7r 
valved,  many-seeded. — Small  shrubs,  often  viscid-hairy,  with  alternate, 
entire  lvs.  and  flowers  in  dense,  racemous  panicles.     (Bojaria,  A.  Juss.) 

B.  racemdsa  Vent.  Branches  hispid  and  glutinous ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolato,  glab- 
rous ;  fla.  in  a  terminal,  paniculate  raceme. — Sandy  margins  of  swamps  and 
ponds,  E.  Ga.  and  Fla.,  and  the  adjacent  Islands.  A  handsome  evergreen  shrub, 
3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  very  entire,  erect,  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  on  slender  pedicels, 
white,  tinged  with  red,  petals  oblong-obovate,  spreading  near  2'.     Jn.,  Jl. 

19.  LE^DUM,  L.  Labrador  Tea.  (The  Gr.  name  of  the  Cistus.) 
Calyx  minute,  4-toothed  ;  corolla  6-petaled,  spreading  ;  stamens  6 — 10, 
exserted ;  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal  pores ;  capsule  6-celled,  5- 
valved ;  opening  at  the  base. — Shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen,  en- 
tire, ferruginous-tomentous  beneath,  coriaceous.  Fls.  in  terminal  co- 
rymbs, white. 

L.  paltistre  (and  L.  latifolium  Ait.)  Lvs.  elliptio-oblong  or  oblong-linear ;  sta. 
6 — 10,  more  or  less  exserted. — Mountain  bogs,  Penn.  to  Lab.  and  Greenland, 


^u 


li, 


492 


Obdbb  73.— ERICACE^. 


M 


White  Mts.  1     Not  uncommon.     A  shrub  T — 3f  high,  readUy  known  by  its  leaves 
which  are  smooth  above,  clotked  beneath  «rith  a  dense,  ferruginous  down,  siiid 
strongly  revolute  or  replicate  at  the  ma'  ^In.     Petioles  and  younger  twigs  also 
downy.     Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  nearly  J  as  wide.     Corymbs  terminal,  of  about  a 
dozen  white  fla.  May— July. 

p.  ANGUSTiFoLiUM.     Lvs.  narrower,  almost  linear;  sta.  mostly  10. 

20.  LEIOPHYL'LUM,  Pers.      Sand  Myrtle.      (Gr  Xelog,  smooth, 

^vXkov,  leaf.)     Calyx  5-parted,  equaling  the  length  of  the  capsule; 

pet.  5,  ovate  oblong,  spreading ;  sts.   10,  exserted;  fil.    subulate;  cells 

of  anthers  dehiscing  by  a  lateral  cleft ;  ovary  globous ;  sty.   filiform ; 

caps.  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. — Small,  smooth  shrubs,  with  erect 

branches.     Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  oval,  coriaceous.     Corymbs  terminal. 

Fls.  white. 

Ii.  buxifdlium  Ell. — Pine  barrens,  N.  .7.  to  Car.  Shrub  8 — 12'  high,  much 
branclied.  Leaves  4 — 5"  by  2 — 3",  very  smooth  and  shining,  margin  strongly 
revolute.     Flowers  numerous  and  small.     May,  June. 

21.  CLE'THRA,  Gaert.  Sweet  Pepper-bush.  (Gr.  name  of  the  Al- 
der, which  these  plants  somewhat  resemble.)  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ; 
petals  5,  distinct,  obovate  ;  stamens  10,  exserted,  anthers  suspended  in 
the  bud,  at  length  erect ;  style  persistent,  stigma  3-cleft ;  capsule  3- 
celled,  3-valved,  oo-seeded,  enclosed  by  the  calyx. — Shrubs  and  trees. 
Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate.  Fls.  white,  in  downy-cauescent  racemes. 
Bracts  deciduous. 

1  C.  alnildlia  L.  Lvs.  cuneiform-obovate,  acute,  acuminately  serrate,  green  on 
botli  sides,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath ;  fls.  in  terminal,  elongated, 
simple  or  branched  racemes ;  bracts  subulate. — A  deciduous  shrub  3  to  8f  high, 
in  swamps.  E.  Can.  to  Ga.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  ^  as  broad  above,  with  a  long, 
wedge-shaped  base,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole.  Rac.  3  to  5'  long.  Ped.  and 
cal.  hoary-pubescent,  tlie  former  2"  in  length,  and  in  the  axil  of  a  bract  about  as 

.     long.     Cor.  white,  spreading,  sweet-scented.     Jl,  Aug. 

13.  TOiMENToSA.  Lvs.  downy  or  toinentous  beneatli ;  rac.  slender,  often  some- 
what paniculate ;  fls.  smaller. — Coinmon  in  the  South.  Apr. — Jn.  (C.  to- 
mentosa  Lam.) 

y.  SCABRA.  Lvs.  coarsely  serrate,  scabrous  both  sides. — Near  Bainbridge,  Ga. 
Rac.  and  fls.  as  in  /i.     Petals  about  2  "  long.     (C.  scabra  Pers.) 

<J  ?  PANICULATA.  Lvs.  cuneate-lanceolate ;  rac.  collected  into  a  panicle. — S.  Car. 
(Bartram).     We  have  not  seen  this  plant.     (C.  paniculata  Willd.) 

2  C.  acuminata  Mx.  Arborescent ;  lvs.  glabrous,  glaucous,  beneath,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, abruptly  acute  at  base,  finely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles ;  rac.  terminal,  soli- 
tary ;  bracts  longer  than  the  fls.,  caducous. — Mts.  along  streams,  Ky.,  Va.,  to  S. 
Car.  Shrub  or  tree,  10  to  ISf  high.  Lv.s.  large  (4  to  G  '  long),  half  as  wide,  tliin, 
Fls.  often  secund  (turned  upwards).  Anth.  dark  purple,  much  exserted.  Jl. 
Aug. 

Suborder  UL     CYRILLE^.     The  Cvrillads. 

22.  ELLIOTTIA,  Muhl.  (To  Stephen  Elliott,  Esq.,  of  Charleston, 
S.  C,  the  well  known  botanical  author.)  Calyx  small,  4-toothcd; 
corolla  of  4  petals  slightly  cohering  at  base ;  stamens  8,  anthers  sagit- 
tate ;  style  slender,  with  a  capitate,  undivided  stigma  ;  capsule  3-celled, 
3-seedod. — A  shrub  with  virgato  branched  alternate,  deciduous,  lanceo- 
late, entire  lvs.  and  terminal  racemes  of  white  tls. 

XI.  raoembsa  Muhl. — In  up-hviuls,  Waynesboro',  Gu.  {Elliott),  and  Atlanta  (P.  ./. 
Berckmam.)  Shrub  5— 8f.  Lvs.  pubescent  ben^'ath,  on  short  jietioles.  Racemes 
rather  |)anicled,  loose.  Petals  obtuse,  5 — 6".  Buds  oblong.  Mature  fruit  yet 
unknown. 


^ 


Ordkr  73.— ERICACEAE. 


493 


23.  CYRILXA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Do^ninico  Ct/rilli,  physician  and 
botanical  author,  Naples.)  Calyx  6-partcd,  minute,  petals  5,  distinct, 
pointed,  spreading;  stamens  5,  hypo^ynous  anthers  opening  length- 
wise ;  style  short,  with  2  stigmas ;  capsule  2-celled,  2-8eeded,  indehis- 
cent ;  seeds  suspended. — A  large  shrub  with  the  branches  irregularly 
whorled,  with  entire,  elliptic-oblong,  perennial  Ivs,  and  the  white  fls.  in 
•lender  clustered  racemes. 

C.  racemiflora  Walt. — Margins  of  swamps  and  streams,  in  pine  barrens,  N.  Car. 
to  Fla.  Siirub  12  to  18F  high,  with  spreading  brandies  and  a  liglit  gray  bark. 
Lvs.  varjMng  from  oval  ta  narrow-oblong,  mostly  acute,  very  smooth,  tapering  to 
a  short  petiole.  Fls.  very  small,  in  racemes  4  to  6'  long.  The  racemes  and  new 
branches  simultaneously  spring  from  the  apex  of  the  preceding  years'  growth. 
Jn. 

24.  MYLOCA'RIUN,  Willd.  Buckwheat  Tree.  (Gr.  fxvXr},  a  mill, 
Kdpvov,  a  kernel,  a  fanciful  name.)  Calyx  5-toothed,  minute  ;  petals  5, 
obovate,  obtuse  ;  stamens  10,  very  short ;  pistil  with  winged  angles ;  cap- 
sule corky,  2  or  3-winged,  3-celled,  with  3  subulate  seeds. — An  ever- 
green shrub,  with  branches  irregularly  whorled,  elliptical  lvs.,  and  ter- 
minal rac.  of  white,  fragrant  fls.     (Cliftonia,  Banks.) 

M.  ligUBtrinum  "Willd. — Borders  of  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.  A  perfectly  smooth, 
elegant  shrub,  4  to  8f  higii.  Lvs.  thiclc,  rather  acute,  entire,  Hat,  veinless,  ses- 
sile, 1'  to  18"  long.  Fruit  drupe-like,  pendulous,  2,  rarely  3  of  the  angles  pro- 
duced into  corky  wings,  suggesting  the  idea  of  buckwheat.     Apr.,  May. 

Suborder  IV.     PYROLEJE.     The  Winteroreen  Tribe. 

25.  PYR'OLA,  Salisb.  Winteroreen.  (Lat.  diminutive  of  Pyrus, 
as  the  leaves  (of  P.  elliptica)  resemble  those  of  the  pear  tree.)  Calyx 
S-purted ;  petals  6,  equal ;  stamens  10,  anthers  large,  pendulous,  fixed 
by  the  apex,  2-horned  at  base,  opening  by  2  pores  at  top  ;  style  thick 
as  if  sheathed ;  stigmas  6,  appearing  as  rays  or  tubercles  ;  capsule  5- 
celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the  angles,  many-seeded. — Low,  scarcely 
guffruticous,  evergreen  herbs.  Lvs.  radical  or  nearly  so,  entire.  Scapes 
mostly  racemous,  from  a  decumbent  stem  or  rhizome.     (Fig.  345.) 

S  Stamens  nnd  stj'le  straight.    Stittinas  peltate,  5-rayed Nos.  1, 3 

§  Stiiinens  ascoiiding.    Style  declined  and  curved.     Stifrina  6-tubercled.    (a) 

a  Leaves  dull  (not  shining).    Petals  greenish-white Nos.  8,4 

a  Leaves  thick  and  shining.    Flowers  white  or  rose-colored Nos.  6,  8 

1  P.  seciinda  L.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  longer  than  the  pe- 
tiole; rac.  secund;  cor.  oblong. — In  dry  woods,  Can.  and  Nor.  States.  Plant  5  to 
8'  high,  bearing  one  or  two  fascicles  of  leaves  near  the  base,  Lvs.  acute  at  each 
end,  with  appressed-pointed  serratures,  appearing  creuate,  Ped.  scape-like,  bear- 
ing a  1-sided  cluster  of  10  to  15  greenish-white  fls.  Petals  oblong,  shorter  than 
tlio  style.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  P.  minor  L.  Lvs,  roundish-ovate,  coriaceous,  repand-crenulate ;  petioles  dilated  at 
base,  shorter  than  the  laminse ;  rac.  subspicate ;  bract  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
very  short  pedicels ;  cal.  lobes  short,  subacute ;  sty.  included  in  the  globular  cor- 
olla,— In  woods,  White  Mts,,  N.  H.,  and  Brit.  Am.  Scape  angular,  6  to  9'  higlu 
Lvs.  mucronuiate  at  apex.     Cor.  whit*i,  slightly  tinged  with  purple.     Jl, 

3  P.  chlordntha  Swartz.  Lvs.  orbicular,  crenulak,  half  as  long  as  the  narrow 
petiole  ;  rac.  few-flowered  ;  segm.  of  the  cal,  very  short,  obtuse  ;  pet.  oblong ; 
pores  of  the  anth.  conspicuously  tubiUar ;  stig,  projecting  beyond  the  sheath. — ^In 

woods,  Can.  and  N.  States,  common.  Lvs.  smaller  than  in  either  of  the  follow- 
ing, often  perfectly  orbicular,  but  more  frequently  inclining  to  ovate,  J  to  1'  diam., 
smooth,  shining,  coriaceous,  petioles  1  to  2'  long.  Scapes  erect,  angular,  8  to  12' 
high,  bearing  a  long  open  raceme.  F1&  nodding,  large,  petals  greenish  white 
Jo.,  Jl. 


!".! 


'H 


i     ! 


I     i 


I 


ij- 


494 


Orueh  73.— KHICACE/^:. 


4  P.  ellfptica  Nutt.  Lvs.  elliptical,  membranous,  obscurely  dentate,  longer  than 
the  petioles;  scape  mostly  naked;  cal.  small,  witl»  ovate,  obtuse  segment, pores 
of  the  anth.  scarcely  tubular. — la  woods,  Can.  and  X.  St.ites  to  Wis.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  more  than  half  as  wide,  mostly  acute,  subentire,  thin,  smooth  and  light 
green.  Scape  5  to  9'  high,  slender,  seldom  bracteate,  bearing  short  racemes. 
FIs.  nodding,  very  fragrant ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts,  bat  only  half  as  long 
as  the  declinate,  recurved  s'yle.     Pet.  white.     Jl. 

5  P.  rotundifdlia  L.  Lvs.  ^rbicular-ovate,  entire  or  v-renulate,  shorter  than  the 
dilated  petiole ;  scape  3-angled  ;  segin.  of  cal.  ovate,  poret:  of  anth,  distinctly  tubu- 
lar ;  sty.  clavate,  the  5  stigmas  projecting  and  often  distinct. — Common  in  woods. 
Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Wis.  Lvs.  all  radical,  round  or  inclining  to  ovate,  nearly  2' 
diam.,  smooth  and  shining,  with  conspicuous,  reticulate  veins,  petioles  margined, 
as  long  iis,  and  sometimes  longer  than  the  blade.  Scape  6  to  12  high,  bracteate 
at  base  and  in  the  middle.  FIs.  drooping,  large,  fragrant,  white,  in  an  oblong, 
terminal  raceme.     .In..  Jl. 

ft.    ULIOINOSA.      Lvs.  rather  dull,  petioles  much  longer  than  the  blade;  fls. 
smaller. — Swamps,  Galen,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  &c.     (P.  uliginosa  Torr.  i.  Gr.) 

6  P.  aaarifdl5a  Mx  Lvs.  reniform-orbicular,  coriaceous,  entire  or  crenulate, 
shorter  than  the  dilated  petiole;  scape  angular,  furrowed;  rac.  lax,  many -flow- 
ered ;  segm.  of  cal.  triangular- lanceolate ;  anth.  not  produced  into  tubes ;  sty. 
produced  beyond  the  sheatli. — In  old  woods,  Can.  and  N.  States.  Lvs.  all  radical, 
1\  to  1|'  diam.,  smooth  and  shining,  conspicuously  cordate  at  base,  longer  than, 
but  not  twice  as  long  as  the  margined  petioles.  Scape  5  to  10'  high,  purplish, 
bracteate  at  base  and  near  the  middle,  racemous  one  half  its  length.  Fls.  nod- 
ding, remote,  largo,  deeply  tinged  with  purple  iu  all  their  parts.  Sty.  about  the 
same  length  and  curvature  aa  the  pedicels.    Jn. 

26.  MONE^SES,  Salisb.  (Or.  fiovog,  one,  fjoig,  delight ;  i.  e.,  one 
pretty  flower.)  Calj'X  5-parted;  cor.  5-parted,  rotate;  sta.  10,  regular, 
2-spiirred  at  base,  opening  by  2  tubular  pores  at  apex;  sty.  rigid  ;  stig. 
peltate,  radiately  6-cleft  or  lobed ;  caps.  6-valved,  5-celled,  many-seeded. 
—  21  Low,  simple,  smooth.  Lvs.  at  top  of  the  stem  roundish,  crenu- 
late, petiolate,  veiny.  Peduncle  terminal,  one-flowered,  longer  than  the 
stems.     Fls.  white. 

M.  grands,  ora  Salisb.  Woods,  among  mosses,  Bradford,  Vt.,  Keene,  N.  H. 
(Bigelow),  Dexter,  Jeff.  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Vasoy),  Brit.  Am.  Root  creeping.  Stem 
ascending,  very  short.  Leaves  7 — 9"  diam.  Scape  or  peduncle  about  3'  higli, 
slender,  with  a  bract  near  the  middle.  Flower  9"  diam.  June.  (Pyrola  uni- 
flora  L.) 

27.  CHIMAPH'ILA,  Ph.  Pipsissiwa.  (Gr.  ;^;eZjua,  winter,  0<Ato),  to 
love  ;  equivalent  to  tlie  English  name  Wintergreen.)  Calyx  5-parte<l ; 
petals  6,  spreading ;  stamens  10  ;  filaments  dilated  in  the  middle  ;  anth. 
cells  produced  into  tubes,  opening  by  a  2-lipped  pore  at  apex ;  style 
very  short,  thick  ;  capsule  6-celled,  opening  from  the  summit;  seeds  oo. 
— Small,  suflfruticous,  evergreen  plants,  with  the  habit  of  Pyrola.  Lvs. 
cauline,  serrate,  evergreen,  opposite  or  irregularly  verticillate.  Fls.  ter- 
minal.    (Fig.  45.) 

1  C.  umbelldta  Nutt.  Prince's  Pine.  Lvs.  cuneaie-l  nceolaie,  serrate,  in  4s — 
6s;  umbel  4  to  7-flowered;  bracts  linear-subulate;  sty.  immersed  in  the  ovary.— • 
11  In  dry  woods,  flowering  in  July.  A  common,  little  evergreen.  Can.  and  N. 
States.  Leaves  in  2  or  more  irregular  whorls,  2 — 3'  long,  ^  as  wide,  remotely 
and  distinctly  serrate,  on  short  petioles,  coriaceous,  shining,  of  a  uniform  dark 
green  color.  Peduncle  terminal,  erect,  H — 4'  long,  bearing  4 — 7  light  purple  flow- 
ers on  nodding  pedicels  8"  loag.  Jl. — Both  this  and  the  following  species  ar« 
tonic  and  diuretic  (Bw.) 

2  C.  maculdta  Pursh.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  remotely  ser- 
.  fufe,  discolored,  opposite  or  in  3s;  ped.  2 — 3-fiotvered;  fiL  woolly. — Can.  to  Car. 


Order  73.— ERICACE^. 


495 


and  Tenn.,  in  sandy  woods.  Habit  mu^^h  like  the  last,  but  it  is  readily  distin- 
guished by  its  variegated  leaves.  Stem  3 — t'  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  ^  as 
wide,  marked  with  a  whitish  streak  along  the  midvein  and  veiulets.  Flowers 
purplish- white,  on  nodding  pedicels.     Jn,,  Jl. 

Suborder  V.     GALACINE^. 

28.  GA^LAX,  L.  Beetle-weed.  (Gr.  ydXa,  milk ;  referring  prob- 
ably to  its  milk-vvliite  newel's.)  Calyx  of  6  distinct^  persistent  sepals; 
corolla  of  5,  oblong-obovate,  distinct  petals ;  stamens  hypogynous,  fila- 
ments 10,  united  into  a  tube  with  as  many  teeth,  those  opposite  the  pe- 
tals sterile,  anthers  5,  1 -celled  opening  across  the  top  ;  capsule  3-celled  ; 
seeds  oo,  inclosed  in  a  loose,  cellular  testa. —  21  Roots  tufted,  creeping, 
d(!ep  red,  sending  up  roundish-cordate,  long-stalked,  glabrous  Ivs.  and  a 
scape  bearing  a  dense  raceme  of  white  fls. 

C.  aphylla  L.  Damp,  mountain  woods,  Md.  (Mr.  Shriver)  to  Tenn.  (at  Cumber- 
laud  Gap),  and  S.  Car.  Lvs.  large  (2  to  3'  diam.),  erenate-dentate,  often  reniform. 
Scape  1  to  2f  high,  naked  except  a  mai-.-j  of  red  scales  at  the  base.  Spike  several 
inches  long,  milk-white.    Jl.,  Aug. 


Suborder  VI.      M  O  N  O  T  R  O  P  E  ^. 

29.  MONOT'ROPA,  L.  Ixdian  Pipe.  Pine  Sap.  (Or.  fiovog,  one, 
Tpt'TTw,  to  turn ;  i.  e.,  turned  one  way.)  Calyx  of  1  to  5  bract-like  se- 
pals ;  petals  4  to  6,  connivent  in  a  bell-shaped  corolla,  gibbous  at  base ; 
stamens  8  to  10  ;  anthers  opening  transversely  at  apex  ;  stigma  discoid, 
5-rayed  ;  capsule  4  to  5-celled,  4  to  5-valved ;  seeds  numerous,  minute. 
— Low,  parasitic  herbs,  of  a  white  or  tawny  color,  furnished  with  scale- 
like bracts  instead  of  leaves. 

§  Sepals  (or  bracts)  1  to  3.    Flower  solitary,  scentless.    Style  very  short No.  1 

§  Sepals  4  or  5.    Flowers  in  a  secund  raceme,  fragrant.    Style  long No.  2 

1  M.  uniflora  L.  Indian  Pipe.  Bird's  Nest.  St.  short ;  scales  approximate ; 
fl.  nodding;  fr.  erect. — Common  in  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  small,  succulent 
plant,  about  6'  high,  of  a  dirty  white  in  all  its  parts.  St.  furnished  with  sessile, 
lanceolate,  semi-transparent  lvs.  or  bracts,  and  bearing  a  large,  terminal  flower, 
sessile  and  nodding  on  the  reflexed  top.  Common  in  woods,  near  the  base  of 
trees  on  whose  roots  it  is  doubtless  parasitic.  Jn. — Sept. — In  the  southern  plant 
the  flower  is  more  or  less  pedunculate. 

2  M.  Hyp6pytiB  L.  Pine  Sap.  Bird's  Nest.  More  or  less  downy ;  pediceli 
as  long  as  the  flower;  caps  subglobous. — Woods,  N.  Y..  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Wise. 
The  whole  plant  is  of  a  tawny  white  or  reddish  color.  Root  a  tangled  ball  of 
libers.  Scape  6 — 10'  high,  with  many  concave  scales,  covered  with  down.  Fls. 
7 — 12,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  drooping  at  first,  becoming  erect.  Pedicels  1—2" 
long,  bracts  and  flowers  3  times  as  long.  Only  the  terminal  flower  is  generally 
decandrous ;  the  lateral  ones  have  8  stamens  and  4  petals.     Aug. 

30.  SCHWEINIT'ZIA,  Ell.  Carolina  Beech-drops.  (To  Jiev.  Lewit 
de  Schweinitz,  of  N.  C,  a  pioneer  botanist.)  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  erect, 
ovate-acuminate  sepals ;  corolla  persistent,  campanulate,  limb  6-lobed ; 
stamens  10,  anthers  awnlesa,  opening  by  pores  at  apex ;  style  thick, 
stigma  large,  5-angled,  capsule  6-celled,  5-valved ;  seeds  numerous, 
minute. — Plant  leafless,  brownish.  Fls.  subsessile,  capitate,  reddish^ 
white,  with  the  odor  of  the  violet. 

S.  odordta  Ell.  Rich,  shady  soils,  Md.  to  N.  Car.  (Curtis).  Plant  3  to  4'  higl^ 
with  tlie  habit  of  Monotropa.     Feb..  Mar. 


9 

m 

'e.    .  (, 

\  ''  i 

I'f 

496 


Order  74.— AQUIFOLIACE.E. 


31.  PTEROS'PORA,  Niitt.  Albany  Beech-drops. — (Gr.  Trrepov,  a 
win^f,  OTTopd.  H  seed  ;  allii<Jing  to  the  wingetl  seeds.)  Calyx  5-parte(l ; 
corolla  urceolate,  roundish-ovoid,  the  limb  5-toothed  and  refiexed ; 
stamens  10,  anthers  peltate,  2-celled,  Pawned,  opening  lengthwise; 
capsule  5-celled,  5-valved ;  seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  winged  at  the 
apex. —  21  Plant  leafles?!,  brownish-red.  Fls.  raeemed,  white,  resembling 
those  of  Andromeda. 

P.  androm^dea  Nutt.  In  various  parts  of  N.  Y.  and  Vt.,  rare.  First  discoverfd 
by  Dr.  I).  S.  C.  H.  Smith,  near  Niagara  Falls,  1816.  Scape  12  to  30'  high,  dark 
purple,  clothed  witii  short,  viscid  wool.  Rac.  6  to  12'  long,  witii  50  or  more 
nodding  fls.  Pedicels  irregularly  scattered,  G  to  8  "  long,  axillary  to  long,  linear 
bracts.  Cor.  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  somewhat  campanulate,  open  at  the  throat. 
Jl.     (Monotropa  procera  Ea.) 


Order  LXXIV.     AQUIFOLIACE.E.     IIollyworts. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  evergreen,  alternate  or  opposite,  simple,  coriaceous,  exstipu- 
late  leaves.  Flowers  small,  axillary,  sometimes  dioecious.  Sepals  4  to  6,  imbricate 
in  bud,  very  minute.  Cor.  regular,  4 — 6-cleft  or  parted,  hypogynous,  imbricate  in 
aestivation.  St-a.  inserted  into  the  very  short  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
its  segments.  Anth.  adnate.  Ova.  free  from  the  calyx,  2 — 6-celled,  with  a  solitary, 
suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fr.  drupaceous,  with  2 — 6  stones  or  nucules.  Albu- 
men large,  fleshy. 

Genera  It,  speeifs  110,  natives  of  America  and  S.  Af/ica,  only  one,  Ilex  the  Holly,  ne'e  aqiii- 
foliiiin,  which  givus  nuiiie  to  the  Order,  being  fuiind  in  Euro|ie. 

PropertieH.—'Vhii  baric  and  leaves  of  Prinos  verticiliatiis  (black  alder)  are  eminently  astringent 
an<l  tonic,  as  well  as  those  of  tlie  Holly.  The  berries  are  eintuic  and  purgative.  The  leaves  of 
Prinos  glaber,  and  Ilex  Paraguensis  are  used  for  tea,  the  latter  well  known  as  the  Mate  or  Para- 
guay Tea. 

The  idea  of  nniting  the  two  genera  Ilex  and  Prinos  was  advanced  by  Dr.  "Wm.  Baldwin,  in 
1SI6  ("  Keliquia',"  p.  841)  in  consequence  of  discovering  some  of  the  deciduous  species  of  Ilex 
wiiich  lie  at  first  mistook  for  Prinos.  The  suggestion  has  since  been  repeated  by  several  autliors, 
and  at  length  Prof.  Gray  (Manual,  p.  26.S)  includes  both  under  one  name  (Ilex).  The  two  groups, 
however,  »Q.e\r\  to  us  quite  as  distinct  aa  Gaylimmcia  and  Vaccinium ;  and  moreover,  Nemo- 
puuthes  is  intermediate, 

GENERA. 

5  Habitually  tetramerous.    Drupe  with  4,  bony,  eulcate  nutlets Ilet.  1 

§  Habitually  tetramerous.     Drupe  with  4,  horny,  smooth  nutlets Nrmopanthrs.  2 

{  Habitually  hexawerous.     Berry  with  6  (7,  S)  suioot'i,  cartilaginous  seeds Pkinos.  .3 

1.  ILEX,  L.  Holly.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Holm  Oak,  tlie 
derivation  uncertain.)  Fls.  4  (rarely  5)-parted,  mostly  perfect  but  many 
abortive;  calyx  4-toothed,  persistent;  corolla  of  4  obtuse  petals  distinct 
or  scarcely  united  at  base ;  stamens  4  ;  stigmas  4,  or  united  into  one ; 
drupe  red,  with  4  bony  nutlets,  ribbed  and  furrowed  on  the  convex 
back. — Lvs.  alternate.     Fls.  small,  white,  lateral,  single  or  clustered. 

I  Trees  evergreen — the  leaves  armed  with  spinous  teeth No.  1 

I  Shrubs  evergreen — the  leaves  unarmed,  serrate  or  entire N(«.  '2 — t 

I  Shrabs  deciduous,  the  leaves  thin,  serrate  or  entire Nos.  5—7 

1  I.  opelca  L.  American  Holly.  Arborescent;  lvs.  oval,  acute,  with  strong, 
spinous  teeti),  coriaoeov.s  smooth,  and  shitiing,  fascicles  lax,  peduncles  compound  ; 
cal.  teeth  acute ;  drupe  ovate,  nutlets  u-ribbed  on  the  back. — A  tree  of  middle 
size,  quite  generally  diffused  throughout  the  U.  S.,  from  Mass.  to  Ga  and  La. 
It  is  cliiefly  interesting  for  its  foliage,  which  is  of  an  exceedingly  rich,  shining, 
perennial  green.  Pis.  in  scattered  clusters  at  the  base  of  the  new  branchlets, 
and  the  fertile  ones  are  succeeded  by  red  berries,  which  remain  until  late  iu 
Autumn.     Jn, 

/3.  Lvs.  mostly  entire,  a  few  of  them  with  a  single  spinous  tooth  towards  th» 
apex. — Macon,  Ga,,  &c.     Lva.  exactly  oval,  very  different  from  I.  Dahoon. 


OUDKB  74.— AQUIFOLTACE^. 


407 


2  I.  Dahoon  "Walt.  Daiioon  TIolt.y.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  smooth 
shiniug,  ovate  or  somewhat  pointed  at  each  end,  beneath  pubescent,  at  least  on 
the  midyein,  as  well  as  tlie  petioles  and  pedicels,  margin  entire  or  sometimi's  sti- 
rate,  clusters  of  fls.  pedunculate;  fls.  4-parted. — A  fine  shrub,  5  to  12f  hi<rh,  in 
swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  a  third  as  wide,  pale  beneath.  Drupi-a 
red,  the  4  bony  nutlets  rugous-ribbed,  on  the  convex  back.     May. 

Q.  Lvs.  larger,  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse,  on  very  short  petioles. — Ga.  (Dr.  Feay). 
y.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  mostly  entire,  acute. — Ga.  (I.  li'iis- 
trina  Ell.) 

3  I.  CaSB^na  "Walt.  Cassena  Tea.  Lvs.  oval,  obtuse,  crenate,  glabrou.s,  shining 
wiien  old;  clusters  about  3-flowcred,  scarcely  peduncled ;  lis.  4-parted;  nutlets 
about  3-ribbed  on  the  convex  back. — A  shining,  evergreen,  bualiy  shrub,  common 
in  S.  States,  near  the  coast,  6  to  15f  high.  Lvs.  little  more  than  1'  long.  Fertile 
fls.  nearly  sessile,  sterile  pedicels  2  to  3"  long.  Drupe  scarlet,  with  4  bony  nut- 
lets.    Mar.,  Apr. — Used  by  the  Creek  Indians  as  a  tea. 

4  I.  myrtifdlia  "Walt.  Lvs.  linear-oblong,  small,  glabrous,  a/;ute  oi-  suhmucronafe, 
nearly  entire,  shining  above,  branchlets  glandular-puberulent ;  ped.  slender,  brac- 
teolate,  corymbously  3  to  9-flowered,  or  the  fertile  1-flowered ;  drupes  red. — A 
large  shrub  12  to  20f  high,  in  the  borders  of  ponds  in  pine  barrens,  Md.  (Shiiver) 
to  Fla.  Branches  crooked,  divaricate,  witli  light  gray  bark.  Lvs.  less  tlian  1' 
in  length,  shining,  rigid,  often  with  a  few  acute  serratures.  May. — Varies  with 
the  branchlets  smooth ;  lvs.  obtuse,  more  or  less  serrate,  Ac. 

5.  I.  decfdua  "Walt.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  a-ute  or  slightly  acuminate  at  both  endi,  glab- 
rous, slightly  appressed-serrate ;  ped.  1-flowered,  short  (3"  long),  the  sterile  glom- 
erate, the  fertile  solitary ;  fls.  4  to  5-parted ;  cal.  ciliate ;  nutlets  large,  obtusely 
ridged. — Shrub  6  to  9f  high,  with  slender  branches,  in  sandy  woods,  Car.  to  Fla., 
common.  Lvs.  tliin,  at  flowering  time  H  to  2'  long,  tapering  to  slender  petioles. 
Ped.  2  to  3''  long.     Apr.  (L  prinoides  L.) 

j3.  URBANA.      Lvs.  (2  to  3'  long)  cuneate-oval.  obtuse,  crenately  appressed-ser- 
rate, dark  green,  attenuate  at  base. — '111.  opposite  St.  Luuis,  &c. 

6  I.  monticola  Gray.  Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse,  or  subcordate  at  base,  acuminate,  glab- 
rous, serrate,  thin ;  fls.  on  short  pedicels,  4-parted ;  cfil.  ciliate ;  nutlets  strongly 
ridged. — Mountain  woods,  Cutskill,  N.  Y.  'o  Car.  Shrub  about  6f  high.  Lvs. 
large,  deciduous,  2  to  4'  by  1  to  2',  at  base  acute,  olituse  or  subcordate.  Pedi- 
cela  3  or  more  in  a  cluster,  1  to  2"  long.     (I.  ambigua  Torr.  N.  Y.  h^) 

2.  NEMOPANTHES,  Raf.  (Gr.  w>a,  a  thread,  novc,  a  foot ;  dvOor, 
a  flower;  alluding  to  the  slender  pedicels.)  Calyx  4  to  5-lobed  ;  pet- 
als 4  to  5,  distinct,  linear  or  oblong ;  stamens  4  to  5  ;  ovary  hemis- 
pherical ;  stigmas  4  to  5,  sessile  ;  fruit  a  subglobous  drupe,  with  4  to  5 
smooth,  horny  nutlets. — Shrubs  with  alternate,  entire,  deciduous  lvs. 
Fls.  on  slender  pedicels,  usually  dia'cio-polygamous  by  abortion.  Ber- 
ries red. — A  genus  intermediate  between  Ilex  and  Prinos. 

1  N.  Canadinsis  Raf  Canadian  Holly.  Lvs.  deciduous,  oval,  very  entire, 
smooti),  mucronate-pointed ;  ped.  nearly  solitary,  long ;  /,•.  somewhat  angular.— t 
A  shrub,  4 — 6f  high,  with  smooth  branches,  growing  in  damp  or  rocky  woods, 
Can.,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  about  2'  Iqng,  on  petioles 
^  as  long.  Flowers  small,  greenish-white;  ped.  7  to  12  "  long.  Segments  of  the 
corolla  acute,  long  as  the  stamens.  Ovary  of  the  barren  flowers  pointed,  of  the 
fertile  with  a  4-lobed  stigma.     Berries  dry,  red.     May,  Jn.     (Ilex,  Mx.) 

2  N.  ambigua.  Lvs.  oval,  entire,  mucronate,  potiolate,  glabrous  both  sides, 
ciliate  on  the  margin  when  young;  sterile  fis.  4-parted,  on  slender,  aggregated  p»t 
duncles;  fertile  solitary,  on  very  long  peduncles. — Slopes  near  Flint  R.,  Ga. 
Shrub  4  to  8f  high.  Lvs.  small,  1  to  2'  by  6"  to  1'.  Sterile  pedicels  less  than  1' 
in  length,  fertile  more  than  1'  when  in  fruit  Berry  4  to  5-seeded,  red.  Mar., 
Apr.     (Prinos  ambiguus  Mx.) 

3.  PRFNOS,  L.  WiNTBR-BERRY.  (Gr.  rrp/'w,  to  saw ;  alluding  to 
the  serrated  leaves.)     Flowers  small,  habitually  6 -parted  and  perfect, 

32 


i< 


n!il 


It 


I 
% 

Pi- 
'I 


•'    ^ 


)\ 


w^ 


m 


408 


Okueb  75.— STYRACACE.E. 


but  often  abortive;  calyx  6-cleft;  corolla  iiioijopctalous,  subrotate,  6- 
parted  ;  stamens  6  (in  the  sterile  flowers  rarely  fewer,  in  the  fertile 
rarely  more)  ;  berry  G-seeded,  seeds  with  a  smooth,  cartilaginous  testa. 
— Shrubs  with  alternate  Ivs.,  small  white  fls.,  iMid  red  or  black 
berries. 

J  Leaves  docidiious,  tliln.    Berries  red Nos.  1,  'i 

if  Leaves  evergreen,  thick,  shiniug.    Berries  black , Nos.  8,  4 

1  P.  verticillStUB  L.  Black  Alder.  Lvs.  lance-oval,  serrate,  acuminate,  pu- 
bescent beneath ;  Jls.  axillary,  the  fertile  ones  aggregate,  tlie  barren  eubumbel- 
late. — This  shrub  is  found  in  moist  woods  or  swamps,  Can.  and  most  of  the  States, 
usually  growing  about  8f  high.  Leaves  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole, 
uncinately  serrate,  with  prominent,  pubescent  veins  beneath.  Flowers  white, 
dioecious,  small,  the  p'  dicels  scarce  more  than  1"  in  length.  Berries  scarlet,  in 
little  bunches  (apparently  verticillate;,  roundish,  6-celled  and  6-seeded,  permanent 
Jl.     (P.  Gronovii  Mx.) 

2  P.  laevigdtus  Ph.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  appressed-serrulate,  glabrous  on  both  sides, 
sliining  above,  minutely  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath ;  fls.  hexamerous,  the 
fertile  axillary,  subsessile,  $  glomerate,  on  slender  peduncles. — Swamps  and 
marslies,  N.  and  Mid.  States.  Shrub  6  to  9f  high,  with  grayish  and  warty 
brandies.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  8  to  12'',  pointed  at  each  end  ;  petioles  6  to  10"  long. 
Fls.  mostly  solitary,  the  sterile  on  pedicels  6"  long,  the  fertile  pedicels  scarcely 
2  '.     Berries  large,  red.     Jn. 

(i.  LANCEOLATUS.  "  Sterile  fls.  triandrotis."  Pnrsh. — Dr.  Halo  sent  specimens 
from  La.  labelled  P.  lanceolatus.  The  lvs.  and  berries  accord  well  with  our 
specimens  of  No.  3,  and  also  with  Pursh's  L  lanceolatus.  The  fruit  is  6- 
seeded. 

3  P.  glaber  L.  Ink  Berry.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  cuneate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  shin- 
ing, serrate  at  the  end. — A  beautiful  shrub,  3  to  4f  high,  found  in  swamps,  Mass., 
\\.  I.  to  N.  Y.  and  Car.  Lvs.  very  smooth,  leathery,  shining,  1  to  \\'  by  6  to  7", 
broadest  above  the  middle.  Pedicels  subsoiitary,  1  to  3-flowered.  Fls.  white, 
mostly  6-parted.     Berries  roundish,  black  and  shining.     Jn.,  JL 

4  P.  coriaceus  Ph.  Lvs.  obovate,  acute  at  base,  short-acuminate,  sharply  serrate 
near  the  apex,  very  thick,  shining  above,  minutely  black-dotted  beneath ;  fls. 
6  to  8-parted,  sterile  aggregated,  fertile  solitary ;  berry  black,  with  6  to  8  smooth 
seeds. — .1  shrub  4  to  6f  high,  in  wet  woods.  Savannah  (Pond)  to  Bainbridge,  Ga. 
and  Fla.  Lvs.  remarkably  thick  and  leathery,  about  2'  long  and  1'  wide,  with  2 
to  4  mucronate,  appressed  teeth.  Berries  large,  astringent ;  seeds  lens-shaped. 
May.     (P.  atomarius  Nutt.) 


Order  LXXV.     STYRACACE^. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  destitute  of  stipules.     Fls.  or  ra- 

cemes  solitary,  axillaiy,  bracteate.       Cal.  5-rarely  4-lobod,  imbricated  in  aestivation. 

Cor.  5-rarely  4  or  6-lobed,  imbricated  in  aestivation.      Sta.  definite  or  oo,  unequal  in 

leii,<j;th,  usually  cohering.     Anth.  innate,  2-celled.     Ova.   adherent,  2 — 5-celled,  the 

partitions  sometimes  hardly  reaching  the  center.     Fr.  drupaceous,  generally  with 

but  one  fertile  cell.     Sds.  5 — I. 

^cn<!/v(.  6,  «yj6(';V»<  115,  sparinsly  distributed  throiiijh  tlio  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of 
lioili  continents,  ';nly  iv  few  in  colder  latitudes.  Stontx  and  Benzoin,  two  fragrant  gum  resins, 
regarded  as  stimulant  and  expectorant,  arc  the  products  of  two  species  of  .Styrax,  viz.  of  S.  offici- 
ualo,  ft  Syrian  ti'eo,  and  S,  benzo'in,  native  of  Malay  and  the  adjacent  islands. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

1,  STMPLOCINE.^.    Anthers  numerous,  innate,  globular.    Calyx  S-cleft. 

Flowers  yellow Stmplooos    1 

IL  STYBACE.1E.     Anthers  8  to  12,  linear-oblong,  adnate.     Calyx  mostly  truncate. 

Flowers  white  (a). 

a  Flowers  pentamerons.    Fruit  wingless,  1-seeded Styrax.    3 

a  Flowers  tctramerous.    Fruit  winjj;cd,  !2  to  3-.seeded Ualbsia.  8 


I  I  I)  I  , 


Order  76.— STVRACACE.E. 


4S»i) 


1.  SYN'PLOCOS,  Jacq.  (Gr.  avfinkoKog,  connected;  referring  to  tlie 
stamens.)  Calyx  5-clett ;  corolla  5-j)arte«l,  spreading,  imbricated  in 
bud  ;  stiuuens  go,  in  5  clusters,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal, 
filaments  slender,  anthers  globular ;  ovary  3-celled,  the  lower  half  ad- 
herent; drupe  dry,  with  a  3-celled,  mostly  1-seeded  nut. — Shrubs  or 
trtres,  with  axillary  clusters  or  racemes  of  small  ye'low  tls. 

8  tinctdria  L'Hcr.  Lva.  oval  or  elliptical,  acuminate  acute  at  baso,  thick,  olv 
scurely  denticulate,  puberuletit  beneath;  tls.  sessile,  iti  axillary,  dense  clusters  of 
6  to  12 ;  cal.  lobes  ovate,  obtuse. — Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  small  tree  10  to  20f 
hif?h.  Lvs.  mostly  evergreen,  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  3  to  5 
long,  sweet  to  the  taste,  turnin<j  yolhjwish  in  drying,  and  affording  a  useful  yellow 
dye.    Pr.  oblong-ovoid  (5  to  G '  long),  crowned  with  the  calyx  teeth.     Mar,,  Apr. 

2.  STY' RAX,  Tourn.  Calyx  campanulatc,  truncate  or  5-toothed  ; 
corolla  deeply  5-parted,  much  longer  than  the  calyx ;  stamens  10, 
joined  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  filaments  united  into  a  short  tube  at 
base;  anthers  linear,  erect ;  ovary  adherent  at  base;  fruit  coriaccov.  . 
1-celled,  mostly  1 -seeded.  Shrubs  with  alternate  lvs.  and  axillary 
racemes  of  white,  drooping,  showy  fis. 

1  S.  pulverul6nta  Mx.  Branehlets,  pedicels,  and  calyx  pulvenilent-downy ; 
los.  broadly  ovcU,  oldu-se,  glandular-serrulate,  rust-downy  beneath;  ils.  a.xillary  and 
2  or  3  together  at  the  luid  of  tlie  branehlets. — Va.  to  Fla.  Slirub  2  to  '.i(  high, 
growing  in  clumps,  wet  places.  Brandies  virgate.  Lvs.  small,  al)(>ut  l'  by  8  to 
9",  nearly  sessile.  Ped.  2  to  3  '  long.  Cal.  hoary,  with  minute,  sharp  teeth. 
Pet.  6  '  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  8,  Americina  Lam.  Plaid  glabrous ;  Irs.  oblong  or  elliptical  nnde  at  each  end, 
wavy  or  remotely  denticulate  at  edge ;  rac.  leafy,  iew-tlowered ;  pedicels  shorter 
tlian  or  about  as  long  as  the  flower;  c.il.  turbinate,  short.  -  Shrub  with  slender, 
straggling  branches,  4  to  8f  high,  in  swamps,  Va,  to  Fla.  and  La.  Lvs.  1  to  3 
long.  Rac.  3  to  5-flowered.  Fls.  6  to  1"  long,  axillary,  and  partly  naked.  Cal. 
1"  long.     Apr.    (S.  glabrum  Mx.) 

/J.  LEVE.     Lvs.  thicker;  pedicels  shorter  than  tlie  flower;  corolla  downy.— 
Car.  to  La.     The  lvs.  aro  often  ovate.     (S.  leve  Walt.) 

3  8.  grandifdlia  Ait.  Lvs.  ample,  broadly  obovate,  acute  at  baso,  short-acumi 
nate  or  acute,  entire  or  dentate,  hoary-tomentous  beneath  ;  rac.  tomentous,  naked, 
longer  than  the  lvs.,  oo-flowered. — Va.  to  Fla.,  common.  Shrub  6  to  12f  hijjU. 
Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  2  to  5',  the  petioles  only  3  to  4".  Rac.  often  branched,  5  to  8' ; 
cor.  imbricated  in  bud,  wide  bell-shaped,  longer  than  the  pedicels.     Apr.,  May. 

iS.  GRAN'UiDENTATA  (Feay).    Lvs.  strongly  dentate,  smaller  (2  to  3'  by  1  to  2), 
pet.  nearly  as  broad  as  long. — Ga. 

3.  HALE'SIA,  Ellis.  Snowdrop  Tree.  (To  the  learned  and  ven- 
erable Stephen  Hales,  D.-D.,  F.E.S.,  1730.)  Calyx  obconic,  briefly 
4-lobed ;  corolla  inserted  into  the  caly.x,  campanulate,  with  a  narrow 
bisi',  4-clef't  or  4-parted  ;  stamens  8  lo  12,  connate  into  a  tube  below  ; 
siyle  filiform,  pubescent ;  fruit  dry,  4-winged,  wings  equal  or  alternately 
smaller ;  seeds  1  to  3. — N.  Am,  shrubs  or  trees.  Lvs.  alternate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  finely  denticulate  or  entire.  Fls,  in  advance  of  the  lvs.  pen- 
dulous, in  lateral  clusters  of  3  to  5,  white,  showy. 

1  H.  tetraptera  L.  Lvs,  oblong-ovate;  cor.  (6"  long)  petals  united  more  than 
half  way;  sty.  much  cxserted,  twice  longer  than  the  12  stamens;  fil.  slightly 
united ;  fr.  equally  4-winged. — Va.  to  Ky.  to  Fla,  Shrulj  or  small  tree  10  to  20f 
high.  Lvs.  downy  beneath,  at  length  ample  (2  to  5'  by  1  to  3  ).  Fls.  in  clusters 
of  about  3,  shorter  than  the  pedicels,     Apr.,  May, 

2  H.  diptera  L,  Lvs.  oblong-obovate ;  cor,  (1' long),  petiilssliglitly  united  at  base, 
oblong-oliovate,  style  not  exsert.  as  long  as  the  8  stamens;  fil.  united  halt'  way 
up;  fr.  2-\vinged. — Woods,  Car.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Ark.     Small  or  large  tree,  usiially 


I    I 


u 


'  'J 


*   J'l 


I     f 


|S 


■    H 


500 


Order  77.— SAPoTACE^. 


15  to  20f  higli.  Prof.  Pond  describes  one  on  the  Ogeechee  R.,  46f  high,  trunk 
18  diaui.  Sir.  Buckley  one  in  N.  Car.,  whose  trunk  measured  17f  in  circumler- 
cnco.  Lvs.  quite  large  (4  to  6  or  7 '  by  2  to  3').  FLs.  in  clusters  of  3  to  5,  on 
ped.  1  to  2'  long.  The  2-winge(l  pods  are  near  2'  long.  It  begins  to  bloom  sev- 
eral weeks  later  than  No.  1 .    Apr.   (II.  parviflora  Mx.  ?) 

Order  LXXVI.     EBENACE.^^.     Eponads. 

TVees  or  shrubs  without  milky  juice  and  with  a  heavy  wood.  Leaves  alternate, 
''xstipulate,  coriaceous,  entire.  Inflorescence  axillary.  Flowers  by  abortion  diieci- 
oua  seldom  perfect.  Cal.  free,  3  to  6-cleft,  divisions  nearly  equal,  persistent.  Cor- 
olla regular  3  to  G-cloft,  often  pubescent,  imbricate  in  ajstivation.  Stameris  twice  or 
4  times  as  many  aa  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Fr.  a  fleshy,  oval  or  globous  berry. 
Seeds  large,  suapended,  albuminous. 

Genera  10,  speciev  160,  mostly  native  of  the  Indies  and  the  tropics,  one  unly  being  found  «g 
far  Nortli  as  Is.  Y. 

J'roperties. — Diospyros  is  i  -^markablo  for  tlio  hardness  and  darit  color  of  the  wood.  Ebony  is 
the  wood  of  1).  Kbcnus,  Ebenasi.'r.  and  otlier  specius,  natives  of  Africa.  The  fruit  of  the  spoeli's 
below  is  eatable  wlien  fully  ripe,  ui'i.!>ough  extremely  bitter  and  astringent  before  maturity. 
Tue  barii  is  eminently  febrifugal  und  astringent. 

DIOSPY'ROS,  Dalesch.  Persimmon.  Fls.  S  ?  .  Cal.  4— 6-lobed  ; 
cor.  tubular  or  cainpaniilate,  4 — 6-cleft,  convolute  in  {Estivation.  $ 
Sta.  8 — 50,  mostly  1 6  ;  fil.  shorter  than  the  anthers ;  ova.  abortive ;  sty. 
0.  $  Sta.  mostly  8,  without  anthers ;  sty.  2 — 4-cleft ;  berry  ovoid  or 
globous,  4 — 12-  mostly  8-celled,  cells  1 -seeded. — A  large  genus  of 
shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  tropical. 

D.  Virginidna  L.    Lvs.  elliptic,  abruptly  acuminate,  er        smooth,  petioles,  veins 
and  margins  puberulent ;  rac.  axillary,  3  to  1-flowered  eh  shorter  than  the 

flowers;  cal.  4-parted ;  stam.  8. — In  woods,  lat.  42°,  to  xm.  and  La.,  frequent.  A 
shrub  or  small  tree  at  the  North,  a  tree  of  large  dimensions  Soutli  and  West 
Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  entire,  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  obscure,  pale  greenish- 
yellow,  the  fertile  ones  succeeded  by  a  round,  orange-red  fruit  as  large  as  the  gar- 
den plum,  and  containing  6 — 8  stony  seeds.  They  are  rendered  sweet  and  palata- 
ble by  the  frost.     I3ark  tonic  and  astringent.     Ju. 

Order  LXXVII.     SAPOTACE^     Soapworts. 

lYees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  and  simple,  entire  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  regular,  perfect,  mostly  in  axillary  clusters.  Cali/x  free,  persistent.  Corvlla 
hypogynous,  short,  stamens  usually  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  to  them,  in- 
serted into  its  tube  along  with  one  or  more  rows  of  appendages.  Anthers  extrorse. 
Ovary  4  to  12-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Seeds  large, 
usually  albuminous. 

Genera  21,  species  212,  chiefly  tropical. 

SToluftble  for  their  succulent  fruit,  as  the  marmalade,  star-apple,  etc  ,  for  their  febrifiieral  bark, 
some  species  of  Achras  being  used  as  a  substitute  for  Cinchona,  uiid  their  gum  ri'.-«ins,  as  the 
Gutta-Percha  obtained  from  the  tree  Isonandra  Outta. 

BUNE'LIA,  Swarts.  (The  Greek  name  of  the  Ash.)  Caly.x  5-parted 
corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  row  of  10  narrow  appendages  on  the  edges  of 
the  lobes ;  stamens  6,  opposite  the  lobes,  alternate  with  5  petaloid,  ster- 
ile stamens  ;  ovary  6-celled  ;  style  filiform  ;  dcupe  ellipsoid,  1 -seeded. 
—Shrubs  and  trees,  with  a  very  hard,  firm  wood.  Branchlets  often 
changed  to  spines.  Lvs.  entire,  of  a  firm  texture.  Fls.  aggregated 
with  the  lvs.  from  buds  of  the  preceding  year,  white  or  greenish.  Our 
species  are  all  more  or  less  spiny. 

•  Leaves  hairy  beneath Nos.  1,  2.  •*  Leaves  glabrous  b<»th  sides Nos.  3,  4 


OiiDKU  78.— PRIMULACE^. 


5Ul 


1  B.  tenaz  Willd.  Clusters  and  Ivs.  beneath  silky-ferruginous ;  Iva.  wedgr-oblong 
or  obovate,  obtuse,  attenuated  to  tlie  slender  petiule  ;  dusters  2U  to  'ib-jiou\red, 
pedicels  3  to  6  times  longer  than  the  Howers,  lunger  than  the  pi'tiules  ;  cor.  tmd 
appendages  exceeding  the  calyx ;  dmpe  oval. — Dry  sandy  soils',  S.  Car.  to  Fla 
and  La.  Tree  20  to  30t' high,  with  tough  twigs  (as  all  the  rtst  huvo).  Spines 
stout,  G  to  12  long.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  f)  to  8  '  wide,  shining,  rusty  or  tawny  but 
glistening  beneath.     Drupe  beautifully  corrugated  when  dry.      Jii.,  Jl. 

2  B.  lanugindsa  Pcrs.  Lvs.  oval-lancoolato  varying  to  obovate,  nieiiibranoofl 
woolly  ferrugin/ywi  beneath,  obtuse  or  rather  acute  ;  fascicles  few  (6  to  \2-jlow- 
ered,  pedicels  short,  but  a.s  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  petiole.^,  both  v  tolly;  dnipo 
globular. — Wet  soils,  S.  111.  to  Car.  and  La.  Shrub  8  to  121"  liigh,  with  sj  rending, 
spiny  branches.  Lva  18"  to  3'  long,  woolly,  not  silky  beneath.  Pcdic*;lis2  to  4' 
long.     Jn.,  Jl. — Variable.  (B.  tomentosa  DC.,  B.  oblongifolia  Nutt.) 

3  B.  lycioides  Gaert.  Glabrous,  or  nearly  so ;  lvs.  luedge-dlipt ical,  rather  a>-vte, 
attenuated  to  the  slender  petiole ;  clusters  densely  (20  to  iiO)-flowered ;  puiicils 
twice  longer  than  the  fls.  but  rather  shorter  than  tiie  pt^tioles ;  cor.  near  t\\  ice  longer 
than  the  cal. — Damp  soils,  Ky.,  N.  Car.  to  La.  A  small  tree  with  the  branches 
nearly  straight.  Spines  on  the  older  branches  short,  .stout.  Lvs.  including  the 
petiole  2  to  3'  long,  pedicels  3',  tt.  1",  groenish-while.     May,  Jn. 

4  B.  reclinita  Vent.  Glabrous;  branches  divaricate;  lvs.  obovate,  obtnse,  small, 
narrowed, to  a  short  petiole;  clusters  15  to  20  flowered  ;  pedicels  slender,  half  as 
long  as  the  leaf;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Rivers  banks,  Car.  to  Fla.  A 
straggling  shrub.     Lvs.  scarcely  1  long.     Jn.,  Jl. 

Order  LXXVIII.     PRIMULACE^.     Primworts. 

Herbs  low,  '  ith  the  leaves  mostly  radical  or  mostly  opposite,  with  the  flowers  5- 
(rarely  4  to  6j-parted,  regular  and  monopetalous,  the  stameus  5,  inserted  on  the 
corolla  tube  and  opposite  to  its  lobes,  the  ovary  one-celled,  with  a  free  centml  pla- 
centa, style  1,  stigma  1,  the  capstde  1-celled,  oo-seeded  ;  seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  30,  upeciex  21C,  coniinon  in  tlu>  northern  teinpernte  regions,  (trowing  in  swmiifis.  irtoves 
by  rivulets,  ana  otten  nniung  the  snow  of '* cioud-CApped  inuuutuins."  Muny  are  beaiitiiiil  und 
highly  prized  in  culture.    Properties  unimportant. 

TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 
I.  IIoTTONiE.*.    Ovary  superior.  Capsule  opening  by  valves.  Leaves  pectinate.  IIottoma..  1 

II.  Primule^.    Ovary  superior.     Capsule  opening  by  valves.    Leaves  undivided.    (*) 

•  Acaulescent — ("oioila  lobes  spreading,  tube  cylindrical Pkimc  \.     2 

— Corolla  lobes  spreading,  tube  ovoid Anduosa.  r  3 

— Corolla  lobes  reflexud. — Stamens  e.xerted Dodec  atueon.  4 

— Stamens  included Cvolamkn.  6 

•  Caulescent— Corolla  wanting.    Leaves  oppo.site   : Glatx.  6 

— Corolla  7-parted.    Leaves  in  one  whorl Tuientalis.    7 

— Corolla 6-parted.    Leaves  opposite Naimurkuia.    8 

— Corolla  5-partetL    Leaves  opposite  or  whorlcd Lvsi.MAriiiA.    i 

III.  Anaoalmuk.*.  Ovary  superior.  Pyxisopening  by  a  lid.— Flowers  5-iiarte<l....ANA(jALi.is.  10 

— Flowers4-parted.  CENTUNcnuTs.  11 

IV.  BAHOLEiS.  Ovary  half  inferior.     Leaves  alt srnate.     Flowers  .^-parted Sa.moli's.  I'i 

i.  HOTTO'NIA,  L.  Water-feather.  (To  Peter  Jlotton,  professor 
in  the  University  of  Leyden.  Died  1709.)  Calyx  6-parted  ;  corolla 
salver-form,  with  a  short  tube,  and  a  flat,  5-lobed  limb ;  stamens  in- 
serted in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included ;  stigma  globous ;  capsulo 
globous-acuminate. —  2f  Fleshy,  aquatic  herbs,  with  pectinate-pinnatifid, 
submersed,  radical  lvs. 

H.  infldta  Ell.  "Water-feather.  Scape  articulate,  the  intcrnodes  and  lower 
parts  inflated ;  fls.  verticillate,  pedunculate. — A  curious  aquatic  plant  in  swamps 
and  stagnant  waters,  Mass.,  R.  I.  and  Ct.,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Stem  immersed, 
round,  thick,  spongy,  with  a  whorl  of  finely  pectinate  leaves  (1  to  2'  long)  at  or 
near  the  surface  of  th«  water.     Peduncles  or  scapes  several  together  arising  in  a 


i-i 


.  -.^f 


iU  '' 


M 


¥ 


^  - 1 


ii'" 


•?)' 
i'*i» 


mm 


,  i  I 


:i 


kt 


502 


Order  78.— PIUMULACK.E. 


^)rt  of  tnnbol  from  tho  top  of  tlie  stt'in,  8 — 10'  loiij?,  iiiflntud  botwooii  tlio  jointH, 
Flowoi'H  sirmll,  wliito,  in  nuiiu'rous  verticilrt,  guiierally  4  in  oacli,  subtoiided  by  a 
laiic«>-liiieur  brad.     Apr.,  (Fla.),  Jii.  (Muss.)     (11.  palustris  Fli.,  iioo  L.) 

2.  PRIMULA,  L.  Pkimkose.  Aiuirri.A.  (Lat. /yr/w/ ma,  first ;  Ixv 
causc  its  blossoms  ;4|>j)i'iir  otirliost  in  spriiiiL;.)  ('alyx  Hiigiilar,  5-clef't ; 
corolhi  salvi'i'-slinpiHl  or  often  ratlior  fmincl-Hliaix'd,  with  5  entire  or 
noti'lu'il  or  bitiil  l«)bi'8  ;  stamens  ineiutled,  filament!*  very  short ;  cap- 
sule ovoiti,  o-vaived,  valves  often  bifid,  openinijjat  the  top,  oo-seeded. — 
Ilerl)s  (mostly  Kuropean)  with  the  Ivs.  all  radical  and  lis.  in  an  in- 
voluerate  umbel,  often  showv. 

♦  I'l.'ints  imtlvt",  Willi,    (lorollii  sulvnr-form,  nbrnptly  sproiulin^ Nos.  1,  2 

♦  I'liiiitMcxKtio,  I'liltivatoil.    (a^ 

a  Corollii  salviT-l'orm. — Tlio  lobes  iibrii|iMv  sprcitdliii; Nos.  i\  4 

a  (.'oroiia  riiiiiu'l'fonn. — Limvos  riiuuiis,  hairy,  tuotlicil Nos.  f),  ti 

— Loavoii plain,  siiiootii,  ofU'H  ontiio No.s.  7,  S 

1  P.  Mistassiliica  M\'.  Lrs.  spatulale,  dLMitato  or eronate,  obtuseor  acute,  atten- 
uate at  base,  >i;reen  botli  siiled  ;  iiivol.  1 — S-fiowered  ;  braets  ;{  times  shorter  tiiaii 
t!u>  podioel.s,  liucar-aultulate ;  eal.  uuieh  sliorter  tiiau  tl)o  tube  of  the  cort)lla  ;  eor. 
salver-l'onn,  lobes  obcordate. — Shore.s  of  Soueca  Lake,  N.  Y.  (Dr.  Sartwell),  Lake 
Willowgliby,  Vt.  ai:d  tliroiigiiout  Urit  Am.  A  very  delicate  pl.mt,  :{ to  7'  high. 
Leaves  about  5,  5 — 8'  by  '.i — t  ",  almost  petiolato.  Flowera  5  diam.,  white. 
IVdieels  7  '  in  length. 

2  P.  farindsa  L.  tl  Amkuic.vna,  Torr.  Bikd's-kvI';  ^I{I^^KOSR  Lvs.  narrow, 
veiny,  olliptie-laneeolate,  obtuse,  dentieulato  at  apex,  atteimato  at  base,  under 
surface  covered  with  a  ydUmush-white,  farinaceous  dtist ;  invol.  farinaceous,  3 — 20- 
tlowered,  shorter  than  (he  podieds;  bracts  hm<j-acwuiinite;  cal.  segments  lanceo- 
late, acute ;  eor.  salvei-f()rni,  lobes  obeordate,  bilid.  oiituso. — Shores  of  Lakes 
Huron  and  Superior  (Nutt.,  Houghton),  N.  to  lat.  G<i°.  Scape  (5 — 12'  high. 
Flowers  palo  purple,  yellow  in  tho  center. 

3  P.  graudifldra  Lam.  Common  Primrose. — Tjvs.  obomte,  oblong,  rwjmis, 
vtUiuis  bemath,  tooihvii ;  umbel  radical ;  ti.  stalks  as  lotig  as  tho  leaves ;  cor.  flat, 

—  H  Native  of  lOurope.  An  interesting  garden  plaiit,  esteemed  for  its  early  llow- 
ering,  and  for  ita  being  prolific  in  variation.  In  its  wild  state  its  flowers  are  yel- 
low and  single,  but  by  cultivation  they  become  double,  and  in  the  numerous 
varieties,  rod,  pink,  white,  orange,  ])Ui'ple,  A'c,  and  tlie  umbels,  in  numerous  in- 
stani'cs,  are  on  a  scape.     .\pr.  \  (P.  vulgaris  IFuds.) 

4  P.  purpurea  Royl.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  very  smooth,  covered  beneath 
vith  yellowish  farina,  margin  undulate,  revolute ;  scape  thick,  glabrous,  1  )tiger 
than  the  loaves;  invol.  OO-liowered,  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  fariiNicous  beneath  ; 
cor.  segments  obovatc,  obtuse,  not  emarginate. — Native  of  the  mountains  of  Na- 
pau!,  Asi.i.     Flowers  dark  purple.  | 

5  P.  ofilciiidlis  Jacq.  CowsMP  Primrose.  Lvs.  toothed,  rugons,  liairy 
beneath  ;  umbels  jnany-llowereil,   flowers  all  noddiny :  eal.  angidar  ;  cor.  concave. 

—  Il  Native  of  Britain.  Flowers  yellow.  Plant  smells  strongly  of  anise.  Leaves 
are  usoil  as  a  potherb,  and  are  reeomuKnide  I  lor  foi'ding  silk-worms.  Its  varie- 
ties may  bo  increased  by  raising  from  the  seinl.     Jn.  f  (P.  veris  Cam.) 

6  P.  eldtior  Jacq.  Ox-i,ii'  Primrose. — Lvs.  toothed,  rugou"  hairy  on  each 
side:  umbel  many-Howered,  with  t\w  otiter  flf)wers  voddiny  ;  cor.  flat. — 11  Native 
of  Britain.  Flowers  yellow,  scentless,  in  a  simple  umbel  elevated  upon  a  scape  a 
loot  high.     Apr.,  May.  f 

7  P.  auricula  L.  .\uitiriTL.\.  Lvs.  obcvate,  entire  or  serrate,  fleshy;  scapo 
many-flowereil,  central,  as  long  as  tho  leaves;  invol.  of  short  leaves;  cal.  poto- 
dery. —  U  Native  of  tlie  Alps.  A  well  known  favorite  of  the  florist.  Tho  culti- 
vated varieties  are  iiunimerable,  and  many  of  them  of  e.xquisito  beauty  and 
fragra'jce.     May.  f 

C  P.  calycina  Duby,  Lvs.  lanceolate,  thin,  Rmooth,  entire,  acuto,  surrounded 
with  te  white  margin ;  invol.  ;{ — 5-tlowered,  as  long  as  tho  pedicels ;  cod.  ivbe  ven- 
Iriro.i!! ;  cor.  lobes  obeordate,  emarginate. — Native  of  Mta.  in  Austriu'  Flowors 
purple,  very  beautiful,  f 


Ordkr  78— I'llIMULACK/*:. 


603 


3.  ANDROS'ACE,  Touni.  ((Jr.  uvdpoi;,  u  nuiirs,  ouKor,  buckler  or 
sliield  ;  from  the  form  of  tlie  loaf.)  Calyx  5-clcft  or  toothed ;  corolla 
fimnel-form  or  salver-form,  the  6  lobes  entire,  tube  constrictwd  at  the 
throat,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  filaments  and  style  very  short", 
capsule  jj;lobous. — Minute  ca;s|)itous  In^bs  with   radical,  rosulate  Ivs. 

A.  occidentdlis  Pli.  Lvh.  oltloiiR-sputulate  imd  ovate,  oiiliri',  glubrous ;  soiip« 
solitary,  or  few,  puberuleiit ;  bracts  oval,  pedicols  Hlondor;  cal.  angular,  hcj^iu. 
acute;  cor.  lol)«8  loni;,  obttimv — (i)  Gravelly  shores  of  the  Miss.,  Ill,  and  W.  to 
Kan.  aiil  Ool.     Senpes  1  to  :{'  lii«li. 

4.  DODECATH'EON,  L.  Amkkkan  Cowhmi'.  I'lunK  of  Ohio. 
((Jr.  (Jw«^.' /or,  twelve,  0^:oi,  ^(ula;  alludini^  to  its  curious  ilowers  whi(;h 
are  about  12.)  Calyx  5-|»!iited,  rcHexed  ;  cor.  tube,  very  short,  lind> 
rotate,  5-]»artd,  sei^m.  rciflexed  ;  sta.  5,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the 
corolla;  fil.  very  short;  anth.  larufe,  acute,  connivent  at  apex;  style  ex- 
serted  ;  caps,  oblotjg-ovoid,  5-valved,  many-seeded. —  If  Hoot  fibrous, 
with  ra<lical,  oblong  Ivs.,  an  e»<(ct,  simple  scape,  and  a  terminal  und>el 
of  nodding  white  flowers  and  erect  fruit. 

1  D.  Meadia  L.  Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  obtuso,  attonuato  at  base  into  a  marginal 
petiole,  f^labrous,  entire  or  repandly  dentate ;  scape  9 — '20  fluwcre<l ;  braets  of 
the  inv'il.  ovate,  iiuier  ones  lanceolate;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  ei; tire;  fil.  united 
into  a  tube  much  shorter  than  the  subulate  anthers. — A  singularly  elegant  herb, 
on  prairies,  dry  or  rocky  soils,  Penn.  to  Ind.,  111.,  Wise,  and  throughout  the 
Western  States.  Whole  plant  very  smooth.  Leaves  all  radical,  7 — 10'  long, 
oflon  (luito  eniiro,  iScapos  1  to  2t'  high.  The  nodding  Howers  with  their  wing- 
like, rellexed  petals  and  i>eak-liku  anthers,  exhiiiit  a  very  uninuo  appearance. 
May,  Jn.     (Fig.  297,  39-t.) 

5.  CYCLAMEN,  L.  ((Jr.  wt^wAoc,  a  circle ;  on  a<M;ount  of  the  coiled 
fruit  stalks.)  Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-parted  ;  corolla  tube  ovate,  short, 
hmb  5-parted,  reflexed ;  anthers  5,  included,  sessile  ;  capsule  globous, 
5-vaived. — Oriental  herbs.  Kt.  a  large  tuber.  Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate; 
or  rouiidish,  cordate.  Scapes  naked,  erect,  with  one  nodding  l^"wer, 
but  in  fruit  coiling  nj),  and  hiding  the  capsule  in  the  ground. 

1  C.  Europsfeum  L.  Lvs.  roiuidish-ronifortn,  erenatc;  pet.  lance-ovate,  obtuse. 
— Lvs.  purple  beneath.     Fls.  roseate,  fragrant,     f  lOur. 

2  C.  Cdum  Mill.  Lvs.  reniforni  orbicular,  eiUire;  pet.  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse. — 
Lvs.  purple  beneath.     Fls.  inodorous,  purple.     \  Asia  Minor. 

6.  GLAUX,  L.  Black  Saltwort.  (Or.  yXavKcg,  biitish  or  glau- 
cous ;  from  the  hue  of  the  plant.)  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  colored  ; 
corolla  none  ;  stamens  5  ;  capsule  roundish,  surrounded  by  the  calyx, 
u-valved,  5-seeded. —  U  Maritime,  branching,  glabrous,  with  opposite 
lvs.  and  small  axillary,  solitary  fls. 

Or.  maritima  L.  A  small,  fleshy  plant,  found  occasionally  on  the  salt  marshes 
on  the  sea  coast,  Can.  to  N.  J.  Stem  more  or  less  procumbent  at  base,  4  to  C 
!iigh,  smooth,  brandling  and  very  leafy.  Lvs.  f  in  length,  roundish-ovate,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  smooth,  fleshy  and  darkly  glaucous.  Cal. 
whit),  tinged  with  red.     Jl. 

7.  TRIENTA^LIS,  L.  Chickweed  W^nteroreen.  (Lat.  tricm,  the 
third  part  of  a  foot  (4') ;  alluding  to  the  height  of  the  plant.)  Calyx 
and  corolla  7  (6  to  8)-parted,  spreading ;  stamens  7  (6  to  8)  ;  fruit  cap- 
sular, somewhat  fleshy,  QO-seeded. — St.  low,  simple.  Lvs.  subverticil- 
late.     Pedicel  1-Uoworod. 


!     1 


504  OuuEa  78.— PRIMULACE^. 

T.  Americana  Ph.  St.  erect,  simple,  leafless  at  base ;  Ivs.  glemerate,  few,  nar- 
row-lanceolate, serrulate,  acuminate ;  sep.  linear,  acuminate. — Tliia  little  plant  ia 
common  in  the  rocky  woods  of  Can.,  N.  States,  southward  to  Atiilanta,  (ia.  St. 
3  to  6'  high,  with  an  irregular  whorl  of  4  to  8,  lanceolate,  smootii  and  shining 
Ivs.  at  tlic  top.  In  the  midst  of  these  are  1  to  4  white,  star-like  fis.,  borne  on 
simple,  '  liform  pedicels.  The  Ivs.  are  mostly  3'  long  and  1'  wide.  Segm.  of  cor. 
longer  tiian  the  acute  cal.  Ivs.     May,  Jn. 

8.  NAUMBUR'GIA,  Mcench.  (Dedicated  to  one  Naumbunf,  an  earlj 
German  botanist.)  Calyx  and  corolla  deeply  5  to  6-parted;  petals 
linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  separated  by  minute  intervening  teeth ; 
stamens  5  to  6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla,  exserted,  anthers 
cordate  ;  capsule  globous,  5-valved ;  seeds  few,  on  a  globous  placenta, 
— 11  with  opposite  Ivs.  FIs.  small,  in  dense,  thyrsoid  racemes.  (Ly- 
simachia  L.) 

N.  thyrsifldra  Mcench. — An  erect,  smooth  herb,  about  2f  high,  Mass.,  Yt.,  N.  Y., 
W.  to  Ohio,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Lvs.  many  pairs,  sessile,  lanceolate  acute,  entire, 
punctate,  somewhat  canescent  beneath,  2  to  3'  by  ^  to  1'.  Rac.  somewhat 
capitate,  on  filiform,  axillary  ped.  FIs.  yellow.  Stam.  much  exserted,  united 
into  a  lube  at  base.     Jn. 

9.  LYSIMACH'IA,  L.  Loose-strife.  (To  LyHimaclnts,  King  of 
Sicily,  who  first  used  it.  Pliny.)  Calyx  5-parted,  rotate  or  campanu- 
late,  tube  very  short ;  stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla  at  base ; 
filaments  often  somewhat  connate  or  with  intervening,  sterile  ones  ;  cap- 
sule globous,  5  to  10-valved,  opening  at  the  apex  ;  seeds  few  or  many. 
— Herbs  2^,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  entire  lvs.     (FIs.  yellow.) 

%  sterile  fllnments  0.     Perfect  stamens  5.  unequul.    Leaves  and  often  tiie  flowers  dotted,  (a) 

a  Floners  verticillate,  in  a  terminal,  bracted  raceme Nos.  1,  2 

a  Flowers  oi)|»osito  or  verticillate,  axillary  or  |mnicled Nos.  3,  4 

§  Sterile  filaments  5  short  teeth  interposed  between  the  perfect  stamens      Uotless.  (b) 

b  Stem  erect.    Leaves  opposite,  acute  and  taperin;:  at  base Nos.  5.  6 

b  Stem  erect.     Leaves  oitposite,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base No  7 

b  Steni  decumbent  and  trailing.    Leaves  opposite Nos.  8, 9 

1  L.  stricta  Ait.  Simple  or  branched,  erect ;  lvs.  opposite  (rarely)  ternate,  lan- 
ceolate or  lance-linear,  glabrous,  punctate,  acute,  sessile  ;  Ms.  verticillate,  in  a  long, 
lax,  terminjil  raceme;  put.  lanceolate  spreading. — U  In  low,  wet  grounds,  Can., 
N.  Eng.  to  Va.  and  Ohio.  Plant  smooth,  1 — 2f  high,  raceme  6 — 8'  long.  Ped. 
1'  long,  spreading,  each  with  a  subulate  bract  at  base.  Stamens  2  long  and  3 
short,  united  at  base.  FIs.  yellow,  streaked  with  purple.  After  flowering  it 
throws  out  bulblets  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  which  will  produce  new  plants 
the  following  spriug.     Jl. 

2  L.  Herbemonti  Ell.  Glabrous,  simple ;  lvs.  whorled  in  As  or  5s,  sessile,  lance- 
ovate  or  ovate,  obscurely  3-veined,  acuminate,  glaucous  beneath ;  margin  revolute^ 
entire ;  fls.  verticillate,  in  a  terminal,  bracted  raceme. — A  handsome  species,  near 
Columbus,  S.  Car.  (Herbemont).  Plant  2f  high.  Lvs.  becoming  more  narrow 
above,  passing  into  the  linear  bracts,  and  with  the  bright  yellow  fls.,  sprinkled 
with  dots.     Stem  unequal.    Jn.,  Jl. 

3  L.  quadrifblia  L.  Simple,  erect ;  lvs.  verticillate,  in  4s,  rarely  in  5s  or  3s.  ses- 
sile, larccwkite,  acuminate,  punctate;  ped.  axillary,  l-flowered,  in  4s  (3s  or  5s); 
pot.  oval,  obtuse. — U  In  low  grounds,  river  banks.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Stem 
18'  high,  somewhat  hairy,  simple,  with  many  whorls  of  4 — fj  leaves,  each  bear- 
ing a  flower-stalk  in  its  axil.  Corolla  yellow,  with  purple  lines.  Stamens  un- 
equal, united  at  base  into  a  short  tube.     Anth.  purple.     Jii. 

4  L.  Fr^Beri  Puby.  Glandular-pubescent  and  bnmched  above ;  lvs.  opposite, 
petiolate,  ovate,  often  cordate,  acuminate,  glabrous.-  Jls,  in  a  compound,  terminal, 
braoted  panicle. — S.  Car.  (Frazer),  Tetu).  (Allen).  Flowers  numerous.  Calyx 
segments  acuminate,  the  nmigins  thickened,  brownish,  ciliated,  Stam.  unequal, 
2  of  them  shorter  tlian  the  other  3.  stcii'e  fij.  none. 


Order  78.— PRIMULACE^. 


505 


5  L.  longifdlia  Ph.  Prairie  Moneywort.  St.  slender,  4-angled,  fluxuous, 
brautrhed  above;  Ivs.  linear-«/itn»n^,  rigid,  sessile,  margin  revolute;  fls.  opposite  or 
mostly  quateroate  and  terminal  on  the  stem  and  branches;  aep.  lauce-linear, 
acuminate ;  pet.  longer  than  the  calyx,  rouudish-ovate,  erose-dentate,  abruptly 
acuminate. — Common  in  low  prairies,  W.  States.  The  largo  yellow  flowers  arc 
very  conspicuous  among  the  grasses.  Stems  12 — 20'  high,  purple.  Loaves  2 — 
3'  by  2 — 3",  coriaceous,  deep  green.  Flowers  numerous,  9"  diam.,  of  u  brilliant 
yellow.     Anth.  large.     Jl.     (L.  revoluta  Nutt.) 

6  L.  h^brida  Mx.  Smooth  and  erect;  Ivs.  flat,  veiny,  oblong-lanceolate  or  lance- 
linear,  acute  at  each  end  (the  lower  often  shortened  and  obtuse),  petioles  ciliate, 
short ;  fls.  nodding ;  ped.  axillary ;  stain,  united  in  a  very  short  tube  at  base, 
with  intermediate  processes. —  li  Moist  meadows  and  prairies.  Can.  and  U.  S. 
The  fls.  resemble  those  of  tlu  L.  ciliata.  St.  If  to  18'  higii,  simple  or  branclied. 
Lvs.  1  to  3'  by  3  to  8  ',  th.'  wo  upper  pairs  usually  approximate,  forming  a  whorl 
of  4,  with  4  axillary  fls.     Jl.     (L.  angustifolia  Lam.     L.  heteropliylla  Mx.) 

7  L.  cilidta  L  Subsimple,  erect ;  lvs.  opposite,  rarely  quaternate,  ovate,  sub- 
coidate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  petioles  ciliate  upper  side ;  fls.  nodding  mostly  oppo- 
site ;  sta.  distinct,  with  i>  abortive  filaments. — 1(  In  gravely  soils  and  near  streams, 
L'.  S.  and  Can.  Root  creeping.  Stem  somewhat  4-sided,  2 — 3f  high,  simple  or 
with  a  few  opposite  branches.  Leaves  large,  pointed,  somewhat  cordate  at  base, 
on  petioles  fringed  with  cileae,  the  upper  ones  apparently  quaternate.  Flowers 
large,  yellow,  axillary.     Stamens  inserted  into  a  ring.     Jl. 

ji.  ToNSA.     Petioles  entirely  destitute  of  cileoD ;  lvs.  smaller. — Mts.  E.  Tenn., 
near  the  Cumberland  Gap.     Plants  6  to  18'  high. 

8  L.  radicana  Hook.  St.  erect  at  b'xse,  glabrous,  then  decumbent,  long,  trailing, 
branching  and  rooting  at  the  joints ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  gradually  acute,  the  long 
petioles  more  or  less  ciliate ;  fls.  small,  loosely  paniculate  on  the  slender  branches. 
— Wet  places,  Va.  (Aikin)  to  La.  (Hale).  Sis.  2  to  4f  long.  Petioles  half  as 
long  (1)  as  the  leaves.     Fls.  half  as  largo  as  in  No.  4. 

9  L.  nummuldrfa  L.  Moneywort.  St.  weak,  trailing;  lvs.  roundish,  subcor- 
date,  obtuse,  on  very  short  petioles ;  fls.  opposite,  axillary,  large,  sep.  ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  acuminate. — Found  at  Middlebury,  Vt.  (ProK  Lathrop),  and  shores  of  L. 
Mich.  (Nutt.).     Eur. 

10.  ANAGAL'LIS,  L.  Scarlet  Pimpernel.  Poor  Man's  Weather- 
glass. (Gr.  avayeAao),  to  laugh ;  it  is  said  to  be  medicinally  effica- 
cious in  hypochondria.)  Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  rotate,  deeply  5-parted, 
lonjjjer  than  the  calyx,  tube  0 ;  sta.  5,  hirsute ;  anth.  introrse ;  caps, 
globous,  membranaceous,  circumscissile.  Herbs  with  square  stems  and 
(mostly)  opposite  lvs.     Ped.  axillary,  solitary.     (Fig.  39.) 

A.  arv^nsia  L.  Procumbent,  branched ;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  opposite  or  ternate, 
sessile ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves ;  sep.  linear-lanceolate,  about  equaling  the 
petals;  pet.  crenate-glandular. — (D  A  trailing  plant,  in  fields,  road-sides,  &c.,  U. 
S.  (except  the  colder  parts  of  N.  Eng.),  and  in  almost  all  other  countries.  Stem 
6 — 20  long,  with  elongated  branches,  or  simple.  Leaves  6 — 8  '  by  4 — 6''.  Fls. 
sitiiUl  but  pretty,  with  scarlet  petals,  opening  at  8  o'clock,  a.  m.,  and  closing  at  2 
p.  M.,  in  damp  weather  not  open  at  all.  Ju.— Aug. — Dr.  BueL  of  Killington,  Ct., 
sent  US  specimens  with  bluie  flowers  I 

11.  CENTUM  XULUS,  L.  False  Pimpernel.  Calyx  4-parted ;  cor. 
urceolate-rotate,  4-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  sta.  4,  beardless,  united 
at  bjise;  caps,  globous,  circumscissile;  seeds  very  minute.— (J)  Very 
diminutive,  with  alternate  lvs.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  subsessilc. 

C.  mfnimuB  L.  Erect  or  ascending,  branched;  lvs.  subsessile,  ovate  or  lanoe- 
ovate,  obtusish,  entire,  akernato,  lower  opposite;  sep.  linear-subulato,  equaling 
the  capsule. — Wet  places.  111.  (Mead),  and  Southern  States.  Plant  1  to  2'  high  in 
111.,  but  3  to  6'  long  in  La.    liCaves  about  2  "  by  1 ".     Flowers  reddish  7    JL 


:.;?; 


;!ii 

f! 

:';i 


am' 


,ji\ 


m 


i  \ 

1    I 


H   'f 


M 


ii'^ii 


■  r-ttffr-., 


!■  'I  ]:  ^ 


506 


Order  70.— PLANTAGINACK^]. 


r  M 


12.  SAM'OLUS,  L.  Water  Pimpernel.  (Celtic  saw,  salutary,  wo», 
a.  pig  ;  a  specific  for  the  diseases  of  swine,  says  Pliny.)  Calyx  partly  a<!« 
lierent,  5-cleft ;  cor.  hypocrateriform,  5-cleft ;  sta.  5,  alternating  with  5 
scales  (sterile  filaments)  ;  caps,  dehiscent  at  top  by  5  valves,  many-seeded. 
— Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.     Fls.  corymbous  or  racemous.     (Fig.  '2l2,) 

S.  valer^ndi  L.  /3.  americanus  (Gray).  St.  simple  or  branched ;  Ivs.  obtu.se, 
ovate  or  obovate,  tlio  radical  petiolate ;  fls.  in  a  raceme  or  panicle  of  racemes,  pe- 
dicels with  a  minute  bract  near  the  middle ;  pet.  longer  than  the  sep. — In  wet, 
gravelly  places,  frequent  throughout  the  country.  Sts.  6'  to  If  high,  simple  when 
first  flowering,  becoming  often  much  branched.  Lvs.  thin,  about  1'  long.  Ped. 
less  than  1',  with  small  (near  2"  diam.)  milk  white  fls.  A  white  spot  in  the  axils 
of  the  branches.    Jl. — Sept.  (North),  A^r. — Jl.  (South).    (S.  floribundus  of  autb.) 


f    '.{ 


Order  LXXIX.     PLANTAGINACE^.     Ribworts. 

Herbs  rarely  shrubby,  with  radical  leaves  and  the  flowers  in  a  .««pike  on  a  scape. 
Flowers  regular,  tetramerous.  Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Anthers  versatile,  filaments  usually  slender  and  exserted. 
Fruit  a  membranous  pyxis,  with  1,  2,  or  many  albuminous  seeds. 

Genera  3,  ttpecies  200,  most  abundant  in  tc-mperate  climates,  scattered  tliroughout  all  coun- 
tries ot'tlip  f^iobe.    Properties  unitiiportant. 

PLANTA^GO,  L.  Plantain.  Ribwort.  Sepals  4,  membranous, 
persistent ;  corolla  raonopetalous ;  border  4-toothed,  spreading,  per- 
sistent and  withering  on  the  fruit;  stamens  4  (rarely  2),  the  long,  slen- 
der filaments  exserted,  or  in  some  of  the  fls.  included  ;  ovary  2  (-4). 
celled  ;  pyxis  membranous,  opening  below  the  middle  by  a  lid,  when 
the  loose  dissepiment  falls  out  with  the  seeds. — (Herbs  acaulcscent.) 
Fls.  small,  whitish,  in  a  slender  spike  raised  on  a  scape. 

§  stamens  uniformly  exserted.    Corolla  lobes  spreading.    Flowers  rcniform.  (a) 

a  8eed8  7  to  16.    Leaves  broadly  ovate,  T- veined.    Spike  dense \o.  1 

a  Seeds  4  only.    Leaves  oblong  or  cordate,  8  to  7-veined Nos.  5J,  3 

a  Seeds  2  only.    Leaves  lanceolate.    Scape  tall Nos.  4,  6 

a  Seeds  2  or  4.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy Mo.s.  6,  7 

§  Stamens  mostly  included,  wltli  short  anthers.    Flowers  diinorplious?  (b) 

b  Seeds  2  only.    Corolla  lobes  roundi.sh,  reflexed.     Leaves  linear So.  8 

b  Seeds  2,  rarely  8  or  4.     Corolla  lobes  erect.     Leaves  lanceolate No.  9 

b  Seeds  4  to  20.    Leaves  linear.     Plants  very  small Nos.  l(f,  11 

1  P.  major  L.  Common  Pl.vntain  or  Ribwort.  Lvs.  ovate,  smoothish,  some- 
what tootlied,  palmately  l-veined,  with  long,  chatmeled  footstalks ;  scape  round ; 
fls.  densely  spiked;  seeds  7  to  16. —  ll  Common  always  at  the  door  and  by  the 
wayside.  The  leaves  are  reputed  a  good  external  application  for  wound.s,  &c. 
The  seeds  are  eaten  by  sparrows  and  otlier  small  birds.  Lvs.  broad,  flat,  with 
about  7  veins,  each  containing  a  strong  fibre  wliich  may  be  pulled  out.  Scape  1 
to  3f  high,  with  a  very  long  (5  to  20'),  cylindric  spike.  Fls.  white,  inconspiL^uous, 
appearing  in  succession  all  summer.     §  Eur.,  &a 

2  P.  Rugelii  Dene.  Lvs.  oblong  or  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  3  to  5-vcined,  atten- 
uated to  a  petiole ;  ped.  slender,  terete ;  spike  cylindrical,  more  or  less  loose-flow- 
ered ;  bracts  acutisb,  shorter  than  the  smooth  sepals. — Hills  and  waysides  Atlan- 
tic States.    Allied  to  P.  mm'or,  perhaps  too  nearly. 

3  P.  corddta  Lam.  Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  broad,  smooth,  subpinnately  5  to  7-voined, 
obscurely  tootlied ;  fls.  loosely  spicate,  lower  ones  scattered,  witii  ovate,  obtuse, 
bracts;  /)yxj«  4-seeded. —  U  Can.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.,  along  streams.  Our  largest 
native  species,  nearly  as  largo  as  P.  major.  Spikes  6  to  8'  long,  on  scapes  twice 
as  high.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.  Cor.  white,  with  obo- 
vate segments.  Pyxis  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx,  witli  2  margined  seeds  in 
each  eel'.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  P.  lanoeolata  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  petiole  channeled ; 
spike  ovale  or  cylindric,  dense;  scape  angular;  bracts  and  cor.  lobes  acuminate. — 


Order  80.— PLUMBAGINACEiE. 


507 


71  Cnn.  to  Ga.  Common  in  pastures  and  grass  lauds.  Easily  known  by  its  longer 
Ivs.  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  broad  stalk,  and  with  from  3  to  5  strong  ribs ;  by 
its  shorter  spike  (1  to  2'  long),  with  dark  colored  corollas,  and  whitish,  projecting 
stamens,  and  its  slender,  upright  stalk  (8  to  15'  long)  with  prominent  angles. 
Flowering  from  May  to  Oct.     It  is  freely  eaten  by  cattle. 

5  P.  sparaifldra  Mx.  Lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  tapering  at  eacli  end,  petiole 
flat ;  ped.  slender,  terete,  much  longer  than  the  lvs. ;  sjnke  long,  reuiotely-flowertd, 
or  interrupted;  bracts,  sepals  and  brown  petals  obtuse. — Moist  pine  barrens,  S.  Car. 
and  Ga.  (Curtis).  Plant  usually  smooth  often  pubescent  below.  Flowers  all  sum- 
mer.    (P.  interrupta  Lam.) 

6  P.  maritima  L.  Lvs.  linear,  channeled,  nearly  entire,  woolly  at  base ;  spikes 
cylindrical,  dense;  scape  round;  posterior  sep.  concave  and  crested  on  the  back. — 
Grows  in  salt  marslies,  along  tlie  coast.  Me.  to  N.  J.  It  has  a  large  perennial 
root  sending  up  a  scape  varying  in  height  from  3'  to  If,  and  numerous,  very 
fleshy,  dark  green,  linear  leaves,  deeply  grooved  on  the  inside  and  6  to  10'  long. 
Spike  slender,  of  numerous,  subimbricate,  whitish  fls.     Aug. 

P.  juncoides.  Lvs.  erect,  entire,  linear,  fleshy,  attenuated  to  the  subacute 
apex,  bearded  at  base ;  scapes  terete,  scarcely  longer  than  the  lvs. ;  spikes  oblong, 

nostly  loose-flowered ;  bracts  orbicular-ciliate;  sep.  not  crested. — Salt  marshes,  N. 
J.     Plant  more  slender  than  the  preceding.     Jl.     (P.  maritima  ji.  Poir.) 

8  P.  aristdta  Mx.  Lvs.  linear,  erect,  villous;  ped.  terete,  longer  than  the  leaves; 
spikes  cylindrical,  dense-flowered,  villous  when  young ;  bracts  attenuated  to  long, 
setaceous,  rigid  awns;  cor.  lobes  round-cordate,  uniformly  colored,  conspicuous; 
seeds  large,  finely  punctate  in  lines. — Prairies  in  111.,  abundanc  at  Ouin's  Scation. 
Lvs.  3  to  4'  long.  Ped.  with  spike  about  9'  high,  the  latter  beset  with  awns  3  to 
6  to  8''  long.     Jn.,  Jl.     (P.  Patagonica  Gray  ) 

9  P.  Virginica  L.  Lesser  Plantain.  Lvs.  obovate-lanceolate,  hoary  pubos 
cent,  subdenticulate ;  scape  angular ;  spikes  cylindric,  pubescent,  dense-flowered 
above,  often  loose-flowered  below ;  seeds  rarely  more  than  2 ;  bracts  shorter  than 
the  ciliate  sep. — A  biennial  species  on  sandy  or  stony  hills  in  tlie  southern  part  oil 
N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Much  smaller  than  P.  major.  The  whole 
plant  is  covered  with  soft,  gray  pubescence.  Scape  4  to  8'  high,  hairy.  Lvs.  2 
to  3'  long,  narrowed  at  base  into  petioles,  obtuse  at  the  end.  Cor.  yellowish,  with 
very  acute  segments,  erect  when  including  tlio  stamens..  Jl.  (P.  purpurascens 
Nutt  ?) 

10  P.  hpt^^roph^Ua  Nutt.  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  and  with  a  few  slender  teeth  or 
lobes,  attenuate  at  each  end ;  ped.  many,  slender,  as  long  as  the  lvs ;  spikes  loose- 
flowered;  cor.  closed  upon  tho  conical  fruit,  the  short  lobes  crowning  it  as  a  crest; 
pyxis  10  to  20-seeded. —  (Ti®  Wet  grounds.  Md.  to  La.  Small  and  slender. 
Scdpj  almost  threadlike,  4  to  7'  high,  lvs.  about  3'.  (P.  pusilla  Dene.  P.  Ludo- 
viciana  lliddell.) 

11  P.  pusilla  Nutt.     Lvs.  linear,  entire,  thin,  pubescent ;  scapes  longer 
lvs.,  very  slender,  with  scattered  or  approximate  fls. ;  fr.  scarcely  longer 
calyx,  crowned  with  the  cor.  lobes,  4-seeded. —  (D  The  smallest 
genus,  1  to  6'  high,  in  dry  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Ga  and  W.  States. 
Done.) 


llian  the 
than  the 
species  of  the 
(P.  perpusilla 


Order  LXXX.     rLUMBAGINACE^.     Leadwohts. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  clustered  at  the  root.  Flow 
ers  regular.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  plaited,  persistent.  Corolla  hypocrateriform, 
of  5  petals  united  at  base,  or  sometimes  almost  distinct.  Sta.  5,  hypogynous  and 
opposite  the  petals  or  inserted  on  their  claws.  Ova.  1 -celled,  free  from  tho  calyx. 
Styles  5  (seldom  3  or  4).  Fr.  a  utricle,  or  dehiscent  by  valves,  containing  I  ana- 
tropous  seed. 

Genera  10,  itpecitt  2.S0,  mostly  seaside  or  salt  marsh  plants,  found  In  all  latitudes. 

Properties.— TUe  root  of  Statlco  Llmoniuni  is  one  of  tli«  best  and  most  powerful  of  all  astrin- 
gents. The  species  of  Pliimbapo  are  acrid  and  esoharotic,  so  much  so,  that  the  roots  of  P.  Ku- 
ropasus  are  said  by  Llndley  to  be  employed  in  £urope  by  bcggara,  to  raise  blisters  on  the  fuce, 
in  order  to  excite  compassion. 


,'  \ 


/  31 


"'* 


'-•lis' 


In: 


iiti 


508  Order  80.— PLUMBAtilNACKufi. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

I.  PTATICE^.    Styles  distinct,  at  least  nbove.     Utricle  not  valvato.    (a) 

a  Stigmas  capitate.    Style  connuted  at  bu»e.    Lvh.  acerous.   Scape  terete..  .ACANTHOLOUOir.  t 
a  Stigmas  capitate.    Styles  distinct  at  base.    Leaves  flat.    Scape  3-angled. ..  .Gomulomon.  4 

a  Stigmas  filiform. — Styles  glabrous.    Scape  branching Statics.  1 

— Styles  plumous.    Scupe  capitate Ak.meria.  2 

II.  PLUM  BAG  KJS.    Styles  united  to  the  apex.    Perica  psubvalvate.    (b) 

b  Corolla  hypocrateritorm.    Calyx  not  enlarged  in  fruit. .   PLir.MBAOO.  t 

1.  STAT'ICE,  L.  Marsh  Rosemary.  (Or.  OTari^io,  to  stop ;  be- 
cause used  medicinally  it  stops  diarrhcea,  siys  Pliny.)  Calyx  funnel- 
form,  limb  scarious,  6-nervcd,  5-partcd;  petals  scarcely  united  at  base; 
filiimeiits  5,  adnate  to  the  very  base  of  the  corolla;  ovary  crowned  witli 
the  5  ijjlabrous,  filiform  styles,  utricle  regularly  or  irregularly  circura- 
scissile. —  4  Herbs  with  the  scape  branching  the  flowers  3-bracted,  ses- 
sile on  the  3-bracted  branchlet. 

S.  Limdnium  L.  Very  smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-elliptical  or  oblanceolate,  acute, 
tipped  with  a  bristle,  tapering  to  a  long  petiole ;  scapes  terete,  fistulous,  bracted, 
paniculate;  spikelets  l-Howered  (rarely  2),  involuerate  with  3  brautlets,  remotely 
secund  on  the  branchlets ;  cal.  lobes  very  acute. — Salt  marshes  along  the  coast, 
from  Newfoundland  to  S.  Car.  Scape  6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  the 
petioles  ratlier  longer.  The  root  is  large,  ligneous,  strongly  astringent,  much 
valued  in  medicine.  Jl. — Oct.  (S.  Carolinianum  Walt.) — Differs  from  the  Eu- 
ropean varieties  which  have  mostly  2  to  3-flowered  spikelets,  more  close  on  the 
brauchlets,  cal.  lobes  scarcely  acute,  &c. 

2.  ARME^RIA,  Willd.  Thrift.  Flowers  collected  in  a  dense  head ; 
involucre  3  to  many-leaved  ;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-angled,  with 
5  shallow  lobes,  scarious  and  plaited ;  petals,  stamens,  <fec.,  as  in  Statice. — 
U  Lvs.  radical,  mostly  linear.     Scape  simple,  appendaged  above. 

A.  vulgaris  "Willd.  Scape  terete,  smooth ;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  obtuse ;  outer  bracts 
of  the  invol.  ovate-acute,  shorter  tiian  the  sheathing  appendage  at  their  base. — A 
neat  and  elegant  plant,  nati\"tj  near  the  sea-coast,  Brit.  Am.  (Hook.)  Often 
cultivated.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  2  to  3",  numerous,  crowded.  Scape  about  If  Iiigh, 
bearing  a  singular  sheath  at  top,  formed  according  to  Liadley  by  tlie  adherent 
bases  of  involucral  lvs.     Fls.  rose-colored.     Jn. — Aug. 

2  A.  latifdlia  Willd.  Scape  solitary,  tall ;  lvs.  very  broad,  oblong,  5  to  7- 
veiued ;  fls.  (rose-red)  in  a  large  head  fl-om  a  long  sheath ;  bracts  scarious,  the 
outer  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate-cuspidate. — f  Portugal. 

3.  PLUMBA'GO,  Tourn.  Leadwort.  (Lat.  plumbum  (lead),  a  dis- 
ease of  the  eyes,  which  it  was  reputed  to  cure.  Pliny.)  Calyx  herba- 
ceous, glandular,  6-lobed,  not  enlarged  after  flowering ;  corolla  salver- 
form,  tube  longer  than  calyx,  limb  twisted  in  aestivation  ;  anthers  6, 
linear  ;  style  1,  stigmas  5,  filiform ;  utricle  membranous,  mucronate  with 
thp  persistent  style. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Fls.  cyanic,  numerous  through 
tho  season. 

1  P.  Capinsis  Thunb.  St.  shrubby,  scarcely  climbing ;  lvs.  oblonjj  entire, 
glaucous-tubercular  beneath,  petiolate ;  fls.  in  short,  dense,  terminal  spikes,  pal* 
blue. — f  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     Very  pretty.     Southward  it  is  hardy. 

2  P.  CGBrillia  Kunth.  St  herbaceous,  erect;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate, 
petiole  winged  and  auriculate  at  base;  fls.  in  terminal,  loose  spikes,  blue. — 24  f 
Peru  and  Chili. 

4  QONIOLdMON  speoidBum  Boiss.  (Statice  specioea  L.),  with  whit* 
fls.,  3  or  4  in  each  spikelet. 

O.  Tartdricum  Boiss  (S.  Tartarica  L.),  with  pink  fls.,  1  or  2  in  a  spikelei^ 
both  from  Russia,  are  occasionally  cultivated.     Also 


Ordbk  81,— LENTlBULACEiE. 


509 


5  ACANTHOLOMON  caryophyllaceum  13ois^.  (S.  EcIuqus  L.),  turty, 
with  stiff,  linear,  3-coraered,  needle-shaped,  recurved  Ivs.  and  scape,  twice  as  high, 
bearing  a  single  spike. — f  From  Asia. 


Order  LXXXI.     LENTIBULACE^.     Butterworts. 

Herbs  small,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with  showy,  bilabiate  fls.  on  scapes. 
Calyx  inferior,  of  2  or  3  sepals.  Corolla  irregular,  bilabiate,  personate,  spurred. 
Stamens  2,  included  within  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  upper  lip.  Anth.  1- 
celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  witii  a  free,  central  placenta.  Style  1.  Stigma  cleft. 
Fruit.  Capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute.  Embryo  straight,  with  no  albu- 
men. 

Gfnera  4,  upeeies  175,  natives  of  swamps,  pools,  and  rivulets,  diffused  throughout  nearly  aU 
countriesi     Properties  unimportant. 

1.  PINGUIC'ULA,  L.  BuTTERWORT.  (Lat.  pinguis,  fat,  from  the 
greasy  appearance  of  the  leaves.)  Calyx  5-parted,  somewhat  bilabiate  ; 
cor.  bilabiate  or  rarely  subregular,  upper  lip  bifid  or  2-partetl,  lower 
trifid  or  3-parted,  spurred  at  base  beneath  ;  sta.  2,  very  short ;  stig. 
sessile,  2-lobed  ;  caps,  erect;  seeils  go. —  li  In  wet  places.  Lvs.  radi- 
cal, rosnlate,  entire.     Scapes  1-flowered,  nodding. 


•  Flowers  blue Nos.  1,  2,  3. 


•*  Flowers  yellow No.  4 


1  P  vulgaris  L.  Lvs.  ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  unctuous-puberulent  above,  scape 
and  calyx  subpubescent ;  cor.  lips  very  UMqual,  lobes  obtuse,  entire ;  spur  cylin- 
drical, shorter  than  the  corolla. — Wet  rocks  atid  tliin,  datnp  soils,  N.  Y.  (near  Ro- 
chester, Dewey,  Beck.)  N.  to  Arctic  Am.  {Hooker.)  Scape  6 — 8'  high,  with  soli- 
tary, nodding  fls.  Leaves  all  springing  froui  the  root,  fleshy,  spatulate  or  ovate, 
with  a  tapering  base,  fleshy  and  unctuous  to  tlie  touch.  Corolla  with  a  purple 
tube,  lined  with  sort  hairs.     Flowering  early  in  A  pr.  and  May. 

2  P.  el^tior  Mx.  Lvs.  ovate-spatulate,  scapo  villous  at  base;  cal.  glandular- 
puberulent ;  cor.  tube  ventricous,  hairy  within,  lobes  subequal,  eniarginate, ;  spur 
compressed,  obtuse,  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube. — Wet  grounds,  S.  Car.  to  Fla., 
more  common  ir  the  middle  districts.  The  lvs.  are  very  small  proportionately 
(scarcely  1'  long  in  our  specimens),  while  the  slender  and  bractless  scape  is  8  to 
14'  high.  Sep.  oblong,  obtuse,  the  2  lower  approximating.  Cor.  1'  to  15"  long, 
greenish  blue?  with  purple  lines.     Mar.,  Apr. 

3  P.  ptimila  Mx.  Dwarf  Butterwort.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  glabrous ;  cor. 
tube  oblong,  lobes  emarginate,  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  nearly  acute ;  caps, 
globous. — Gra.  and  Fla.  to  La.,  common  in  springy  places.  Lvs.  3  to  4"  diam., 
thin.  Scapes  filiform,  2  to  4'  high.  Fls.  vary  in  size  with  the  plant,  from  3'  to 
T'  long,  pale  blue.     Apr. 

4  P.  liitea  Walt.  Lvs.  obovate,  elliptic;  cor.  bell-shaped,  palate  hairy,  lobes 
subcqual,  sinuate-dentate ;  spur  slender,  a  third  as  long  as  the  cor. — Car.  to  Fla., 
common  in  the  low  country  in  wet  grounds.  Lvs.  1'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  soft, 
yellowish  green,  curled,  the  scape  about  6'  high.  Fls.  mucn  smaller  than  in  No. 
2,  bright  yellow.-    Spur  2  to  3"  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2.  UTRICULA^RIA,  L.  Bladderwort.  (Lat.  utricula,  a  little 
bottle ;  alluding  to  the  air  vessels  appended  to  the  roots.)  Calyx  2- 
parted,  lips  subequal ;  corolla  irregularly  bilabiate,  personate,  spurred  ; 
stamens  2  ;  stigma  bilabiate  ;  capsule  globular,  1-celled. — Herbs  aquar 
tic,  loosely  floating,  or  fixed  in  the  mud. — Lvs.  radical,  multifid  or  lin- 
ear and  entire,  mostly  furnished  with  little  inflated  vescicles  as  buoys. 
Scape  erect. 

Florttinp.    Scape  Involucrate,  with  a  whorl  of  large.  Inflated  petioles No.  I 

Flontin)!.     Scape  naked.    Brandies  producing  bulhlets  and  bladders  (a). 
a  FlowerH  purple.    Branohea  whorled,  aubmcrsMl No.  9 


\ 


5,iJ 


m' 


v'tl 


HI? 


n 

fl 

■  ''1 

i      f 

;      i; 

^5 

610 


Order  81.— LKNTIBULACE^. 


a  Flowers  yelloir.     Leaves  ('2-ranke(l)  anil  bladders  on  separate  branches No.  S 

a  Flowers  yellow.     Leaves  (cu|>illttceoU!>)  bearing  the  bladders  (b). 

b  Bpur  acute  or  notched,  about  us  Unif^  aa  the  lips Nos.  4  to  6 

b  Sr-  ir  obtuse,  short.    Flowers  of  2  kinds,  the  llpless  down  on  the  steins Xo.  7 

b  Spur  obtuse,  short.    Pedicels  all  on  the  scape,— erect  in  fruit Nos.  8,  9 

— recurved  in  fruit Nos.  10, 11 

U.  inflEkta  Walt.  Upper  Ivs.  in  a  whorl  of  5  or  6  at  the  surface  of  the  water; 
petiole  and  midvein  inflated,  lower  Ivs.  capillaoeous,  dissected,  submerged ;  i!cape 
4  to  5-flowered. —  U  In  ponds,  Mo.  to  Fla.  W.  to  Ohio.  The  proper  stetn  (rhiz- 
ome) is  very  long,  brandling,  suspended  in  the  water  by  innumerable  minute  air 
bladders,  and  tiie  5  or  6  involucrate,  hollow  Ivs.,  which  are  many-cleft  at  the  end. 
Fls.  4  or  5  together  upon  a  scape  8'  in  length,  pedunculated,  with  sheatliing 
bracts.  Spur  nearly  as  long  as  tl)o  corolla,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip,  striate, 
emarginate.  Cor.  yellow,  tiie  upper  lip  broad-ovate,  entire,  lower  3-lobed. 
Aug. 

2  U.  purpi!lrea  Walt.  St.  long,  floating,  branched;  Ivs.  submersed,  fibrilloua, 
vorticillate,  pinnately  dissected,  segments  capillary,  utriculate;  scape  assurgent, 
2 — 3-flowered  upper  Up  roundish-truncate,  lower  lip  larger,  its  lateral  lobes  cucul- 
late,  smaller  than  the  central ;  spur  conical,  flattened,  appressed  to  and  shorter 
than  the  upper  lip. — (D  Pools,  Me.  to  Fla.  W.  to  Wis.  Readily  known  by  the 
large,  bright,  purple  fls.  Stem  1 — 3f  long.  Leaves  about  IJ'  long.  XJtricles 
small     Scape  3 — 5'  high.     Corolla  8"  broad,  the  spur  3",  greenish.     Aug. 

3  U.  intermedia  Hayne.  Lvs.  all  submersed,  in  2  rows,  alternate,  dichotom- 
ously  many-parted,  segm.  rigid,  linear-subulatd,  ciliate-denticulate ;  leafless 
branches  bearing  all  tlie  bladders  and  terminal  bv'blet!< ;  scapes  2  to  3-flowered, 
upper  lip  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  palate ;  "^^ pur  conical,  acute ;  ped.  of  the 
fruit  erect. — Swamps,  Can.  and  N.  States  to  Wis.  Scape  4  to  8'  high.  Leafy 
stems  3  to  6'  long,  and  the  leaves  about  3"  (in  our  .specimens).     Jn.,  Jl. 

(3?  RoBBiNSii.  Leaf-segments  linear-setaceous,  flaccid,  entire,  8  to  12"  long; 
scape  tall  (7  to  12),  3  to  7-flowered ;  spur  fusiform,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  lower  lip. — Swamps,  Uxbridge,  Northbridge,  Mass.  (Robbins), — Quite 
unlike  the  preceding  in  its  leaves  and  spur. 

4  U.  striata  Le  Conte.  Lvs.  numerously  subdivided,  submerged,  capillary,  bear- 
ing the  bladders,  or  vesicles ;  scape  2 — 6-flowered,  with  a  few  scales ;  flowers 
large,  upper  lip  broad,  divided  into  3  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  striate  with  red,  lower 
lip  crenatCi  sides  reflexed,  having  dark  spots  upon  the  palate ;  spur  .siender,  ob- 
tuse, with  a  notch  at  the  end,  pressed  against  the  lower  lip  of  the  oorolla  and 
nearly  as  long. — T)  Swamps,  L.  Isl.  to  Fla.  Root  submerged,  slightly  attached 
to  the  mud.  Leaves  (radicles  ?)  few,  capillary,  appendaged  with  few  Mir  vessels. 
Scape  a  foot  high,  generally  with  2  flowers.     June. 

5  U.  longirdstris  Ell,  Lvs.  submersed,  dichotomously  divided,  segm.  setace- 
ous, bearing  the  vescicles;  scapes  1  to  2-flowered;  upper  lip  slightly  3-lobed, 
lower  entire ;  spur  linear- subulate,  ascending,  emarginate  at  apex,  longer  than  the 
lower  lip. — Stagnant  pools,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Scape  3  to  5'  high.  Fls.  yellow, 
middle  size.     Jn. 

6  U.  bifl6ra  Lam.  Irregularly  whorled,  capillaceously  divided,  root-like,  bladder- 
bearing;  scape  slender,  2  to  3-flowered,  pedicels  many  times  longer  than  the 
bract  or  calyx ;  spur  straight,  oblong,  a^ute,  appressed  to  the  corolla,  and  of  equal 
length;  fr.  erect. — Ditches,  S.  Car.  and  Ga  Scape  3  to  4'  high,  pedicels  3  to  4". 
May,  Jn. 

7  U.  cland^stina  Nutt.  Lvs.  all  submersed,  capillaceous,  raultifid,  bladder- 
bearing  ;  fls.  2  or  3  on  the  slender  scape,  also  solitary  on  slender,  axillary  pedi- 
cels among  the  lvs.  on  the  stem,  the  latter  apetalous,  fertile ;  spur  very  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  3-lobed  lower  lip. — Ponds,  Mass.  (Robbins)  to  N.  J.  Sts.  almost 
capillary,  6'  to  2f  long,  with  manv  bladders.  Scape  3  to  4'  high  (seldom  seen), 
with  corollas  expanding  about  3  .  Gauline  pedicels  6  to  7"  long,  the  cor.  tubu- 
lar, never  opening.    JL 

8  U.  gibba  L.  (and  Le  Conte).  Minute,  floating,  with  hair-like  lvs.  and  few 
utricles ;  scape  1  to  2-flowered,  naked ;  segm.  of  the  yellow  cor.  roundish,  upptr 
Up  emarginate,  lower  subirilobate,  middle  lobe  crenate,  subrevolute ;  spur  gibbous 
(that  is),  very  short  and  obtuse. — 4  ^^  pools,  R.  I   (Oltiey),  Ma.ss.,   N.  Y.  to 


Order  82.— OROBANCHACE^. 


511 


Car.  Submersed  stems  dichotomous,  short  and  filiform.  Scapes  2  to  3  high, 
oftea  with  but  1  email,  yellow  fl«>wer  The  Ivs.  appear  rather  like  tine  radi- 
cles.     Jl. 

9  n.  bipdrtita  Ell.  Lvs.  fibrillous-multifid,  bearing  the  bladders ;  scape  1  to  3* 
flowered;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  bifid  or  2-parted;  car.  lips  entire,  the  lower  twice 
as  long  as  the  obtuse  spur. — X>  Ditclies,  Ga.,  Fla.,  in  ootb,  muddy  places  (Elhott), 
floating  (Le  Come).     Scape  2  to  3'  high.     Oct. 

10  U.  minor  L.  Lvs.  submersed,  several  times  forlced,  segm.  linear-setaceous, 
5/ior<,  utriculate ;  scapo  3  to  6- flowered;  cor.  ringent,  upper  lip  ovate,  emargiuale, 
as  long  as  the  palate,  lower  obovate,  flat,  much  ionger  than  the  obtuse,  deti>>\ed 
spur. — Pools,  Cau.  and  N.  States  to  Wis.  Plan  .bout  half  the  size  of  Nu.  11. 
Cor.  gaping,  pale,  yellowish.     Fruit  nodding,     jl. 

11  U.  vulgaris  L.  Lvs.  capiUaceous,  multifid,  fibriUous ;  vesicles  numerous,  small ; 
St.  or  rhizoma  very  long,  floating;  scape  simple,  5 — 11-floweredI  spur  conical, 
obtuse,  shorter  than  the  closed  cor.  lips. —  U  In  stagnant  pools,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Floating  stems  several  feet  long,  very  branching.  Loaves  very  numerous,  1'  in 
lengtl).  Utricles  furnished  with  a  fringed,  valvate  aperture,  usually  inflated. 
Scapo  5 — 10'  high,  stotit,  arising  out  of  the  water.  Flowers  alternate,  sliowy, 
yellow,  5 — 6  "  long,  lower  lip  larger,  with  a  projecting  palate,  striped  with  brown. 
Jn.,  Jl.     (U.  macrorhiza  Lo  Conte.) 

12  U.  reaupin^ta  Green.  Sts.  creeping,  fibrinous,  rooting;  lvs.  linear-c.-.piMary, 
erect,  undivided  and  entire;  scapes  numerous,  simple,  1 -flowered,  with  a  minute 
clasping  bract  near  the  top;  spur  obtuse,  cylindric,  ascending,  shorter  than  the 
elongated  tube  of  the  purple  cor. — Muddy  shores  of  ponds,  Tewksbury  (Green), 
Plymouth  and  Uxbridge,  Mass.  (Robblns).  Leaves  generally  numerous,  6 — 15' 
high,  the  bract  1'  below  the  flower.  Corolla  light  purple,  4  '  long,  lips  roundish, 
entire,  remote  from  the  spur.     Jl. 

13  U.  Bubuldta  L.  Minute;  st.  flbrillous,  rooting,  creeping,  urticulate;  lvs.  few 
and  minute,  among  the  flbrillous  roots,  entire,  linear,  petiolate,  gland ular-obtusey 
sometimes  0  ?  scapes  few,  filiform,  1  to  6-flowered ;  bracts  ovate,  clasping ;  pedU 
eels  4  to  5  times  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtuse,  veined  sepals ;  cor.  upper  lip  ovate, 
entire,  lower  3-lobed;  spur  acute  oppressed  to  and  nearly  equaling  the  lower  lip. 
— A  minute  species  in  springy  places.  Can.  to  Fia.  and  La.  Scape  2  to  4'  high- 
Lvs.  2  to  3"  by  1".     Fls.  yellow,  3  to  4"  broad.     Jn. 

14  U.  cornuta  Mx.  Scape  rooting,  tall,  erect,  scaly,  witii  2  to  5  subsessile  fls. ; 
lvs.  fugacious  or  0 ;  lower  lip  very  broad,  3-lobed,  its  center  (palate)  very  prominent, 
sides  reflexed,  upper  lobe  much  smaller,  emarginate;  spur  subulate,  acute,  de- 
curved  away  from,  the  cor.,  and  of  equal  length. — Can.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  in  shallow 
waters  or  mud.  St.  or  scape  9  to  12'  high.  Pedicels  scarcely  2  "  long  in  flower, 
3  to  6"  in  fruit.  Spur  4  to  4"  long.  Fls.  large,  yellow.  Jn. — Aug.  (U.  per- 
sonata  Lo  Conte.) 


H 


•  ■I-: 

.■'<!! 


» .  t.. 


ra 


Order  LXXXII.     OROBANCHACE^.     Broomrapes. 

Herbs  fleshy,  leafless,  growing  parasitically  upon  the  roots  of  other  plants.  Calyx 
4  to  5-toothed,  inferior,  persistent.  Corolla  irregular,  persistent,  imbricate  in  aesti- 
vation. Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Anthers  2-celled,  cells  distinct,  parallel,  often 
bearded,  at  base.  Ovary  1 -celled,  free  from  the  calyx,  with  2  or  4  parietal  placen- 
tae. Capsule  enclosed  within  tlie  withered  corolla,  1-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  very 
numerous  and  minute,  with  albumen. 

Genera  12,  species  116,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  rone.  Properties  astringent 
ftud  bitter. 

GENERA. 

•  Flowers  polyiramous,  on  spkate  branches ;  sterile  above,  fertile  below EpiPHKors.  1 

*  Flowers  i)erfect, — in  a  dense,  thick  spike.    Calyx  3-bracted Conopholis.  3 

—on  naked,  terminal  peduncles.    Calyx  bractless Aphyllun   3 

1.  EPIPHE^GUS,  Nutt.  Beechdrops.  (Gr.  ktt/,  upon,  <priy6g,  the 
beech  ;  being  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.)     Monoeciously  polyg- 


M  !■:     tif 


iff 

'V  ,  i 

II 


Ul 
!'i'i 


612 


Order  83.— BIGNONIACEiE. 


aiuou§,  the  upper  flowers  complete  but  sterile,  the  lower  imperfect,  fer- 
tile ;  Calyx  S-toothed  :  $  corolla  tubular,  compressed,  curved,  upper  lip 
emargiiiate ;  stamens  barely  included ;  $  corolla  4-toothed,  short, 
deciduous,  without  expanding ;  stamens  imperfect ;  capsule,  2-valved, 
opening  on  the  upper  side. — Parasite  on  the  roots  of  the  beech.  Branches 
simple,  spicato,  floriferous  their  whole  length. 

E.  Virginidna  Burt. — In  Beech  woods,  Cnn.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Root  a  ball  of  rij^d, 
short,  brittle  radicles.  Plant  If  high,  leaHess,  of  a  dull,  rod  c-olor,  glabrous, 
branching  and  flower-bearing  its  whole  length.  Fls.  alternate,  sub30ssile,  brown- 
ish white,  the  sterile,  4  to  5"  long.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  CONOPH'OLIS,  Wallroth.  Squaw  Root.  (Gr. /cwvo^,  a  cone,  (/)oA/'c, 
a  scale;  from  its  resemblance.)  Flowers  perfect,  crowded,  spicate ;  calyx 
with  2  bractlcts  at  the  base,  unequally  5-cleft ;  corolla  ringent,  2  lipped, 
tube  curved,  upper  lip  2-lobcd,  lower  3-parted  ;  anthers  sagittate  2-celled, 
cells  acute  at  base ;  capsule  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve. — Stem 
short,  thick,  simple,  covered  with  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  imbricated 
scales,  the  upper  with  the  fls.  subsessile  in  their  axils. 

1  C.  Americana  Wallr,  Very  smooth ;  stem  very  thick ;  scales  oval-lanceolate ; 
calyx  more  deeply  cleft  on  the  lower  side ;  cor.  ventricous ;  stam.  exserted. — Old 
woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Stem  4 — 7'  high,  and  near  1'  thick,  of  a  brownish 
yellow,  covered  with  pale,  polished  scales  regularly  imbricated  as  in  a  Pine  cone. 
July,     (Orobanche,  L.) 

2  C.  Ludovici^a.  Glandular  pubescent ;  stem  rather  thick,  very  short ;  soalea 
ovate;  cal.  subequally  and  deeply  clefl;  cor.  tubular,  much  longer  than  the 
bracts;  stam.  included. — Alluvial  soil,  111.  (Hall,  fide  Gray),  to  Nebraska.  St. 
3  to  4'  high.  Fls.  very  numerous  and  crowded.  Cal.  segm.  linear,  acute.  Cor. 
purple.     Oct.     (Orobanche,  Nutt.  Phelipsea,  Don.) 

3.  APHYL'LON,  Mitchell.  (Orobanche,  L.)  Naked  Broomrapb. 
(rJr.  d,  privative,  0i;AAov,  a  leaf;  alluding  to  its  leafless  character.) 
Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  on  long  bractless  peduncles  or  scapes ;  calyx 
regularly  5-cleft,  campanulate  ;  corolla  tube  elongated,  curved,  border 
spreading,  subequally  6-lobcd  ;  anthers  included,  cells  distinct,  mucron- 
ate ;  capsule  with  4,  equidistant  placentae.  Plants  glandular,  pubes- 
cent. St.  very  short,  producing  at  the  summit,  1,  2,' or  jnany  flower 
stalks,  and  few  if  any  scales. 

1  A.  unifldra  Torn  &  Gr.  Fed.  in  pairs  or  simple,  naked,  each  1-flowered. — A 
small,  leafless  plant,  with  the  general  aspect  of  a  Monotropa,  found  in  woods  and 
thickets.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  not  exceeding  ^'  in  length.  This  divides  at  its 
top  generally  into  2,  scape  like,  erect,  round,  simple,  naked  peduncles  4  to  5'  high, 
downy,  purplish  white,  with  a  nodding  flower  at  the  top,  of  the  same  hue.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  A.  faaciculata  Torr.  &  Gr.  Fed.  many,  nearly  terminal,  about  the  length  of 
tlie  stem  ;  scales  few,  ovate  ;  cor.  lobes  short,  rounded. — Islands  in  Lake  Huron, 
^'ich..  111.,  and  westward,  to  Nebraska.  Stem  arising  2  to  3'  out  of  the  ground. 
Ted.  6  or  more,  same  length.     Fls.  pale  purple.     May. 

Order  LXXXIII.     BIGNONIACE^E.     Tritmpet  Flowers. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  he'ios,  often  climbing  or  twining,  with  opposite,  exstipu- 
late  leaves.  Flowers  monopetalous,  irregular,  6-merous,  showy.  Stamens  5,  1  or  3 
sterile,  didynamoua,  or  diandrous.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2-celled,  seated  iu  » 
fleshy  disk.  Style  I.  Stigma  of  2  plates.  Capsule  coriaceous,  1  to  2-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded.     Seeds  generally  winged,  destitute  of  aloumen. 


Order  83.— BKJNONIACE^.  5iy 

Oenera  44,  tpedes  45(l.  mostly  South  American.  Others  are  diffused  in  all  eountriea.  par- 
ttcularly  within  the  tropics.  iiSuvfrul  of  the  Uriuiiiiin  .s|Ma-u'!i  of  Bignoniaatfurd  a  valuable  lim- 
ber.    But  this  order  is  best  known  lor  the  beauty  i>(  its  (lowers.  (Figs.  2lU,  'iM,  '.^85.  -<!TU  ) 

*  Leaves  compound.    Valves  of  the  pod  parallel  with  the  partition . . . .  Biononia.    I 

*  Leaves  coiilpound.     Valves  of  the  pod  contrary  to  the  partition  Tecoma.       S 

*  Leaves  sLuiple.    Pod  straight,  cylindric.    Partition  subcyliudric Catalpa.     3 

1.  BIGNO'NIA,  Tourn.  (Named  for  the  Abbe  Bignou,  Librarian  to 
Louis  XIV.)  Calyx  margin  5-toothed  or  entire ;  corolla  somewhat 
bilabiate,  5-clefit,  funnel-shaped ;  stamens  didynamous,  4  fertile,  1  a  ster- 
ile filament ;  capsule  long  and  narrow  ;  valves  flat  or  scarcely  convex, 
parallel  with  the  partition. — Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  climbers,  often 
with  tendrils. 

B.  capreol&ta  L.  Cross-vine.  Climbing,  gl&brous ;  Ivs.  binate,  cirrhous,  leaf- 
lets 2,  lauce-ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  entire,  a  branciied  tendril  between ;  ped. 
l-flowered,  2  to  3  togetlier,  axillary;  calyx  nearly  entire. — Woods,  Va.  andTenn. 
(Misa  Dana),  to  Flii.  and  La.  A  vine  with  smooth,  reddish  bro\vn  bark,  30  to 
60f  long,  very  slender,  over  shruba,  up  tall  trees.  Fls.  large,  red,  oninge  witliin. 
Pods  7  or  8'  long,  J'  wide,  curved,  Hut,  with  many  broad-winged  seeds  both  sides 
of  the  broad  partition.     Mar. — May. 

2.  TECO^KA,  Juss.  (Bignonia  L.)  Trumpet  Flower.  Calyx  cam- 
panulate,  6-toothed  ;  corolla  tube  short,  throat  dilated,  limb  5-lobed, 
subbilabiate  or  equal ;  stamens  4,  didynamous,  with  the  rudinients  of  a 
fifth,  anther-cells  2,  diverging;  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  valves 
contrary  to  the  partition  ;  seeds  winged. — Trees  or  slirubs,  often  climb- 
ing.    Lvs.  opposite,  digitate,  or  unequally  piimate. 

1  T.  radicans  Juss.  Climbing  by  radicating  tendrils ;  lvs.  unequally  pinnate,  Ifl.s. 
4  or  5  pairs,  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  puberulent  beneath  along  the 
veins  ;  corymbs  terminals ;  cor.  tube  thrice  longer  than  the  cal. ;  stam.  included. — 
A  splendid  chmbur  in  woods  and  thickets,  along  rivers,  Ponn.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  111. 
St.  20  to  80f  in  length,  ascending  trees.  Lvs.  10  to  15'  long,  Ills.  2  to  3'  by  1  to 
2'.  Fls.  2  J'  long,  of  a  bright  scarlet.  Pods  6'  long,  curved.  A  transverse  sec- 
tion showing  a  cross.     Seeds  very  numerous.     Jn. — Aug.  f 

2  T.  Cap^nsia  Lindl.  Glabrous ;  lvs.  unequally  pinnate,  Ifts.  3  to  4  pair.«, 
roundish-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  bearded  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beueaih;  ra- 
cemes pedunculate,  dense-flowered ;  cor.  long,  tubular,  incurved  ;  stam.  and  sty.  ex- 
serted. — Cultivated.  Cor.  2'  long,  yellow  scarlet.  The  style  far  projecting,  f 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

3  T.  grandiflora  Delaun.  Cuinese  Trumpet  Flower.  Climbing,  glabrous ; 
lvs,  unequally  pinnate,  Ifta.  3  to  5  pairs,  ovate-acmninato,  dentate-serrate ;  pani- 
cle terminal ;  pedicels  nodding,  biglandidar ;  cor.  tube  .scarcely  bmger  than  the  b-ckft 
calyx. — Fls.  of  a  rich  scarlet,  shorter  and  broader  than  iu  T.  radicans.  f  China 
and  Japan. 

3.  CATALTA,  Scop.  Catalpa.  (The  Indian  name.)  Calyx 
2-parted  ;  corolla  campanulate,  4  or  5-cleft,  the  tube  inflated ;  stamens 

2  fertile,  2  or  3  sterile;  stigma  2-lipped  ;  capsule  2-celled,  long,  cylin- 
dric.— Trees.  Lvs.  opposite  or  tornate-verticillate,  simple,  petiolate. 
Fls.  in  large,  showy,  terminal  panicles. 

C.  bignonioides  Walt.  Lvs.  membranous,  ovate-cordate,  pubescent  beneath, 
acuminate,  subentire  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  di-trichotomous ;  cal.  lips  mucro- 
nate. — A  fine,  wide  spreading  tree,  native  in  the  Southern  States,  but  cultivated 
at  the  Nortli  for  ornament  and  shade.  In  favorable  circumstances  it  attains  tto 
height  of  50£  with  a  diam.  of  nearly  2f.  Lvs.  beautifully  heart-shaped,  with  a 
silky  luster,  often  a  foot  in  length.  It  blossoms  in  great  profusion.  Cor.  cam- 
panulate, white,  with  yellow  and  violet  spots.  Caps,  cylindric  near  a  foot  in 
length;  deed  winged.     May — Jl.    (See  Figs.  210;  284,  5;  403.) 

33 


"1': 


i..i 

H 


"i. 


ftl4 


OlU>iui  85.— LOGANIACE^ 


U 


U 


I 


Order  LXXXIV.     PEDALIACEJE.     Pbdaliads. 

Herbs  mostly  stiong-sceuted  and  glandular-hirsute.  Stipules  0.  Flowers  axillarj, 
■olitary,  large,  tnonupetaluus,  didyaainuus,  5-merous,  irregular.  Ovary  1  to  2-celled, 
of  2  Carpels.  Style  1.  Stigma  divided.  Fruit  becoming  4  or  6-celled  by  the  diverg- 
ing lobes  of  the  2  placentae.     Seeds  few  or  many,  large,  wingless. 

Oeneni  14,  tpei-ien  2S,  natives  •t  tropical  America,  etc.    Some  of  them  have  been  introduced 
lato  the  United  Htatea. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

I.     PEDALINE^.    Fruit  drupe-like,  fleshy  without,  produced  into  ft  beaii Martthia.    1 

II.     HESAMEiE.     Fruit  capsular,  dry,  dehiscent,  never  beaked Sksamum.       2 

1.  MARTYN'IA,  L.  Unicorn  Plant.  (In  honor  of  John  Martyn, 
botanical  author  and  profossor,  Cambridge,  Eng.,  1760.)  Calyx  6-cleft, 
2  to  3-bracteolate  at  base  ;  cor.  cainpanulate,  tube  gibbous  at  base,  limb 
6-Iobed,  unequal ;  sta.  5,  one  rudimentary  and  sterile,  4  didynamous ; 
caps,  coriaceous,  ligneous,  4-celled,  2-valved,  each  valve  terminating  in 
»  long,  hooked  beak. — (D  Chiefly  southern,  branching,  viscid-pilous. 
Lvs.  opposite,  petiolate,  subcordate,  roundish. 

1  M.  proboacidea  Glox.  Branches  mostly  decumbent ;  lvs.  cordate,  entire,  sub- 
orbicular,  villous,  upper  ones  alternate ;  fls.  on  long,  axillary  peduncles ;  beaks 
much  longer  than  the  capsule. — A  coarse,  strong-scented  plant,  along  rivers,  fields, 
etc.,  S.  and  W.  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  long.  Leaves  paler  beneath.  Corolla  pale, 
dull  yellow,  very  large,  the  limb  nearly  as  broad  as  the  leaves,  spotted  with 
brownish-purple.  Sta.  bright  yellow,  e.Kserted.  The  curious  pods  are  furnished 
with  an  incurved  born  (2  when  the  valves  separate)  abruptly  bent  at  the  end  into 
a  very  sharp  grappling  hook. 

2  M.  lilitea  Lindl.  With  yellow  fls.  and  horns  longer  than  the  pod,  is  some- 
times cultivated,  also  M.  diaudra,  with  pink  fls.  spotted  with  purple,  and  horns 
shorter  than  the  pod. 

2.  SES'AMUM,  L.  Oil-seed.  Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  campanu- 
late,  3-cleft,  the  lower  lobes  the  longest;  stamens  4,  didynamous; 
stigma  lanceolate;  capsule  2-celled,  the  cells  divided  by  the  inflexed 
edges  of  the  valves.-  -  D  Of  India.  Lvs.  petiolate,  the  lower  opposite, 
upper  alternate. 

S.  Indicum  DC.  Lvs.  lanceolate-ovate,  lower  ones  3-lobed,  upper  ones  un- 
divided serrate. — Native  of  E.  India.  Stem  erect,  about  18'  high.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, entire.  Flowers  axillary,  subsessile.  Corolla  pale  purple.  The  seeds 
yield  an  excellent  oil  which  will  keep  several  years  without  injury.  It  is  used 
in  cookery  for  all  the  purposes  of  sweet  oil.  Five  pounds  of  the  seeds  yield 
about  one  pound  of  oil.     The  leaves  are  emollient 

Order  LXXXV.     LOGANIACE.E. 

Herhs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves,  with  stipules  between  the  petioles,  some- 
times reduced  to  an  elevated  line  or  ridge.  Flowers  4  or  5-parted,  monopetalous, 
regular,  aestivatiou  various.  Ovary  superior,  style  simple,  stigmas  as  many  as  the 
cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  or  a  1  to  2- 
seeded  drupe.     Seeds  albuminous,  mostly  winged  or  peltate.    (Fig.  221,  302.) 

Oenera  26,  species  200,  chiefly  tropical. 

Properties. — Generally  poisonous,  often  possessed  of  the  highest  degree  of  venom.  The 
pervading  poisonous  principle  is  strychnia,  especially  abundant  and  fatal  in  the  seeds  of  Stryeh- 
Dos  Nux-voinica,  an  East  Indian  tree,  with  small,  greenish  flowers.  8.  toxifera,  of  Guiana  fur- 
nishes the  terrible  Woorali,  poison  for  arrows,  likewise  8.  cogens  of  Central  America,  8.  Ticute 
•f  Java,  yields  the  celebrated  Upas.  The  species  of  Spigella,  under  the  name  of  Pink-root,  are 
used  as  a  vermifuge,  but  are  dnngi'rous. 

(?/(.«(.— This  order  his  been  appended  to  Kubiacen,  but  its  free  ovary  is  a  decisive  mark  of  dir 
tinetion,  although  otherwise  nearly  related. 


Ohi)£B  85.— LOGANIACE^  515 

OENERA. 
5  C«roIU  tubular,  lobes  b,  ralvkte  in  bud.    Seeds  wingless,    (a) 

a  Styles  wliolly  united  Into  one.    Corolla  tube  long Spioilia.  1 

a  sjtyles  distinct,  witti  tiiu  sliguius  united.  Cor.  tubesliort....MiTBKuLA.  '2 
^  Corolla  cainpanulute,  lobes  4  or  5,  iint)ricute  lu  bud.    (b) 

b  Fio'vers  4-itarted.    Ditt'u!>o  h  jrbs Pulvpremum.  8 

b  Flowers 6-i>iirted.    Twininjf  slirubs Uf.lhemium.  4 

1.  SPIGE^LIA.  L.  Pink-root.  (To  Adrian  Spiyelius,  Piofessor  of 
Anat.  and  Surg,  at  Padua,  1578 — 1625.)  Calyx  5-parted,  seginetits 
linear-subulate  ;  corolla  narrowly  funnel-form,  limb  5-cleft,  equal ;  sta- 
mens 5  ;  anthers  convergent ;  capsule  didymous,  2-celled,  few-seeded. 
— Herbaceous  or  sutfrutescent.  Lvs.  opposite.  Slip,  small,  interpetiolar, 
Fls.  sessile,  in  terminal  spikes. 

S.  Maril^ndica  L.  Erect,  simple,  nearly  glabrous ;  st.  square ;  Ivg.  sessile, 
ovate-laueeolate,  acute,  or  acuminate,  uuirgin  and  veins  scabrous-pilous ;  spiltes  3 
to  8-Ho\vere(i ;  cor.  tube  4  times  longer  tlian  tlie  cal. ;  anth.  exserted ;  lobes  of  the 
cor.  lauceolali;;  caps,  glabrous,  shorter  than  tiie  cal. —  H  In  woods,  Penn.  to  111., 
S.  to  Fla.  An  elegant  dark  green  herb,  a  foot  high.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  1 J  to  2 J', 
entire,  often  ovate-acuminate,  the  stipules  scarcely  perceptible.  Fls.  l|  to  2'  long, 
somewhat  club-shaped,  scarlet  witiiout,  yellow  within.  Sty.  exserted.  Jn. — 
A  celebrated  anthelmintic. 

2.  MITRE'OLA,  L.  (Lat.  mitreola,  a  little  mitre  ;  from  the  form  of 
the  ciipsule.)  Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  tubular,  short,  5-cleft,  hairy  in 
the  throat,  lobes  valvate  in  bud ;  sta  nens  5,  on  the  corolla  tube,  in- 
cluded ;  ovary  2-celled,  styles  2,  united  at  the  top  with  one  stigma, 
separate  below,  as  well  as  the  2  horns  of  the  oo-seeded  capsule. — (J) 
Glabrous  herbs.  Stipules  minute.  Fls.  small,  white,  in  scorpoid  racemes, 
forming  a  terminal,  stalked  cyme. 

1  M.  petioldta  Torr,  &  Gr.  Erect,  branched;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  petiole;  fls.  somewliat  distant  in  the  racemes. — A 
plant  of  singular  aspect,  in  damp  shades,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  1  to  2f  high, 
Lv.s.  thin,  about  2'  long,  including  the  short  petiole.  Cymes  about  twice  trichote- 
mous,  the  small  fls.  all  on  the  upper  side  of  the  racemes.  Capsules  mitre-form. 
Jn. — Sept.     (Ophiorhiza  Mitreola,  L.) 

2  M.  aessilifdlia  Torr.  &  Gr.  Erect,  nearly  simple ;  lvs.  broad-oval,  or  ovate,  ses- 
sile, acute,  much  shorter  than  the  iuternodes ;  fls.  contiguous  in  the  racemes, — 
Damp  soil,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  More  slender  than  the  other,  10  to  18'  high. 
Lvs.  thickiah,  not  veiny,  6  to  8"  by  4  to  6".  Cymes  small,  compact.  Fls.  about 
half  as  large  as  in  No.  1.  Jn. — Aug.  (Anonymus,  Walt.)  ji.  angustifolia, 
Torr.  &  Gr.  has  lance-elliptical  leaves ;  at  Quincy,  Fla. 

3.  POLYPRE'MUM,  L.  (Gr.  rroAvf,  many,  Trpe/zvov,  stem  ;  a  charac- 
teristic of  the  plant.)  Calyx  4-parted,  segm.  subulate,  membranous- 
margined  at  base  ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate,  4-parted,  lobes  slighly  un- 
equal, obtuse ;  throat  bearded  ;  stam.  4,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube, 
included,  anth.  globular ;  stig.  entire,  subsessile ;  caps,  ovoid,  2-celled, 
2-valved,  loculicidal,  oo-seeded. — (D  Herb  glabrous,  diffusely  much 
branched  from  the  base,  with  opposite,  linear-subulate  lvs.  connected  at 
base  by  a  slight  stipular  membrane.     Fls.  sessile,  cymous,  small,  white. 

P.  prociimbenB  L.  Dry  fields,  Va  to  Fla.  and  La.  Plant  forming  roundish 
patches,  with  somewhat  the  aspect  of  Scleranthus,  its  numerous  stems  procum- 
bent or  ascending,  6  to  12'  long.  Lvs.  hardly  1'  long,  rigid.  Cal.  persistent,  its 
pointed  sepals  exceeding  the  capsule.  May — Sept. — Bentham  refers  this  genus 
to  Serophulariacese.     Torr.  &,  Gr.,  hither. 

4.  GELSE^MIUM,  Juss.     Yellow  Jessamine.     (Ital.   gelsemioy  the 


516 


Ordeb  86.— aCROPHULAKlACK.-E. 


common  name  of  the  Jessamine.)  Calyx  d-parted,  lobes  oblong  ;  cor- 
olla funnel-form,  with  5,  short,  rounded  lobes,  quincuncial  in  bud; 
filaments  5,  on  the  corolla;  ovary  smooth,  short-stiped  ;  style  tiliforni  ; 
stigmas  2,  each  2-parted,  and  with  the  anthers  dimorpkoun,  i.  e.,  m 
some  plants  the  stamens  exceed  the  stigmas,  in  others  the  istigmas  ex- 
ceed the  stamens,  as  in  Houstonia;  capsule  twin,  compressed,  with  a  very 
narrow  dissepiment  (or  0  ?),  valves  each  2-cleftat  top,  cells  few  (4  to  6)- 
seeded,  seeds  w:;;ged. — Shrub  slender,  smooth,  climbing,  with  evergreen 
Ivs.  and  large,  showy  yellow  fls.     Stip.  reduced  to  a  raised  rim. 

G.  sempervirens  Ait  Woods  and  banks  of  streams,  Va.  to  Ala.  and  Fla.,  vt^y 
abundant.  A  slender  vine,  twining  and  overrunrjinpf  busbes  and  low  trees,  iiud 
profusely  flowering.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  shining,  revoljite  at  edge,  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  short-petioled.  Cor.  tube  1'  long,  of  a  rich  golden  yellow.  In  ono 
variety  the  stamens  equal  the  corolla  and  the  stylo  but  half  as  long ;  in  the  other 
vice  versa  (a  fact  first  pointed  out  to  the  author  by  Professor  Pond,  March,  1857). 
Fla.  in  Mar. — May. 

Order  LXXXVI.     SCROPHULARIACE^.     Figworts. 

Herbs  chiefly,  without  fragrance,  the  leaves  and  inflorescence  various.  Flowerf 
irregular,  5-raerous,  didynamous  or  diandrous  (rarely  pentandrous).  Calyx  free  from 
the  ovary,  persistent.  Corolla  monopetalous,  imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens  inserted 
in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  1  or  3  of  them  usually  rudimentary.  Ovary  free,  2-celled, 
with  1  style,  a  2-Jobed  stigma,  and  becoming  in  fruit  a  2-celled,  many-seeded  cap- 
sule, with  axi)9  placentae.     Seeds  albuminous.     (Fig.  204,  32G,  362,  399,  427,  463.) 

Genera  IfiC,  species  1800,  abnndnnt  in  every  part  of  the  world,  from  the  equator  to  the 
regions  of  purpctuiil  frost.    Tliey  constitute  itbout  1-36  of  the  Phrenofsamia  of  N.  America. 

Properties. — Generally  acrid,  bitter  and  deleterious  jilants.  The  most  remarkable  offlcinul 
species  of  the  tribe  is  the  Foxglove  ''Dig, talis),  wliich  exorcises  a  wonderful  control  over  the 
ttctioii  of  the  heart,  in  regulating  its  pulsations.  It  is  also  employed  in  cases  of  dropsy,  liernor- 
rhage,  &c.  Taken  in  excess  it  speedily  causes  death.  The  Veronica  VIrginica  (Culver's  I'hymc) 
and  Linaria  vulgaris  (  Toad-tlax)  are  purgative  and  emetic.  Numerous  sueuies  ai'u  cultivated  for 
ornament.    Many  are  parasitic  and  turn  black  in  drying. 

SUBORDERS,  TRIBES  \ND  GENERA. 

^  Leaves  alternate  (in  one  smrdon  plant  mostly  opposite,  No.  6.)  (*) 

*  Inflorescence  compouad,  centrifugal,    (Showy  garden  exotics.)  (Tribe  1.) 

•  Inflor.  simple,  centripetal. — Stamens  6.    Corolla  rotate,  (Tribe  8.) 

— Stam.  4.    Corolla  spurred  or  saccate  at  base.  (Tribe  4,  a) 
— Stam.  4.     Climbing  vinos,  in  gardens.    (Tribe  4,  b) 
— Stain.  4  or  2.    Herbs  small,  creeping,  leaves  linear.  (Tribe  7) 
— Stam.  4  or  2.    Herbs  erect.    Cor.  not  galeate,  (Tribe  S) 
—Stan'  4.    Cor,  upper  lip  galeate,  vaulteil.  (Tribe  12,  n) 
^  Leuves  opposite  (or  in  one  southern  species,  scattered  No.  29).  (2) 
2  Stamens  2,  included.    Corolla  2-lol)e(l,  the  lower  inflated.  (Tribe  2) 
2  Stamens  2,  included.    Corolla  tubular,  labiate,  (i'ribe  6,  f) 
2  Stamens  2,  exscrted.    Corolla  rotate  or  salver-form.  (Tribe  9) 
2  Stamens  4,  perfect,  the  fifth  rudiment  about  as  large,  conspicuoi's.  (Tribe  5,  o) 
2  Stamens  4,  perfect,  the  fifth  rudiment  minute  or  none.  (3) 

3  Inflorescence  compound,  in  panicles  or  verticillasters.  (Tribe  S,  d) 
3  Inflorescence  simple. — Corolla  labiate,  not  g  ileatc.  (Tribe  6,  e) 
— Corolla  labiate,  and  galeate.  (Tribe  12,  o) 
— Corolla  salver-form.    Anthers  1-celled.  (Tribe  10) 
—Corolla  bell  or  funnel-form,  ifec.     Anthers  2-celle(l.  (Tribe  11) 

I.  SALPIGLOSSIDE.^.    (Corolla  in  bud  plicate  at  tl  o  clefts.     Inflorescence  centrifugal.) 

TuiuE  1.    SALPiuLOBSKiB. — Stamens  2.    Corolla  dcoply  cleft SnirKANTHUS.  1 

— Stamens  4.    Corollasalver-forrn,  tube  long Bkowai.i.ia.  2 

II.  ANTIRRIIINIDE.<E.    (Corolla  in  bud  Imbricate,  rpper  lip  covering  the  lowerV 

Tribk  2.    (!Ai,cK3t.ABiR-«.    InJoresoence  Compound.    Calyx  4-cleft CAi.rKoi.AuiA.  .3 

TiiiiiK  H.     VKttii.vsc'F.jc.     liitloreituiinco  blmi)lu,  centripetal.    Cor.  rotate ViiKiiAstuM,  4 


Order  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

Tbibr  4.    Antibbhinbjs. — a  Corolla  spurred  at  the  base LiyAHiA.  9 

— a  Corolla  saccate  at  tbu  base,  lai'gt; Antikeuinum.  6 

— b  Corolla  gibbous  at  base,  large Maurandia.  T 

— b  Corolla  equal  at  base,  large LupiiospEBurM.  3 

Tbibb  6.    CuBLONBJB. — 0  Sterilo  fliauient  a  scale.     Fls.  small,  lurid Sckufiiulakia.  9 

— 0  Sterilo  fil.  shorter  than  the  rest.    Seeds  winged Ciielone.  10 

— C  Sterile  fll.  equaling  the  rest.   Sds.  wingless Pentstkmon.  11 

— d  Corolla  bilabiate.     Herbs Collinsia.  12 

— d  Corolla  tubular,  bell-1'orin.    Tree Paitlownia.  Vi 

Tbibb  6.    Gratiole^. — e  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled.    Corolla  long Mimulus.  14 

— e  Calyx  5-parted,  equal.     (Lvs.  uiany-cleft) Conobea.  15 

— e  Calyx  5-parted,  unequal.    (Leaves  DudiTided).'. -Hekprstis.  1('> 

— ^f  Calyx  5-parted.    Sterile  fil.  short  or  0 Gratiola.  17 

— ^f  Calyx  5-parted.    Sterile  111.  exserted Ii.ysanthks.  18 

— f  Calyx  4-lobed.  Sterile  fil.  0.    Fls.  minute Micrantii.  1<) 

III.  KITINANTIIIDE^.    (Corolla  in  bud  imbricate,  the  lower  or  latertU  lobes  exterior.) 

Tribe  7.    Sibthobpe-e. — Stamens  2.    Corolla  4-cleft AMPiir.tNTiiTS.  20 

— Stamens  4.    Corolla  5-cleft Limusella.  'iil 

Tbibb  o.     Dioitalejb. — Stamens  2.    Calyx  4-parted.    Flower   Jiniil! Synthiuis.  2'i 

— Stamens  4.     Calyx  S-parted.     Flowers  Hlv Uiuitalis   23 

Tribe  9.    VERONiCEiE. — Stamens  divergent.    Upper  lvs.  often  alternau Vekonioa.  24 

Tribe  10.    Buciihere^ — Stam.  approximate  by  pairs.    Upper  lvs.  alternatii..BirriiNERA.  25 

Tbibb  11.    GERABDiSi^. — Stamens  long-exserted.     Corolla  tubular .Maorantiieka.  26 

— Stam.  short. — Cor.  yellow,  tube  short  i  •  limb Seymeria.  27 

— Cor.  yellow,  tube  elonaated Dasystoma.  28 

— Cor.  purple.    Lvs.  very  slender Gf.rabuia.  29 

Tbibb  12.    EnpuBASiK*. — n  Anther-cells  unequal,  separated Castillkja.  30 

— r.  Anther-cells  equal. — Calyx  10-ribbed Sen walbea.  31 

— Calyx  not  ribbed Pedioulakis.  .32 

— O  Col.  inflated.    Sds.  mony,  winged RiiiNANTiirs.  3.3 

— O  Cal.  not  infl. — Sds.  many,  wingless Eti'iirasia.  34 

— Sds.  1  to  4,  oblong Melampyrum.  35 

1.  SCHIZAN'THUS,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  ((jir.  ct;^/<^u),  to  cut,  avdog '.  the 
cor.  is  much  divided.)  Corolla  irregular,  the  upper  lip  5-cleft,  external 
in  aestivation,  lower  much  smaller,  3-parted  ;  filarnents  4,  2  of  them 
sterile;  capsule  2-celled.— (J)  from  Chili.  Lvs.  pinnatitid,  alternate. 
Cymes  supra  axillary. 

S.  pinn^tUB  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  Lvs.  1 — 2-pinnat.ely  cleft;  cor.  tube  shorter  than  tlie 
calyx,  middle  segment  of  the  posterior  lip,  2-lobed,  rucullate,  lateral  segment 
falcate-apatulate,  middle  segment  of  the  anterior  lip  emf»';nnate,  laioral  4-lobed; 
sta.  exserted. — Plant  1 — 2f  high,  with  delicate  and  buautiful  tiowcrs  in  clusters 
opposite  the  leaves.  Cai.  and  ped.  viscid-pubescout.  Cor.  purple  and  yellow, 
with  a  dark  spot  in  the  midst,  f 

2.  BRO«VAL'LIA,  L.  (Named  for  Bishop  BrowalUus,  a  friend  of 
Linnaeus,  and  defender  of  his  system.)  Corolla  salver-form,  with  along 
tube,  and  oblique,  6-lobed  limb ;  anthers  of  the  two  posterior  stamens 
hnlvcd,  sub- 1 -celled  ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  broad,  divaricjate ;  capsule 
membranous,  valves  bifid. — South  American  herb.-,,  with  alternate,  en- 
tire lvs.  and  cyanic  fls. 

1  B  demissa  L.  Lvs.  petiolate,  ovate ;  lower  fls.  axillary,  upper  in  a  raceme  ; 
calyx  /, liiy. — St.  )  to  2f  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Cor.  tube  Hleudcr,  U" 
long,  limo  blue  or  violet,     f  Brazil,  &c.     (B.  elata  L.  is  the  same.) 

2  B.  grandifldra  Grab.  Upper  lvs.  seaeile,  subcordato;  fls.  loosely  ra- 
ceintni ;  cu).  Wvi"  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube. — Oor.  limb  broader  than  in  tiio 
other,  palo  blue.     *  Peru. 

3.  CALCEOLA'RIA,  L.  {\ j&i.  calreolui^^  a  slipper;  alluding  to  the 
shape  of  the  corolla.)  C^alyx  4-parted,  valvato  in  the  bud ;  coiolla 
sligntly  adhering  to  the  <«lyx,  the  tube  very  short,  limb  2-lobed,  lobes 


:!JM»u.  i> 


m 

u 


u 


§18  Order  «J6.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

entire,  concave  or  spur-like,  the  lower  inflated,  and  in  tliQ  bud  slightly 
coveied  by  the  smaller  upper  lobe  ;  stam.  2,  lateral,  with  no  rudiments, 
capsules  ovoid-conical,  valves  bifid,  seeds  striate. — Herbs  rarely  shrubby, 
from  8.  America  and  N.  Zealand.  Lvs.  opposite  or  verticillate.  Fls. 
of  all  colors,  endlessly  variegated  in  cultivation,  very  curious. 

1  C.  corymbosa  Ruiz  &  Pa  v.  Somewhat  shrubby,  erect;  root  lvs.  ovato, 
crfnate-dentate,  cauline  iew,  opposite,  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile;  corymb  loose ;  cor. 
upper  lip  shorter  than  calyx,  lower  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  coulracted  at  base, 
open  beyond  the  middle. — Yellow,     f  Chili. 

2  C.  augUBtiflora  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Half-shrubby,  very  branching ;  lvs.  often 
whorkd  in  'is,  lance-ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  pube.scent :  panicle  oblong ;  cor. 
upper  lip  very  short,  lower  ovate,  acutish,  incurved -spreading,  with  a  long,  con- 
tracteii,  narrow  base,  open  beyond  the  middle. — Yellow,  f  S.  Am. — Mr.  Beu- 
thaui  enumerates  114  species  of  Calceolaria,  many  of  which  have  found  their 
way  into  our  greenhouses.     We  must  omit  further  notice  of  them. 

4.  YERBASCUM,  L.  Mullein.  (Lat.  barba,  beard ;  a  name  sig- 
nificant of  the  beard  with  which  the  plant  is  covered.)  Corolla  rotate, 
5-lobed,  unequal ;  stamens  5,  declinate,  all  perfect;  capsule  ovoid-glo- 
bous,  2-valved. — iT)  rarely  2i  or  suffruticous.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  in 
spikes  or  paniculate  racemes. 

1  V.  thapsuB  L.  Common  Mullein.  Lvs.  decurrent,  densely  tomenUms  on  both 
sides ;  roc.  spi/itd,  dense ;  three  of  the  stamens  downy,  two  of  them  smooth. — 
The  tall,  dense,  club-shaped  spikes  of  the  common  mullein  are  very  conspicuous 
in  every  slovenly  field  and  by  all  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  erect,  3 — 5f 
high,  woolly,  itH  angles  winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  leaves,  generally 
simple,  occasionally  with  one  or  two  branches  above.  Flowers  rotate,  of  a  golden 
yellow,  nearly  sessile.     Jn, — Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  V.  Blattaria  L.     Moth  Mulleiv.     Lvs.  clasping,  oblong,  smooth,  serrate ;  ped. 

1-Howered,  solitary,  racemous. —  1)  Grows  in  waste  grounds,  roadsides,  N.  Eng. 
to  Ind.  and  S.  states.  Stem  3f  high,  branching  above,  bearing  a  terminal,  leafy 
raceme  2 — 4  loDar.  Lower  leaves  oblong,  obovate ;  upper  ones  cordate-ovate,  all 
coarsely  and  doubly  serrate.  Flowers  on  pedicels  near  an  inch  in  length.  Corolla 
yellow  or  white,  marked  with  brown  at  the  back.  Stamens  unequal,  purplish, 
the  filaments  all  hairy.     Jn.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

3  V.  L;^chziitia  L.  Wiiitk  Mullein.  Whitish  subtomentous ;  st.  and  panicu- 
late branches  angular ;  lvs.  green  above,  crenate,  lower  petioled,  narrowed  to  the 
base,  upper  ones  sessile ;  panicle  pyramidal,  fascicles  loosely  viany-flowered ;  caL 
small,  with  lance-subulate  segments;  fil.  with  white  wool. — Sandy  fields  near 
Oneida  Lake,  S.  to  Ga.,  rare.  Leaves  very  canescent  beneath.  Flowers  pale 
yellow.     §  KuT.  \ 

5.  LINA'RIA,  Juss.  ToAD-FLAX.  (Lat.  linnm,  flax;  from  the  re- 
resemblance  of  the  leaves  of  some  of  the  species.)  Calyx  5-parted  ; 
corolla  personate,  upper  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  3-cleft ;  throat  closed 
by  the  prcmiiui-nt  palate  ;  tube  inflated,  with  a  spur  behind ;  capsule  2- 
celled,  bursting  at  the  summit. — Herbs.  Lower  lvs.  generally  o[)posite, 
upper  alternate.  Fls.  solitary,  axillary,  often  forming  terminal,  leafy 
racejnes. 

§  Pnistratf,  witli  Imstate  lonvrs.  nnd  capsulo  oppninpf  by  2  lids No.  1 

§  Erect,  with  iiurniw  leaves.     <  'a|>.sule  with  valve.s. — Wihl  jilantM Nog.  2,  3 

— Cultivatt'd Nos.  4,  6 

1  L.  El^tine  L.  Procumbent,  hairy;  lvs.  alternate,  hastate,  entire;  ped,  soli- 
tary, very  long. — 'X^  Fieldn.  Can.  to  Car.  A  small,  cree"^"  -  species.  St.  1  to  2f 
in  lonRth.  Lvs.  6  to  8  by  3  to  4",  with  a  conspicuouH  avtu'lo  each  aide  at  base. 
Cor.  yellow,  the  up[ier  lip  bright  purple  beneath,  oa  long  stalks.  Cul.  Lair^r,  ai 
well  as  the  whole  plant.     Jn. — Sept. 


Ordek  86.— SCROPHULARIACBiE. 


519 


2  L.  Canad^nsia  Duraont.  Lvs.  scattered,  erect,  linear,  obtuse;  fls.  racemed, 
St.  simple ;  scions  procuinbeut ;  Jts.  blue. — (.1)  A  small  species  iu  road-sides,  tields, 
Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  very  slender,  nearly  simple,  6  to  12'  high,  smooth,  furnished 
with  small,  remote  Iva  A  few  leafy,  prostrate  or  ascending  shoots  are  given  off 
from  the  base  of  the  stem,  having  roundish,  opposite  or  whorled  lvs.  Fls.  small 
in  a  loose  raceme.  Throat  closed  by  the  light  blue  palate.  Spur  tililbrm,  as  long 
the  corolla,  but  in  the  very  slender  Southern  variety  much  shorter  or  0.  Jn. — 
Sept. 

3  L.  vulgdiis  Mill.  Common  Toad-flax.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  crowded ;  spikes 
terminal, fls.  dense,  imbricate;  cal.  smooth,  shorter  than  the  spur. —  2^  A  very 
showy  plant,  common  by  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.  St.  erect,  smoothish, 
1  to  2f.  high,  very  leafy,  and  with  numerous  short,  leafy  branches.  Cor.  yel- 
low, with  a  long  spur,  mouth  closed  with  a  prominent  orange-colored  palate. 
Jl.— Aug.^    §  Eur. 

/3.  Pelobia.     Cor.  regular  or  nearly  so,  ventricous,  with  5  spurs  and  5  stamens, 
or  with  3  spurs.  Poughkeepsie(W.  S.  Gerard),  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  (Darlington.) 

4  L.  triornith6phoruin  Willd.  Three-birds.  Erect,  spreading,  smooth 
and  glaucous ;  lvs.  all  vtrticillate  in  38  or  4s,  broad-lanceolate,  acute ;  fls.  interrupt- 
edly raceinous,  generally  verticillate,  on  long  pedicels. —  y  A  sliowy  plant,  2 
to  4f  hizh,  remarkable  for  the  form  and  hue  of  the  corolla,  which  resembles  three 
little  birds  seated  iu  the  spur.     \  Eur. 

5  L.  bipdrtita  Willd.  Glabrous,  erect;  lvs.  Unear,  alternate;  pedicels  much 
longer  than  the  cal. ;  sep.  lance-linear,  acute,  membranous  at  the  margin ;  cor 
upper  lip  deeply  2-parted ;  spur  slender,  arcuate. — A  beautiful  annual.  Cor.  8  to 
10"  long,  violet-blue,  palate  orange,     f  Barbary. 

6.  ANTIRRHTNUM,  L.  Snap-dragon.  (Gr.  avr/,  like, p/v,  a  nose; 
from  a  fancied  resemblance.)  C^alyx  S-scpaled;  corolla  gibbous  (not 
spurred)  at  base,  the  upj)er  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  trifid,  closed  by  the 
prominent  palate;  caps,  valveless,  dehiscent  by  3  pores. — European 
herbs  with  the  lower  lvs.  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Inflorescence 
as  iu  Linaria. 

1  A.  Majus  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  opposite ;  fls.  racemed  ;  sep.  glandular-hairy, 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  short. —  U  An  elegant  and  popular  garden  flower,  1  or  2f  high. 
Flowers  large,  pink-colored,  the  lower  lip  wiute  and  the  mouth  yellow,  with  a 
gibbous  prominence  at  base  beneath.  There  are  varieties  with  scarlet,  scarlet 
and  white,  and  double  flowers,  f 

2  A.  Ordntium,  fl  grandiflobum  Chav. — Glabrous  or  hairy  above,  spread- 
ing; lvs.  oblong-lanceolate;  fls.  remote,  subsessile,  upper  ones  subracemous; 
eal.  segments  equaling  the  corolla,  and  ovoid  and  very  oblique  capsule. — @  A 
sliowy  garden  plant,  1 — 21'  high,  i.'or.  G"  long,  roso-color  or  white,  witli  purple 
spots  and  veins,  f 

7.  MAURAN'DIA,  Ort.  (Named  for  the  lady  of  Dr.  Mmirandy  of 
CarthaiX'-na.)  Calyx  5-parted  ;  cfwol la  tubular,  gibbous  at  base  ;  palate 
priitniiieTit  or  with  2  folds ;  capsule  ovoid-globous,  base  oblique,  cells 
opening  by  many  valve-like  teeth. —  Zf  Mexican  herbs,  with  long,  flex- 
uous  bi-anches,  climbing  or  twining. 

1  M.  semperfibrenB  Ort.      Glabrous;    lvs.   cwdate-hastate,   angular;    ped. 

axiliuiy,  l-Hoaercd ;  cul.  segm.  lanceolate,  glabrous. — An  evergreen  climber  with 
Lu-^i    paie,  violet-purplo  fls      Cor,  1^'  loug,  the  throat  open,  f 

2  M.  Barklayana  Lin  11.  Glabrous  except  the  cal  ;  lvs.  broadly  triangu- 
litr-ctTtiatc.  or  hastatt) ;  ral.  segm.  hnear-lanreolate,  clothed  with  long,  glandular 
huirif. — A  beautiful  climber,     CoroUa  purple,  oblique,  rather  larger  than  in  No,  1. 

8.  LOPHOSPER'VHUM,  T>on.  {dr.  X^ocpog.,  a  crest,  arcfipfia.,  seed; 
from  the  character.)  Calyx  5-parted,  leafy ;  corolla  tube  dilated  up- 
warvk,  throat  open,  between  2  hairy  lines ;  capsule  globular,  subequal, 


>"'i  r 


«'  )  A 


i 


il 


'i: 


620  OilUEii  80.— S0110PIIULARIACE.E. 

opening  irregularly  by  a  rift  below  the  apex. —  21  Mexican,  climbing  by 
their  petioles.     Lvs.  mostly  alternate.     Ped.  long,  flexuous,  axillary. 

1  L.  erub6acens  Zucc.  Lvs.  triangular-cordate,  coarsely  dentate  or  angular* 
lobed,  pubescent;  cal.  segm.  ovate,  Iiirsuto;  oor.  pubescent,  limb  at  length  widu- 
Bpread. — A.  hairy  climber,  with  soft,  rugous  lvs.  2  to  4'  broad.  Cor.  of  a  rich  red, 
2^  to  3'  long,  with  an  ample  border. 

2  L.  scandens  Don.  Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate,  mi- 
nutely puberulent;  cal.  segm.  ovate-lanceolato ;  cor.  glabrous,  limb  erect-spread- 
ing.— Less  hairy  and  with  smaller  flowers.     Fls.  scarlet. 

9.  SCROFHULA'RIA,  L.  Figwort.  (So  named  from  the  resem- 
blance  of  the  roots  to  scrofulous  tumors.)  Calyx  in  5  acute  segments ; 
corolla  subglobous,  limb  contracted,  sub-bilabiate,  lip  with  an  internal, 
intermediate  scale  (sterile  filament) ;  capsule  2-celled ;  valves  with  2 
inflated  margins. — Herbs  or  suffruticous,  often  foetid.  Lvs.  opposite. 
Cymes  in  simple  or  compound  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicles. 

S.  noddsa  L.  Glabrous ;  st.  angled ;  lvs.  ovate,  ovate-oblong,  or  the  upper  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  serrate  or  subincised,  base  broadly  cordate  or  rounded  or  acutish ; 
thyrse  oblong,  leafless  or  scarcely  leafy  at  base ;  cymes  pedunculate,  loosely  many- 
flowered;  cal.  segments  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  margined;  sterile  anth. 
a  roundish,  green  scale  on  the  corolla. —  U  In  woods  and  hedges,  Can.,  and  U.  S. 
Rare  in  N.  Eng.  Stem  4 — 6f  high,  with  paniculate,  opposite  branches  above. 
Leaves  3 — 7'  long,  smooth,  thin,  often  long-acuminate.  Fls.  ovoid,  3 — 4'  long. 
Limb  very  small,  Ol  a  dull  olive  color.  July — Oct.  (S.  Marilandica  L,  and  lance- 
olata  Ph.) 

10.  CHELO'NE,  L.  Turtle-head.  Snake-head.  (Gr.  x^^^'^Vi  ^ 
tortoise ;  fnom  the  appearance  of  the  flower.)  Calyx  deeply  5-parted, 
with  3  bracrs  at  base  ;  corolla  inflated,  bilabiate,  the  fifth  filament  abor- 
tive, smootii  jU)Ove,  shorter  than  the  rest;  anthers  woolly  ;  caps,  valves 
entire  ;  seeds  broadly  membranaceous,  winged. —  U  with  opposite  lvs., 
distinguished  from  Pentstemon  chiefly  by  the  seeds. 

1  C.  fi^lskbra  L.  Smootli ;  lvs.  .subsessile,  oblong-lanceolaie,  acuminnte,  serrate;  fls. 
den  ely  spilceo. — A  plant  of  brooks  and  wet  places  (Can.  and  U.  S.),  with  flowers 
shaped  mucli  like  the  head  of  a  snake,  the  mouth  open  and  tongue  extended. 
Stem  mostly  simple,  2f  high,  erect.  Lvs.  of  a  dark  and  shining  green  above,  with 
irregular  serratures,  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Fls.  large,  in  a  short,  terminal,  dense 
spike.  Cor  white,  often  tinged  with  red,  inflated,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  with 
short  tfapiue  lips.     Aug.,  Sept. 

fJ.  HUHPUREA.  Lvs.  dit«tinctly  petiolate,  acuminate;  cor.  rose-purple. — This 
variety  prevails  m  the  Wentern  States.  It  is  larger  in  its  leaves  and  flowers. 
Petioles  A — 1'  long.     Flowers  very  flne.     (C.  purpurea  Mill.?) 

2  C.  Iiydm  Ph.  Smoo^i ;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  serrate,  the  lower  cur- 
dais;  flu.  m  a  dense  spike. — N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  along  the  Mts.  Stem  1 — 2f  high. 
Leaves  3 — >ti'  long,  2—4  wide,  veins  very  prominent  beneatb.  Fls.  purple,  1'  in 
JitQgth,  similar  to  No.  1.  The  spike  as  in  that  species,  often  branches,  becoming 
•omewiiat  capitate.     J!. — Sept. 

11.  PENTSTE'NOH,  L.  Beard-tongue.  (Gr.  TrtVre,  five,  ar/y/zov, 
s  stamen  ;  on  acconnt  of  tlu;  fifth  large  abortive  stamen.)  Cal^'x  deeply 
S-i-lfft  ;  corolhi  elongated,  otien  ventricous,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  spreading ; 
the  fifth  filament  sterile,  bearded,  longer  than  the  rest  or  about  as  long; 
anthers  smooth  ;  seeds  oo,  angular,  not  margined. —  21  rarely  'p,  of  N. 
America,  branching,  paniculate.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  showy,  red,  violet, 
blue  or  white. 

*  Loaves  dissecied.     Sterilo  fllnraent,  bonrded  at  the  npex No.  1 

*  L«AV«fi  undivided.— Sterile  fllament  glabrous  or  nearly  so No».  '2,  8,  9 

— HUuriJa  tiktinnat  bearded. — Lower  lip  bearded  inside N>>s.  8,  7 

.  — Lowor  lij)  not  bearded No8.  4,  6,  4 


Ordkr  86.— SCROPliULARIACEJi:. 


021 


1  P.  disaectus  EU.  Minutely  puberulent;  Iva.  piimately  parted,  segm.  linear, 
entire  or  few-lobed ;  pauicle  loose,  with  long,  few-flowered  peduncles ;  cor.  some- 
what bell-shaped,  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  apex. — In  Middle  Ga.  St.  near 
2f  higli.  Leaf-segm.  distant,  rather  obtuse,  margins  rovolute.  Cor  9  to  10"  long, 
purple,  resembling  that  of  G-erardia^  but  curved.     Jn.,  Jl. — Blackens  in  drying. 

2  P.  grandifldruB  Fraser,  Erect,  glabrous  and  glaucous;  radical  Ivs.  potiolate, 
ohovato-ohloag,  cauline  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  sessile  or  clasping,  all  entire; 
panicle  long,  slender  and  racemous,  interrupted ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate ;  ster- 
ile lil.  dilated  and  puberulent  at  apex. — 111.,  near  Prairie  du  Chien  (Riddel!)  and 
westward.  St.  3f  high.  Fls.  1  to  3  together  in  the  upper  axila  Cor.  15  '  long, 
Viiriouslj''  shaded  with  blue  and  purple. 

3  P.  pubescens  Soland.  More  or  less  pubescent;  radical  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong, 
petiolate,  cauline  lanceolate-oblong  or  lance-ovate,  serrulate,  sessile;  panicle 
loose ;  cor.  tube  gradually  dilated,  lower  lip  plaited  and  bearded  inside,  upper  lip 
shorter ;  sterile  stam.  longitudinally  bearded. — River  banks,  bluffs,  hills  and  bar- 
rens. Can.  to  Fla.  (rare  in  N.  Eng.).  A  handsome  plant,  1  to  2f  high.  St.  round, 
smooth  below,  supporting  a  loose,  oppositely  branched  panicle  of  bluish-purplo 
fls.     Cor.  r  in  length;  tiie  barren  fil.  broadest  at  end.     Jn. 

/3.  L.EVIGATU8.     Nearly  or  quite  glabrous ;  Ivs.  clasping;  sterile  fil.  shorter. 

4  P.  gracilis  Nutt.  Glabrous ;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  elliptic-oblong  or  lance- 
oblong,  cauline  linear  lanceolate,  amplexical,  entire  or  remotely  serrulate ;  panicle 
pubescent,  slender;  pod.  erect;  cal.  segm.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;  cor.  tube 
long  and  narrow,  scarcely  dilated  upwards,  smooth  inside ;  sterile  stam.  longitudi- 
nally bearded. — River  bottom.s,  near  Chicago,  111.  (Mead),  also  Mo.  and  Can.  W. 
Plant  simple,  glaucous,  2f  high.  Ped.  3  to  7-flowered.  Fls.  nodding,  9  to  10" 
long,  pale  blue.     Jn. 

5  P.  digitdlis  Nutt.  Glabrous;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  oval-elliptic  or  oblong, 
cauline  lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  serrate,  or  raroly  entire;  pauicle  loose;  ped. 
erect,  spreading;  cor.  tube  abruptly  campanulate-dilated,  beardless,  upper  lip 
shorter  than  the  lower ;  sterile  sta.  longitudinally  bearded.  Rich  soils,  Ohio,  Ind. 
to  Ga.  and  La.  St.  about  3f  high.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  long,  often  dilated  at  base.  Fls. 
numerous.     Cor.  12  to  15"  long,  bluish-purple,  varying  to  white.     Jn.,  Jl. 

6  P.  campanulatiis  Willd.  Glabrous;  lvs.  acutely  serrate,  lance-linear  or 
lance-ovate,  long-acuminate,  often  dilated  at  base ;  panicle  long,  loose  and  secund ; 
cor.  tube  ventricov^  above,  lobes  subequal ;  sterile  fil.  bearded. — A  very  variable  spe- 
cies, 2  to  3f  high,  with  large  flowers,  varying  from  liglit  purple  to  dark  red  or 
purple.     \  Mexico. 

7  P.  barb^tUB  Nutt.  Scarlet  Pent.  Glabrous  and  glaucous;  lvs.  entire, 
lower  oblong,  upper  lance-linear ;  panicle  long  and  loose;  cor.  tube  long,  scarcely 
dilated  upwards ;  lower  lip  and  sterile  fil.  densely  bearded. — Height  2  to  4f.  Cor. 
scarlet,  13''  long,     f  Mexico. 

8  P.  speciosus  Doug.  Erect,  glabrous,  glaucous;  radical  lvs.  petiolate, 
oblong-spatulute,  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate;  panicle  elongated,  slender,  virgate,  se- 
cund ;  cal.  segm.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  margin  membranous ;  cor.  tube  en- 
larged upwards ;  sterile  fil.  filiforra,  glabrous. — Height  3  to  4f.  Fls.  1^'  long, 
blue,     f  Oregon. 

9  P.  gentianoides,  with  tho panicle  long,  leafy  at  base;  fls.  15  to  18"  long, 
violet,  scarlet,  &c.,  and  a  few  other  species  are  rarely  found  in  gardens. 

12.  COLLIN 'SI  A,  Nutt.  Innocence.  (In  honor  of  Z.  Co/Z/ris,  Esq., 
of  riiiladelpliia.)  Calyx  6-cleft ;  corolla  bilabiate,  orifice  closed,  upper 
lip  bifid,  lower  trifid,  with  tho  middle  segment  carinately  saccate  and 
closed  over  the  declinate  style  and  stamens ;  capsule  ovoid  or  globous, 
with  2  membranous,  bifid  valves ;  seeds  large,  concavo-convex. — (J)  With 
verticillate  or  opposite  lvs.,  axillary  and  terminal  inflorescence. 

1  C.  v6rna  Nutt.  (Pig.  362.)  Minutely  puberulent ;  lowest  lvs.  ovate  or  oblong, 
petiolate,  middle  and  upper  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate-ample xicaul,  dentate, 
floral  ones  lance-linear,  entire ;  verticillastors  2  to  6-flowered ;  cor.  2  or  3  tiinea 
shorter  than  the  pedicels,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx. — Banks  of  streaias,  shaded  or 


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Order  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^ 


open,  N.  T.  near  Utica  (Gray)  to  111.  A  tender  herb  8  to  1 8'  high,  branched  from 
the  base.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  ^  to  1',  dilated  at  base.  Pedicels  1  to  H'  long.  Cor. 
6"  long,  variegated  with  blue  and  white,  singular  and  pretty.  May,  Jn. 
2  C.  parvifldra  Dougl.  Lower  lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  upper  oblong  ur  lanceolate^ 
few-toothed,  the  floral  lanceolate,  entire ;  verticillasters  2  to  6-tiowered  ;  car.  litUt 
shorter  than  the  pedicels,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Shores  of  Lake  Superior 
to  Or.  (Pitcher).     A  smaller  plant,  with  smaller,  blue  fls. 

3  C.  bfcolor  Benth.  Lower  Iva.  ovate,  petiolate,  upper  ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile,  crenate,  the  floral  entire,  lanceolate;  verticillasters  6  to  Id-flowered;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  hairy  calyx. — Taller  than  C.  verna,  2f  high,  with  larger, 
showy  fls.     Cor.  8  to  10  '  long,  rose-violet,  upper  lip  white,     f  California. 

13.  PAULOW'NIA,  Siebold.  Calyx  deeply  5.cleft,  fleshy ;  corolla  tube 
long,  declinate,  enlarged  above,  limb  oblique,  with  rounded  segments; 
stamens  4,  arched  downwards,  with  no  rudiment  of  a  fifth  ;  capsule  lig- 
neous, acuminate,  valves  septiferous  in  the  middle ;  seeds  oo,  winged. 
— Tree,  native  of  Japan. 

P.  imperiilis  Sieb. — A  splendid  tree,  in  parks,  with  the  habit  of  Catalpa. 
Branches  crooked,  nearly  horizontal.  Lvs.  7  to  12'  by  4  to  9',  opposite,  petiolate, 
broad-cordate,  above  entire  or  somewhat  trilobate,  villous-canescent  both  sides^ 
smoothish  above  when  full  grown.  Panicles  very  large,  terminal,  mnny-flowered. 
Cor.  1^  to  2'  long,  between  violet  and  rose-color,  striped  and  spottt'd  within,  f 

14.  MIM'ULUS,  L.  Monkey  Flower.  (Gr.  jutjuw,  an  ape ;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  ringent  or  grinning  corolla.)  Calyx  tubular,  5- 
angled,  6-toothed;  corolla  ringent,  the  upper  lip  reflected  at  the  sides, 
palate  of  the  lower  lip  prominent;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded  ;  stig- 
ma thick,  bifid. — Herbs  prostrate  or  erect,  with  square  stems  and  oppo- 
site lvs.     Ped.  axillary,  solitary,  1 -flowered. 

§  Leftvcs  pinnate-veined.     Flowers  blue  (wild)  or  yellow  (cultivated) Nos.  1.  2,  8 

§  Leaves  i»alniate-veined.     Flowers  yellow  or  scarlet Nos.  3,  4.  5 

1  M.  ringens  L.  Lvs.  sessile,  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  ped.  axillary, 
longer  than  the  flowers. — U  A  common  inhabitant  of  ditches  and  mud  soils.  Can. 
and  U.  S.,  with  large,  blue,  ringent  flowers.  Stem  erect,  square,  smooth,  about 
2f  high.  Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  serrate,  acute,  lanceolate.  Peduncles  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  square,  curved  upwards,  axillary  and  opposite.  Calyx  tubu- 
lar, 5-angled  and  5-toothed.     Corolla  pale  blue,  yellow  within.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  M.  aldtua.  Lvs.  petiolate,  smooth,  ovate,  acuminate ;  ped.  axillary,  shorter 
than  the  flowers ;  st.  winged  at  the  i  corners. —  !(.  In  N.  Y.  to  Ir.d.  (Plummer),  and 
S.  States.  This,  like  the  last  species,  inhabits  ditches  and  other  wet  places, 
and  grows  to  nearly  the  same  height.  The  square  stem,  erect,  smooth  and 
winged  at  the  4  angles,  affords  an  adequate  distinction.  Leaves  stalked,  ovate. 
Flowers  ringent,  on  short  stalks,  light  purple.  Calyx  teeth  rounded,  mucronute. 
Aug. 

3  M.  Jamdsii  Torr.  St.  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  lvs.  subentire, 
roundish-reniform,  the  lower  on  long  petioles,  5  to  7 -veined ;  ped.  about  as  long 
as  the  leaf;  cal.  ovate,  upper  tooth  largest ;  cor.  tube  scarcely  exserted. — Shores 
of  L.  Superior,  Min.,  Nebr.     Pis.  small,  yellow. 

4  M.  IClteuB  L.  Ascending  or  erect;  lvs.  orbicular-ovate  or  oblong,  Zower 
long-petiolate,  sublyrate,  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  many-veined ;  ped.  longer  than 
the  lvs. ;  cal.  tube  ovoid,  upper  tooth  largest ;  cor  ttibe  broad,  twice  bngei-  than 
the  calyx. — %  Fls.  yellow,  often  spotted  with  rose  or  purple,  large  and  very 
showy,     f  California. — Varies  greatly. 

5  M.  Cardin^lis  Dougl.  Erect,  branched,  villous ;  lvs.  ovate,  erose-dentate, 
narrowed  and  ampkxieaul  at  base,  many-veiiied ;  ped.  longer  than  the  lvs. ;  caL 
tube  large,  inflated ;  cor.  lobes  reflexed. — %  St.  loosely  branched,  2  to  3f  high. 
Gor.  scarlet,  the  tube  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  large  and  brilliant. 
f  California. 


OaDBR  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 


5'JU 


6  M.  mOBchdtus  Doug.  Musk  Plant.  Decumbent,  hairy  and  viscid,  Ivs. 
ovate,  acute,  dentate,  feather-veined ;  ped.  about  as  locg  aa  the  leaf;  cal.  teeth 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  unequal. — %  llei-b  rooting  at  the  joints,  a  foot  long.  Cor. 
tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  yellow.  The  plant  exhales  the  odor  of  niysk. 
f  Oregon, 

15.  CONO'BEA,  Aublet.  Calyx  5-parted,  equal ;  upper  lip  of  tlie 
corolla  2-lobe(l,  lower  lip  3-parted  ;  fertile  sta.  4  ;  anth.  approximjiting 
by  pairs,  cells  parallel ;  caps,  globous,  ovoiil,  valves  breaking  away 
froui  the  placentiferous  dissepiment ;  seeds  oo,  ovoid. — American 
branching  herbs,  with  opposite  Ivs.  Ped.  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
1-flowered,  2  bracteoles  near  apex. 

C  multifida  Benth.  Low,  diffusely  branched,  puborulent;  Ivs.  petiolate,  piii- 
nately  dissected ;  segments  linear  or  cuneate,  lobed  or  entire,  obtuse ;  cor  lobts 
entire ;  caps,  ovoid,  valves  at  length  2-parted. — d)  Sandy  banks  of  rivers,  om- 
mon.  Ohio  to  La.  A  plant  4 — 6'  high,  with  finely  divided  leaves,  and  of  a  gray- 
ish aspect.  Leaves  1  long,  in  5  or  7  segments,  the  petiole  as  long  as  the  flowers. 
Corolla  greenish,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx.  Capsule  IJ'  long.  Jl.  (Cap- 
raria,  Mx.) 

16.  HERPESTIS,  Ga^rt.  (Gr.  t^Trr/ary/f,  a  creeper.)  Calyx  5-parted, 
unequal ;  co)'.  subbilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  lower  H- 
lobed;  sta.  4,  didynamous,  parallel;  caps.  2-furrowed,  2-celled,  valves 
parallel  with  the  dissepiment,  the  margins  inflexed  ;  seeds  oo,  small. — 
Obscure  weeds  with  opposite  Ivs.  Ped.  1-tiowered,  axillary,  or  subrace- 
mous,  often  with  2  bracteoles  near  the  calyx. 

§  Flowers  yellow,  corolla  4-clc'ft,  upper  segment  (lip)  entire.    Plant  erect No.  1 

§  Flowers  blue. — Corolla  4-clol't,  ujJiK'r  segment  (lii>)  einiirginate Nos.  if,  3 

— Corolla  6-cleft,  lobes  nearly  equal .     Leaves  crenatc No.  4 

1  H.  nigrescens  Benth.  Tall ;  Ivs.  oblong,  crenate-serrate,  cuneate  at  base,  ob- 
tuse or  acute;  ped.  bractless,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  loaves-  the  posterior 
lobe  of  the  calyx  obloug-obtusish. — %  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La  Wet.  Plant  1  to  2f 
Ligh,  often  branched.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  thick,  obscurely  feather-veined,  the  up' 
per  shorter  than  the  (1')  pedicels.  Cor.  yellow,  rather  longer  (5")  than  tiio  calyx 
(4").     Aug.,  Sept.     (Gratiola  acuminata  Wall.) — Blackens  in  drying. 

2  H.  rotundifolia  Ph.  St.  mostly  glabrous,  creeping ;  lvs.  orhicular-ohovatu,  en- 
tire, glabrous,  mauy-veinel ;  pedicels  ebracteate,  1 — 3-together,  2  or  3  timea  longer 
than  the  calyx;  lower  cal.  seg.  ovate;  cor.  ^  longer  than  the  calyx. —  If  A  prostrate 
mud  plant,  in  ponds.  111.  (Mead)  to  La.  (Hale.)  Stem  If  in  length.  Leaves  6 — 
12"  diam.,  about  9-veined,  sessile.  Peduncles  thick,  half  as  long  as  tlie  loaves. 
Calyx  2 — 3"  in  length.     Flowers  blue.     Aug. 

3  H.  amplezicaillliB  Ph.  St.  floating,  woolly;  lvs.  amplexiraul,  ovate,  obtuse, 
entire,  many-veined,  glabrous  above;  ped.  solitary,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  cal. 
lower  segm.  cordate;  cor.  -J^  longer  tlian  the  calyx;  hypogynous  disk  long,  10- 
toothed  at  apex. — Swamps  and  ditches,  N.  J.  to  La.  (llalo.)  A  few  niches  in 
length,  with  leaves  6  to  8"  long.  Fls.  nearly  5"  long.  Sty.  dilated  at  tha  end. 
Aug. 

4  H.  Monnidra  Humboldt.  Glabrous,  fleshy,  prostrate ;  lvs.  cuneate-obovate, 
obscurely  crenate  or  entire,  1  to  3-veined ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  lvs. ;  cal.  sub- 
tended by  2  linear  bractlots,  its  3  outer  segm.  ovate. — %  An  obscure  weed,  on 
inundated  banks,  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Lvs.  6  to  8  '  long,  obscurely  veined,  ses- 
sile, or  the  lower  contracted  to  a  short  petiole.  Fls.  few,  cor.  spreading  3  to  4'', 
pale  blue,  on  ped.  6  to  12"  long.     Aug.     (IL  cuneifolia  Ph.) 

17.  GRATFOLA,  Hedge  Hyssop.  (Lat.  gratia,  favor;  alluding  to 
its  medicinal  virtues.)  Calyx  6-parted,  subequal ;  cor.  upper  lip  entire 
or  slightly  bifid,  lower  trifid,  the  palate  not  prominent ;  sta.  2,  fertile, 
mostly  with  3  sterile  filaments;  caps.  2-celled,  4-valved,  valves  infiexed 


524 


Order  86.— SOROPHULARIACE^. 


\'.>:.'i 


at  margin. — Herbs  with  opposite  Ivs.     Peel,  axillary,  1-flowered,  usu- 
ally bibracteolate  near  the  calyx. 

i  Flowers  Hcsxile.    Cells  of  anthers  vertical.     Plants  rljzid,  bristly-bairy Nos.  7,  8 

I  Flowers  peilunculato.     Anther  cells  transversa,     i'latits  smooth  or  viscid  (a). 

a  Bterilu  tilanu'nts  none,  or  very  minute  and  pointed Nos.  1 — S 

a  Sterile  tituments  thread-like,  tipped  with  a  small  head Nos.  4 — 8 

1  O.  Virgini^na  L.  5^.  ascending,  branched ;  2«;«.  lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed; 
ped.  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  twice  longer  than  the  calyx;  sterile JiL 
none. —  U  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  4 — 8'  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  round,  de- 
clining, and  branching  at  base.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  and  ^  as  wide,  smooth,  lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  'lentato  or  nearly  entire  near  the  ends,  subconnate  or  amplexicauL 
Cor.  white  or  pale-yr'low,  twice  longei  than  the  calyx  or  the  2  bracts.     Jl. 

2  G.  Florid^na  Nutt.  iSi.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  few-toothed ;  ped. 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sterile  fil.  none  ? — z$ 
Dry  soils,  fields,  Ac,  Ala.  and  Fla.  Plant  6  to  9'  high,  with  the  appraranco  of  G. 
Virginlana,  but  smaller  Ivs.  and  larger  fls.  Lvs.  hardly  1'  long.  Ped  1'  to  18" 
long.  Bractlets  scarcely  as  long  as  sepals.  Cor.  7"  long,  tube  yellow  within, 
limb  rose  color. 

3  G.  sphaerocdrpa  Ell.  Glabrous,  ascending,  branched ;  Ivc.  lanceolate-ovate, 
attenuate  to  the  base,  sparingly  toothed  ;  ved.  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Low 
grounds.  Western  States  to  Ga.  Plant  a  few  inches  high,  differing  from  the  last 
cliiefly  in  the  short  peduncles,  round  capsules,  broader  leaves,  &c.  Flowers 
whitish,  v> — 6  '  long.     Jn.     (G.  Caroliniensis  Le  Conte.) 

4  G.  aiSirea  Muhl.  Smooth ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  suhentira,  clasping ;  ped.  as 
long  as,  or  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  yelloio  ;  sterile  fil.  2,  short. — A  small, 
perennial  herb,  6  to  8'  high,  in  muddy  places,  Mass..  to  Fla.  St.  declining  and 
rooting  at  tlie  base,  quadrangular,  simple  or  branching.  Lvs.  sessile,  a  little 
clasping,  smooth,  punctate,  acute  or  nearly  so,  often  with  a  few  teeth  near  the 
end.  Fls.  golden  yellow,  axillary,  alternate,  on  slender  stalks.  Fil.  4,  adhering 
to  tlie  corolla,  2  of  them  minute,  sterile.     Aug. 

5  G.  viscdsa  Schwein.  Viscid-pubescent,  ascending ;  lvs.  lance-ovate  or  oblong, 
clasping,  acute,  3-veined,  acutely  serrate;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves;  bractktis 
(2)  and  sepals  (5)  twice  shori'M-  than  the  (white)  corolla  tube,  twice  longer  than 
capsule. — 11  Wet  places,  N.  Car.,  Ky.,  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  simple,  obtusely 
angled,  9  to  12'  long.  Lvs.  6  to  9  '  long,  teeth  slender.  Ped.  1'  Cor.  white, 
tube  yellow  within.     (G,  Drummondii  Benth.) 

f:i.  DuuMMONDii.     Sepals  and  bractlets  subulate,  thrice  longer  than  tho  capsule. 
—La,  (Hale.) 

6  G.  ramoaa  Walt.  Glabrous  or  viscid-puberulent ;  st.  ascending  from  a  pros- 
trate base,  terete ;  lvs.  linear-acute,  iviih  few  teeth  near  the  summit ;  bractlets  min- 
ute or  none;  sepals  linear;  sterile  fil.  filiform. —  2(  Muddy  shores,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
Sts.  simple  or  branched  from  tlie  creeping  base.  Lvs.  6  to  9  '  long,  1  to  2"  wide, 
with  2  or  4  teeth.  Ped.  nearly  equaling  the  leaves.  Cor.  white,  yellow  within. 
May — Jl.     (G.  quadridentata  Mx.) 

7  G.  pildsa  Mx.  Erect,  hispid;  Ivi.  ovate,  few-toothed,  clasping,  rugous;  cor- 
tube  scarcely  longer  thiin  the  calyx. — %■  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La,  in  wet  places. 
Plant  If  high,  rough  with  stifi",  wliite  hairs.  Lvs.  6  to  8"  long,  3  to  5'  broad, 
irregularly  3-veined.     Fls.  sessile,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  white.     Jl. — Sept. 

8  G.  subul&ta  Baldw.  Erect,  hispid ;  lvs.  V;iear  or  lunce-liiiear,  margins  revo- 
luie,  entire ;  cor,  tube  slender,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx. — %  Damp  sandy  places, 
Ga.  (Feay,  Pond),  Fla.  (Mettauer,  Chapman,  &c'.)  Plant  generally  much  branched, 
6  to  8'  high.  Lvs.  5  to  8"  long,  rigid,  distant,  or  often  densely  imbricated. 
Cor.  tube  4'  long,  persistent  and  recurved  after  fiowering.     Sept.,  Oct. 

i8.  ILYSANTHES,  Raf.  (Gr.  IXvc,  mnd,  avBo^,  flower.)  Calyx  5- 
parted  ;  cor.  upper  lip  short,  erect,  bifid,  lower  lip  larger,  spreading,  trifid; 
8ta.  2  fertile  ;  2  sterile  fil.  forked,  one  of  the  divisions  glandular,  obtuse, 
the  other  acute,  or  rarely  with  half  an  anther ;  caps,  orate  or  oblong, 
about  equaling  the  calyx. — With  opposite  lvs.,  and  axillary,  1-flowered 
ped.,  resembling  Gratiola  in  habit.     (Lindernia,  L.) 


Ohdbb  86.— SCKOPHULARIACEiE. 


525 


1  I.  gratioloidea  Benth.  Glabrous,  wcending,  mtich  branched;  Iv?.  ovate  or 
oblong,  obtusish,  subdentate,  lower  attenuated  to  a  petiole;  cor.  erect,  twice 
longer  than  the  calyx,  on  bractless  peduncles ;  sterile  til.  bearing  the  glabrous, 
acute  lobe  below  the  middle. — S)  ^'an.  and  U.  S.  in  wet  places.  A  low,  incon- 
spicuous plant,  3 — 6  or  8' high.  Leaves  5 — 8'' long,  sometimes  mostly  sessile, 
commonly  the  lower  distinctly  petiolate.  Corolla  bluish- white,  much  exserted,  6" 
long.    Jl.,  Aug. — (L.  dilatata  and  attenuata  Muhl.) 

2  I.  refrdcta  Benth.  Slender,  smooth,  erect;  leaves  subradical,  oval-oblong  iod 
spatulate,  cauline  few,  small  and  remote,  lance-linear ;  ped.  tilitbrm,  subterniinal, 
few,  deflected  after  flowering ;  cor.  tube  4  times  longer  than  the  linear  sepals. —  U 
Damp  pine-woods,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  (Mettauer,  near  Macon).  St.  6  to  10'  high, 
sparingly  branched.  Lower  Ivs.  7  to  9  "  long,  cauline  1  to  5  ".  Fls.  5"  long, 
light  blue.     Jn. 

3  I.  grandifldra  Benth.  Smooth,  creeping,  diffuse;  Ivs.  thick,  orbicular,  entire, 
subclasping,  veinless ;  ped.  very  hairy ;  sterile  lil.  2 ;  partly  exserted,  lobe-bear- 
ing in  the  middle,  thickened  at  the  end. — U  Ga.  (between  Savannah  and  Au- 
gusta, Nutt.)  in  sandy  swamps.  Lva.  3  to  4"  diam.  Ped.  1'  long,  cor.  6  ,  violet 
blue. 

19.  MICRAN'THEMUM,  Rich.  (Gr.  jUf wpdf,  small,  av0of,  flowei  ,  such 
is  its  character.)  Calyx  4-toothcd  or  cleft ;  corolla  upper  lip  shorter, 
entire,  lower  trifid  ;  stamens  2  fertile,  a  glandular  scale  at  the  base  of 
each,  sterile  filament  none  ;  style  short,  apex  clavate  or  spatulate,  en- 
tire ;  capsule  2-valved. — Q  Slender,  glabrous,  creeping,  with  opposite 
Ivs.  and  minute  flowers. 

§  Calyx  deeply  cleft,  segments  longer  than  the  unequal  corolla  lips No.  1 

§  Calyx  merely  toothed',  segments  shorter  than  the  very  unequal  corolla  lips No.  2 

1  M  orbiculdtuxn  Mx.  Lvs.  orbicular  or  roundisli-obovate,  obscurely  3-veined, 
entire,  contracted  to  a  very  short  petiole;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  much  shorter  than 
the  leaves  and  on  pedicels  siiorter  than  the  calyx. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  com- 
mon, in  mud  or  shallow  water.  Sts.  diffuse,  fliform.  Lvs.  often  crowded,  2  to  4'' 
long,  2  to  3'  wide.  Fls.  globular,  less  than  1  "  long,  white.  All  summer.  (M. 
emarginatum  Ell.) 

2  M.  micrdntha.  Lvs.  roundish,  ovate,  crowded,  sessile,  obscurely  3-veined ;  fls. 
sessile,  axillary,  very  minute. — Inundated  banks  of  rivers,  Delaware  to  the  Ogee- 
chee,  probably  not  common.  Plant  a  few  inches  long,  branc'ied.  Fls.  white,  the 
middle  segm.  of  the  lower  lip  largest  and  spreading.  Sept.,  Oct.  (Herpestia 
micrantha  Ell.     Ilemianthus  micranthemoides  Nutt.) 

20.  AMPHIANTHUS,  Torr.  (Gr.  ajit^w,  both  or  twain,  avBog',  allu> 
ding  to  its  two-fold  inflorescence.)  Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  small,  fun- 
nel form,  limb  4-lobed,  lower  lobe  larger,  stamens  2,  included  ;  antheia 
2-celled  ;  style  lightly  bifld,  lobes  acute  ;  capsule  obcordate,  compressed, 
valves  septiferous  in  the  middle  ;  seedi^  numerous. — (D  Acaulescent, 
minute,  with  fls.  both  sessile  and  on  scapes. 

A.  pusilluB  Torr.  On  wet  rocks,  Newton  Co.,  Ga.  (Leavenworth).  A  minute 
herb,  with  the  lvs.  nearly  radical,  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  1  to  2"  long.  Fls.  white, 
hardly  1"  long,  some  sessile  among  the  leaves,  others  on  simple,  filiform  pedun- 
cles r  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2i.  LINOSEL'LA,  L.  Mudwort.  (Lat.  Umus,  mud  ;  its  locality.) 
Calyx  6-cleft ;  corolla  shortly  campanu late,  5-cleft,  equal ;  stamens  ap- 
proximating in  pairs ;  capsule  partly  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — 
Minute  aquatic  herbs.     Scape  1-flowered. 

L.  tenuifdlia  Nutt.  Acaulesceut ;  lvs.  linear,  scarcely  distinct  from  the  petiole  j 
scape  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  cor.  segments  oval-oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx.— 
CD  R.  I.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  A  minute  plant,  an  inch  in  height,  growing  oa 
the  muddy  banks  of  rivers.  Iieavea  and  flower-stalka  radical  Flowers  verj 
amall,  blue  and  white.     Aug. 


# 


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If 


Hi 


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A2e 


Order  86.— SCROPHULARlACEiE. 


22.  SYNTHY'RIS,  Benth.  (Gr.  avv,  together,  Ovpig,  a  door;  sc. 
valves  closed.)  Calyx  4-parted ;  corolla  subcampaimlate,  segments  4, 
ereot-speaditig  or  0  ;  stamens  2,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
exserted ;  anther  cells  parallel,  distinct ;  capsule  coiripressed,  obtuse  or 
emarginate,  loculicidal,  seeds  plano-convex. —  H  N.  Amcrioan,  witli  a 
thick  root.  Radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  cauline  bract- like,  on  the  scape-like 
stem,  alternato.     FIs.  racemed  or  spicate. 

S.  Houghtonidna  Bcnth.  Hirsute,  radical  Ivs.  ovate,  subcordato  at  base,  cronu- 
late,  obtuse ;  scape  erect,  clothed  with  foliaceous  bracts,  dense-flowered  above ; 
cor.  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  longer  than  the  other  very  short  ones. — 
Dry  liilis,  Wis.  (Lapham).  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  ]J  to  2',  on  petioles  about  an  inch 
long,  some  of  the  leaves  often  suborbicular.  Bra»_ts  much  smaller,  ovate  and 
ovate-lanceolate,  clasping.     Suape  9  to  12'  high.     Spike  elongated  in  fruit. 

23.  DIGITA'LIS,  L.  Fox-glove.  (Lat.  dif/itabulum,  a  thimble.) 
Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  caiiipanulate,  ventricous,  upper  lip  reflexed, 
spreading,  middle  segment  of  the  lower  lip  broadest ;  capsule  ovate,  2- 
celled,  2-valved,  with  a  double  dissepiment. — Herbs  or  shrubs  of  Europe 
and  Asia.  Lower  lvs.  crowded,  j)otiolate,  upper  alternate.  FIs.  in 
showy  racemes.     Poisonous  and  medicinal. 

§  Corrtlla  tube  subglobous,  scarcely  loiitrer  thun  the  lower  lip.  . . ., Nos.  1,  2,  7 

I  Corolla  tube  cainpaniiliitc,  twice  longer  than  the  lower  li(i Nos.  .S,  4,  6 

%  Corolla  tube  subeylindric,  twice  longer  thau  the  lower  lip >>'o.  5 

1  D.  orientalis  Lam.  St.  and  lance-linear  lvs.  glabrous ;  spike  interrupted, 
glandular-vlUous ;  pedic  '<  very  short;  ccd.  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  cor. 
pubescent,  lower  segm  ^a  oblong,  obtuse. — U  Bythinia.  Height  8f.  Corolla 
purplish,  spotted. 

2  D.  ferruginea.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate, very  smooth  ;  rac.  many-flowered ;  cal. 
segments  aoal-elliptical,  obtuse ;  cor.  limb  subglobous,  woolly,  lower  segment  ovate. 
— !(  in  Greece,  Armenia  and  Circassia.  Corolla  rust-colored,  IG  "  long,  lower  lip 
longest,  densely  bearded,  f 

3  D.  purpurea  L.  Lvs.  ohlong,  rugous,  petiolate,  crenate ;  cal.  segm.  ovate  ob- 
long; cor.  obtuse,  upper  lip  entire;  ped.  as  long  as  the  calyx. — iT)  Plant  2  to  3f 
high,  with  large,  rough,  downy  lvs.  FIs.  numerous,  in  a  long,  simple  spike, 
large,  crimson,  often  white,  with  eye-like  spots  within.     Jl.  \  f  Eur. 

4  D.  grandifiora  Allioni.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  serrulate, 
amplezicaul ;  rac.  tomentous,  lax  ;  cal.  segments  lanceolate,  acute ;  cor.  ventricous- 
eampanulate,  segments  broader  than  long,  lowest  twice  broader  than  the  lateral. 
21  in  Europe.  Plant  2 — 3f  hign.  i-'Iowers  14'  long,  yellow,  varying  to  brown- 
ish or  orange,  f 

5  D,  lutea  L.  Very  smooth ;  lvs.  oblong  or  lanceolate,  denticulate ;  rac. 
aecund,  many-flowered ;  cal.  segments  lanceolate,  acute;  cor.  glabrous,  tube  sub- 
ventricous,  lower  segment  half  as  long  again  as  the  rest. — 7\.  J^]urope.  Stem 
3f  high.     Flowers  8 — 10"  long,  yellow,  varying  to  while,  f 

6  D.  Thdpsi,  with  mullein-like  lvs.  all  radical  and  flat  on  the  ground. 

7  D.  leucophsa,  with  very  large,  dense,  leafy  racemes  of  dusky  white  fls., 
and  a  few  other  species  may  be  found  in  gardens.  There  are  also  many  hybrids, 
diflflcult  of  course,  to  determine. 

24.  VERON'ICA,  L.  Speedwell.  (Perhaps  naraea  for  <S/.  Veronica.) 
Calyx  4-parted  ;  corolla  subrotatc,  deeply  4-cleft,  lower  segments  mostly 
narrow;  stamens  2,  inserted  into  the  tube,  exserted ;  sterile  fil.  0  ;  cap- 
sule compressed,  2-sulcate,  often  obcordate,  2-celled,  few-seeded. — 
Herbs  or  shrubs  (the  following  species  herbs).  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  sol- 
itary, axillary  or  in  racemes,  blue,  flesh-colored  or  white. 

Tall,  erect  (18'  to  4f ).     Fls.  i'  dense,  terminal  spikes.     Corolla  tube  elongated No«.  1, 13 

Low,  w«ak  (8  to  120-    Leav  js  opposite  (at  base).    Cerolla  tube  rery  short,    (a) 


Order  BC  — SCROPIIULARIACE^. 


5*iV 


a  Racfmes  oppoMto,  axillary,    f'apsule  roiiinlisli.  emar^fate Nos.  2,  S 

a  Bacetnes  iiltuniate,  axillary.     Capsiiio  not  roim'lfil,  vt'r.\  llat Nos.  4,  R 

a  Kn<*i'nie8  terminal,  or  the  flowers  axillary  ami  not  raceiiic"!.     (b) 

L   Floral  leaves  like  the  rest,  iiol  longer  than  tlu-  recurved  pi'duncles Nos.  6 — S 

b  Floral  leaves  britctlike,  longer  than  tb(!  erect  peduncle!*,     (c) 

O  Perennial.     Pedtincleij  equalin;;  or  excoedinir  tlie  caly.\ Nos.  9,  10,  14 

C  Annual.     Peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  none. .  .■ Not.  II,  Vi 

1.  V.  Virginica  L.  Culver's  PtiYSic.  Erect,  tall,  glubrous ;  Ivs.  nrticillate  in 
4s,  5s,  or  6s,  larice-ovato  to  lance-linear;  spikea  mostly  at-veral,  p.niculate. —  U 
WootLs,  thickets  and  barren.^,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Iowa.  A  eonspicuouH  plant 
arising  2 — 5f.  Stem  simple,  straight,  smooth,  with  whorls  of  "eliminate,  tinely 
serrate  leaves  which  are  subpetiolate  and  glaucous  beneatli.  Flowers  numerou-s, 
nearly  sessilo,  in  spikes  3  to  10'  long.  Corolla  white,  tubular,  pu  lescent  inside. 
Stamens  and  style  twice  as  long  aa  the  corolla.  Jl.  (Leptandra  Virginica 
Nutt.) 

3  V.  Anagallis  L.  Cilabrous  erect ;  Ivs.  sessile,  clasping  and  suhcor (lute,  lanctolate, 
acutish,  entire  or  serrulate ;  rac.  in  opposite  uxila ;  caps,  orbicular,  slifrhtly  notchetL 
—  y  A  smooth,  fleshy  plant,  frequenting  the  borders  of  brooks  antl  p(K)ls,  Can. 
and  U.  S.  Stem  about  If  higli.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  5 — 7  .  Racemes  (somo- 
times  but  I  at  a  node)  longer  than  the  leaves,  loose,  pedicels  (2 — 3  ")  scarcely 
longer  than  tiie  bracts.     Flowers  bluish-purple,  small.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  v.  Americana  Schwenitz.  Buooklisie.  G.ibrou.s,  decumbent  at  base,  erect, 
above;  Ivs.  orate  or  ovate-obbn<j,  aculo  or  obtusi.sh;  serrate,  petioktte,  abrupt  at 
base;  rac.  opposite,  loose;  caps,  roundish,  turgid,  emarginate. —  %  In  brooks  and 
cL'ar  waters.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Kant  rather  fleshy,  very  smooth,  12 — 18'  long, 
more  or  less  decumbent  and  rooting  at  base.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  petioles  mar- 
gined. Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves.  Pedicels  (3 — 5")  twice  longer  than  the 
bracts.     Flowers  blue  or  bluish-purple.     Jn.,  Jl. — (V.  Beccabunga  Am.  authors.) 

4  V.  scutell^ta  L.  Skull-cap.  Speedwell.  Glabrous,  ascending,  weak ;  Ivs. 
linear  or  lance-linear,  sessile,  acute,  remotely  denticulate ;  rac.  in  alternate  axils 
very  loose ;  pedicels  divaricate ;  capsule  flat,  broader  than  long,  cordate  at  both 
ends. — 11  Slender  and  weak,  in  swamps  and  marshes,  N.  Eng.  and  "W.  States,  and 
Brit.  Am.,  common.  tSt.  10  to  16'  high.  Lvs.  (2  to  3'  by  2  to  3  ")  much  longer 
tiian  the  internode^.  Ped.  and  pedicels  filiform,  the  latter  (G  to  9'')  six  timea 
longer  than  the  bracts.  Fla.  rather  large,  flesh-color,  with  purple  lines,  Jn. — 
Aug. 

5  V.  offlcinalis  L.  Officinal  Speedwell.  Roughish-pubescent ;  St.  prostrate, 
branched;  lvs.  briefly petiolnte,  and  subse.ssilo,  obovate-elliptic  oroblori'/,  obtuse,  ser- 
rate, mostly  nan'owed  to  the  base ;  rac.  dense,  many-flowered  ;  pedicels  Bhorter 
than  the  calyx ;  caps,  puberulent,  obovate-triangular,  slightly  emarginate. —  U 
In  dry  woods  and  open  fields,  Can.  to  Ga.,  rare.  Plant  trailing,  6  to  12  long, 
with  ascending  branches.  Lvs.  1' to  18"  by  6  to  9".  Fls.  pale  blue,  forming 
rather  long,  axillary,  erect,  pediuiculate  spikes.     May — Jl.    §  Eur. 

6  V.  Buzbaumii  Tenore.  Prostrate,  hairy;  lvs.  roundish-ovato,  coarsely  cro- 
nate-serrate,  the  floral  similar,  all  on  short  petioles  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  lvs. ;  caps, 
triangular-obcordate,  broader  than  long. — Rare  in  waste  grounds,  1'].  States.  Plant 
7  to  12'  long,  lvs.  nearly  1'  long.  Cal.  spreading  4  to  6".  Cor.  larger  than  the 
calyx,  blue.     Caps,    co-seeded. 

7  V.  agristis  L.  Neckweed.  St .  procumbent,  diffusely  branching ;  lvs.  cordate- 
ovate,  deeply  crenate-serrate,  floral  similar,  all  petiolate ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  leaven ; 
caps,  roundish,  acutely  notched,  Oo-seeded. — (1)  In  cultivated  fields.  Can.  and  At- 
lantic States,  not  common.  A  small,  pflous  plant,  2  to  8'  long,  branching  mostly 
at  base.  The  lvs.  are  roundish -ovate,  the  lower  e.  ~  'cr  than  their  petioles,  the 
upper  alternate.  Fls.  small,  ligiit  blue,  veined,  tl  stalks  recurved  in  fruit 
Segm.  of  the  cal.  fringed,  ovate,  equal.     May — Sept      §  Eur. 

8  V.  hederaefolia  L.  Prostrate,  pilous ;  lvs.  petiolate,  cordate,  roundish,  coarsely 
3  to  5-toothed  or  lobed;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  the  lvs. ;  .-ep.  triangular,  subcor- 
date,  a£ute,  closed  in  fruit ;  caps,  turgid,  i-seeded. — Dry  or  rocky  soils,  L.  IsL  to 
Del.,  rare.  St.  diffusely  branched.  Lvs.  rather  fleshy,  6  to  12"  diam.,  tiie  upiup 
larger  and  alternate.  Cal.  segm.  ciliata  Cor.  smaller  than  the  calyx,  blue.  Mar., 
May.     §  Eur. 


'•!  ! 


'■    11 

'i 


i  <i-li 


■'I'p^ 


/■  f 


% 


528 


Ordbr  86.— SCROPHULARlACKiE. 


liU 


%  -'t 


'-(■■' 


1'^ 


9  V.  serpyllifdlia  L.  Subglabrous,  much  branched  below;  sta.  ascending;  Iv^ 
oval,  subcrenato,  obluse,  lower  roundish  and  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  passing 
abruptly  into  oblong,  entire,  alternate  bracts;  p^.  longer  tkan  the  ovate  sepals; 
caps,  obcordate,  broader  than  long. — U  Meadows  and  mountain  valleys,  in  grass, 
etc.,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Plant  varying  in  height  from  3'  to  12'.  Leaves  rather 
floshy,  3-voined,  4 — 12"  long,  petioles  0 — 2  ".  Racemes  bracted,  rather  close  in 
flower,  elongating  in  fruit  to  2 — 5'.  Corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx,  blue 
and  white,  penciled  with  purple  lines.     Ma^  — Aug. 

10  V.  alplna  L.  Branched  at  base,  ascending;  Ivs.  roundish-oval,  subentire, 
very  obtuse,  short-petioled,  upper  elliptical  and  much  smaller ;  rac.  hairy,  few- 
flowered,  usually  dense ;  pjd  about  as  long  as  tiie  calyx ;  stam.  shorter  than  the 
corolla;  caps,  obovate,  emarginato. — White  Mts.,  N.  H.  and  Rocky  Mts.  Plant  1 
to  5'  long.  Lvs.  about  4  '  by  5'.  Fls.  small,  blue. — Scarcely  distinguishable 
from  dwarf  specimens  of  No.  9. 

11  V.  peregrina  L.  Ascending,  suhgldbrous;  lvs.  petiolate,  oblong,  few-toothed, 
obtuse,  upper  sessile,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  or  entire,  floral  oblong-linear,  entire, 
longer  than  the  subsess;"(e  flowers ;  caps,  suborbicular,  slightly  notched,  the  lobes 
rounded. — OD  Throughout  N.  Am.,  in  fields  or  clayey  soils.  Plant  often  branched 
from  iJM  base,  4  to  10'  high.  Lvs.  rather  fleshy,  the  upper  cauline,  6  to  11  "  long, 
floral  nmcth  smaller.  Sopals  oblong,  longer  than  the  pale  blue  or  white  corolla. 
Caps,  hardly  broader  than  long.     May,  Jn.     (V.  Marilaudica  Willd.) 

12  V.  arv6nsiB  L.    Corn  Speedwell.     PM&«rttfew<-pilous,  simple  or  branched, 

erect  or  assurgent ;  lvs.  ovale  or  roundish,  subcordate,  incisely  crenate,  lower  ones 
petiolate,  upper  and  floral  alternate,  lanceolate,  crenate,  sessile ;  ped.  shorter  than 
the  calyx. — Frequent  in  dry  fleld.s,  N.  11.  to  Ga.  and  La  A  small,  pubescent, 
pale-green  plant,  2  to  6'  high.  St.  nearly  erect,  branching  from  the  base,  the 
leaves  assurgent.  Cor.  shorter  than  the  cal.,  pale  blue,  penciled  with  purple 
lines.  May,  Jn.  § 
/?.  RENiFORMis.     Lvs.  sessile,  reniform,  entire.     (V.  reniformis  Raf ) 

13  V.  spic^ta  L.  Spiked  Speedwell.  Erect,  tall ;  lvs.  petiolate,  ovate- 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  lower  ones  obtuse,  crenate,  upper  acute,  crenate-serrate,  entire 
at  apex ;  rac.  mostly  solitary ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  sepals ;  cal.  mostly 
hoary-pubescent. — y  Europe  and  Asia.  A  beautiful  garden  species  with  numer- 
ous varieties.     Flowers  blue,  roseate,  etc.  f 

14  V.  gentianoides  Vahl.  St.  caespitous ;  flowering  branches  erect,  simple ; 
lvs.  thick,  entire,  or  sparingly  crenate ;  bwest  croivded,  obovate  or  oblong,  the  rest 
remote,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  floral  bract-like ;  rac.  loosely  many-flowered, 
pubescent;  ped.  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx. — Fls.  rather  large,  blue. 
f  Asia. 

25.  BUCHNE^RA,  L.  Blue-hearts.  (In  honor  oft/.  G.  Buchner,  a 
German  botanist,  1743.)  Calyx  5-toothed ;  corolla  salver  form,  tube 
slender,  limb  flat,  in  6,  obovate-oblong,  subequal  lobes  ;  stamens  4,  in- 
cluded, anthers  halved,  i.  e.,  with  but  one  cell ;  capsule  2-valved. — Herbs, 
with  the  lower  lvs.  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Fls.  in  a  terminal 
spike. 

B.  Americana  L.  Tall,  slender,  hispid,  very  rough ;  lvs.  oblong-lanc«olate,  few- 
toothed,  obtuse,  3-veined,  the  lowest  oblong-obovate ;  highest  linear ;  spike  long- 
peduncled;  fls.  dense,  becoming  remote  in  fruit;  cor.  tube  slender,  pubescent, 
twice  as  long  as  the  hispid,  tubular  calyx,  or  the  deep  bl'.e  cor.  lobes. — N.  Y.  to 
Ga.  and  La.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  simple  or  few-branched,  the  upper  half  naked  or 
with  bracts  only.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  6  to  12  in  the  spike,  G  to  1"  long.  Jn. 
— Aug.     (B.  elongata  Sw.  ?  (Darby)  is  the  same  plant).     Blackens  in  drying. 

26.  MACRANTHERA,  Torr.  (Gr.  fiaKQog,  great,  Lat.  anthera,  an- 
thers ;  a  mongrel  word.)  Calyx  tube  campanulate,  lobes  5,  long  and 
narrow ;  corolla  tubular,  limb  oblique,  segments  short,  entire,  stamens 
4,  long,  (ixserted,  subequal ;  style  long,  filiform ;  capsule  ovate,  acumi* 


ORDKR  86.— scrophulariai:e^ 


5 -J  I) 


naie. —  "21   Herbs  tall,  with  opposite,  pinnatifid   Ivs.,  long,  dccurved  pe- 
duncles, and  cylindraceous,  yellow  fls. 

1  M.  fuohsioideB  Torr.  Cal.  segm.  but  little  shorter  than  the  corolla. — Alii.,  La. 
Plant  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  lanccolutc,  2'  long,  with  lanceolate  segments.  Ilaa 
long,  loose,  secund.     Cor  1'  long. 

2  M.  Leo6iitii  Torr.  Cal.  segm.  entire,  linear-lanceolate,  scarcely  one-third  the 
length  of  the  corolla. — Dry  piue  woods,  Ua.,  Fla.     Lvs.  etc.,  as  in  the  other. 

27.  SEYME'RIA,  Ph.  (In  memory  of  Hennj  Set/mer,  Esq.,  an 
English  naturalist.)  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  cor.  tube  short,  dilated, 
6-lobed,  lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  tube  ; 
Bta.  4,  subequal ;  valves  of  the  capsule  loculicidal,  entire;  seeds  qd. — 
Herbs  erect,  branching.  Cauline  lvs.  mostly  opposite  and  incised.  Fls, 
yellow. 

$  Tube  of  the  corolla  broadly  campanulatc,  incurved,  as  long  as  the  limb No.  1 

\  Tube  of  the  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  subrotate  limb Nos.  2,  8 

1  S.  macroph^lla  Nutt.  Erect,  tall,  sparingly  pubescent ;  lvs.  large,  the  lower 
deeply  pinnatifid,  segments  lauee-obloiig,  incised,  terminal  one  the  largest,  upper 
lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire ;  cor.  tube  incurved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  limb ; 
sty.  short,  dilated  and  slightly  bifid  at  apex;  caps,  ovate-acuminate. — U  In 
woods,  White  River  Valley,  Ind.,  Ohi(j  (Clark)  to  Ark.  Height  4 — 6^  with  tho 
habit  of  Dasy stoma.  Lower  leaves  (5 — 7'  by  2 — 3')  lance-ovate  in  outline,  floral 
(2 — 3)  mostly  opposite.     Corolla  \'  long,  very  woolly  within.     July. 

2  S.  pectin^ta  Ph.  Viscid-pubescent,  profusely  branched  ;  lvs.  oblong,  half-pin- 
natifid  or  cleft  half  way  to  the  midvein,  segm.  few,  entire,  short,  linear,  obtuse, 
upper  lvs.  merely  toothed ;  caps,  pubescent,  acute  with  the  style,  at  length  ob- 
tuse.— N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  in  the  upper  districts.  Plant  2  to  4f  high,  tlio 
numerous  branches  opposite.  Lvs.  small,  an  inch  (or  less)  long,  the  rachis  ob- 
lanceolate.  Sep.  oblong- linear,  longer  than  the  pedicel  Cor.  subrotate,  5  to  6  ' 
broad.     Aug. — Oct. 

3  S.  tenuifdlia  Ph.  Minutely  puberulent,  much  branched ;  lvs.  setaceously  bi- 
pinnatifid,  rachis  and  segments  all  equally  attenuated ;  caps,  globular,  rostrate. — 
"Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Plant  2  to  Sf  high,  quite  slender  and 
nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  6"  and  less  long,  only  the  lower  segments  dissected,  upper 
entire.  Cor.  lobes  oblong,  spreading  about  4".  Ped.  twice  longer  than  thoc^yx. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

28.  DASYSTOMA,  Raf.  (Gerardia,  L.)  Yellow  Foxglove.  (Gr. 
daavg,  hairy,  arofia,  mouth  ;  alluding  to  the  corolla.)  Calyx  cumpanu- 
late,  half  5-cleft,  imbricate  in  aestivation ;  corolla  tube  dilated,  longer 
than  the  6  entire  lobes,  woolly  within ;  stamens  didynamous,  scarcely 
included,  woolly  ;  anthers  all  equal,  awned  at  base ;  capsule  ovate, 
acute,  2  valves  bearing  a  septum  in  the  middle  ;  seeds  many. —  21  Herbs 
tall,  erect.  Lower  lvs.  opposite,  upper  generally  alternate.  Cor.  large, 
yellow.     All  blacken  in  drying. 

*  Segments  of  the  calyx  entire.    Plants  pubescent (No.  1)  or  glabrous Nos.  2,  3 

*  Segments  of  the  calyx  toothed  or  pinnatifid.     Plants  pubescent Nos.  4,6 

1  D.  fl^va.  Pkmt  pubescent,  subsimple ;  lvs.  nearly  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  en- 
tire or  toothed,  the  lower  pinnatifid  or  incised ;  cal.  hbea  oblong,  obtvae,  rather 
shorter  than  its  tube ;  ped.  ve^-y  short. — A  showy  plant,  2  to  4f  high,  in  woods 
throughout  tiie  U.  S.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  tapering  to  tho  subseasile  base  or  petiole, 
the  upper  mostly  entire.  Cor.  about  18'  long.  Aug.,  Sept  (D.  pubescena 
Benth.     G.  flava  L.) 

2  D.  integrifdlia.  Plant  glabrous,  subsimple ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or 
the  lowest  somewhat  toothed ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  calyx. — Woods,  S.  E.  Ohio  to 
111.  and  Tenn.  Sts.  often  much  branched,  1  to  2f  high.  Lva  1  to  3'  long,  petio- 
late.  Fla.  smaller,  the  cor.  about  1'  long.  Not  at  all  glaucous  like  the  next.  Aug. 
(D  quercifolia  i3.  ?  Benth.     G.  integrifolia  Gray.) 


'\ 


P^i 


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II 


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630 


Order  86.— SCROPH QLARIACE^E. 


3  D.  quercifolia  Bcntli.  Plant  glabrous  and  glaucotis,  paniculate-branched;  Iva 
paler  benentli,  petiolate,  lower  ample,  biplunatilid,  upper  oblong  lanceolate,  pi;i- 
natifid  or  entire ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  segin.  of  the  cal.  lance-acwninate,  longef 
than  its  tube. — Woods  and  thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.  and  Mich.,  coinmon.  St.  tall, 
purplisli,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  lor.g,  sinuate 
or  incised.  Fls.  large,  and  of  a  brilliant  yellow,  opposite  and  axillary^  near  tlie 
top  of  the  stem,  forming  a  loose  spike.  Cor.  trumpet-shaped,  near  2' long.  Aug. 
(G.  quercifolia  Ph.     G.  glauca  Eddy.) 

4  D.  pedicul^ria  Benth.  Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  branched ;  lvs.  ovate 
lanceolate,  pinnatifld,  with  toothed  or  incised  segments  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the 
hairy  calyx,  segm.  tooth  or  incised,  'equaling  the  top-sliaped  calyx  tube. — Dry 
hilly  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  common.  St.  busliy,  very  leafy,  2  to  3f  high, 
sprinlrled  with  a  woollj'  pubescence.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  divided  like  those  of  the 
Louse-w -rt.  Cor.  rather  bell-shaped,  15"  long,  the  cal.  5".  Aug.  (G.  pedicu- 
laria  L.) 

5  D.  pectindta  Benth.  Very  hirsute;  lvs.  lanceolate,  pectinate-pinnatifld,  segm. 
subdeutato  or  incised;  ped.  shorter  than  the  hairy  ca/i/x,  segm.  toothed,  longiT 
than  tiio  cal.  tube. — Pine  woods,  Car.  and  Ga.  i'ls.  as  large  as  in  the  last,  Jl., 
Aug.     (G.  pectinata  Torr.) 

29.  GERAR'DIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  John  Gerard,  an  Er^Hsh  botan- 
ist of  the  16th  century.)  Calyx  campanulatc,  briefly  or  narrowly 
S-toothed ;  cor.  tubular,  ventricous  or  subcampanulate,  tube  longer  than 
the  5  broad,  entire  unequal  lobes ;  sta.  didynanious,  in  pairs,  shortei' 
than  the  corolla,  length  unequal  ;  caps,  obtuse,  or  briefly  acuminate  ; 
Reeds  oo. — American  herbs,  rarely  suffruticous.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls. 
axillary,  solitary,  pui'plo  or  rose-color. 

1.  Otopiiylla.    Calyx  seo;ments  lonirer  than  its  tube,  2  anthers  much  smaller No.  1 

2.  Gi'.iiAKDiA  proper.    Calyx  segments  short,  equal.     Anthers  all  equal.     (§) 

Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  very  short,  erect.    Peduncles  lonKer  than  corolla. No.  'i 

tloroUa  lobes  subequal,  all  spreading,  throat  usually  hairy,    (a) 

a  Leaves  almost  none,  opposite  scales  instead.     Flowers  large No.  3 

a  Leaves  all  alternate,  filiform.     Flowers  large,  long-stalked No.  -1 

a  Leaves  opposite. — reduncles  not  longer  than  the  calyx Nos.  5,  6 

— Peduncles  much  longer. — Flowers  iarpe  (about  9"  long.) Nos.  7,  S 

— Flowers  small  (about  C"  long)..  .Nos.  9, 10 

1  G.  aiTriculdta  Mx.  Scabrous,  hirsute,  subsimplo ;  \vs.  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
entire,  upper  auriculato  at  baso;  fls.  nearly  sessile. —  (£)  Penu.  to  Iowa  and  La., 
in  low  grounds.  A  rough,  rigid  plant,  12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  1'  to  IS  "  long,  ses- 
sile, the  floral  with  an  oblong  lobe  on  each  side  at  base.  Cor.  dilated  and  spread- 
ing at  mouth ;  lobes  entire,  rounded,  purple,  rarely  white.  Short  stamens  similar, 
but  twice  smaller.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2  O.  MettaCieri.  Glabrous,  slender,  diffusely  branched  ;  lvs.  linear-fllitbrm, 
scarcely  rough-edged;  ped.  filiform  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx  which  has 
short,  triangular  teeth ;  cor.  distinctly  bilabiate,  upper  lip  very  short,  omargiuate, 
straight,  vaulted,  fringo-ciliate,  lower  lip  of  3  broad,  spreading  lobes. —  ( I;  Wet 
Bandy  places,  Middle  Fla.  (Dr.  Mettauer).  Sts.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  6  to  12"  long. 
Ped.  6  to  12"  long.     Fls.  purple,  with  2  yellow  stripes  in  tlio  spotted  tube. 

(i  ?  CL.4.USA.     Cor.  tube  dorsally  compressed,  throat  closed  by  the  inflexed  upper 

lip. — With  tlie  others.     Fls,  light  purjile. 
y  ?  NUDA.     Lvs.  (except  a  few  at  the  base)  reduced  to  minute  bracta,  scarcely 

I"  long;  fls.  all  terminal,  rather  smaller  (5'  long,)  light  purple. 

3  G.  aphyila  Nutt.  Erect,  with  slender  brandies,  leafless,  with  few,  remote, 
scarious  scales  or  short  bristle-like  l\s;  ped.  bracteolato ;  cal.  truncate,  with 
minute,  gland-like  teeth ;  caps,  globular,  exceeding  the  calyx. —  (I)  N.  Car.  to 
Fhu  and  J^a.  in  wet  places,  coastward.  Plant  2  to  3f  higli,  often  simple,  witli  few 
llowers,  or  diflusely  few-brancliod  with  many  flowers.  Fls.  deep  purple,  liiiddlo 
eize,  lobes  subequal,  pedicels  short,  t.  e.,  the  bractlets  are  near  the  flowers.     Jn.,  JL 

4  G.  Slifdlia  Nutt.  St.  terete,  diffusely  branched;  lvs.  filiform,  terete,  alternate 
ami  much  fascicled;  ped.  alternate,  much  longer  than  the  lvs.;  cal.  teeth  shdrt, 
bttaceously  acute;  cor.  ample,  smooth. —  0  St.  Mary's,  G;i.  to  jVpalachicola,  Fla. 


..lU 


Order  86.— SCROPKULARIACE^. 


631 


PI  int  rigid,  2  to  3f  liigli.     Lvs.  never  an  inch  long,  always  scattered.     Ped.  1  to 
2'  long.     Fls.  numerous,  large.     Aug. — Oct. 

5  G.  maritima  Raf.  St.  angular ;  lvs.  linear,  fleshy,  short,  rather  obtu.^o ;  jls. 
small;  pud.  srarcdy  as  long  as  the  truncate  caly.t;  lobes  of  tlie  cor.  spreading,  2 
upper  trimjed. —  [gi  Salt  marshes,  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  Plant  branclicd,  4  to 
10'  high.  Lvs.  6  to  8"  long,  subtcrete  and  quite  tieshy.  Fla.  about  G'  long,  in- 
clined to  be  terminal.     Caps,  globular.     Jl. — Sept. 

€  G.  purpurea  L.     St.  angular,  branched;    lvs.  linear,  acute,  scabrous  on  (he 

margin;  pod.  shorter  than  the  caly.x  wliieh  has  a  truncate  tubo  with  short  t-eta- 
ceously  acute  teeth.  Cor.  ample,  smooth  or  pubescent. —  Qj  Wet  grounds,  N.  Eiig. 
to  Fla.  and  La.  Plant  of  varying  form  according  to  situation,  1  to  2f  high  (2  to 
4f  South).  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  often  with  snialler  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Fls. 
large,  (1'  long),  purple,  the  ped.  1",  rarely  2  '  long.  Aug.  (G.  Plukenetii  Ell?) 
]i.  FASCicuLATA.  Tall,  witii  fascicles  of  smaller  lvs.  in  the  axils;  cor.  pubes' 
cent,  lobes  ciliate. — S.  States,  common  ((1.  fasciculata  Ell.). 

7  G.  dspera  Doug.  Sparingly  branched ;  lvs.  scabro\is,  long  and  narrowly  linear, 
the  floral  exceechng  the  calyx ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  caly.c ;  cal.  teeth  laa- 
ooclate,  acute,  'o^tarly  as  long  as  its  tube ;  cor.  ample,  smooth.  (\  111.  to  Iowa 
(Loasens),  &c.  Closei/  allied  to  G.  purpurea.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  18  "  to  2 
long,  rigid,  rough.  Cor.  deep  purple,  about  1'  long,  not  always  smooth.  Ped. 
3  to  5".     Aug. 

8  G.  linifolia  Nutt.  St.  terete,  virgate,  inclined,  subsimple,  several  from  the 
same  base ;  lvs.  opposite,  smooth,  thick,  long,  lance-linear,  and  linear,  erect,  the  upper 
reduced  to  bracts;  ped.  many  times  longer  than  tho  calyx  which  is  truncate,  ivith 
scarcely  any  teelh. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  in  wet  pino  barrens.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  ti  rcte. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3".     Cor.  large,  pubescent,  its  lower  lip  spotted,     Aug.  — Sejit 

9  G.  tenuifolia  Vahl.  Paniculate,  much-branched;  sts.  angular;  lvs.  lint-vr ; 
ped.  axillary,  longer  than  the  flowers,  about  equaling  the  lvs. ;  caps,  globidar. — 
(I)  A  slender  and  delicate  species,  usually  very  branching,  in  fields  and  woods,  U. 
S.  and  Can.  St.  6  to  12'  high.  Lvs,  about  an  inch  long,  very  narrow  (1'  iu 
widtlj)  entire,  rough-edged,  often  coiled.  Fls.  oi)posite,  axillary,  on  slender  stalks, 
an  inch  or  less  in  length.  Cor.  purple,  spotted  within,  border  much  spreading, 
smooth  and  nearly  equal.     Cal.  teeth  short  and  acute.     Aug. — Sept. 

10  G.  Skinneri^na  Wood.  St.  erect,  sparinijh/  branched,  slender,  4-angles  mar- 
gined;  Irs.  remote,  linear  or  setaceous,  acute  at  each  end,  the  floral  (jnes  '2  or  3 
time*  shorter  than  tho  viry  Ioikj  peduttcles  ;  cal.  teeth  very  short,  acute  ;  cor.  lobes 
short,  spreading;  cups,  roundish  ovoid,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.— (l)  S.  and 
A\  .  States,  dry  grounds.  Plant  12  to  18  high,  the  stem  and  few  branches  (piitc 
slender  and  rouij,h  on  tiie  slightly  winged  angles.  Lvs.  5  to  10  "  long,  few  and 
tar  between,  Ped.  1  to  U'  long.  Cor.  (.'i  to  (i  ")  gluhrcus,  light  purple  or  rose- 
cobr.     Jl.,  Aug.     (,G.  parvifolia  Chapm.) — Scarcely  blackens  in  drying. 

30.  CAST!LLE'JA,  L.  (Enchroma,  Nutt.)  Painted  Cup.  (Named 
for  one  Castillijo,  a  Spanish  botanist.)  Calyx  tubular,  2 — 4-clet't ;  cor. 
galea  (tipper  lip)  linear,  very  long,  carinate-concavc,  lower  Rhort,  3-lobed  ; 
Bt a.  beneath  the  galea,  di<lynamous;  anth.  oblong-linear,  with  unequal 
lobes,  cohering  in  tho  Ibrni  ot'  an  oblong  disk,  the  exterior  fixed  by  the 
middle,  interior  pendulous. — Ilerbaeeous  or  suffruticous.  Lvs.  alternate, 
the  floral  often  colored  at  tho  apex.  Fls.  subsessile,  in  terminal,  leafy 
bracts. 

1  C.  coccinea  Sprong.  Lvs.  sessile,  pinnaUfid,  with  linear  and  divaricate  seg- 
I'unts;  brads  about  3-cleft  and  colored  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the  corolla: 
cal.  2-cleft,  nearly  ".quuling  the  corolla,  segments  retuso  and  emarginate. —  If  ^\vt 
meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  rare  in  N.  ling..,  remarkable  for  its  large,  i)ri>iht.  .scailt  t 
(or  bright  yellow  1)  bracts.  Stem  angular,  8hni)le,  8—12'  high.  Leaves  with 
about  2,  loiig,  linear  segnionts  on  each  side.  Bracts  crowded  near  tiie  summit 
of  t'.ie  stem,  each  with  a  dull  yellow  tlowor  iu  ila  uii',  iusiii  showy  thiui  itaolil 
May,  .In. 


in 


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'■.■mi.  i 


'J- 


I 


582 


2 


Order  86.— SGROPHULARIACE^. 


C.  aeBSilifldra  Ph.  Pilose-pubescent;  Ivs.  sessile,  clasping,  oblong-linear, 
mostly  trifid  with  the  lobes  divaricate  ;  cal.  senaile,  elongated ;  spikes  dense  •,  cor. 
long,  exserted,  arched,  segments  of  the  lower  lip  acuminate. —  H  Prairies,  Wis. 
(Lapham)  and  westward.  Stem  8 — 14'  high,  several  from  the  same  root,  simple, 
leafy.  Leaves  grayish,  2 — 2^'  long.  Flowers  crowded.  Corolla  tube  slender, 
2 — 3'  in  length,  greenish- white,  witli  a  sliglit  tinge  of  purple.  Style  and  stamens 
enfolded  by  the  upper  lip,  and  a  little  exserted.     May.     (E.  grandiflora  Nutt.) 

3  C.  septentrionalis  Lindl.  Lvs.  linear,  undivided,  the  upper  lanceolate,  the 
floral  subovate,  subdentate  at  the  end,  all  3-veined ;  cal.  with  acute  teeth,  shorter 
than  the  corolla. —  If  A  hardy  inhabitant  of  Alpine  and  high  northern  regions, 
AMiite  Mts.,  N.  H.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  St.  a  foot  high,  simple.  Lvs.  sessile, 
smootiiish,  becoming  lanceolate  towards  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  and  near  2' 
long.  Tuft  of  fls.  at  top  of  the  stem.  Bracts  broader  and  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
&  to  7-veined,  of  a  pale  straw  color  tipped  with  purple.  Fls.  straw-colored,  nearly 
C(  ncealed  by  the  bracts.     Aug.     (Bartsia  pallida  Ph.) 

31.  SCHWAL'BEA,  L.  Chaff-seed.  (In  honor  of  ^cAM'a/ie,  a  German 
botanist.)  Calyx  tube  lO-ribbed,  inflated,  obliquely  4-cleft,  upper  divi- 
sion small,  lower  large,  emarginate  or  2-toothed  ;  corolla  ringent,  upper 
lip  entire,  arched,  lower  3-lobcd ;  capsule  oblong ;  seeds  many,  chafiy. — 
2f   With  alternate  leaves  and  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 

S.  Americana  L.  In  sandy  barrens  and  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Stem  1 — 
2f  high,  pubescent,  stout,  simple.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
3-vcined,  1  to  20"  long,  with  a  ciliate  margin.  Bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  dimin- 
ishing upwards.  Flowers  on  simple,  alternate,  very  short  pedicels,  in  a  long 
spike.  Corolla  dull  purple  or  brownish-yellow,  twice  as  long  (1 — 1\')  as  the  per- 
manent, strongly-ribbed  calyx.     Jn. 

32.  PEDICULA^RIS,  L.  Lousewort.  (Lat.  pediculus,  a  louse  ;  prob- 
ably from  its  eflBcacy  in  destroying  that  insect.)  Calyx  ventricous,  2  to 
5-cleft,  the  segments  leafy,  or  sometimes  obliquely  truncate ;  corolla 
vaulted,  upper  lip  compressed,  emai'ginate  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-Iobed ; 
capsule  2-celled,  oblique,  mucronate;  seeds  angular. — Herbs.  Lvs. 
alternate,  rarely  subopposite,  often  piunatifid.     Fls.  spicate. 

1  P.  Canadensis  L.  Hirsute ;  st.  simple;  lvs.  alternate,  petiolato,  lance-oblong, 
pinuatifid,  lobes  oblong-ovate,  crenate-dentato ;  spike  short,  dense,  leafy;  caL 
truncate  downwards;  cor.  galea  abruptly  incurved,  ivith  2  seiaceoiis  teeth;  caps, 
ending  m  a  prolonged  ensiform  beak. —  If  Pastures  and  low  grounds,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  St.  erect,  If  high.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  1  to  2',  chiefly  radical.  Spike  short, 
hair}',  with  a  few  small  leaves  at  the  base.  Cor.  yellowish  and  purple,  the  upper 
lip  long,  erect,  forming  a  galea  or  holii.et,  cut  square  off  at  tiie  end,  with  a  bristle- 
like  tooth  at  eacii  corner.  Beak  of  the  capsule  often  near  1'  in  length.  May — 
Jl.     (P.  gladiata  Mx.) 

2  P.  lanceol^ta  Mx.  Nearly  glabrous;  st.  branched;  lvs.  subopposite,  briefly 
petiolate  or  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  incised  crenate ;  spike  rather  dense ; 
cal.  2-lol}ed ;  cor.  galea  as  iong  as  the  lip,  incurved  over  it  and  closing  the  throat; 
caps,  short,  ovoid. —  U  In  alluvial  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.  (Lapham),  S.  to  Va.  St. 
1  to  2f  high,  smooth,  with  pubescant  lines,  nearly  opposite  lvs.,  and  p.  few  axillary 
branches.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  1  to  1^'.  Spike  1  to  8'  in  length,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
bracts.  CiiL  and  cor.  smooth,  the  latter  greenish  yellow,  1'  long.  Stylo  a  little 
exserted.     Sept.     (P.  pallida  Ph.) 

33.  RHINANTHUS,  L.  Yellow  Rattle.  (Or.  ^iv,  nose,  dvdog ; 
alluding  to  the  singular  appearance  of  the  compressed  galea.)  Calyx 
4-toothnd,  ventricous ;  corolla  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
limb  ringent,  galea  appendaged,  compressed,  lip  broader,  deeply  divided 
into  3  obtuse  segments ;  capsule  2-valved,  compressed,  obtuse. — CD  Erect, 
with  opposite  Iva. 


Order  87.— ACANTHACE^. 


.533 


■::.  ! 


R.  Crista-gdlli  L.  Mostly  glabrous;  Iva.  obloiif?  or  lanceolate;  cor.  scarcely  a 
third  longer  than  the  calyx ;  appetidagea  of  the  galea  transversely  ovate,  broader 
than  long. — Meadows,  Plymouth,  Mass.  to  Arc.  Am.  St.  a  foot  high,  smooth, 
branching.  Lvs.  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  cordate -lanceolate,  acutely  serrate, 
rough.  Fls.  axillary,  crowded  into  a  leafy  spike.  Cal.  inflated,  contracted  at  the 
mouth,  with  4  nearly  equal  teeth,  and  much  shorter  than  the  yellow,  ringent 
corolla,  but  becoming  very  large  and  inflated  iu  fruit,  rattling  with  the  ripe  seeds. 
Jl.     §  Eur. 

34.  EUPHRASIA,  L.  Eyebright.  (Named  for  Euphrosine,  one  of 
the  Graces,  meaning  cheerfiilness.)  Calyx  4-cleft ;  upper  lip  of  the  cor- 
olla galeate,  concave,  apex  2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading,  lowei 
lip  spreading,  trifid,  palate  not  folded  ;  stamens  didynamous,  ascending 
beneath  the  galea ;  capsule  oblong,  compressed,  co-seeded. — Herbs  with 
opposite  lvs.  and  the  fls.  in  spikes. 

E.  ofBcinalia  L.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  the  cauline  obtuse,  crenato,  floral  (or 
bracts)  acute,  cut-serrate  with  cuspidate  teetii ;  cal.  lobes  subequal ;  lower  lip  of 
cor.  with  its  lobes  deeply  emarginate. — (T)'  A  dimiimtivo  tenant  of  the  White  Mts. 
and  Can.,  rare  (common  in  Europe).  Plant  branched,  slender,  2  to  6'  high.  Lvs. 
1  to  3''  long.     Pis.  bluish  white,  3"  long. 

35.  MELAMPY^RUM,  L,     Cow  Wheat.     (Gr.  /zsAa^,  black,  nvpog, 

wheat ;  the  seeds  blacken  the  flour  of  wheat  if  ground  with  it.)     Calyx 

4-cleft ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  compressed ;  the  margin  folded  back ; 

lower  lip  grooved,  trifid ;  capsule  2-celled,  oblique,  opening  laterally ; 

seeds  1  to  4,  cylindric-oblong,  smooth. — Herbs  with  opposite  lvs.     Fls. 

solitary  in  the  upper  axils. 

M.  prat^nse  L.  Lvs.  linear  and  lanceolate,  petiolate,  glabrous,  tiie  upper  goner- 
ally  broader  and  toothed  at  base;  fls.  axillary,  distinct;  cal.  teeth  slender,  half 
as  long  as  the  corolla. — (J)  Inhabits  woods.  Can.  to  (in.  W.  to  Ky.  St.  with  oppo- 
site branches,  8  to  10'  high,  round,  erect.  Lvs.  opposite,  1  to  IV  by  3  to  5",  the 
floral  ones  broader,  with  (or  without)  setaceous  teeth  at  l)ase  and  tapering  to  an 
obtuse  point.  Fls.  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  yellowish,  slender,  the  corolla 
twice  the  length  of  tlie  calyx.  Jl.  (M.  Americanum  Mx.  dilleriiig  from  the 
European  variety  in  its  more  slender  corolla.) 

Order  LXXXVII.     ACANTHACE^.     Acanthads. 

Jleros  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves  and  regular,  bracted  flowers.     Calyx 

pentamerous,  equal  or  unequal,  imbricated  in  the  bud.      Corolla  5-merous,  tubular 

below,  limb  more  or  less  bilabiate,  convolute  in  bud.     Stamens  didynamous  or  dian- 

dious,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.     Fruit  a  2-celled,  4  to  12-seeded  capsule. 

Seeds  supported  by  hooks  or  cup-shaped  processes  of  tlio  placontaj,  exalbuminous. 

Genera  155,  species  1450,  chiefly  tropical,  a  few  only,  cxtendin;;  into  tlic  United  States.  They 
lire  mostly  destitute  of  (ictivc  properties,  and  in  aspect  mere  weeds.  Yet  uinons;  them  arc  many 
romarkablo  for  their  beauty.  Acantlius  mollis  is  celebrated  as  Loving,  by  its  leaves,  suggested 
the  style  of  the  Corinthian  capital  in  architecture. 

SUBORDERS   AND   GENERA. 

I.  ANF:CMATACANTHE.<E.    Seeds  destitute  of  hooked  supports,    (a) 

a  Corolla  regular.    Seeds  few,  adnato  to  a  cup  instead  of  a  hook TiiuNnEROiA.  1 

a  Corolla  bilabiate.    Seeds  many,  with  papilhe  instead  of  hooks Elvtkakia.  2 

II.  EC1IMATACANTIIE..E.    Scola  subtended  by  hooked  processes,    (b) 

b  Corolla  funnel-form,  subregular  stamens  didynamous.    (Kukllik,*.)    (c) 

O  Anthers  2-Kpurrod  at  base.     Cajmule  4-8eedod  in  the  middle Calophanm.  8 

0  Anthers  not  spurred.    Capsule  2  to  16-8eoded  from  the  middle I)ii>TRUA(;ANTiii;8.  4 

0  Anthers  not  spurred.    Capsule  12  to  16-seeded  froni  the  base Ckvimiiacanthus.  6 

b  Corolla  bilabiate,  ringent.    Stamens  4.    Capsule   oo-seedod  from  the  base. IIvouoimiii.a.  6 

b  Corolla  bilabiate.    Stamens  2. — Corolla  resuplnata,  upper  lip  !?-t(iothed Dicmptkua.  T 

— Corolla  straight,  lower  lip8-toothed.  Wild.UnYTmi.ossA.  8 
—Corolla  htrnight,  lower  lii>  3-parted.  Cult.CvuTANTUKRA.  9 


'4^: 


«:U 


Order  87.— ACANTHACE^. 


i    5! 


«^. 


\.  THUNBER'GIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  C.  P.  Thunherg,  Piof,  of  Bot.  ai 
Ul)s;il).  Calyx  short,  truncate  or  niuny-toothed,  subtended  by  2  bract- 
lots  ;  corolla  funnel-bell-forni,  throat  inflated,  limb  5-cleft,  subregular ; 
st'iniens  4,  didynauious ;  anthers  cells  parallel,  ciliate,  one  of  them  awned 
at  bas(; ;  ca{)sule  globular,  3  to  4-sceded. — Shrubs  or  climbing  herbs  of 
the  Old  World. 

1  T.  grandiflora  lloxb.  Climbing;  Ivs.  cordate,  angluil,  acuminate,  hispid; 
cal.  limb  truiicati',  tntire. — In  cultivation,  a  hardy  perennial  climber,  clothed  all 
over  with  lino  reversed  hairs,  with  largo  blue  liowers  1^'  deep  and  3'  broad,  f  E. 
Ind.     Variable. 

2  T.  alata  Bojer.  Twining,  silky-villous ;  Ivs.  cordate-sagittate,  acute,  on 
winge<l  petioles;  cal.  12-cli'ft,  braetooles  repand. — In  cultivation,  perennial,  the 
whole  2)lant  soit-villous.  Lvs.  re[)and,  and  5-veined.  Fls.  large,  yellow,  with  a 
purple  base,  l.J'  deep,  campanulato  with  a  curved  tube,  f  E,  Africa.     Variable. 

2.  ELYTRA'RIA,  Vahl.  (Gr.  t^vrpov,  an  envelope  or  bract;  from 
the  bracted  inflorescence.)  Calyx  5  or  4  parted,  segments  unequal ; 
corolla  bilabiate  lower  lip  of  3  bifid  segments;  stamens  2  fertile,  2 
sterile,  included;  anther  cells  parallel;  capsule  8-seeded  from  the 
base,  without  hooks. — Herbs  acaulescent,  with  radical  lvs.  Scape  cov- 
(Tcd  with  a{)pressed  leaf-like,  clasping  scales.  Fls.  small,  one  beneath 
eai  h  bract  of  the  terminal  spike. 

1  E.  virgata  Mx.  Scapes  several,  slender,  terete,  glabrous,  erect,  covered  with 
ovate,  clasping,  cuspidate,  alternate  scales;  lvs.  radical,  narrow -oblong,  tapering 
long  to  the  petiole,  repand  or  wavy ;  Hs.  in  a  dense,  imbricated  spike,  each  tlower 
covered  by  a  broadly  ovate,  coriaceous,  cuspidate,  ciliate  scale ;  cal.  with  2  linear 
bractlets  which  are  villous-ciliato  as  well  as  tlio  segments ;  cor.  white,  with  its  5 
segm.  nearly  equal. — Wet  plains  8.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Mettauer).  Scapes  11"  high. 
Lvs.  3  to  ()'  long,  5  to  8"  wide.  Els,  4"  broad.  Summer.  (Anouymus  Caroli- 
nensis  AValt.) 

3.  CALOPH'ANES,  Don.  (Or.  KaXoc,.  •,  <patvio,  to  appear.)  Calyx 
segments  setaceous,  much  longer  than  tue  tube ;  corolla  funnel-form, 
limb  subregular,  6-lobed;  stamens  4  ;  anther  cells  spurred  or  mucion- 
atc  at  base,  parallel;  capsule  lanceolate,  empty  below,  4-see(l(d  in  the 
middle  ;  flowers  axillary,  opposite,  mostly  solitary,  with  narrow  bracts 
and  bractlets. — Low,  pubescent  herbs  with  blue  corollas  spotted  in  the 
throat. 

1  C.  oblongifdliuB  Don.  Densely  pubescent,  ascending  from  a  procumbent  or 
creeping  base ;  lvs.  obovate,  obtuse,  obscurely  denticulate,  narrowed  to  the  sub- 
sessile  ijase;  fls.  solitary,  8ub.sessile,  opposite,  with  oblong  bractlets  equaling  the 
deeply  parted  calyx  and  the  corolla  tube. —  If  Pino  barrens  and  gravelly  phuns, 
Ga.  and  Ela.  common.  Herb  G  to  12',  brr  iched  at  base,  Bim[)le  above.  Lvs. 
1'  long,  rarely  rather  acute.  Cor.  showy,  a  littlo  exceeding  the  lvs.,  tjurplish 
blue,  with  deeper  purplo  spots.     Apr.     (Uuellia  oblongifolia  Mx.  P!i.) 

2  C.  humistratuB  Shutt.  Smooth,  prostrate,  diiruso;  lvs.  oblong,  oval,  rather 
obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  to  a  petiole ;  fls.  axillary,  subsessilo,  solitary  or  2  or  3 
together;  bracts  oblong-spatulate,  shorter  than  the  strict,  setaceous  calyx  segm.— > 
71  S.  Car.  to  Ela.,  in  ricii  soils.  Lvs.  distinctly  potiolate.  (^il.  segm.  very  slender, 
scabrous,  membranous  edged  below,  5  "  long,  etiualiug  tiio  4-seeded  capsule 
(RuoUia  humistrata,  Mx.) 

4.  DIPTERACAN'THUS,  Noes.     (Gr.rf/'r"  r,..r-  two-wingod,  a/rni  «oc, 

Acar*thus.)  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  crnilln  funiiv.l  torn),  limb  subequally 
6-lobed;  stamens  4,  iiM-hided;  anther  eel's  >ar;*il<.l,  \u  i  awncd  ;  cap- 
sule compressed  and  empty  at  h\>\  2  to  12seeiie  1  r.bo^  ,;;  seeds  orbic- 
ular, compressed,  with  hooked,  abrupt  proc»fvseF.,—  Mostly  herbs  with 


Ohdbr  87.— ACANTHACE^. 


535 


FIs 


opposite,  solitary  or  fascicU^d  flowers,     liracts  leafy,  often  stalked. 
Wge,  showy,  blue  or  piuple. 

*.  D.  BtrSpens  Neen.  Herb  erect  ••  Iva.  ovato  or  obovate-oblong,  soinowhat  repand, 
cuneate  at  bane  and petiolaie,  siiiootfiwifi  or  thinly  downy;  ped.  axillary,  vory  short, 
about  3  (1  to  4)-Ho\vcn,M| ;  liracllets  lanoo-oval,  equalin^j  or  oxceediiig  the  calyx; 
aep.  lanco-liucar,  ciliatL',  a  liltit  shorter  i/um  the  tube  of  the  long-fumiel-tbrui  corolla. 
I)ry  soilH,  Mid.  W.  and  H.  Htates,  common.  Plant  variable,  9  to  16'  higli,  otten 
branched,  nearly  smootli.  Jas.  large,  2  to  3'  long,  the  tis.  half  or  two-thirds  as 
long.  Caps,  oblaiiceolate,  G-seedod  or  by  abortion  fewer.  Hooks  grooved.  Jn. — 
Sept.     (Kuellia  strepeus  L.) 

2  D.  cilicsuB  Nees.  Herb  erect,  hoary -hirsute ;  Ivs.  ovate,  the  lower  obovale, 
upper  oi.)long,  all  oblusish  at  apex  and  abrupt  at  base,  fmbsessilt ;  tin.  stibscssilc, 
with  oblong  or  lanceolate  bracts  not  longer  th;ui  caly.x  ;  sep.  setaceous,  hairy,  not 
half  as  long  as  the  long  tube  of  the  corolla. — Rich  soils  AV.  and  S.  States.  Plant  If 
or  more  liigh.  Lvs.  18  to  30"  long,  the  fls.  nearly  as  long.  A  variety  has  smaller 
leaves  almost  dentate.     (Ruellia  ciliosa  Ph.) 

l3.  HYBRIDUS.     Low,  decumbent,  very  hirsute. — Near  Savnimah  (Feay).     Stems 
2  to  4'  long,  with  short  internodes.     Fls.  sometimes  shortened. 

3  D.  UOCtifldniB  Nees. —  Cal.  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  thrice  shorter  than  the  very 
long  corolla  tube.  Otherwise  as  in  D.  ciliosus. — Ga.  (near  Savannah,  Lo  Conte) 
and  Fla.     (Ruellia  tubitlora  Le  Conte.) 

5.  CRYPHIACAN'THUS,  Noes.  (Or.  Kpycfuoq,  clandestine,  aKavOo^.) 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  spreading  in  fruit ;  corolla  bcll-funnei-forni, 
limb  equal  ;  stamens  4,  included  ;  anthers  sagittate ;  stigma  simple  ; 
capsule  oblong,  terete,  12  to  16-sccded  from  the  base  ;  seeds  roundish, 
cordate,  compresscl,  silky,  subtended  with  hooks. — Herbs  villous,  with 
corm-like  base  and  fasciculate  roots.     P'ed.  3-tlowcred. 

C.  Barbadense  Nees.  Caulescent;  lvs.  ovato,  cuneato  at  base  and  petiolate, 
entire  or  undulate-dentate,  smoothish  or  hairy ;  ped.  somewhat  cymous,  longer 
than  the  jietiolo  or  even  than  the  leaves ;  cal.  segm.  subulate-acuminate,  glandu- 
lar, hirsute  ;  cor.  tube  shorter  than  the  limb. — 11  A  low,  leafy  plant,  Va.  to  Fla., 
Tex.  Mex.  &e.  (Nees).     (Ruellia  tuberosa  and  clandestina  L.) 

6.  HYGROPH'ILA,    R.    lir.       (Cr.  iypr/,   waters,   ^tAea),   to    love.) 

Calyx  tubuiar,  about  half  5-cleft,  with  tiarrow,  equal  segmetits ;  corolla 

bilabiate,  ringent,  lower  lip  convex  and  rugulous  in  the  mid.st,  tritid ; 

stamens  4,  didynamous,  not  exsertcd;  anther  cells  divergent-sagittate, 

violet-colored ;    stigma  simple,  subulate ;    capsule    6-striate,  Gc-seeded 

from    the   base ;    seeds  small. — Herbs   in   swamps,    ttc,  stoloniferous, 

4-angled.     Fls.  clustered  in  the  axils. 

H.  lacuBtris  Nees.  Frect,  subsimplo,  minutely  pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolato, 
narrowed  to  both  ends,  sesblie,  subentiro ;  verticils  many-flowered ;  cal.  smooth- 
ish.— Borders  of  lakes  near  N.  Orleans.  (Hale).  Stems  1  to  2f  high  above  the 
water,  very  straight  and  simple.     Fls.  white.     (Ruellia  justiciu^flora  Hook.) 

7.  DICLIP'TERA,  Juss.  (Gr.  6l^,  double,  kXeiu),  to  shut ;  referring 
to  the  2-valvcd  capsule.)  Calyx  5-paited,  equal,  sessile,  in  a  bracted 
head  ;  corolla  resupinate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothed  ;  stamens  2  ; 
anther  cells  straight,  placed  one  above  the  other  ;  capsule  4-seeded  ; 
dissepiment  and  v.alls  separating  from  the  ba<'k  of  the  valves  and  curv- 
'ng  upwards;  seeds  discoid,  on  liooks. — Herbs  with  the  small  flowers 
in  axillary,  invohicrate,  finally  terminal  heads. 

D.  brachi^ta.  ''pr.  St.  G-angled,  braehiate-branehed.  glabrous ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong, 
Bubentire,  obtusely  aoiminate,  contracted  at  base  to  a  l<>ng  petiole;  \\i\».  few- 
flowered,  sessile  or  the  1ow(T  on  a  leafy  peduncle,  the  upper  ;jt  li.'ngth  spieato; 
involuerate  lvs.  very  unequal ;   oapsulo  oval  the  valves  lirsi  curving  ba^tkward^ 


m 


\ 


636 


Order  88.— VERBL^NACE^ 


then  each  splitting  from  the  dorsal  rib  and  curving  upwards  from  tlie  baae.^ 
Roanoke  R.,  N.  Car.  (Purah)  to  Ga.  (Pond  ud  La.  (Hale).  Plant  2  to  3f  high, 
Ivs.  2  to  3'  long,  on  stalks  half  as  long.     ¥\     purple,  5  or  6"  long. 

8.  RHYTIGLOS'SA,  Nees.  (Gr.  ^f rtc,,  a  wrinkle,  yAwaaa,  tongue  ; 
referring  to  the  wrinkled  palate.)  Calyx  4  or  5-parted  ;  corolla  bilabi- 
ate, upper  lip  narrow,  lower  3-lobed,  with  a  rugous,  veiny  palate ;  stam- 
ens 2  ;  anther  cells  more  or  less  distinct,  subtransverse,  placed  one 
above  the  other ;  capsule  compressed,  4-seeded  from  the  middle  up- 
wards; seeds  tuberculate,  with  hooks. — Herbs,  loose-leaved,  with  axil- 
lary or  spicate,  bracted  tiowers. 

1  R.  pedunculdsa  Nees.  Erect,  angular,  very  smooth ;  Ivs.  long-lanceolate, 
scarely  oblique  or  ensilbrm,  obscurely  crenato  or  wav}',  subpotiolato ;  spikes  axil- 
lary, subcapitate,  on  very  long  peduncles  opposite  or  alternate ;  bracts  and  sepals 
lanciolate,  subequal.  half  as  long  (3")  as  the  ringent  corolla ;  lower  half  of  the  cap- 
sule empty,  valvcj  recurved  when  ripe. — River  banks,  Niagara  to  Tex.  and  Ga. 
Plant  2  to  3f,  Ivs.  2  to  4'  by  6  to  12",  Corollas  6"  long,  violet-purple.  Caps, 
same  length.     Jn.  Jl.    (Dianthera  Americana  L.     Justicia  peduuculosa  Mx.) 

2  R.  ensiformiB.  Decumbent  at  base,  then  erect,  very  slender,  4-angled,  smooth  •, 
Ivs.  linear,  oblique  or  ensiform,  very  entire,  thick,  sessile ;  peduncles  subterminal, 
very  long ;  spikes  at  length  loose-flowered ;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  linear  sub- 
ulate sepals  which  are  a  third  as  long  as  the  showy  corollas. — E.  Ga.  to  Apalaclii- 
cola,  Fla.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  in  bogs.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  2  to  3".  Ped.  twice  as 
long.  Cor.  purple,  1'  or  more  long,  resembling  those  of  Arethusa.  Confounded 
with  the  preceding  hitherto,  but  very  different.     (.Justicia  ensiformis  Walt.  ?) 

3  R.  humilis  Nees.  61'>,brous,  ascending,  4-angled ;  lvs.  oblong  or  lanceolate,  or 
the  lower  oval,  obtusish,  subcrenate,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  short  petiole ;  spikes 
simple,  axillaiy,  pedunculate;  Jls.  loose,  mostly  secund;  bractlets  much  shorter  than 
the  subulate  calyx  lobes,  wY'-<th  equal  tlio  tube  of  the  small  corolla;  caps,  acumi- 
nate, the  lower  half  empty  and  stalk-like. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Plant  1  to  2f 
high,  often  much  lower.  Lvs.  2  or  3'  long,  the  spikes  at  lengtli  exceeding  them, 
5  to  10-flowered.     Cor.  5"  long,  light  purple?     (Justicia  humilis  Mx.) 

9.  CYRTAN'THERA,  Noes.     {KvpTog,  curved,  avOi]pa)    Calyx  5-cloft 

or  parted,  equal ;  corolla  ringent,  upper  lip  falcate,  lower  in  3  narrow 

segments;  stamens  2,  recn,   ed  at  apex,  anthers  short,  nodding,  capsule 

4-seeded  ? — Herbs  from  tropical  America,  with  showy  clusters  of  flowers. 

C.  carnea.  Stem  stout,  tall,  half-shrubby ;  lvs.  ample,  ovate,  subdeltoid  or  oval- 
oblong,  long-cuneato  at  base,  petiolate;  bracts  and  bractlets  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, ciliate,  larger  than  the  calyx ;  fls.  in  a  dense,  thyrso-like,  terminal  head, 
light  purple  or  flesh-colored,  large,  many  in  bloom  at  once. — In  the  greenhouse.  | 
(justicia  caruea  Hook.     C.  magnitica  Nees.)  '  > 


Order  LXXXVIII.     VERBENACE^.     Vervains. 

Herbs  (or  generally  shrubs  and  trees)  with  opposite,  exstlpulate  leaves.     Flowers 

with  a  bilabiate  or  more  or  less  irregular  monapetalous  corolla.     Stamens  4,  didyna- 

mous,    rarely  equal,    sometimes  only  2.     Style  1.     Fruit  dry  or  drupaceous,  2  to 

4-celled  (1 -celled  in  Phryma)  forming  as  many  1-seeded  nutlets.     Seeds  erect  or 

pendulous,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

Oenerd  .50,  upe'iea  7(H),  the  lierbs  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  regions,  the  sliriibs  and  treos  of 
warm  and  tropical  regions,  wliero  in  some  instances  they  are  very  large.  The  Teak-tree  (Tec- 
toria  grandis)  of  India,  justly  styled  the  "  Oak  of  the  East"  is  a  timber  tree  of  great  size,  ul'tcii 
li:()  feet  in  heiuht.  The  wood  isgreatly  durable,  and  contains  silex.  Medicinal  properties  un- 
imi)ortant.    The  order  affords  many  fine  ornaments  for  th"  garden. 

GENERA. 

I  Herbs.    Fruit  dry,-  of  4  1-seeded  carpels,    Corolla  6-parted Veubrna.  1 

— of  2  one-seeded  carpels.    Corolla  4-p:irte(l Lipi'ia.  3 

— of  1  one-seeded  nutlet.    Corolla  bilabiate rnRYMA.  8 


'•S 


Ordbr  88.— VERBENACE^. 


687 


1 

a 

8 


I  Shroba.    Fruit  fleshy.— Flowers  4-parted,  axillary.    Drupe  4-seedcd Calucarpa.         4 

— Flowers  4-|>ai  ted,  axillary.     Dnii)0  i-seeilcd Lantana.  5 

—Flowers  4-i>arte(l,  terminal.     Drupe  2-seeded Alovsia.  6 

— Flowers  5-parted. — Seeds  4.     Leaves  .simple Clkkokk.nukum.  7 

— Seed  1.     Leaves  compound... ViiK.x.  8 

1.  YERBE^NA,  L.  Vervain.  (Celtic  fer-fmn^  to  expel  stone ;  hence 
Eng.  vervairij  Lat.  verbena.)  Calyx  6-toothed,  with  one  of  the  teeth 
often  shorter ;  corolla  funnel-form,  limb  somewhat  unequally  fi-lobed ; 
stamens  4,  included,  the  upper  pair  sometimes  abortive ;  drupe  splitting 
into  4,  1-seeded,  indehiscent  carpels. — Herbs  or  undershrubs.  Lvs.  op- 
posite.    Fls.  sessile,  mostly  in  spikes  or  lids. 

•  Spicatc  ;  the  open  corollas  lateral  in  slender  spikes,  (a) 

a  Stem  .simple  (mostly)  bearing  a  single  spike.     Leaves  oblong No.s.  1,  j! 

a  Stem  branched,  with  many  spikes. — Leaves  mostly  simple Nos.  8---6 

— Leaves  much  divided Nos.  6 — 8 

•  Coryriibeil ;  the  open  corollas  forming  a  terminal  (spike)  corymb Nos.  9 — 1 1 

1  V.  angUBtifdlia  Mx.  Erect,  mostly  simple ;  lvs.  ohlong-linear,  tapering  to  the 
base,  remotely  serrate,  with  furrowed  veins;  spikes  tilitbrm,  solitary,  axillary  avid 
terminal ;  cor.  blue;  bracts  as  long  as  calyx.  A  small,  hairy  species  found  on  rocky 
hills  and  other  dry  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  W.  to  the  Miss.  St.  not  more  tlian  a  foot 
high,  with  narrow  (2  to  3'  by  3  to  5"),  rough  lvs.  and  slender  spikes  of  deep 
blue  fls.     Jl.    (V.  rugosa  Willd.) 

2  V.  Caroliniana  L.  Assurgent  subsimple,  scabrous-puberulent ;  lvs.  oblong- 
obovate,  obtuse  or  bluntly  acute,  crenate-dentate,  sessile;  fls.  in  a  loose  terminal 
spike ;  cor.  large,  rose-colored ;  brads  minute,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  carp.  4, 
not  separating. —  If  Dry  soils,  P.  States,  common.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  18"  to 
3',  varying  to  oval,  and  in  some  specimens  decidedly  hastate  I  often  acute.  Spike 
6  to  12'  long.     Fls.  showy,  6"  long,  cal.  2".     May— Jl. 

3  V.  hastdta  L.  Common  Vervain.  Erect;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  incisely 
serrate,  petiolate,  the  lower  ones  lobed  or  hastate;  spikes  erect,  dense,  slender, 
panicled;  fls.  imbricated. — If  Frequently  by  roadsides  and  in  low  (grounds, 
mostly  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  3  to  6f  high,  with  paniculate,  opposite 
branches  above.  Lva  rough  and  rugous,  2  to  4'  long,  variously  toothed.  Fls. 
small,  blue,  arranged  in  long,  close,  imbricated  spikes  which  are  erect  and  parallel- 
Jl. — Sept.  §Eur.  (V.  panlculata  Lam.) — Varies  with  the  lvs.  incised  or  piunali' 
lid,  and  spikes  loose-flowered ; — evidently  hybrids.     (Engelm.) 

4  V.  urticaefdlia  L.  Erect,  subpubescent ;  lvs.  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate, 
acute,  petiolate;  spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  loose  filiform  ;  fls.  separate;  bracts 
shorter  than  tiio  calyx. —  li  About  roadsides  and  rubbish.  A  weed  of  uninviting 
appearance,  2  to  3f  high,  with  lvs.  resembling  those  of  the  nettle.  It  has  long, 
slender,  weak,  green  divergent  spikes  remotely  filled  with  small,  white,  distinct 
flowers.     Seeds  4.     Jl.,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

5  V.  stricta  Vent.  Mullein-leaved  Vervain.  Hirsute  and  hoary ;  si.  thick 
rigidly  erect,  branched  above ;  lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  unequally  dentate,  sessile,  acute, 
rugous;  spikes  erect,  strict,  imbricate  and  dense-flowered. —  If  An  erect,  rigid, 
and  rather  handsome  species,  in  dry  fields,  W.  States,  common.  Very  hirsute,  I 
to  3f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  numerous,  veiny  and  whitish  beneath.     Cor. 

,  blue,  thrice  larger  (4  '  broad)  than  in  V.  lia.stata.     Jl. 

6  V.  bractidsa  ^Lx.  Decumbent,  branched,  divaricate,  very  hairy ;  lvs.  laciniate, 
rugous ;  spikes  terminal,  thick,  many-flowered ;  bracts  lance-linear,  longer  than  the 
fis.,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx. — If  Dry  fields  and  roadsides.  Mid.  W.  and  S. 
States.  Whole  plant  hairy  and  hoary,  8  to  16'  long,  remarkable  for  its  squarrous, 
bracted  spikes.    Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.    Fls.  small,  blue.    Jn. — Sept.    (Zapania,  Lam.) 

7  V.  spCiria  L.  Assurgent,  divaricately  branching,  hairy ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  Z-cleft, 
laciniately  lobed  and  toothed;  spikes  slender,  loose;  bracts  a  little  longer  than  the 
calyx. —  U  Conn.,  Md.  to  Oa.  An  unsightly  plant,  with  a  square  stem,  I  to  2f 
high,  half  erect,  di-  and  trichotomoua  above.  Lvs.  attenuate  and  subpetiolate  at 
base.  Spikes  3  to  6'  long,  dense  before  flowering,  loose  afl;er.  Cal.  1'  long,  cor. 
2  ',  blue.  Aug.,  Sept. — Diflers  from  V.  oflQcinalia  of  Europe  in  its  petiolate  lv.s. 
and  longer  bracts. 


¥r 


Hii 


#1 


1  •-    im 


i  'i; 


f!H 


If 


538 


Ordkr  88.— VEllBKNAO«.E. 


8  V.  strigdaa  Hook.  Erect,  rigid,  strigouH-pubescent,  hoary,  branched ;  Ivs.  oh- 
long,  ^-parted  to  the  hose,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  sessile ;  fls.  iu  loose,  strict 
spikes;  cor.  large;  bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx;  carp.  4,  not  separating. — N.  Or- 
leans (Hale).  St.  hollow,  2  to  3f  high,  acutely  4-angled.  Lf.  lobes  all  acute, 
very  veiny.     Cor.  purple?  4  to  5'  long. 

9  V.  Aubletia  L.  Weak,  assurgent,  rather  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  ^-parted, 
pinnatifid  or  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  acute  at  base  and  petiolato  ;  spikes  soli- 
tary, pedunculate ;  bracts  half  cr«s  loytg  as  the  cylindrical  calyx ;  corollas  siiowy, 
corymbed,  segm.  emarginate. — T)  Va.  to  111.  (Lapham),  La.  and  Fla.  in  dry  soils, 
also  in  gardens  where  its  beautiful  flowers  present  every  variety  of  color.  Apr., 
May. 

10  V.  chamaedrifdlia  Smith.  Ascending,  hispid ;  Ivs.  oblong,  acute,  serrate, 
lower  .soinewliat  lohod,  upper  subentire  ;  spike  long-peduncled  ;  bracts  a  third  as 
long  as  the  long-cylindric  calyx;  cor.  showy,  corymbed  ;  segm.  emarginate. —  "K 
Many  of  tlie  pretty  garden  Verbenas  are  varieties  of  this  species  from  Buenoe 
Ayres. 

11  V.  BOroria  Don  ?  Prostrate,  somewhat  hairy ;  hs.  muUifid,  with  narrow, 
ciliate  segments ;  spikes  pedunculate,  short ;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  Hleiuler 
calyx ;  cor.  small,  lobes  emarginate. — Garden  "Verbenas,  with  much  smaller  llow- 
ers,  usually  pure  white,     j-  Asia. 

2.  LIP'PIA,  L.  Fog-fruit.  (To  Augustus  Lippi,  a  French  pliysi 
ciaii.)  Calyx  2-pai'tt'(l,  coinpressed,  erect,  membranous,  shorter  than 
the  tube  of  the  corolla;  corolla  fiumel-shaped,  limb  sublabiate,  tipper 
lip  entire  or  emarg.  lower  3-lobcd ;  stani.  didynamous,  included  ;  drupe 
dry,  thin,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  2-seeded. — Shrubs  or  prostrate  herbs, 
with  opposite  Ivs.     lids,  of  fls.  on  axillary  peduncles.     (Zapania,  Juss.) 

L.  nodifldra  Mx.  Glabrous,  procumbent ;  st.  4-angled,  geniculate,  simple,  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  varying  to  oblaiiceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  cuneate  at  base,  petioiate, 
shorter  than  the  peduncles. —  If  On  river  banks,  Penn.  to  Ind.,  111.  and  La.  Sts. 
If  or  more  long.  Lvs.  with  conspicuous  veins,  1  to  2'  long,  ^  to  ^  as  wide,  pe- 
tioles 3  to  6".  Ped.  2  to  3'.  lids,  ovoid  or  roundish,  at  length  cylindric-oblong. 
Fls.  small,  purplish  white.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Z.  iiodiflora  and  lanceolata  Ph.  &c.) 

3.  PHRY^MA,  L.  Lop-seed.  Calyx  cylindric,  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
longer,  3-clotk\  lower  li[)  2-toothed  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emargi- 
nate, much  Einaller  than  the  3-lobed  lower  one  ;  stamens  included  ; 
fruit  dry,  oblong,  striate,  1 -celled,  1-secdcd. —  If  Herbs  with  opposite 
lvs.     Fls.  opposite,  spicate,  deflexed  in  fruit. 

P.  leptostaohya  L.  Rocky  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Loaves 
large  (3 — G'  long),  tliiti  and  coarsely  ti;olhed.  on  short  stalks.  Fls.  small,  oppo- 
site, light  purple,  iu  very  long  and  slender  spikes,  of  which  one  is  terminal,  the 
rest  oppt)site  and  axillary,  each  often  with  a  pair  of  bracts  bdow.  After  flower- 
ing the  calyx  closes  upou  the  fruit  and  becomes  reflexed  baekwards  clo.so  to  the 
stem.     Jl. 

4.  CALLICAR'PA,  L.  French  Mulrerry.  (Gi.  KaXXog,  beautiful, 
va^TTO^,  fruit ;  for  its  abundant  purple  berries.)  Calyx  4-toothed,  bell- 
shaped  ;  corolla  short-bell-shaped,  limb  of  4  obtuse  segments  ;  stamens 
4,  unequal,  exserted  ;  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed;  drupe  juicy,  enclosing  4 
nutlets. — Shrubs  with  opposite  lvs.  and  axillary,  subumbcllate  fls. 

C.  Amerioana  L.  Branches  and  lvs.  beneath  downy ;  h- '.  ovate,  acuminate  at 
each  end,  crenate-dentate,  smooth  above;  clusters  cynK)>..s  eoiii|)oimd,  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  fruit  forming  dense  verticils. — Light  soils.  S.  States  common. 
Shrub  nmch  branched,  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  2  d  3'  di.scolored  beneath. 
FiS.  small,  purple.     Berries  abundant,  as  large  as  in  Bldef,  sweetish.     May — JL 

5.  LANTA'NA,  L.  (An  ancient  name  for  the  Viburnum ;  from  the 
resemblance.)     Calyx  membranous,  minute,  obsoletely  4-toothed  ;  cor. 


Order  89.— LABIATE 


53  !> 


funnel-form,  the  tube  long-exsertcd ;  limb  oblique,  sublabiute,  uj)per  lip 
bifid  or  entire,  lower  trifid ;  stam.  didynamous,  included,  inserted  in  tli(, 
cor.  tube;  drupe  fleshy,  double,  the  parts  separable,  1 -seeded. — Tropi- 
cal shrubs  with  square  stems,  opposite  leaves,  and  capitate,  showy 
flowers. 

1  L.  Cdmara  L.  Branches  and  ped.  scabrous-pubescent,  often  aculeate;  lv3. 
ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  or  sv.bcordate,  short-petiolate,  serrate  ;  reticulate-rugous, 
scabrous;  ped.  many,  deiise-t lowered,  subuiubellate,  as  long  as  the  leaves;  bracts 
lance-linear,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla. — S.  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.,  and  S.  to  Brazil. 
Shrub  2  to  6F  high.  Fls.  at  first  goldeti  yellow,  sotiu  becoming  orange  and  linally 
red.     Drupes  small,  blue.     Jn. — Aug.     (L.  Barlramii  Baldw.)  f 

2  L.  mixta  L.  Plant  ^)ifous-/tirs«<e,  with  widu-aprcad  bratiehoa,  mostly  armed 
with  reversed  prickles ;  1\^j.  shaped  as  in  No.  1;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  hairy,  the  outer  as  long  as  the  corolla. — (Jreenhou.so  shrub 
3  to  4f  high.     Fls.  at  tirst  whitish,  then  yellow,  nex ,  orange,  lastly  red.  f 

6.  ALOYS'IA,  Ortega  &  Palan.  (To  Mary  Louisa,  queen  of  Spain, 
mother  of  Ferdinand.)  Calyx  deeply  4-clet't ;  corolla  tubular,  litnh  4- 
lobed,  oblique;  stam.  didynamous,  included;  capsule  double,  parts  1- 
seeded;  stig.  emarginate. — Shrubs  with  the  small  fls.  in  a  panicle  of 
spikes  or  racemes.     From  S.  Am.     (Lippia,  Schauer.) 

A.  citrioddra  Kunth.  Lsmon-scented  Alotsia.  Smooth  or  the  branches 
roughish  ;  Ivs.  verticil,  in  39  and  4s,  linear-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  acute  at 
each  end,  mostly  entire,  glandular-punctate  beneath,  coriaceous,  with  divaricate, 
straight  veinlets :  panicle  terminal,  naked  or  leafy  below. — Gardens,  cult,  for  its 
delightful  fragrance  which  is  exhaled  by  the  numerous  small  fls.  as  well  as  the 
bruised  leaves,     f  Paraguay. 

7.  CLERODEN'DRUM,  L.  (Gr.  KAr^po?-,  chance,  (JKVfJpov,  a  tree ;  re- 
ferring to  its  doubtful  medicinal  effects.)  Cal.  bell-slmped,  5-toothod  ; 
cor.  salver-form,  tube  often  elongated,  limb  subcqually  5-cleft ;  drupe 
baccate,  4-carpeled,  carpels,  1 -seeded. — Tropical  shrubs  or  trees,  witli 
opposite  leaves  and  fls.  in  cymes. 

1  C.  paniculatum  L.  Lvs.  long-petioled,  cordate-hastate,  5  to  7-lobcd,  lobes 
acute;  panicle  of  cymes  terminal,  large,  pyramidal;  cor.  tube  slender,  4  times 
longer  than  the  calyx. — Shrub  with  ample  leaves  and  scarlet  (6''  long)  corollas. 
f  Asia. 

2  C.  squamitum  Vahl.  T,v«.  rotuidish,  deeply  n-ni  form -cordate,  lobes  acimii- 
nate,  repand-dentate ;  pyramiilnl  panicle  terminal,  loose,  wholly  colored. — Shrub 
8  to  lOf  high.  Fls.  scarlet.  Stam.  long-exserted.  Cor.  limb  rovoluto.  f  .FapaiL 
— Other  species  are  rarely  cult. 

8.  VITEX,  L.  Chastk-thee.  Calyx  S-toothcd  ;  cor,  cup-shaped, 
limb  5-lobed;  bilabiate;  stam.  didyiuimous,  ascending,  exscrtcil;  drupe 
entire,  4-celIed,  4-seeded, — Shrubs  with  opposite,  mostly  digitate  leaves, 
and  paniculate  cymes. 

1  V.  Negundo,  Leaves  long-petiolate,  digitately  ternate  or  qiiinate,  Ifts.  ob- 
long, acuminate,  serrate ;  panicle  compound. — Shrub  4f  high.  Cor.  purple,  pulver- 
ulent.    Stam.  little  exserted.     \  Mauritius. 

2  V  AgnuB-c^stuB  L.  Lvs.  long-petioled,  5 — 7-foliate;  Ifts.  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  e  .itire ;  panicles  terminal  and  axillary,  interrupted;  cymes  subsea- 
sile. — Shrub  Gf  high.     Cor,  pale,  lilac.     Stam.  Joijg  exserted.     f  S,  I'jur. 


i 
1'    1 


llM 


I 


Order  LXXXIX.     LABIAT^E.     Labiate  Plants. 

Herha  with  square  stems  and  opposite,    aromatic,  exstipulate  leaves.     Flowers 
axillary,  in  verticillasters,    Bometimes   as  if  spiked  or  ia  heada      Corolla  labiate 


. 


Mil 


640 


Order  89.— LABIAT^E. 


(rarely  regular),  upper  lip  2-cleft  or  eutiro,  archod  or  almost  wanting,  overlapprtiii 
in  bud  the  lower  3-cleft,  usually  larger  lip.  Stamens  4,  didytiuuious,  or  ouiy  2. 
Anthers  2-celled,  cells  often  separat*?*!.  Ovary  free,  deeply  4-lobed,  tho  single  style 
arising  from  the  base  of  the  lubes.  Fruit  compotied  of  4,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  sep- 
arable, 1 -seeded  nuts  or  acheaia. 

Illustrations  in  Figs.  75,  86,  117,  325,  273,  351. 

Genera  125,  «necie«2350,  chiofly  natives  of  temperate  regions,  being  most  abundant  between 
latitudes  40°  and  50°  of  tho  nortiiern  hemisphere. 

Properties. — This  well  Itnown  ffiniily  is  universally  pervaded  by  an  ammatic,  volatile  oil,  and 
a  bitter  principle  ;  the  former  rendering  them  eminently  tonic,  cordial,  and  stomaebie  ;  the  lat- 
ter, where  it  prevails,  fobrifugal.  Tlie  Pennyroynl,  'Lavender,  3(i(fe,  Hoarhound,  Thyme, 
Spearmint,  Peppermint,  //orxeiiiint,  Rosetnary,  dec,  tic,  plants  whose  qualities  are  too  well 
known  to  require  particular  mention  here,  are  all  members  of  this  useful  family.  Not  one  6p«> 
oiefl  ia  poisonous  or  even  suspicious. 

TRIBES  AND   OENERJL 

{  Stamens  2,  perfect,— ascending  beneath  the  galea ;  onthers  1-celled.    (Tribe  IV.) 

— exscrtiil,  distant;  anthers  "i-celled  (d). 
$  Stamens  4,  perfect,— all  declined  towards  the  lower  Up.     (Tribe  I.) 
—erect,  or  ascending  towards  the  upper  lip  (2). 
2  Stamens  of  equal  length,  corolla  almost  regular,  4  to  5-lobed  ('c). 

2  Stamens,  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower  (outer)  and  calyx  13  to  IC-veined.  (Trlba  V.J 
2  Stamens,  the  lower  pair  longer  than  the  upper  (interior)  pair  (3). 
3  Stamens  divergent,  apart,  mostly  straight  and  cxserted  (e). 
3  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  and  long-exserted  from  the  upper  side  (b). 
3  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  in  pairs  beneath  the  upper  lip  (4). 
4  Calyx  13-veined,  6-toothed,  and  somewhat  2-llpped  (f). 
4  Calyx  5  to  10-veined,  or  irregularly  netted  (5). 

5  Calyx  strongly  2-lipped,  upper  lip  truncate,  closed  in  fruit  (h). 
5  Calyx  not  2-lippcd,  3  or  4-lobed,  open  in  fruit  (k). 

5  Calyx  fciibequally  5-toothed,  teeth  not  spincscent  (m). 

6  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  teeth  spinescent  (n). 
5  Calyx  unequally  9  to  10-toothed  (o). 

L  OCIMOIDE.^.— Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  entire,  flattish OofMUM.  I 

— Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  saccate,  deflexed 11  yptis.  3 

— Corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed Lavandula.  S 

II.  AJUGOIDE.iE. — b  Stamens  exserted  through  a  fl.ssuro  in  the  tube .Teucrium.  4 

b  Stamens  very  long,  involute,  arching  the  corolla., ..  .Tricuobtemma.     S 
*C  Corolla  limb  equally  5-lobed.     Stamens  short Isantuus.     6 

III.  SATUBEJE.^ — (Stamens  diverging  or  ascending,  2-celled.     Cor.  lobes  flattish,  spreading.) 

♦c  Corolla  limb  4-Iobod,  upper  lobo  broadest Mentha.  7 

d  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-lobed.    Calyx  naked  in  the  throat Lycopus.  8 

d  Corolla  bilabiate, — cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stamens  straight Cunila.  9 

—cyanic,  throat  naked.    Stamens  ascending Hedeoma.  10 

— yellow,  throat  with  a  hairy  ring  inside Collinsonia.  1 1 

9  Calyx  15- veined.    Stamens  exserted,  divergent Hvssoi'us.  12 

e  Calyx  10-veined,  the  veins  obscured  by  hairs.     Cor.  yellow,  fringed Collin80nia.  11 

e  Calyx  10  to  18-veinod,— throat  naked. — Stamens  straight,  divergent    Pycnantiirmum.  13 

—Stamens  ascending,  anth.  8purles8..SATUBEJA.  14 
— Stamens  ascending,  anth.  spurred. Dickka.ndka.  15 

— throat  hairy- Bracts  roundish,  largo Origanlm.  16 

— Bracts  narrow,  minute Tutmits.  17 

f  Tube  of  the  corolla  straight.    Leaves  small,  subcrenate  or  entire Calamintiia.  18 

f  Tube  of  the  uoroUa  curved  upwards.     Leaves  large,  coarse-crenate Membra.  19 

IV.  MONABDE.JL — Conncctile  long,  transverse,  distancing  the  anther  cells Salvia.  20 

— Connectile  continuous  with  fll.  toothed  ot  the  juncture Rosmarinus.  21 

— Connectile  inconRpicuous— Calyx  subequally  toothed Monabda.  22 

—Calyx  bilabiate,  aristate Blepiitllia.  28 

V.  NEPETEiB.— Stamens  distant,  exserted.    Flowers  in  terminal  spikes Lopiiantiiub.  24 

— Stamens  all  ascending. — Anther  cells  divergent,  much Nepkta  .  26 

—Anther  cells  divergent,  little..  .Dracocrpiiai.u.m.  26 
—Anther  cells  parallel.     Fls.  large..  .Cedronklla.  27 

TL  STACHTDE^ (Stamens  parallel,  ascending.    Cor.  upper  lip  galeate.    Cal.6  to  10-veined.) 

h  Calyx  lipg  toothed,  upper  3  teeth  minute,  lower  2  large Bbiinblla.  28 


ORDKit  8a.— LABIATE.  641 

h  C»lyx  lips  entire,  upixT  with  nn  iiiipon  i:ice  on  the  back Sri-rrtXAKi.v.  "JO 

k  Calyx  3-lubc(i.     Authors  uli  <li!<tiiioi.     Flowertt  piirpiH  tstroaketl Mai  iikikka.  :{| 

k  C:ilyx  4-lobc(l.     AntlitTS,  tile  lligile^t  pair  coiiniite Syn.vnuua.  81 

ni  Corolla  lubo  inflated  in  the  niulst,  whitish.     Lips  small I'livso.vifciiiA.  u'i 

m  Corolla  tube  inflated  ut  the  throat,  purple.     Lower  II |(  loiii; La.>iium.  SA 

m  Corolla  inflated  in  the  broad,  'oiicavi!  upper  lip,  purple  or  yellow Piilo.mis.  ."U 

m  Corolla  not  inflated,  .il;ort.—<'ulyx  sal vor-forui,  l()-ribbe<l H.m.i.ota.  i55 

(aly.x  broad-bell-1'orm,  netted Moi.i.i  t f.i.i.A    :!rt 

n  Anthers  opening  transversely,  ciliate  IVinired.     Lvs.  notched Oai.ki>i'sih.  ;t7 

n  Anthers  opening  lengthwise. — Achcnia  rounded  ut  the  toji Staciivs.  Hi 

— Aclit^nla  truncate,  S-anjiled  ;it  l'>p Lk.oni'ki's.  .10 

O  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  llatti.sh.     !?tylo  equally  bifid MAiiKfiinM.  4i» 

O  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  concave.     Style  unetpially  bifid I^ktcas.  41 

O  Corolla  scarlet,  exserted.     Calyx  upper  tooth  lonire.st Leonotis.   I'i 

1.  O'CIMUM,  L.  Sweet  Bakil.  (Or.  0(^(0,  to  smell ;  tlio  phiiits  arc 
strongly  aromatic.)  lJ[)p(M' lip  of  calyx  orhicular,  lower  4-ti<l ;  corolla 
rosupiiiate,  one  lip  4-cleft,  tlic  other  undivided  ;  stamens  4,  dci-Iiiicil, 
the  lower  pair  longer,  tin;  u]  per  often  with  a  process  at  their  base. — 
Verticels  6-tlowered,  in  terminal,  interrupted  racemes. 

O.  basilicum  L.  Lvs.  smooth,  ovato  oblong,  subdcntate,  petiolatr ;  c;il.  tili- 
ato. — {'£)  Plant  6  to  12'  hi  li,  with  pocn'iarly  smooth  and  soft  leave;-  variously 
colored,  exhaling  a  deligi  f'ul  odor.  Si.  retrorsely  pubescent  above,  branched. 
St;un.  exserted.  Fls.  white  or  bluish.  Jl.,  Aug.  \  E.  India.  Cultivated  ii.s  a 
culinary  herb. 

2.  HYP'TIS,  L.  (Gr.  vTTfoc:,  supine ;  from  the  apparently  rcsupiii- 
ate  corolla.)  Calyx  5-toothcd,  teeth  acute  or  subulate  ;  corolla  tube 
cylindric,  limb  5-iobed,  the  lower  abruptly  detlexed,  contracted  at  its 
base,  the  4  otiiers  flat,  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  4,  declinate ;  ach- 
enia  ovoid  or  oblong. — In  our  species  the  flowers  are  capitate. 

1  H.  radiata  Wdld.  llorbaoeous;  lvs.  ylabrous,  lance-ovate,  unequally  crenate- 
sorrate,  n.irrowed  to  a  petiole;  hds.  globular,  long-pedunculate;  brarfs  lance- 
ohlrmg,  obtuse,  forming  an  involucre,  longer  than  the  calyx,  as  if  radiate;  cal.  tectli 
.i.iitely  sul>ulate,  rigid. —  U  In  damp  fields,  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  comtnon.  St. 
18  to  3f  higli,  s(iuaro  and  hollow.  Lvs.  with  their  stalks  3  to  5'  long.  lids, 
hemispherical  in  Ilower,  in  fruit  globular.     Invol.  about  12-leaved.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  H.  spicSta  Poit.  Branches  aculeate-scabrous  on  the  angles ;  lvs.  ovate,  un- 
equally serrate,  acute,  petiolate,  lohitish  puberulent  beneath;  hds.  loosely  racemed, 
semi-oval,  scarcely  as  long  as  their  peduncles;  racemes  panicled;  bracts  ovate, 
much  sltorter  than  the  calyx. — If  In  Fla.  Plant  1  to  2f  high.  Hds.  4  to  7-flowercd. 
Cal.  inflated  at  base,  truncate,  with  short,  setaceous  teeth.     Cor.  violet-blue. 

3.  LAYAN'DULA,  L.  Lavender.  (Lat.  lavare,  to  wash.  Used  in 
perfumery.)  Calyx  ovoid-cylindric,  with  5  short  teeth,  the  upper  one 
often  largest;  corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed,  lobes  all  nearly 
equal ;  tube  exserted  ;  stamens  included. —  U  . 

L.  spica  L.  Lvs.  lincar-oblanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile,  revolutc 
at  the  edge,  the  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate,  the  highest  shorter  than  the  calyx ; 
spike  interrupted;  bracts  subulate. — Plant  12 — 18'  high,  sutfruticous,  branching 
from  the  base.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  branches,  clothed  with  a  whit- 
ish down.  Calyx  villous.  Cor.  much  exserted,  lilac-colored.  Jl.  J — The  plant 
is  delightfully  fragrant,  and  by  distillation  yields  the  well  known  oil  of  lavender. 

4.  TEUXRIUM,  L.  Germandeu.  {Teucer,  the  founder  of  Troy,  is 
said  by  Pliny  to  have  first  employed  it  medicinally.)  Calyx  subcani- 
pullulate  and  subregular,  in  6  acute  segmfints;  corolla  with  the  4  upper 
lobes  nearly  equal,  the  lowest  largest,  roundish  ;  stamens  4,  exserted 
from  the  deep  cleft  in  tlie  upper  side  of  the  tube. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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MS.    12.0 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporatton 


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33  WIST  MAIN  STMET 

WnSTM.N.Y.  14510 

(716)  S73-4S03 


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542 


Order  89.— LABIATE. 


T.  CanadSnse  L.  Plant  erect,  hoary-pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate, 
petiolate ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  spike  long,  of 
ni^vny  crowded  verticils  of  tiowera ;  upper  teeth  of  calyx  broader. —  21  Can.  and 
U.  S.,  fields  and  road-sides.  St.  about  2f  high,  usually  simple,  square,  with  con- 
cave sides.  Lvs.  3  tiiu.'S  as  long  as  wide,  somewhat  rounded  at  base,  green 
above,  more  or  less  lioarj-  beneatli.  Fls.  disposed  in  a  terminal  spike.  Cor.  pur- 
plish, apparently  without  the  upper  lip,  instead  of  which  is  a  fissure  through 
which  the  stamens  arf-  exserted.  Jl. 
(3.  '\''ii{QiNic'jjr.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  crowded,  large,  subsesbde.  (T.  Virgini- 
cum  L.) — A  well  marked  variety. 

5.  TRICHOSTE'MA,  L.  Blue  Curls.  (Gr.  9p/|,  hair,  OTrjfiay 
stamen  ;  for  its  long,  hair-like  filaments.)  Calyx  very  oblique,  veiny, 
unequally  5-toothed,  lower  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  upper  twice  as  long,  of 
3  teeth,  all  acute;  corolla  tube  slender,  short,  limb  obliquely  5-lobed; 
stamens  4,  filaments  very  long,  exserted  and  curved ;  anther  cells  divari- 
cate.— (D  Cymes  loose,  the  central,  that  is,  terminal  fls.  incurved,  or  re- 
supinate  by  the  continued  growth  of  the  stem.     Cor.  blue. 

1  T.  dioh6toma  L.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  entire  pu- 
bescent, as  well  as  the  stem  and  branches. — Dry  or  rocky  soils,  Mass.  to  Ga.,  La., 
111.  An  interesting  plant  a  foot  high.  St.  obtusely  4-angled,  hairy,  busliy. 
Branches  opposite  and  dichotomous.  Lvs.  slightly  petiolate,  1'  to  18"  long,  4  to 
7"  wide.  Fls.  axillary  and  terminal,  becoming  inverted  by  the  bending  of  the 
pedicel.  Cor.  purple.  Stam.  slender,  of  a  delicate,  purplish  hue,  gracefully  bend- 
ing from  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  to  the  upper,  forming  an  archi.     Aug. 

2  T.  lineAre  Nutt.  Lvs.  linear,  nearly  smooth ;  st.  and  branches  puberwlent. — • 
Dry  soils,  N.  Y.  (at  Salem)  to  Ga.  and  La.  Very  slender,  a  foot  high,  branched 
above,  or  often  its  whole  length.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  2"  rarely  3"  wide,  Cal. 
very  veiny,  the  short  triangular  teeth  setaceously  acuminate.  Fls.  as  in  the  other, 
about  4"  long.     Jl.,  Aug. 

6.  ISAN'THUS,  Mx.  False  Pennyroyal.  (Gr.  laog,  equal,  dvdoc, 
the  flowers  being  regular ;  a  character  very  rare  among  the  Labiatae.) 
Caiyx  subcampanulate,  equally  5-toothed,  throat  naked;  corolla  5-parted, 
tube  straight  and  narrow,  segments  of  the  border  ovate  and  equal ;  sta- 
mens subequal,  incurved,  ascending,  longer  than  the  corolla. —  U  Herb 
viscid  pubescent,  with  lance-elliptic,  entire  lvs.  acute  at  each  end.  Fls. 
axillary. 

I.  ccerdleus  Mx. — Branching,  leafy,  in  dry  fields,  N.  and  W.  States,  with  the  as- 
pect of  Peimyroyal.  St.  rounded,  slender,  12 — 18'  high,  witli  branches  and  lvs. 
opposite.  Lvs.  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  and  a  fourth  as  wide,  distinctly  tripli- 
veined.  Fls.  numerous,  1  or  2  in  each  axil,  blue.  Csilyx  loaves  lanceolate, 
longer  than  the  tube.     Jl. 

7.  MENTHA,  L.  Mint.  [Miutha.,  the  daughter  of  Cocytus,  is  fabled 
to  have  been  changed  into  one  of  these  plants.)  Calyx  equally  5-toothed ; 
corolla  nearly  regular,  tube  scarcely  exserted,  border  4-cleft,  the  broad- 
est segment  emarginate ;  stamens  4,  straight,  distant ;  anther  cells  par- 
allel ;  filaments  naked. — 11  Strong  scented  herbs.  Fls.  in  dense  ver- 
ticils. 

JVorticils  approxiinntln^,  forminr;  a  terminal,  loafless  spike Nos.  1,  2 
Verticils  reuoie,  axillaiy.    Calyx  naked  in  the  throat Nog.  8,  4 

1  M.  viridis  L.  Spearmint.  Lvs.  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  inoisely 
serrate ;  bracts  s(.t;ieeous,  and,  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx,  somewhat  hairy ;  spikea 
slender,  interrupted,  attenuate  above. —  H.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Plant  highly  esteemed 
for  its  agreeable,  aromatic  properties.  In  wet  soils,  rapidly  spreading  by  its  creep- 
ing roots,  with  erect,  brancbing,  4-angled  stalks,  1 — 2f  high.     Spikes  composed  of 


Order  89.— LABIATiE. 


543 


distinct,  axillary  cymes,  apparently  whoried,  a  little   remote  from  each  other. 
Peduncles  smooth,  round,  shining.     Corollas  pale  purple.     .11.,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  M.  piperita  Smith.  Peppermint.  Lvs.  smootli,  ovate,  and  lanceolate,  serrate, 
petiokUe;  bracts  lanceolate ;  eai.  quite  smootli  at  base,  punctate;  spiken  vbUmg  or 
cylindric,  obtuse. — Wet  places,  and  cultivated  in  gaixleus.  It  has  a  more  pene- 
trating taste  and  stronger  smell  than  the  other  species,  pimgent  to  the  tongue, 
followed  by  a  sensation  of  coldness.  The  plant  has  a  purplish  stem,  2  to  3f  high, 
with  scattered,  deflexed  hairs.  Lvs.  sharply  serrate,  dark -green.  Spikes  seldom 
more  than  1'  in  length.    Cor.  purplish.    Jl.     g  Eur. 

3  M.  arv^nsis  L.  Corn  Mint.  Field  Mi.nt.  St.  ascending,  much  branched, 
retrorsely  hirsute;  lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  petiolate,  w  ite,  rounded  or  abrupt  at  base; 
verticils  axillary;  pedioels  smooth;  cal.  hirsute. — Penn.,  Ohio,  rare.  St.  stout, 
often  erect,  about  If  in  height.  Lva.  var5ring  to  oblong  or-  ovate-lanceolate,  some- 
times nearly  smooth,  about  twice  longer  (1  to  2')  than  wide,  several  times  longer 
than  the  petioles.  Fls.  rmall,  numerous,  pale  purple.  The  plant  smells  like  diy 
cayed  cheese.     Jl.     §  Eur. 

4  M.  Canadensis  L.  Horsemint.  Ascending,  soft-pubesc«nt  with  spreading 
hairs;  lvs.  petiolate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute  at  each  end;  fls.  in  axillary  cymes; 
stam.  generally  exsertcd. — Can.  to  Ky.  and  Penn.  An  herbaceous,  grayish  plant, 
1  to  2f  high,  growing  in  muddy  situations.  St.  square,  u.sually  branched  and 
beset  with  spreading  hairs.  Lvs.  serrate,  on  opposite,  downy  footstalks.  Fls. 
apparently  in  whorls,  pale  purple.  Calyx  hairy.  Aromatic  hke  Pennyroyal  but 
less  so.     Jn.,  Jl. 

/i.  BOREALis.  Plant  nearly  smooth.     (M.  borealis  Mx.) 

8.  LYC'OPUS,  L.  Water  Hoarhound.  (Gr.  Xvko^,  a  wolf,  Trotf,  a 
foot;  a  fanciful  name.)  Calyx  tubular,  4 — 5-clcft;  cor.  subregular,  4- 
cleft,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  broadest,  emargi- 
natc;  sta.  2  distant,  diverging,  simple ;  ity.  straight,  as  long  as  the 
st.imens  ;  ach.  4,  obliquely  truncate  at  apex. —  li  Bog  herbs,  with  the 
very  small  fls.  in  axillary,  dense  clusters. 

1  L.  Virgfnicus  L.  Bugle  Weed.  Lvs.  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  and 
entire  at  both  ends;  cal.  teeth  4,  obtuse,  spineless,  shorter  than  the  achonia. — Can. 
and  U.  S.,  in  wet  soils.  St.  smooth,  obtusely  4-angk'd,  with  the  sides  concave, 
12  to  18'  high,  usually  simple,  bearing  small  whorls  of  minute  purplish  fls.  Lvs. 
with  remote,  teeth-liko  serratures,  petiolate  or  very  slender  at  base.  The  whole 
plant  often  changes  to  purple.  It  olleu  sends  out  long  slender  runners  from  the 
base.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  L.  sinuatus  Ell.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  or  lance  ovate,  petiolate,  acute. 
sinuate-toothed  or  lobed,  the  lower  incised ;  calyx  teeth  6,  acutn  inate-spinescent,  longer 
than  the  smooth  achenia. — A  plant  in  wet  places,  widely  ditl'used  and  excf'cdingly 
variable,  scarcely  two  specimens  similar.  St.  I  to  2f  high,  sharply  angled  rarely 
stolonife>xm8.  Lvs.  1  to  2  to  4'  long,  the  segments  quite  uno(iual.  Clusters  very 
small.     Aug.     (L.  sinuatus  Ell.,  Benth.,  &c.) — It  dyes  a  permanent  black. 

3  L.  rubellUB  Mcench.  Stolons  creeping;  stems  sub-erect,  minutely  puberulent; 
lv8.  lanoe-ovate  to  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  serrate  or  deeply  toothed,  petiolate, 
puberulent ;  calyx  teeth  acuminate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  sterile  stamens 
minute. — Ohio  to  Va.  and  La.  Stems  6—20',  often  reddened.  Lvs.  1 — 2^- 
Corollas  very  short.     (L.  angustifolius  N.) 

9.  CUNTLA,  L.  Dittany.  (The  ancient  Roman  name  for  Penny, 
royal.)  Calyx  lO-ribbed,  equally  5-toothed,  throat  densely  villous; 
upper  lip  )f  corolla  flat,  emarginatc;  stamens  2,  erect,  exserted,  distant. 

C.  Maridna  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  aubsessile ;  cymes  pedvmculate,  corymbous, 
axillary  and  terminal. — %  Grows  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and 
Ark.  Stem  4-angled,  mostly  purple,  branching,  smoothish,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves 
small,  nearly  smooth,  roundish  or  subcordate  at  base,  tapering  to  a  point  and 
punctate  with  pelhicid  dots.  Flowers  with  subulate  bracts  at  the  base  ol'  the 
3-forked  pedicels.     Calyx  punctate.     Corolla  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 


m 


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544  Order  89.— LABIATiE. 

p'.'bescent,  palo  red.  Stamens  uiid  style  much  exserted,  of  the  same  hue  as  the 
corolla.  Tiie  herb  is  delightfully  fragrant,  and  used  in  febrifugal  infusions. 
JI.,  Aug. 

10.  HEDEO^MA,  Pers.  American  Pennyroyal.  (Gr.  ijdvg,  swoet, 
oafii),  smell.)  Calyx  13-striate,  gibbous  at  base,  bilabiate,  throat  hairy, 
upper  lip  3-toothecl,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  flat, 
einargiiiate,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed ;  stamens  2  fertile,  ascending. — 
Low,  fragrant  herbs. 

1  H.  pulegioides  Pers.  Lvs.  oblong,  few-toothed,  petiolate,  narrowed  to  each  end ; 
verticils  axillary,  6-tiowered ;  cor.  equaling  the  calyx. — (1)  A  small,  strong-scented 
herb,  held  in  high  repute  in  tiie  domestic  materia  medica.  Stem  erect,  branching, 
6  higii.  Leaves  opposite,  with  1 — 2  teeth  each  side,  on  very  short  jjetiolea, 
smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  roughish  beneath.  Calyx  ciliatc,  2  lower  divisions 
spined.     Abundant  in  dry  pastures,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Flowering  all  summer. 

2  H.  hispida  Ph.  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  s&isile,  obtuse;  verticils  about  6-flowered; 
cor.  scarcely  as  long  as  the  calyx. — (t)  Borders  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri,  to 
Ark.  Herb  a  ievf  inches  high,  branching,  very  leafy  and  somewhat  hairy.  Lvs. 
6' long.    Cal.  teeth  awned.    Jl. 

3  ?  H.  bractiolata  Nutt.  Pubescent,  simple,  slender ;  lvs.  linear  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  entire ;  pedicels  setaceously  bracteolate,  3  to  5-fiowered ;  cal, 
oblong,  equal;  cor.  minute? — Car.  (Nuttall).     (Micromeria?  Benth,) 

11.  COLLINSO^NIA,  L,  Horse  Balm.  (To  John  Collinson,  an 
English  botanist.)  Caly.x  ovoid,  10-striate,  upper  lip  truncate,  3- 
toothed,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  exserted,  campanulate-ringent,  upper  lip 
in  4  snbequal  lobes,  lower  lip  longer,  declined,  fimbriate ;  stamens  2 
(Barely  4),  much  exserted,  divergent. — 1(  Herbs  strong  scented,  with 
large,  ovate,  serrate,  petiolate  lvs.  and  yellowish  fls,,  in  a  terminal,  leaf- 
less panicle  or  raceme. 

•  Stauiens  2  perfect — the  upper  pair  of  fllamonts  minute  points No*.  1,  2 

— tlio  upper  pair  of  filaments  capitate.    Southarn No.  3 

•  Stamens  4  perfect,  long  exserted.    Leaves  very  larpe.    Southern Nos.  4,  o 

1  C.  Canadensis  L.  Glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent ;  lvs.  acuminate,  coarsely 
serrate,  abrupt  or  subcordato  at  base ;  panicle  loose,  elongated  ;  cal.  teeth  sub- 
ulate, not  longer  than  its  tube ;  stani.  2,  exserted. — A  coarse  herb,  in  woods  and 
fields,  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Car.  St.  4-sided,  3  to  4f  high  (smooth  or  a  little  pubes- 
cent). Lvs.  thin,  6  to  8'  long  and  3  to  4'  wide.  Fls.  in  a  large  compound  ra- 
ceme, with  opposite  brandies  and  pedicels.  Cor.  5  to  G"  long,  greenish-yellow, 
the  lower  lip  elongated  and  fringed.  Style  and  stamens  very  long.  Flowering 
in  summer. 

/3.  TUBERoSA.     Lvs.  some  yhat  rhombic-oval,  acut'j  at  both  ends;  fls.  smaller. 
— Car  to  La.  (Hale).     (0  tuberosa  Mx.) 

2  C.  scabriuscula  Ait.  Nearly  glabrous;  lvs.  smaU  (18"  to  3'  hug),  acute, 
rather  abrupt  at  base,- scabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  panicle  very  loose,  leafy  at 
base ;  fls,  small;  cal.  teeth  subulate,  scarcely  longer  than  its  tube ;  stam.  2, 
sterile  fll.  minute. — S.  Cir  to  Fla.,  near  Savannah.  Plant  2  to  6f  high.  Petioles 
half  as  long  as  the  leave.s.  Fls.  opposite.  Cor.  thrice  as  long  (4  to  5")  as  calyx. 
Sept. — Nov. 

3  C.  punctata  Ell.  Pubescent,  lvs.  large  (5  to  7'  long),  acuminate,  rather  acute 
at  base,  conspicuously  resinous-punctate  beneath ;  rnc.  paniculate,  the  lower  axil- 
lary; fls.  small;  cal.  tenth  subulate-awned,  longer  than  its  tube;  stam.  2,  exserted, 
sterile  fU.  capitate. — Rich  soils,  S.  Our.  and  Ga.  (Foay).  Plant  2  to  6f  high. 
Petioles  a  third  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Cor,  twice  longer  (4  to  5")  than  calyx 
teeth.    Sept.,  Oct. 

4  C.  vertioflldta  Baldw.  Viscid-pubescent  above  ;  lvs.  broad-oval,  acute  or 
acuminate,  abrupt  at  base,  coarsely  dentate,  falsely  verticillate  by  the  proximity  of 
pairs;  roe.  simplt,  elongated,  with  Uiefls.  verticilkUe ;  c-al.  teeth  setaceous-pointed; 


ObDBR  89.— labiate. 


545 


Btaiii.  4. — On  Lookout  Mt.  Tenn.  I  to  Middle  Ga  Plant  1  to  2f  high,  Btmpkj. 
Lvs.  large  (6  to  8'  long),  petioles  about  2'.  Rac.  5  to  10  .  Fls,  twice  larger  (7 
to  9"  long)  than  in  Nos.  2  and  3.  Stam.  and  sty.  Tery  long,  spreading.  Lower 
lip  strongly  fringed.     May,  Jn. 

5  C.  anisata  Ph,  Viscid-pubescent;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  at  base 
cordate  or  truncate,  scabrous  above,  the  floral  similar,  very  small,  sessile ;  pan- 
icle dense-flowered ;  fls.  opposite ;  cal.  teeth  ovate,  obtuse,  with  a  short  mucro,  the 
2  upper  longer ;  stam.  4. — Middle  Ga.  (Feay),  Ala.,  Fla.  ?  Plant  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  5  to  7'  by  3  to  5',  very  rugous,  often  short  acuminate,  pt-'tioles  1'  to  lu  . 
Fls.  about  as  large  as  in  No,  1.    oi — Sept. 

12.  HYSSOTUS,  L.  Hyssop,  {llobrcw  ezeb  ;  Arabic  uzzof ;  English 
hyssop.)  Calyx  tubular,  15-striate,  equally  5-toothed,  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  erect,  flat,  eniargiuato,  lower  lip  3-parted,  the  middle  segment 
largest,  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  stamens  4,  exscrted,  diverging, 

H.  officinalis  L.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  sessile ;  cal.  teeth  erect ; 
fls.  in  racemous,  secund  verticils;  middle  division  of  the  coroUa  2-lobed,  entire. 
—  y  Cultivated  for  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.  A  handsome  plant,  grow- 
ing in  tufts  2f  high,  with  delicate  foliage  and  bright  blue  flowers.     Jl.     \  S.  Eur. 

13.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  Mx.  Basil.  (Or.  -nvicvoi;,  dense,  avOo<;\ 
alluding  to  the  dense,  capitate  inflorescence.)  Calyx  tubular,  10  to  13- 
striate,  5-toothed,  teeth  equal  or  subbilabiate,  throat  naked  within ;  up- 
per lip  of  corolla  nearly  entire,  lower  lip  trifid,  middle  lobe  longest,  all 
ovate,  obtuse,  stamens  4,  distant,  subequal,  anthers  with  parallel  cells. — 
11  Erect,  rigid  herbs,  all  N.  American.  Verticils  dense,  many-flow- 
ered. 

§  Caly.x  subbilabiate,  in  ilattlsh,  often  loose  cymes.    Leavos  pctiolatc.    (a) 
%  Oaly.x  subeqtially  cleft,  in  roundish,  dense  lieiuls     (b) 

a  Teetli  of  tlio  calyx  ovate,  acute,  awnless No.  1 

a  Teeth  of  the  caly.x  produced  into  bearded  awns,  sh(H'ter  than  corolla Nos.  '2 — 4 

b  Calyx  teeth  and  bract;;  with  naked  awns  equating  the  corolla Nos.  6,  Ci 

b  Calyx  shorter  than  the  t-'roUa, — Heads  panicled.  Leaves  subpetiolate. .  .Nos.  7 — 9 

— Heads  corynibed.    Leaves  sessile  ...Nos.  li) — Vi 
— Head  solitary,  lan;e N  o.  18 

1  P.  alb^BceuB  Torr.  k,  Gr.  Lvs,  ovato  or  lance-ovate,  subserrate,  acuto  at  each  end, 
subglabrous,  whitened  beneath,  the  upper  whitened  both  sides,  all  petiolatu ;  lis. 
separate,  at  length  in  little  secund  racemes;  cal.  teeth  much  shorter  than  ita 
tube. — Ala.  to  La.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  much  branched.  Lvs.  18'  to  3'  long,  often 
puberulent  beneath.  Cymes  many,  in  fruit  1' to  18"  broad.  Fls.  as  in  all  the 
species,  small,  reddish, 

2  P.  Ti^Uia  Benth.  L\'s.  ovate  or  oblong,  acuto  or  acuminate,  subscrrato,  and 
with  the  stem  vilUms-pubescent,  the  floral  whitened,  fls.  separate,  at  length  in  little 
secund  simple  ractmes;.  cal.  teoth  ending  in  subulate,  bearded  awns,  about  e(pial- 
ing  the  tube. — Mts.  of  Fi.  Tenn.,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  Lvs.  as  in  No.  1,  varying  from 
ovate  to  lanceolate.     Lower  lip  of  calyx  somewhat  shorter. 

3  P.  inc^num  Mx.  Wild  Basil.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  petiolato,  hoary-tomentous  beneath,  the  floral  whitened  both  side.s ; 
cymes  dilated,  not  in  racemes ;  cal.  teeth  subequal,  subulate,  ariatate,  bearded  at 
apex. — Rocky  woods  and  barrens.  Can.,  N.  Mid.,  "W.  States.  St.  2  to  4f  high, 
covered  with  soft,  whitish  down  like  the  rest  cf  the  plant.  Cymes  all  canesceut, 
1'  or  less  broad.    Cor.  pale  red,  dotted  with  purple.     Aug.     (P.  Locmisii,  Nutt.) 

4  P.  clinopodioides  Torr.  &  Gr.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  eacit 
end,  subserrate,  smoothed  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  sis.  and  branches  villous- 
pubescent ;  cymes  contracted  and  almost  capitate,  terminal  and  sessile  at  the  upper 
nodes ;  bracts  ciliate ;  cal.  teeth  subulate,  often  tufted  with  hairs  at  apex. — Dry 
soils,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  to  Ind.  Plant  corymbously  branched,  2  to  3f  high,  scarcely 
oanescent,  never  whitened.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Cymes  less  than  6  '  broad.  Aug., 
Sept 

6  P.  aiiatdtum  Mx,  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  acute,  subserrate,  rounded  at  base,  on  short 
petioles,  and  with  the  stem  glabrous  or  minutely  canescent-dowuy ;  bracts  rigi(^ 

36 


§ 


./; 


«: 


:>■  \ 


:■'■'    I 


546 


Obdkh  89.— LA-BIAT^ 


'    I 


f  It' ' 


'} 


8 


pointed  with  beardless  awus  like  the  calyx  tcetli,  as  loag  as  the  corolla. — Pino 
barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lva.  18"  to  2'  long,  the  floral  sometimL'.s 
whitened.     Heads  few,  rather  larger  (6  to  9  '  diam.) 

P.  hysBOpifdlium  Beuth.  Lvs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  subentire,  subsessile,  and 
with  the  stem  glabrous  or  minutely  canescent-downy ;  hds.  few,  large  (nearly  1 ' 
diain.).  Barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  le>s 
rigid  than  in  No.  5. 

P.  Torrdyi  Benth.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  nearly  entire,  tapering  at 
base  to  a  very  sliort  petiole,  and  with  the  steta  dightly  pubtsctnt ;  bracts  and 
subulate  calyx  teeth  white-pubescent. — Dry  soils,  near  N.  Y.city  to  N.J.  and  Pa. 
Perliaps  too  near  P.  ianceolatum,  but  the  tapering,  petiolate  base  of  the  long,  nar- 
row, .thin  leaves  are  usually  well  delined.  Cymes  scarcely  capitate.  Aug., 
Sept. 

P.  pildsum  Nutt.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  subentire,  acute  at  each  end,  subsossile,  and 
with  the  stem  and  branches  more  or  less  clothed  ivith  soft,  spreading  hairs ;  cal. 
teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  and  with  the  bracts  caueseent-villous. — Prairies,  &c., 
WayneCo.N.Y.toIU.andS.  Plant  about  2f  high,  paniculately  branched  (but  the 
lower  branches  longer,  ascending),  hoary  with  a  pubescence,  never  whitened. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Cymes  somewhat  dilated,  hardly  capitate,  6  to  9"  broad.  Aug. 
P.  miHticuin  Pers.  Lvs.  ovate  or  ovate-lanceoluto,  acute,  remotely  subserrate, 
rounded  or  subcordaie  at  the  base,  subpetiolate,  the  upper  with  the  corymbously 
paniculate  branches  minutely  pubescent  and  whitened;  cal.  teeth  triangular-ovate, 
equal,  sh(yrt,  the  bracts  scarcely  longer, — Dry  woods,  Me.  to  La.  Plant  2  to  3f 
high.  Lvs,  of  a  firm  texture,  1  to  2^'  long,  usually  half  as  wide.  Heads  small, 
compact,  roundish,  4  to  6"  diam.     Cor.  purplish  white,  dotted.     Aug. 

10  P.  Ianceolatum  Ph.  Lva.  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  rigid,  rounded  at 
base,  sessile,  nearly  glabrous,  the  corymbous  branches  pubescent  on  the  angles; 
cal.  teeth  short,  triangular-ovate,  hairy. — Common  in  dry  woods,  Mass.  to  III, 
Tonn.  and  N.  Car.  Handsome  and  fragrant,  1  to  3f  high.  Lv&  18  '  to  2'  long, 
2  to  5  '  wide.  lids,  dense,  all  raised  to  near  the  same  level,  4  to  6"  broad.  Cor. 
purplish,  spatted.     Aug. 

11  P.  liiiifdlium  Ph.  Glabrous,  corymbed ;  lvs.  linear,  attenuated  to  each  end, 
sessile,  entire,  rigid ;  hds.  compact ;  bracts  ciliato  and  cal.  teeth  puugenlly  awn- 


9 


pointed, — Dry  woods   and  prairies,  Mass.  to  Iowa,  Ky.  and  Ga.     Plant 


smooth,  little  fragrant, 
small,  numerous,  dense. 


to  2f  high. 
Fls.  whitish. 


Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  1 
Aug. 


to  3"  wide. 


very 
Hds. 


12  P.  nilldum  Nutt.  Glabrous,  pale  green,  subsimplo;  lvs.  small,  few  ovate-oblong, 
obtufe  at  each  end,  entire,  sessile ;  fls.  in  loose  heads,  terminal,  corymbed,  inner 
bracts  subulate,  very  short. — Mts.  N.  Car,  to  Ga.  St.  strict,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs. 
erect,  1'  long  or  less.     Hds.  few-flowered.     Cor.  pubescent.    Jl.,  Aug. 

13  P.  mont^num  Mx.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  the  lower  rounded  at 
base,  glabrous  as  well  as  the  stem ;  hds.  globous,  subtended  by  many  bracts,  ter- 
minal or  sessile  at  the  upper  nodes ;  bracts  villous-ciliate,  very  acute,  outei"  ovate, 
inner  linear;  cal.  toeth  short,  sKJute. — Mts.  Va.  and  Car.  Plant  resembling  a  Mo- 
narda,  1  to  2f  high,  fragrant.    Jl.     (Monardella,  Mx.) 

14.  SATURE^JA,  L.     Summer  Savory.     (Arabic  satur,  the  general 

name  for  labiate  plants.)     Calyx  tubular,  10-ribbed,  throat  not  hairy  ', 

segments  of  the  bilabiate  corolla  not  equal ;  stamens  diverging,  scarcely 

exserted. — Herbs  with  small  lvs.  and  purplish  fls. 

S.  hortSiisiB  L.  St.  branching ;  lvs.  linear  oblong,  entire,  acute  at  the  end ; 
ped.  axillary,  cymous. —  U  River  banks,  W.  States,  rare.  St.  branching  and 
bushy,  1  if  high,  woody  at  base,  frequently  changing  to  purple.  Lvs.  numerous?, 
small  and  narrow,  with  axillary  cymes  of  pink-colored  fls.  Cal.  about  as  long  as 
the  cor.  Jl.     Aug.  |  Italy.     A  culinary,  aromatic  herb. 

15.  DICERAN'DRA,  Benth.  (Gr.  dig^  twice,  Kepag,  a  liorn,  avdpa, 
anthers.)  (Elliott's  name  had  been  preoccupied.)  Calyx  IS-siriate, 
tubular,  upper  lip  subentire,  lower  bifid,  throat  hairy;  corolla  tube  ex- 


Order  89.— LABIATE 


647 


«e;ted,  straight,  strongly  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate,  lower  3- 
lobed,  spreading;  stamens  4,  the  lower  pair  larger  exserted,  distant, 
anther  cells  distinct,  divaricate,  horned  at  apex. — (i)  SoutherM.  (Cer- 
anthera  Ell.  nee  Beauv.) 

1  D.  linearifdlia  Benth.  St.  and  branches  virgate ;  Ivs.  linear ;  cymes  axillary, 
pedunculate,  1  to  3  to  5-fiowered,  with  minute  bracts ;  cor.  twice  longer  than 
calyx. — Dry  woods  S.  Car.  co  Fla.  (Misses  Keen).  Fragrant,  smoothisli  plants, 
about  If  high.  Lvs.  1'  long,  or  the  lower  nearly  2'.  Fls.  showy  pink-colored, 
forming  slender,  raceme-like  panicles.     Sept.,  Oct.     (C.  linearifolia  Ell.) 

2  D.  densifldra  Benth.  St.  diffusely  branched ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper 
linear ;  cymes  axillary,  subsessile,  5  to  10-flowered. — E.  Fla.     A  variety  ? 

16.  ORIGANUM,  L.  Marjoram.  (Gr.  opog,  a  mountain,  and  ydvn^, 
joy.)  Calyx  tube  10-striate,  5-toothed,  hairy  in  the  throat ;  corolla  tube 
scarcely  exserted,  upper  lip  erect,  flut,  emarginate,  lower  lip  with  3 
nearly  equal  segments;  stamens  4,  ascending,  distant. —  2j!  Lvs.  siiben- 
tire.     Fls.  in  dense  oblong  spikes,  with  imbricated,  colored  bracts. 

1  O.  vulg^re  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  entire,  hirsute,  petiolato;  spikes  in  a  paniculate 
corymb;  bracts  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx;  cal.  leeth  equal. — In  fields  and  thick- 
ets. St.  12  to  18',  purple,  leafy,  branching  above.  Lvs.  a  very  little  serrate,  oj)- 
posite,  hairy,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  paler  beneath.  Petioles  hairy,  \  as 
Icng  as  tho  leaves.  Bracts  tinged  with  purple.  Fls.  purplish  white.  The  plant 
has  a  highly  aromatic  taste.     Jl.,  Aug.  \  §  Eur. 

2  O.  Majordna  L.  Lvs.  oval,  or  obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  petiolate,  hoary 
pubescent ;  spikes  roundish,  compact,  pedunculate,  clustered  at  the  end  of  the 
branches ;  bracts  roundish ;  cal.  upper  lip  roundish,  tube  cleft  below. — It  has  a  plea- 
sant aromatic  flavor,  and  is  employed  in  various  ways  as  a  seasoning.  Plant  soft 
downy,  a  foot  high.     Fls.  pink-colored.     Jl.,  Aug.     |  Portugal. 

17.  THY^MUS,  L.  Thyme.  (Gr.  Ovfiog,  courage  ;  from  its  invigora- 
ting smell.)  Flowers  capitate  or  verticillatc ;  calyx  ovoid,  10  to  13- 
ncrved,  bilabiate,  hairy  in  the  throat,  upper  lip  3-fid,  lower  2-fid,  sta- 
mens 4  exserted,  diverging,  anther  cells  parallel. —  21  With  small  entire 
strongly-veined  lvs.,  minute  bracts,  and  purple  or  white  fls. 

1  T.  Serpjrllus  L.  Wild  Thyme.  Mother  of  Thyme.  St.  decumbent ;  lvs.  flat, 
eUiptical,  obtuse,  ciliato  at  base;  fls.  capitate. — 11  Mass.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  An 
aromatic  plant,  similar  to  the  following,  but  milder  and  rather  more  pleasantly 
flavored.  Stems  suflruticous,  wiry,  slender,  and  wavy,  with  leafy,  downy,  and 
ascending  branches,  each  terminating  in  a  small,  dense,  oblong  head  of  purple 
flowers,  nmch  frequented  by  bees.  Leaves  entire,  petiolate,  punctate,  sruoolh- 
ish,  ciliate.     Corolla  purple,  spotted.    June.     ^  §  Eur. 

2  T.  vulgJlriB  L.  St.  erect  or  decumbpnt  at  base ;  lvs.  revolute  at  the  sides, 
oblong-ovate  and  lanceolate ;  verticils  in  terminal,  leafy  spikes. — Sts.  sufltuticous, 
numerous,  branched,  6  to  10'  high.  It  is  highly  aromatic,  as  well  as  the  other 
species,  and  is  peculiarly  attractive  to  bees.  Jn.,  JL  \  Eur.  A  culinary  vege- 
table. 

18.  CALAMINTHA,  Moench.  Calaminth.  (Gr.  Kakog,  beautiful, 
fiivOa,  mint.)  Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  throat  mostly  hairy,  upper  lip 
3-cleft,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  tube  straight,  exserted,  throat  inflated, 
limb  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emarginate,  lower  spreading, 
its  middle  lobe  largest;  stamens  4,  the  lower  pair  longer,  usually 
ascending. —  71 

I  Herbs  hniry.  Cymes  dense,  capitate,  braeted.  Calyx  tube  cun-ed,  2-lipped No.  I 
Herbs  hairy.  Cymes  loose,  pedunculate,  axillary.  Calyx  tube  tttraight,  2-lipped No.  2 
Herbs  hmooth.  Cymes  loose,  sessile,  braeted.  Calyx  straight,  teeth  siibrcgular No.  3 
Shrubs  low,  slender,  nearly  smooth.     Cymes  few-flowered.    Flowers  large Nus,  4  to  6 


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Ordkr  89.— LABIAT.^. 


1  C.  Clinopddium  Benth.  Wild  Basil.  Villous ;  Ivs.  ovato,  subserrate ;  vev 
ticila  duiise,  sessile,  many-flowered,  hairy ;  bracts  numerous,  subulate. — U  Low 
woods,  N.  and  W.  States,  Plant  1  to  21"  high.  St.  square,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  and  aa  well  as  the  whole  plant,  clothed  with  whitish  hairs.  Lvs.  peli- 
olate,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point,  pale.  Tls.  purplish,  in  heads  mostly  terminal, 
near  1   wide,  involucrato  with  bracts. 

2  C.  Nepeta  Link.  Villous  with  soft,  whitish  hairs,  much  branched  below; 
lvs.  small,  broad-ovate,  obtuse,  stubserrate,  petiolate ;  cymes  lew-flowered  in  the 
upper  axils,  becoming  somewhat  racemed ;  cal.  teeth  subulate,  the  2  lower  longer; 
cor.  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  in  3  equal  lobes. — Dry  hills,  roadsides,  &c., 
throughout  Tenn.  and  Va.  Plant  about  2f  high,  strongly  aromatic.  Lvs.  about 
half  an  inch  long.  Cor.  white,  thrice  longer  (3  to  4' ),  than  the  calyx.  Jl.,  Aug. 
§  Eur. 

3  C.  glabella  Benth.  GlabrouS;  decumbent  at  base,  diffusely  branched ;  hs. 
narrowly  oblong,  subpetiolate,  few-toothed  or  entire,  tapering  to  the  base;  verti- 
cils 6  to  10-flowered  ;  cal.  teeth  subulate-acuminate ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  pedicels 
— On  limestone  rocks,  Ohio  to  Ark.  Sts.  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long.  Cor. 
moderately  bilabiate,  near  twice  longer  (4  to  5")  than  the  calyx,  pale  violet.     Jn. 

0.  DiVERSlFOLiA.  Flowering  stems  nearly  erect,  :ho  barren  prostrate,  like 
runners,  bearing  small,  ovate,  entire  lvs. ;  plant  generally  smaller,  with  the 
floral  lvs.  narrow,  and  mostly  entire. — Limestone  rocks,  Niagara  Falls,  to  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  to  Ark.  Fragrant  like  pennyroyal.  Upright  sts. 
6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1'.  Lvs.  of  the  runners  3  to  4  "  long.  (C.  Kuttailii 
Benth.) — Tliese  two  very  diverse  forms  are  connected  by  specimens  found  in 
Ohio  (Sullivant  apud  Torrey),  having  the  characteristics  of  both. 

4  C.  can^scens  Torr.  &  Or.  Minutely  canescent-downy,  shrubby;  lvs.  linear, 
obtuse,  entire,  revolute-edged,  much  fascicled;  verticils  of  2  opposite fls.;  cor.  thrice 
longer  than  the  strongly  2-lipped  caly.v. — Sandy  seaboards,  Fla.  Shrub  scarce  a 
foot  high,  with  numerous  lvs.,  7  to  8  "  by  1",  and  few  rose-red  pretty  fls.,  as  large 
as  in  No.  2.     May. 

5  C.  coccinea  Benth.  Lvs.  narrowly  ohovate-ohhng,  obtuse,  entire,  short-peti- 
olcd;  verticils  of  2  to  6yis-. ;  cal.  upper  lip  very  short,  tube  3  or  4  times  shorter 
than  the  ample  corolla. — E.  Fla.  Shrub  with  virgato  branches.  Lvs.  6  to  8"  long. 
Cor.  a  fine  scarlet,  glandular-pubescent,  15  to  18"  long.     (Cunila  coccinea  Nutt.) 

6  C.  Carolini^na  Swartz.  Sts.  glabrous  and  simple ;  lvs.  very  smooth,  ovate, 
obtuse,  crenat^-serrate,  tapering  to  a  petiole ;  cymes  few-flowered,  on  short  pedun- 
cles ;  cal.  strongly  2-lipped,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat ;  cor.  ample,  tube  enlarged 
upwards. — J3ry  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  pretty  flowerer,  somewhat 
shrubbj.  If  high  or  more.  Cymes  in  the  upper  axils  3  to  5-flowered.  Lvs.  1  or 
less  long.  Bracts  as  long  as  the  cjil^'x,  the  corolla  thrice  longer  (7  to  8  "),  rose- 
purple,  spotted.     Jn. — Aug.     (C.  grandiflora  Ph.) 

19.  MELIS'SA,  Tonrn.  Balm.  (Gr.  name  of  tlie  bee,  from  jweA, 
honi'y ;  which  bees  seek  in  these  flowers.)  Calyx  13-ribbod,  the  upper 
lip  3-toothed,  flattened  and  dilated,  lower  bifid;  corolla  tube  recurved- 
ascending,  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  mostly  broadest ;  stamens  ascending. 

M.  ofiBcindlis  L.  Pubescent ;  st.  erect,  branching ;  fls.  in  loose,  axillary  cymes, 
subsessile ;  lvs.  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  crenate-serrate,  on  slender  petioles ;  bracts 
few,  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate. —  y  N.  Eng.  to  Ind.  and  Tenn.,  in  waste  grounds 
and  in  the  deepest  forests.  A  well  known  garden  plant.  St.  1  to  2  to  3f  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  petioles  1'  or  more.  Bracts  of  the  same  form,  diminished.  Cor. 
twice  longer  (7")  than  the  calyx,  yellowish  white.  Jl.,  Aug.  X  §  Eur.  Fra- 
grant of  lemons.     Balm  tea  is  a  popular  remedy. 

20.  SAL'VIA,  L.  Sage.  (Lat.  salveo,  to  be  in  health ;  probably 
from  its  salutary  qualities.)  Calyx  striate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothed 
or  entire,  lower  bifid,  throat  naked ;  corolla  ringent,  tube  equal,  upper 
lip  straight  or  falcate,  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobed ;  stamens  2, 
connectile  transversely  articulated  to  the  filament,  supporting  at  each 


OuDKii  89.— LABIATE 


64 1> 


end  a  cell  of  the  dimidiate  (halved)  anther;  achenia  4. — A  large  genus 
of  400  species,  usually  with  showy  fls.  The  transverse  conneetile  con- 
stitutes the  essential  character.     (Fig.  75,  351.) 

S  Herbs  native. — Calyx  slightly  2-lippe(i.  SL'b-3-toothe(l,  equal Nos.  1—8 

— Calyx  deeply  2-lii>ped,  ,i-toothed,  lower  lip  longer Nils.  4—6 

ji  Herbs  or  shrubby,  in  gardens,     h  lovveri  blue.     Calyx  teeth  bristle-pointed Xns.  7,  8 

§  Shrubby,  in  garden  and  greenhouse.    Flowers  large,  scarlet Nos.  <),  u) 

1  3.  azurea  Lam.  Erect,  puberulcnt  above,  bruncliitig ;  Ivs.  linear-ohkm^  and 
liiiear,  remotely  toothed,  or  tho  upper  entire,  all  attenuate  at  base ;  rac.  slender, 
many-flowered,  verticils  about  6-flowered ;  cal.  of  3  broad,  acute,  subequal  tet-th, 
half  as  long  as  the  pubescent  corolla;  sty.  bearded. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Plant 
of  varying  aspect,  according  to  soil,  &c.,  usually  slender  and  subsiniple,  I  to  2  or 
3f  high,  with  Ivs.  narrow,  subentire,  2  to  3'  long,  2  to  4"  wide.  Fls.  7"  long,  of 
a  flno  azure  blue.     Summer. 

2  S.  urticifdlia  L.  Erect;  Ivs.  cauline,  rhcmbic-ovate,  acute,  crenate-serrato, 
truncate-cuneato  at  base  to  a  short  or  winged  petiole;  verticils  4  to  lO-Howered, 
distant,  in  a  terminal,  interruptea  raceme ;  cor.  smooth,  tube  but  a  little  longer 
tlian  the  calyx,  the  lower  lip  thrice  longer. — U  In  hilly  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
Ala.  St.  simple,  12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  thin,  2  to  4'  long,  the  upper  larger.  Cor. 
blue,  5"  to  6"  long.     May. 

ti.  LONOIFOLIA.     Tall  (3  to  Gf),  with  paniclcd  racemes;  lvs.    all   serrate,  the 
lower  lance-oblong;  fls.  larger  (8 — 9"  long). — Gra.  to  Ark.    (S.  longlf.  Nutt.) 

3  S.  coccfntia  L.  Erect,  hoary-pvbescent ;  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  acute,  finely  cren- 
ate,  petiolate,  whitish-toincntous  beneath;  verticils  G  to  10-flowored,  in  a  simple 
raceme ;  cal.  teeth  acute ;  cor.  red,  smooth,  twice  longer,  tube  dilated  upwards, 
upper  lip  erect,  much  the  shorter. — '^^'4-  Oa.,  Fla.  to  La.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  often 
branched.  Lvs.  6"  to  1  to  2'  ionn  the  middle  largest.  Cor.  bright  rod  or  scar- 
let, 8"  long.     Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  often  purple.     Summer. 

4  S.  lyrdta  L.  Erect;  lvs.  radical,  rosulate,  lyrate,  erose-dentate,  tho  caulino 
about  one  pair  above,  bract-like,  linoar-spatulate ;  lis.  in  w'norls  of  G,  racemod  at 
top  of  tho  square  scape;  cal.  uppoi  lip  shorter,  teeth  subspinous;  cor.  thrico 
longer  than  the  calyx,  its  lower  lip  nmch  the  longer. —  It  Woods,  W.  Can.  to  Fla., 
rare  in  N.  Eng.  Scape  6  to  15'  high.  Lvs.  oblong-oval  in  outline,  18"  to  3 
long,  petioles  half  (or  more)  as  long.  Fls.  showy,  near  1'  long,  violet-purple. 
The  whole  plant  is  usually  purplish.     Apr. — Jn. 

5  S.  obovAta  Ell.  Erect;  lvs.  broadly  obovafe,  entire,  sinuate,  narrowed  to  a  long 
tapering  base,  the  floral  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  verticils  (>-fiowcred,  re- 
uioto,  in  a  simple  raceme;  c»l.  upper  iip truncate,  iviih  3  minute  teeth;  cor.  thrico 
longer,  with  the  galeate  upper  lip  thrice  shorter  than  the  lower. —  2^  Mi<Ulle  Ga. 
to  La.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  larger  above  and  clustered  4  to  T  by  2  to  5'.  Fls. 
blue.     Jn.,  Jl, 

6  S.  Claytdni  Ell.  Erect;  lvs.  cordate-ovate,  or  lanre-ovate,  sinuate-pinnatijid,  ths 
segrn.  toothed,  rugous,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath ;  verticils  6-flowered ;  floral 
lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  smaller ;  cul.  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  conniverd,  of  tho  lower 
longer,  acuminate. —  U  Sandy  pastures,  Beaufort,  S.  Car.  (Bachman).  Sts.  If 
high.     Fls.  small     Summer. 

7  S.  Scl^rea  L.  Clarry.  Lvs.  ample,  rugous,  broad-ovate,  cordate,  doubly 
crenate ;  bracts  colored,  concave,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  upper  lip  of  tho  cor. 
high-arched,  much  longer  than  tho  lower. — C^j  A  strong-scented  exotic,  1  to  3f 
high,  with  viscid  lvs.  as  large  as  the  hand.  The  fls.  and  bracts  are  variegated 
with  pale-purple  and  yellowish-white,  inwhorled  spikes.  CaL  with  spinous  teeth. 
Native  in  Italy.  ^ 

8  S.  ofScin^lis  L.  Common  Sagi..  Shrubby,  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  crenu- 
late,  rugous ;  whorls  few-flowered ;  cal.  mucronate ;  upper  lip  of  the  cor.  o-v  long 
as  the  lower  and  somewhat  vaulted. — A  well-known  garden  plant,  with  a  shrubby 
stem,  rugous  leaves  of  a  dull  greeu  color  and  an  aromatic  fragrance.  Flowers  ia 
whorls  forming  a  spike.  Corolla  ringent,  blue,  with  a  lengtliened  tube  and  viscid 
calyx,  somewhat  b'X)\^'n.  July.  J  &  Eur. — Very  useful  in  domestic  economy 
and  medicine. 


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OUDKE  89.— LABIAT^E. 


9  S.  fulgens  Car.  St.  branching  at  base,  weak,  ascendinpr,  pubescent ;  Ivs. 
long-petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  subcordate,  creuate-dentate,  smooth  above,  pubts- 
cent  beneath :  fls.  opposite,  in  terminal  racemes ;  bracts  deciduous ;  cal,  slightly 
colored,  upper  lip  truncate,  subentiro;  cor.  limbriate-ciliate,  3 — 4  times  longer 
than  tlio  calyx;  sty.  exserted. —  If  A  beautiful  greenhouse  plant.  Flowers 
bright  crimson  or  scarlet,  near  2'  long.     There  are  several  varieties,  f     Mexico. 

10  S.  apl^ndens  Sellow.  St.  erect,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate  and  ovate, 
petiolate,  rounded  or  acute  at  base,  glabrous  both  sides,  dent-serrate,  acuminate ; 
fls.  opposite,  racemous ;  bracts  deciduous ;  cal.  scarlet,  and,  with  the  corolla,  pu- 
besjceiit,  upper  lip  entire,  acuminate,  lower  lip  2-toothed. — If  Gardens.  Plant 
2 — 4f  iiifrh,  branched.  Flowers  2'  long,  scarlet.  After  flowering  the  calyces  en- 
large, and  become  as  brilliant  as  the  corollas,  f     Mexico. 

21.  ROSMARFNUS,  L.     Rosemary.     (An  ancient  Latin  name,  com- 

f»ounded  of  ros,  dew,  and  marinus,  of  the  sea.)  Calyx  bilabiate,  upper 
ip  entire,  lower  bifid  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  2-parted,  lower  lip 
reriexed,  in  3  divisions  of  which  the  middle  is  the  largest ;  fil.  2  fertile, 
elongated,  ascending  towards  the  upper  lip,  having  a  tooth  on  the  side. — 
Shrub,  with  sessile,  linear  Ivs. 

R.  officindlis  L.  An  erect,  evergreen  shrub,  4f  high,  much  branched. 
I-oave&  opposite,  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  entire,  smooth,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  downy  and  sometimes  whitish  beneath.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
of  a  bright  blue  color,  having,  like  the  leaves,  a  strong  aromatic  fragrance  .'ike 
camphoi.     It  yields  by  distillation  a  large  proportion  of  fragrant  oil.  |  S.  Eur. 

22.  MONAR'DA,  L.  Mountain  Mint.  (Name  in  honor  of  Monard- 
us,  a  Spanish  botanist  of  the  16th  century.)  Calyx  elongated,  cylin- 
dric,  striate,  subequally  5-toothed ;  cor.  ringent,  tubular,  upper  lip 
linear,  lower  lip  reflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrowest ;  sta.  2, 
fertile,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  and  mostly  exserted  ;  anth.  cells 
divaricate  at  base,  connate  at  apex. —  21  Verticils  few,  dense,  many- 
flowered,  bracted. 

♦  Calyx  densely  hairy  In  the  throat.    Corolla  purple  or  whitish Nos.  1,  2 

♦  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat.    Corolla  scarlet  or  yellow Nos.  3,  4 

1  M.  fistuldsa  L.  IIorsemint.  Wild  Bergamot.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  and 
lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  petiolate,  more  or  less  pubescent ; 
hds.  of  fls.  terminal,  few,  but  many-flowered,  bracts  sessile ;  cal.  slightly  curved, 
with  the  throat  hirsute. — Hedges,  thickets,  rocky  banks,  W.  Vt.  and  Can.  to  Ga. 
Common  westward.  Exceedingly  variable.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  acutely  4-angled, 
often  hollow,  frequently  purple,  simple,  or  with  a  few  opposite  branches.  Lvs. 
mostly  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  nearly  smooth,  2  to  4'  long  and  on  petioles  jL 
their  length.  Outer  bracts  leafy,  often  partially  whitened.  Cor.  much  exserted, 
1'  in  length,  varying  from  greenish-white  and  pale  purple  to  blue.  Jl,  Aug.  (M. 
allophylla,  oblongata,  clinopodia  and  twenty  other  synonyms  are  enumerated  iu 
Benth.) 

2  M.  Bradburi^a  Nutt  St.  simple,  glabrous ;  lvs,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
subsessile,  rounded  at  base,  hirsute  pubescent  both  sides,  margin  subdentate,  apex 
acute ;  cal.  pilous,  curved,  densely  bearded  at  throat,  segm.  subulate  spinous ; 
hds.  large,  terminal ;  outer  bracts  broad-lanceolate,  ciliate,  colored. — Prairies  and 
bottoms,  Ohio  to  111.  St.  slender,  about  3f  high.  Lvs.  sometimes  slightly  petio- 
late, 2  to  3'  long,  5  to  8"  wide,  with  long,  bristly  hairs  beneath.  Bracts  purple. 
Cor.  purple.    Jl. 

3  M.  punctata  L.  Horskmint.  Minutely  pubescent;  st.  obtusely  angled ;  lvs. 
oblong-la'.iceolate,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  remotely  and  obscurely  serrate,  the  upper 
and  bracts  sessile ;  bracts  colored,  longer  than  the  verticils ;  cal.  teeth  unequal, 
rigid,  throat  naked ;  cor.  glabrous,  strongly  punctate. — Barrens,  N.  J.,  common, 
to  Fla.  (Miss  Keen)  and  W.  States.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  branched.  Lvs.  18"  to  2'. 
Cor.  pale  yellow,  with  brown  spots,  upper  lip  villous  at  the  apex.  Bracts  large^ 
yellow  and  red.     Sept. — MedicmaL 


OttDKR  89.— LABIAT.*:. 


651 


4  M.  dldjruia  L.  St.  branched,  ftoutoly  4-angk'd ;  Iv.s.  broadly  ovate,  acuminato, 
somewhat  rough,  on  short  petioles,  veiud  and  veinlets  hairy  bontatli :  y?.».  {ertm- 
son)  in  tenniuiU,  often  axillary  heads;  bracts  colored;  col.  throat  naked. — Swiiiiips, 
Can.  to  the  Mts.  of  tra.  Plant  2  to  3f.  Lvs.  2  to  5'  lon^r,  very  broad  at  biuse, 
often  cordate,  serrate.  Heads  often  proliferous,  with  large,  ovate-laneeolato 
bracts  tinged  with  the  same  color  as  the  lis.  Cor.  15"  long.  Abortive  til.  2, 
short,  the  perfect  exserted.     Jl.     Uandsome  and  fragrant  f 

23.  BLEPHIL'IA,  Raf.  (Gr.  i3Ae0ap/f,  the  eyelash ;  probably  refer- 
ring to  the  ciliate  bracts.)  Calyx  13-ribbed,  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
3-toothed,  lower  lip  shorter,  2-toothed,  the  teeth  setaceous  ;  corolla  bila- 
biate, upper  lip  short,  erect,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  lower  lip  of  3  un- 
equal, spreading  lobes,  the  lateral  ones  orbicular ;  stamens  2,  fertile, 
ascending,  exserted. — 11  Verticils  dense,  terminal  and  subterminal. 

1  B.  birstlta  Benth.  Whole  plant  hirsute ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serraU; 
petiolale;  ll.s.  in  axillary  verticil lastors  and  terminal  heads;  bracts  colored,  sliorur 
than  the  flowei-s,  oblong,  w:umimite. — In  damp  woods,  rare  N.  Eng.,  common  in 
"W.  States.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  dillusoly  branching,  roughly  pubescent.  Petiole  3 
to  6  '  long,  Ivs.  3  to  4  times  as  long,  soinewiiat  rounded  at  base.  Fis.  small, 
forming  several  dense  whorls  near  the  end  of  each  branch.  Cor.  5"  long,  palo 
purple,  with  spots  of  a  deeper  hue.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  B.  cili^ta  Raf.  St.  hirsute,  simple,  acutely  4-anglcd ;  Ivs.  few  oblong-lanceolate 
acute  at  the  base,  subsessile,  serrate,  minutely  pubescent ;  fls.  in  dense,  approximate, 
involucrate,  terminal  and  subterminal  verticils,  bracts  ovate,  veiny,  glabrous,  ciliate, 
as  long  as  the  calyx. — Fields,  barrens,  Penn.  to  Miss.,  very  abundant  in  the  W- 
States.  Plant  2  to  4f  high,  generally  simple,  rarely  with  1  or  2  branches.  Lvs. 
18"  to  30'  long,  a  fourtii  as  wide.  lids.  larger  than  in  No.  1,  an  inch  in  diam. 
Jn. — Aug.     (Monarda  ciliata  L.  nee  Mx.) 

24.  LOPHAN'THUS,  Benth.  (llyssopus  L.)  Hedge  IIyssop.  (Gr. 
X6(f>og^  a  crest,  avOog ;  flowers  in  dense,  terminal  spikes.)  Calyx 
15-ribbed,  oblique,  5-cleft,  upper  segments  longer  ;  corolla  bilabiate, 
upper  lip  bifidly  emarginate,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broader 
and  crenate  ;  stamens  diverging. —  21  Tall,  erect.     Verticils  spicate. 

1  L.  nepetoides  Benth.  St.  smooth,  quadrangular,  with  the  angles  acute  and 
slightly  winged ;  lvs.  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate  ;  petioles  smooth- 
ish,  calyx  teeth  ovate,  green,  obtusish. —  U  Middle  and  Western  States,  common 
about  fences  and  dry  hedges.  Stem  3 — 6f  high,  the  sides  somewhat  concave 
and  the  angles  prominent.  Lvs.  acuminate,  about  4'  by  2'.  Flowers  in  crowded 
axillary  verticils,  forming  a  terminal,  green  spike,  which  is  nearly  continuous 
above.     Corolla  greenish-yellow.    July,  Aug. 

2  L.  scrophularifoliuB  Benth.  St.  pubescent,  quadrangular,  -with  the  angles 
obtuse ;  lvs.  cordate-ovate,  crenate-serrate ;  petioles  ciliate-pubescent,  cal.  tedh 
lanceolate,  colored,  acute. — With  the  general  aspect  of  the  former  species,  and 
found  in  similar  situations.  The  herbage  is  often  changed  to  dark  purple.  Stem 
2 — 4f  high,  purple.  Leaves  about  5'  by  3',  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate.  Flowers 
in  crowded,  axillary  verticils,  forming  a  long,  dense,  terminal  spike.  Corolla  palo 
purple,  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  first.     Jl,  Aug. 

25.  NEP'ETA,  L.  Catnep.  Ground  Ivy.  (Said  to  be  from  .N'epct, 
a  town  in  Tuscany.)  Calyx  tubular,  6-toothed ;  corolla  tube  slender 
l)elow,  dilated  and  naked  in  the  throat,  upper  lip  emarginate,  lower 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  crenate,  margin  of  the  orifice  re- 
flected ;  stamens  approximate,  ascending ;  anther  cells  divergent.  (Fig. 
117.) 

!  Tall.    Verticils  in  a  terminal-raceme.    Calyx  nearly  regular No.  1 

I  Glkoboma.    Low,  dittuse.    Floweru  axillary.    Calyx  curvL-d,  oUliqua No.  3 

1  N.  catdria  L.     Catmint.     Krect   hoary-tomentous;    Iva.  ,petiolate,   cordate. 


tfi. 


h  fft* 


:UM: 


669 


OuuKii  89.— LABIAT.E. 


coarsely  crenate-serrato ;  fls.  spiked,  the  whoils  fllightly  pedunculated. —  U  About 
uld  buildings  and  fences.  St.  square,  pubescent,  branching  2  to  Sf  higii.  Lvs. 
very  evenly  bordered  by  tooth-like  or  crenato  serratures,  and  as  well  as  the  whole 
plant  covered  with  a  soil,  hoary  down,  paler  buneatb.  Fls.  many,  white  or  pur- 
plish, the  lower  lip  dotted  with  crimson.  JL  §  S.  E.  Europe. — Eaten  greedily 
by  cats. 
2  N.  Glechdma  Bentli.  GiLt-ovER-THE-onouND.  Lvs.  reniform,  crenate;  cor. 
about  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. — U  A  creeping  plant,  about  walls,  liedncH, 
etc.  Sts.  radicating  at  base,  square,  varying  in  length  from  a  few  inches  to  I  to 
2f.  Lvs.  petiolate,  dowtiy,  glaucous,  1'  or  less  broad.  Fls.  axillavy,  about  3  to- 
gt'tlier.  Cor.  bluish  purple,  with  a  variegated  throat.  Usually  the  anthers  are 
so  collated  as  to  ibnn  2  little  crosses.    May.     §  Eur.  and  Asia. 

26.  DRACOCEPH'ALUM,  L.  Dbaoon-he.\d.  (Or.  dfMKoyv^  dragon, 
K£0«A7/,  heiul).  Caly.x  subequal,  oblic|ue,  5-cloft,  upper  segments  larger; 
cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  emarginate,  throat  inflated,  lower  lip 
spreading,  3-clett,  middle  lobe  much  larger,  rounded  or  subdivided; 
sta.  distinct,  ascending,  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower. 

D.  parvifldrum  Nutt.  Subpubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  deeply  serrate,  petiolate ; 
bracts  leafy,  ovate,  ciliate,  mucronate-serrate ;  cal.  upper  segment  much  the 
largest ;  lis.  small,  verticillato,  subcapitate,  cor.  .scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. — 
(,2;  I3orders  of  the  great  lakes.  Northern  N.  Y.  to  L.  of  the  Woods,  very  rare.  Fls. 
bluish,  small,  the  verticils  almost  spicate.  Cal.  dry  and  membranous.  Uppec 
lip  of  the  corolla  arched,  emarginate,  central  lobe  of  lower  lip  crenate.     Jl. 

27.  CEDRONEL'LA,  Mceneh.  (Or.  Kt:(ipov,  oil  of  cedar;  from  the 
fragrance.)  Calyx  subcampanulate,  5-toothed ;  corolla  tube  exserted, 
throat  dilated,  upper  lip  straight,  flattish,  emarginate  or  cleft,  lower  3- 
fid,  middle  lobe  largest;  stamens  4,  ascending,  the  upper  longer,  anther- 
colls  parallel. — Fls.  spicate,  bracted. 

C  cordata  Nutt.  Stoloniferous;  st.  and  elongated  petioles  pubescent;  lvs. 
cordate,  obtusely  crenate,  sparingly  hirsute  above ;  spike  unilateral ;  bracts  broad- 
ovate,  entire,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx;  ped.  bibracteolate,  mostly  1-flowered; 
cal.  segments  acute,  almost  pungent. —  2^  Rocky  streams  and  Mts.  Ohio  and  Va. 
Stem  about  If  high,  quadrangular.  Leaves  3  or  4  pairs,  almost  as  broad  as  long, 
petiole  about  as  long  as  the  lamina  (1'),  upper  pairs  subsessile.  Cor.  pale  blue, 
about  1'  long,  oritice  much  dilated.     Jn. 

28.  BRUNEL'LA,  Tourn.  Self-heal.  Blue-curls.  (German  Brune^ 
a  disease  of  the  throat  for  which  it  was  a  reputed  remedy.)  Calyx 
about  10-ribbed,  upper  lip  dilated,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth,  lower 
lip  with  2  lanceolate  teeth  ;  filaments  forked,  one  point  of  the  fork  bear- 
ing the  anther. —  if   (Prunella,  L.) 

B.  vulgaris  L.  St.  ascending,  simplo ;  lvs.  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  petiolate ;  ver- 
ticils close,  spicate;  upper  lip  of  cal.  truncate,  with  3  awns. — A  very  common 
plant,  in  meadows  and  low  grounds.  N.  Am.,  lat.  33°  to  the  Arc.  Sea.  St.  vary- 
ing from  8'  to  2f  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  hau-y,  simple  or  slightly  branched. 
Leaves  few,  opposite,  slightly  toothed,  the  stalks  gradually  becoming  shorter  from 
the  lower  to  the  upper  pair  which  are  sessile.  Flowers  blue,  in  a  large,  oblong- 
ovate  spike  of  dense  verticils.  Bracts  imbricated,  reniform,  2  beneath  each  rer- 
ticil.   Flowering  all  summer.   A  var.  with  white  fls.  occurs  in  N.  Y,  {G.M.  Wilbur.) 

29.  SCUTELLA'RIA,  L.  Skull-cap.  (Lat.  scutella,  a  small  vessel ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  calyx.)  Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,  lips 
entire,  upper  one  appendaged  on  the  back  and  closed  after  flowering ; 
cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  lower  dilated,  convex,  tube  much  ex- 
serted, ascending,  throat  dilated;  sta.  ascending  beneath  che  upper  lip; 
anth.  approximate  in  pairs ;  ach.  tubercular. 


Ordbr  89.— labiate. 


553 


I  Flowers  Inrirc  (7  to  IS"  lonjr).  r«c«tne<l  at  top  of  tho  stem,  with  hructs.  (a) 

a  ISritct.t  ovate,  abrupt  ut  btute.     Li|>sortlio  corolla  wliort .Nos.  1,  3 

a  Bracts  liincu-oblont;,  acute  at  base.     Leaves  iMilclied,  petiolate.  (b) 

b  (Jalea  of  thu  corolla  longer  than  tho  lower    p N.is.  a,  4 

b  Galea  of  tho  corolla  not  longer  than  the  lip No.h.  \  i 

a  Rrncts  leaf-like,  longer  than  tho  calyx.     Lettve.s  onlin-,  siib.sissile No,  T 

iFlowi'rs  ..iri.'e  or  .small,  opposite,  solitary,  in  tlie  axils  of  the  leaves Nos.  S — 10 
Flowers  ituiall  (V  long),  in  slemler,  axillary,  one-siilud  racemes No.  1 1 

1  S.  versicolor  Nutt.  En-ct,  brandling,  ghindular-liirsiito ;  Iva.  petiolute,  broadly 
ovate,  cronate,  cordate,  pub"\stont,  veiny,  the  fiorcd  sessile,  hroaa-ovate,  not  cordate, 
entire,  as  long  na  tho  calyx;  rac.  simple  or  branched,  Knig,  inany-flowt-red ;  fl-j. 
opposite;  cal.  hirsute;  cor.  loiver  lip  .scarcely  hn'jer  than  the  upper. — Prairies  niid 
open  woods,  Ohio  to  Mo.  and  La.  St.  18'  to  '^  to  4f  liigh.  Lvs.  very  veiny,  tiiiii, 
2  to  4'  b}'  18"  to  3',  petioles  nearly  as  long.  Rue.  3  to  6'  long.  Pcd.  slKjrier 
than  ealy.\.  Cor.  6  to  7"  long,  blue  above,  lateral  lobes  little  shorter  tlian  tho 
lips.     Jl.     (.S.  oordifolia  Muiil.) 

2  S.  rugoaa  Wood.  Stem  weak,  branched,  ascending,  pubescent ;  lvs.  pctiolato, 
cordate-ovate,  coarsely  cronate,  upper  oval,  olduse,  Moral  .ovate,  sliort-petiolute, 
entire;  rac.  loose,  elongated;  cor.  lower  Up  twice  lonijer  than  the  upper. — Rocky 
banks,  S.  Ohio  to  Va.  and  Tenn.,  along  the  Mts.  Plant  1  to  2f  long,  rac.  5  to  8 , 
Lvs.  usually  thin  and  rugous,  1'  to  18 '  long,  scarcely  longer  than  tlio  petioles 
Cor.  8  '  long,  blue,  tube  pale.     Jl.  Aug. 

3.  CRASsiFoLi.v.     Lvs.  mostly  ovate,  of  firmer  texture. — New  Orleans  (Halo) 
Cal.  more  enlarged  in  fruit. 

3  S.  can^scens  Nutt.  St.  erect,  tall,  pubescent;  lvs.  petiolate,  oblong-ovate  or 
ovate,  rounded  or  attenuate  at  base,  minutely  pubescent  both  sides,  paler  beneatii, 
margin  crenate,  apex  acute,  tho  lower  cordate;  rac.  terminal  and  axillary,  pedun- 
culate, paniculate,  bracts  lance-linear ;  ^«.  canescent;  upper  lip  tho  longer,  'tut)e  grad- 
ually enlarged. — Dry  grounds.  Mid.  and  "W.  States,  abundant.  St.  usually  purple, 
1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  2'  wide,  often  witli  a  purple  margin  and  pur- 
plish spots.    Cor.  10'  long,  tube  white,  lips  blue,  lateral  lobes  very  short.    Jn.,  Jl. 

4  S.  villdsa  Ell.  ?  St.  villous-pubescent,  slender,  branching ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or 
lanco-ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  sparingly  hispid  above,  tho  petioles  and  veins 
beneatii  villous,  deeply  serrate;  rac.  panieulato,  loose;  cal.  hispid;  cor.  tube 
slender,  expanding  only  at  the  throat,  gala  large,  inflated,  strongly  incurved,  many 
times  longer  than  the  Up. — Ga.  (Feay).  Apparently  2  to  3f  liigh.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long.     We  have  but  a  single  specimen. 

5  S.  serrdta  Andr.  Erect,  subsimplo,  nearly  glabrous ;  lvs.  peticiate,  ovate, 
acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  cuneate  at  base,  tlie  floral  lance-oblong;  rac.  subsiinple, 
fls.  largo,  pubescent  (not  hoary)  lips  of  equal  length. — Woods,  111.  and  S.  States. 
St.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  green  both  sides,  or  often  i)urplish.  Rac.  few-llowered. 
Cor.  more  than  } '  in  length,  the  lip  as  long  or  a  little  longer  than  the  galea.     JL 

€  S.  pildsa  Mx.  St.  erect,  mostly  simple,  hirsute-pubescent ;  lvs.  pubescent, 
rhomboid-ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate,  in  remote  pairs;  rac. 
terminal,  rather  short,  bracts  elliptic-ovato ;  lips  of  the  cor.  large,  the  lower  a  little 
longer. — Open  woodlands,  Penn.  to  Ga.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  purplish.  Lvs.  few,  1 
to  2^'  by  8  to  18",  more  or  less  acute  at  base  and  obtuse  at  apex;  narrowed  to 
the  petiole.  Rac.  generally  simple  and  few-flowered,  with  opposite,  elliptical 
bracts..  Pedicels  and  cal.  hairy.  Cor.  tube  nearly  white  below,  blue  at  the  sum- 
mit, 9  '  long,  the  later  fls.  shorter.     Jn. — Aug.     (S.  ovalifolia  Bart.) 

7  S.  integrifdlia  L.  Erect,  nearly  simple,  densely  pubescent ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceo- 
late, and  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  tho  base,  subacute,  entire,  subsessile,  the 
lower  ovate;  rac.  loose,  leafy;  bracts  lanceolate,  fls.  large. —  if  Mid.  andS.  States, 
dry  soils.  St.  9'  to  2f  high,  with  large  blue  fls.  in  terminal  racemes.  Tho  lvs. 
(I  to  2'  long),  vary  in  breadth  and  margin,  the  lowest  being  sometimes  ovate  and 
crenate.  Cor.  blue  and  white,  slender  at  base,  enlarged  above,  8  to  9"  long. 
Jn.,  JL    (S.  hyssopifolia  Pers.    S.  Caroliniana  Ph.)— The  plant  is  intensely  bitter. 

8  S.  nervdsa  Ph.  Slender,  erect,  subsimple,  stoloniferous ;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  crenate-serrate,  se.ssile,  glubrous,  3 — 5-veined,  lower  roundish-ovate, 
upper  ovate  and  lance-ovate,  slightly  petioled;  fls.  axillary,  solitary. — Rocky 
■hades,  along  streams,  Penn.  to  111.  and  La.  Roots  creeping,  often  sending  out 
long,  filiform  stolons.     Stem  8 — 15'  high,  weak.     Leaves  2 — 15"  by  5 — 12'',  tho 


^' 


{■■ 


;ii:i, 


'■^^ 


n't- 


654 


Obdbe  89.— labiate. 


middle  pairs  largest,  acute  or  obtusish.    Floral  leaves  entire,  small.    Flowers  few, 
pale  blue,  4'  long.     May — Jl. 

9  S.  p^rvula  Mx.  St.  simple  or  branching  at  base,  square,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long-ovate, obtuse,  entire,  sessile;  fis.  small  (3")  axillary,  opposite. — Pastures,  Mid. 
and  W.  States.  Plant  3  to  6'  high.  Root  generally  with  tuberous  intemodes, 
and  fibrous  at  each  joint.  Lvs.  3  to  6  '  long,  ^  as  wide,  lower  3  '  diam.  Fls. 
rather  numerous,  longer  (4")  than  the  leaves,  blue.     Jn. 

10  S.  galericulata  L.  Common  Scull-cap.  St.  erect,  simple,  or  branched ;  lvs. 
hnceolate-cordate,  remotely  cvanate-serrate ;  fls.  axillary,  solitiiry,  large  (1'  long). — 
U  Meadows  and  ditches,  Can.  to  Penn.  Abundant.  The  Plant  mostly  glabrou."^. 
Stem  square,  12 — 18'  high.  Leaves  truncate-cordato  at  base  and  acutisli  at  apex, 
scarcely  petiolate,  1|'  by  \'.  Flowers  :  iuch  larger  than  the  preceding,  rarely 
more  than  1  from  the  same  axil,  with  a  vizor-like  calyx  like  that  of  the  other 
species.     Cor.  an  iuch  in  length,  blue.     Aug. 

11  S.  laterifldra  L.  Mad-dog  Skull-cap.  St.  branching,  nearly  glabrous ;  lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  petiolato  ;  rac.  lateral,  axillary,  leafy. — 
Meadows  and  ditches,  lat  38°  to  Arc.  Am.  St.  square,  1  to  2f  high,  very  branch- 
ing. Lvs.  opposite,  rounded  at  base,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  on 
petioles  an  inch  in  length.  Rac,  opposite,  axillary,  somewhat  1-sided;  on  long 
stalks,  with  small  blue  tls.  and  smnll  lvs.  JJ.,  Aug. — The  English  name  is  due 
to  the  singular  form  of  the  calyx,  which  after  flowering,  closes  upon  the  seeds  Uke 
a  cap  or  vizor. 

30.  MACBRFDEA,  Ell.  (Dedicated  by  Elliott  to  Dr.  Wm.  Macbride, 
of  Charleston.)  Calyx  campanulate,  3-lobed,  upper  lobe  oblong,  nar- 
row, lower,  rounded ;  corolla  tube  long-exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper 
lip  erect,  entire,  lower  short,  spreading,  tlie  middle  lobe  rounded,  broad- 
est ;  stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  anthers  approximate  by 
pairs. —  21  Glabrous.     Verticils  6-flowered,  subtcrminal,  bractlcss. 

M.  piilchra  Ell. — Swamps,  middle  districts,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  St  obtusely  4-angled, 
1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  ohlong-elliptical,  petiolate,  obscurely  serrate  or  sinuate,  the 
floral  short,  sessile,  ovate-entire.  Verticils  1  or  2.  Cal.  green,  thin,  veiny,  6" 
long,  cor.  18",  streaked  with  bright  purple  and  white.     Aug.,  Sept. 

31.  SYNAN'DRA,  Nutt.  (Fig  86,  325.)  (Gr.  aw,  together,  dvdpeg  ; 
in  allusion  to  the  coherence  of  the  anthers.)  Calyx  4-cleft,  segments 
unequal,  subulate,  converging  to  one  side ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  entire, 
vaulted,  the  lower  obturcly  and  unequally  3-lobed ;  throat  inflated ; 
stamens  ascending  beneath  the  galea,  upper  pair  of  anthers  cohering, 
having  the  contiguous  cells  empty .^-(D  Fls.  solitary,  axillary,  somewhat 
spicate  above. 

S.  grandifldra  Nutt.  St  ;3ubsimplo,  nearly  smooth,  subterete ;  lvs.  cordate-ovate, 
acuminate,  obtusely  dentate,  often  dilated  at  base,  petiolate,  the  floral  sessile ;  fls. 
solitary,  sessile ;  caL  segm.  ovate,  setaceously  acuminate,  two  upper  larger  than 
the  two  lower;  cor.  tube  somewhat  funnel-tbrm,  mouth  much  inflated. — Woods, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  Tenn.  St  6  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  nearly. as  wide, 
petioles  1  to  3',  Cor.  1'  long,  upper  lip  very  large,  rounded,  white,  lower  lip 
striated  w^ith  purple  lines.     Jn. 

32.  PHYSOSTE^GIA,  Benth.  Lign's-hsart.  (Gr,  (^vffa,  a  bladder, 
and  ar^yi],  a  covering ;  from  the  inflated  corollas.)  Calyx  campanulate, 
subcqually  6-toothed ;  corolla  tube  much  exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper 
lip  concave,  middle  division  of  lower  lip  largest,  roundish,  emarginate ; 
stamens  4,  unconnected,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  the  two  lower 
rnther  longer. —  U  Fls,  opposite,  in  a  terminal,  bracteate,  4-sidod  spike. 
P,  Virgini^na  Benth.  Cal.  in  fruit  ov.-xte.  inflated ;  cor.  gapin^',  upper  lip  con- 
cave.— A  beautiful  plant,  native  in  Penn.,  S.  and  "W,  States,  o'.ten  in  gardens. 
It  varies  much  in  stature,  is  very  smooth,  dark-green,     St.  square,  iliick,  rigid,  1 


Obdlr  89.— labiate. 


555 


to  4f  high.  Lvs.  opposite,  closely  sessile,  3  to  6  by  3  "  to  ?,'  (the  lower  oftea 
very  lai^e),  with  remote  and  shallow  teeth.  Fls.  numerous,  dense,  or  often  sub- 
remote.  Bracts  subulate.  Cor.  pale  purple,  about  an  inch  long,  spotted  inside. 
Aug.,  Sept.    (D.  Vifginiana,  denticulatum,  variegatum  and  obovatum  of  authors.) 

33.  LA^NIUM,  L.  Henbit.  (Lat.  lamia,  the  name  of  a  sea  mon- 
ster, to  which  the  grotesque  flowers  may  be  likened.)  Calyx  5-veined, 
■with  5  subequal,  subulate  teeth ;  corolla  dilated  at  throat,  upper  lip 
vaulted,  galeate,  nearly  entire,  lower  lip  broad,  emarginatc,  lateral  lobes 
truncate,  often  toothed  on  each  side  near  the  margin  of  the  dilated 
throat ;  stamens  4,  ascending. 

1  L.  amplezicaCllis  L.  Lvs.  roundish,  incisely  crenate,  floral  broadly  cordate, 
obtuse,  sessile,  amplexicaul,  lower  one  petiolate;  anth.  hairy. — (1)  Wa.ste  grounds, 
ilid.,  S.  and  W.  States.  Sts.  ascending,  several  from  the  same  root,  6  to  lo'  high, 
with  opposite,  broad,  short,  hairy  lvs.,  lower  ones  on  stalks  1  to  2'  in  length.  Fla 
in  dense  verticiLs,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Cor.  purple,  downy,  the  tubi 
much  exserted,  the  lower  lip  spotted  with  white.     May — Nov.     §  Eur. 

2  L.  purpiireuin  L.  Lower  lvs.  roundish,  the  floral  ovate,  aU  crenate,  petiokUt, 
the  petioles  longer  than  the  calyxes;  cor.  tube  straight ;  anth.  hairy. — (i)  Waste 
grounds,  Penn.,  rare.     §  Eur.    f-   Varies  vnth  the  lvs.  white-striped. 

34.  PHLO^MIS,  L.  Jerusalem  Sage.  (Gr.  <f>?  6|,  a  flame ;  tho' 
dried,  woolly  leaves  of  P.  lychnitis  were  used  in  ancient  lamps.)  Calyx 
5  to  10-veined,  limb  equal,  truncate  or  6-toothed;  corolla  upper  lip 
galeate,  carinate,  broad,  entire  or  emarginate,  incurved,  the  lower 
spreading,  trifid  ;  stamens  ascending  beneath  the  galea ;  upper  filamcnti 
adnate,  often  with  a  subulate  appendage  at  base ;  anther  cells  divari- 
cate, confluent ;  achenia  3-angled. — Fls.  often  showy,  in  axillary,  bracted 
verticils.     Lvs.  rugous. 

1  P.  tuberdsa  L.  Tall,  smoothish;  lvs.  ample,  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate,  deeply  roT' 
date,  floral  lance-oblong ;  bracts  subulate  and  with  the  calyx  somewhat  ciliate ; 
cal.  limb  truncated,  with  5  rigid  pohits;  cor.  galea  very  hairy  inside. — 1\-  Shores 
of  L.  Ontario,  near  Rochester  (Dewey)  and  Can.  Plant  3  to  5f  high,  with  Iva 
near  a  foot  long.     Verticils  remote,  with  30  to  40  purple  fls.     §  E.  Eur. 

2  r.  fruticdsa  L.  Branches  and  oblong-ovate  lvs.  beneath  cottony-tomentous ; 
verticils  dense-flowered,  very  woolly.  Shrubby,  3f  high.  Curious  in  cultivation 
with  its  grotesque  yellow  fls.     S.  Eur. 

35.  BALLOTA,  L.  Black  IIoarhound,  (Gr.  /Ba'AAw,  to  reject; 
on  account  of  its  offensive  odor.)  Caly.K  funnel-form,  10-veined,  5- 
toothed  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper 
lip  concave,  crenate,  lower  lip  3-cleft,  middle  segment  largest,  emargin- 
atc;  stamens  4,  ascending,  exserted;  ach.  ovoid-triangular. —  21. 

B.  nigra  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  undivided,  serrate;  bracts  hnear-subulato; 
cal.  somewhat  truncate,  throat  dilated,  teeth  spreading,  acuminate. — Is  froquiT.t 
about  hedges,  &c.,  Mass.  and  Conn.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  pubescent,  as  wi  11  as  I  he 
opposite,  broad  leaves.  Flowers  purple  or  white,  in  axillary  verticils.  Jl.  lias 
the  general  appearance  of  Hoarhound  (Marrubium),  but  not  its  fragrance.    §  i^ur. 

36.  MOLUCCEL^LA,  L.  Molucca  Balm.  Shell  Flower.  (Brought 
from  the  Moluca  Islands,  &e.)  Calyx  campanulate,  very  large,  th« 
margin  expanding,  often  repand- spinous ;  cor.  tube  included,  limb  bila- 
biate ;  stamens  4,  ascending.— (D- 

M.  Isbvis  L.  St.  ascending,  suosimple,  glabrous;  lvs.  petiolate,  roundish- 
ovate,  incisely  crenate;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme;  cal.  campanulate, 
equally  5-toothed,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  corolla,  teeth  awnless.  A  curious 
plant  in  gardens,  smooth  in  all  its  parts  and  of  a  glaucous  green,  1 — 2f  high.    It  id 


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chiefly  remarkable  for  its  ample,  bell-ahaped  calyx,  in  the  bottom  of  which  is 
seated  the  yellowish-green  flower,     f  Syria. 

37.  GALEOP'SIS,  L.  Hemp  Nettle.  (Gr.  yaXfj,  a  weasel,  50tf, 
appearance  ;  its  grotesque  flowers  are  likened  to  that  animal.)  Calyx 
5-cleft,  spinescent;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted,  subcrenate,  lower  lip 
with  3  unequal  lobes,  having  2  teeth  on  its  upper  side,  middle  lobe  lar- 
gest, cleft  and  crenate  ;  stamens  exserted  beyond  the  tube  ;  anther  cells 
opposite,  transverse. — Verticils  distant,  many-flowered. 

1  G.  tetrdhit  L.  St.  hispid,  the  internodes  thickened  upwards ;  Ivs.  ovate,  hispid, 
serrate ;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  tlie  calyx,  the  upper  lip  nearly  straight,  concave. — 
A  common  weed,  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  N.  States.  St.  1  to  2  to  3f 
high,  obtusely  4-ar^ltd,  remarkably  tumid  bolow  the  joint,  and  covered  with 
prickly,  deflexed  bristles.  Leaves  hairy  on  both  sides,  ovate,  acute,  serrate.  Fls. 
in  dense  verticils.  Calyx  with  5  acute,  bristly  teeth.  Corolla  variegated  with 
white  and  purple,  upper  lip  concave,  purple,  longer  than  the  lower.  June,  July. 
§  Eur. 

2  Qt.  Iddanum  L.  St.  glabrous  or  pubescent,  internodes  equal ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sub- 
serrate,  pubescent;  upper  lip  of  the  cor.  slightly  crenate. — A  smaller  species, 
growing  among  rubbish  in  gravelly  soils,  Ac,  N.  Eng.,  rare.  Stem  about  a  foot 
high,  not  swollen  below  the  joints,  with  opposite  branches.  Flowers  in  dense, 
remote  whorls.  Corollas  usually  rose-colored,  often  white  or  variegated,  spotted 
with  crimson.     Aug.,  Sept.     §  Eur. 

38.  STAXHYS,  L.  Hedge  Nettle.  (Gr.  ardxv^,  a  spiko;  from 
the  inflorescence.)  Calyx  tube  angular,  campanulate,  5  or  10-ribbed, 
6-toothed,  upper  teeth  often  larger;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect, 
spreading  or  somewhat  vaulted,  lower  lip  spreading,  3*lobed,  middle 
lobe  largest;  stamens  ascending,  lower  ones  longer;  anthers  approxi- 
mate in  pairs. — Verticils  2  to  10-flowered,  approximate  in  terminal 
racemes. 

*  PKints  pl.'ibrous,  or  nearly  so.    Calyx  tcoth  divaricately  spreading Nos,  1,2 

*  Pliirits  hispid.     Calyx  teeth  suberect. — Leaves  siibsossile,  petioles  0  to  8"  lonir. . .  .Nos.  3,  4 

— Leaves  all  petiolate,  petioles  0  to  lii"  long.  Nos.  5,  6 

1  S.  hysBopifdlia  Mx.  St.  ascending  or  erect,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy ;  Ivs. 
sessile,  lance-linear,  finely  serrulate,  acute,  small,  margin  and  base  hispid ;  verticils 
4-flowere(J,  distant ;  ctil.  and  very  sluMt  bracts  ciliate,  teeth  subulate,  spreading, 
twice  shorter  than  the  corolla. —  2^  Wet  soils,  in  barrens,  Mass.  to  Mo.  and  S. 
Stiites.  Plant  slender,  6  to  12'  higii.  Lvs.  1'  in  length,  rarely  longer,  2  to  4'' 
wide.     Fl.-J.  ses.sile,  7"  long.     Teetli  of  calyx  shorter  than  its  tube.     Jl. 

2  S.  gldbra  Riddell.  St.  glabrous  or  sliglitly  hispid  downward,  erect,  often 
biaiicliecl;  lvs.  glabrous,  oblong-ovate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  all  petiolate, 
acute  or  i-;'bacuminate,  serrate;  cat.  glabrous,  teeth  lance-subulate,  spinulous, 
divaricate,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — U  Woods,  streams,  N.  Y.  to  Mich, 
and  S.  States.  Plant  slender  or  rather  stout,  15'  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long, 
tlie  petioles  6  to  12".  Spikes  at  length  3  to  7'  long.  Fls.  slender,  pale  red  and 
purple.     Jl.,  Aug. 

(3.  UEBiLis.     Weak,  much  branched,  from  a  decumbent  base. — Ga.,  La. 

3  S.  palustris  L.  Sf  stout,  erect,  hispid,  with  retrorse  bristles;  lvs.  many,  his- 
pid, hoary  beneath,  on  short  petioles,  obloiig-laiicc  olate,  subacuminate,  narrowed 
towards  the  obtuse  ase,  crenate-serrate ;  cal.  hispid,  teeth  atuminate-spinulous, 
erect-spreading;  cor.  twice  longer  than  tlie  calyx. —  If  By  streams  and  in  moist 
shades,  Can.  and  Wis.  to  Car,  Herb  rou<>h  and  coarse,  1  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  3  to 
6'  long,  petioles  a  few  lines.  iJracts  lon<j;er  than  the  calyx.  Fls.  widely  gaping, 
1  to  8  '  long,  pale  red  spotted  witli  purple.     Jn. — Aug.     (S.  hispida  Ph.) 

4  S.  ^spera  Mx.  St.  slender,  erect  or  flexuous,  retrorsely  hispid ;  lvs.  sparsely 
hispid,  subsessile,  ovaie-laneoolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  obtuse  at 
base ;  cat.  glabrous,  fmt  ciliate  on  the  angles,  and  the  lanceolate,  spinulous,  sub- 
erect  teeth. —  21  Can.  and  U.  S.,  in  dump  places,  commoD.     Plant  much  mora 


Order  89— LABI AT-^. 


557 


sleoaur  and  smooth  in  aspect  than  tho  preceding,  yet  technically  scarcely  different 
It  is  green  rather  than  hoary,  about  2f  higli,  simple.  Lva.  2  to  3'  by  6  to  9". 
Gal.  sniootiiish,  the  teeth  usually  purple,  equeding  the  tube  of  the  purple  spotted 
corolla.     Jl.,  Aug. 

5  S.  Nuttalli^iia  Shuttlew.  St.  stout  erect,  often  branched,  hispid  with  bristly, 
spreading  hairs;  Ivs.  elliptical-ovate,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  sparsely  hispid, 
narrowtd  to  a  cordate  base,  petiolato ;  cal.  pubescent,  teeth  triangular,  verj-  acute, 
aha:  ler  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  or  calyx. — %  Ohio  to  Tcnn.,  along  shaded  bank?. 
Plant  light  green,  3  to  5f  high,  with  large  leaves,  St.  with  grooved  sides  and 
hispid  angles.  Lvs.  4  to  9'  by  18  '  to  40  '.  Verticils  remote.  Cor.  hght  red, 
with  purple  stripes  and  dots,  the  tube  much  exserted.  Jl.,  Aug.  (S.  sylvatica 
Nutt.) 

6  S.  arvinsis  L.  Annual;  st.  decumlsnt,  hairy;  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  petiolate. 
obtuse,  creiiate,  tho  highest  shorter  than  tho  lanceolate,  acute  teeth  of  tho  hi.spid 
calyx;  cor.  tube  included,  lips '/aort. — In  waste  grounds  near  Bo.stoii,  &c.  Plant 
slender,  3  to  If  long,  with  long,  spreading  hairs.  Lvs.  I'  or  loss.  Cor.  pubes- 
cent.    §  Eur. 

39.  LEONU^RUS,  L.  Mother-wort.  (Gr.  At'wv,  a  lion,  ovpd.,  tail; 
from  the  appearance  of  the  spikes  of  flowers.)  Calyx  5  to  10-striate,  5- 
toothed,  teeth  subspinesccnt ;  \ipper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  hairy,  con- 
cave, erect,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  obcordate ;  stamens  4, 
ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip.     Mostly  ^ . 

1  L.  Cardiaca  L.  Lvs.  palmate-loied,  uppermost  lanceolate,  often  trifid,  all  of 
thorn  toollied,  cuneiform  at  base;  cor.  lunger  than  the  calyx,  tlie  tube  witii  a 
hairy  ring  within. — Tartary,  whence  it  was  lirst  inlroiluccd  into  Europe  and  thenco 

'  to  America,  ever  following  tho  footsteps  of  civilized  man.  Connuou  in  waste 
places.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  downy,  square,  large,  purplisli,  bearing  its  opposite, 
stalked,  rough  leaves  arranged  in  4  vertical  rows,  Fls.  in  many  whorls.  Calyx 
rigid  and  bristly.  Cor.  purplish,  hairy  without,  variegated  within.  July. — It  has 
reputation  as  an  ingredient  in  herb  drinks  for  colds,  coughs,  &c.  § 

2  L.  marrubidatnim  L.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  incisely  and  coarsely  serrate,  the  floral 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  incisely  dentate ;  cor.  shorter  than  the  calyx 
teeth,  tube  naked  witliin,  upper  lip  somewhat  vaulted,  pubescent. — Penn.,  Ind., 
rare.  A  plant  of  vigorous  growth,  2 — 4f  high,  with  opposite,  ascending  brandies. 
Leaves  2 — 3'  in  length,  tho  lowest  on  long  petioles.  Verticils  many-flowered, 
remoto  but  nimiorous,  forming  an  interrupted,  leafy  spike.  Corolla  reddish  white. 
July,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

40.  MARRU'BIUM,  L.  Hoarhound.  Calyx  tubular,  5—10  striate, 
with  6  or  10  subcqual  teeth ;  cor.  bilabiaU',  upper  lip  erect,  flattish  or 
concave,  entire  or  bifid,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  broad- 
est, emarginate,  tube  included;  sta.  included  in  the  tube. —  If. 

M.  vulgdre  L.  St.  ascending,  hoary  pubescent;  lvs,  roundish,  ovate,  crenatc- 
dentate,  downy  cauescent  beneath;  cal.  of  10  setaoeous,  uncinate  teeth. — Field.-? 
and  roadsides.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  branching  at  base,  or  several  from  the  same  root 
Lvs.  petiolate,  1  to  2'  diam.,  whitish  and  rough  veined  above,  very  woolly  be- 
neath, rounded  and  toothed.  Fls.  white,  in  sessile,  axillary,  dense,  hairy  verticils. 
Cal,  woolly,  the  teeth  spreading  and  alternately  shorter.  Jl.,  Aug,  §  Eur.  Well 
known  as  an  ingredient  in  cough  candy. 

41.  LEUXAS,  L.  (Gr.  Aev«6f,  white;  the  usual  color  of  tho  densely 
woolly  flowers.)  Calyx  tubular,  8  to  10-toothed,  subequal ;  corolla 
tube  included,  upper  lip  concave,  erect,  entire,  very  hairy  without,  the 
lower  longer,  spreading,  trifid,  middle  lobe  tho  largest ;  stamens  be- 
neath the  galea ;  filaments  not  appeudagcd,  achenia  3-angled. — Fls.  in 
axillary  verticils. 


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OuDEU  90.— BORRAGINACE.E. 


L.  Martinic&nsis  Br.  Erect,  pubescent;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate,  crenate,  rugous, 
the  tioral  lanceolate ;  verticils  distant,  large,  globular,  many-flowered ;  cal.  in- 
curved, oblique,  upper  tooth  longest. — 1)  Herbs  1  to  2f  high,  with  small  white 
llowers.     Escaped  from  gardens,  Ga.     §  W.  Ind. 

42.  LEONOTIS,  Br.  Lion's-ears.  (Gr.  Aewv,  a  lion,  (bra,  ears ; 
a  fanciful  name  alluding  to  the  corollas.)  Calyx  lO-voined,  apex  in- 
curved, throat  oblique,  sub- 10- toothed,  upper  tooth  largest ;  corolla 
tube  exserted,  limb  bilabiate,  upper  lip  concave,  erect,  entire,  lower 
short,  spreading,  trifid ;  stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  galea  ;  anthera 
in  pairs. — Verticils  dense,  with  numerous,  linear-subulate  bracts.  Fls. 
scarlet-yellow. 

L.  nepetaefdlia  Br.  Herb  stout,  erect ;  Ivs.  thin,  ovate,  crenate ;  cal.  teeth  8, 
the  upper  much  the  largest,  all  spiuescent ;  cor.  scarlet,  about  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx. — (£)  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  S.  Car.  and  Ga.,  common.  Plant 
large  and  very  showy,  4  to  7f  high.  St.  deeply  2-grooved  on  the  4  sides,  angles 
rounded.  Lvs.  comparatively  small,  18"  to  30"  by  12  to  20",  on  long  petioles. 
Clusters  terminal  and  subtermiiial,  near  2'  diam.,  beset  with  the  calyx  spine.s  and 
the  brilliant,  downy  corollas  10"  in  length.     §  Africa. 

Ordkr  XC.     BORRAGINACEtE.     Borrageworts. 

Eerbs  (shrubs  or  trees),  with  round  stems  and  branches,  not  aromatic.  Leaves 
alternate,  generally  rough,  with  stiflf  hairs.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  seldom  yel- 
low, generally  in  a  coiled  (scorpoid)  inflorescence.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  united  be- 
low, regular,  very  rarely  irregular.  Stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  tube.  Ovary  deeply 
4-lobed,  forming  in  fruit  4  separate,  1 -seeded  achenia  in  the  bottom  of  the  persis- 
tent calyx.     Style  1,  gynobasic,  seed  separable  from  the  pericarp,  exalbumiuous. 

Illust.  in  figs.  220,  372. 

Genera  54,  xpecies  6S3,  mostly  native.s  of  temperate  cllra(ite.s  in  the  Northern  hemisphere. 

Propertiex. — Mucilaginous  and  emollient  plants,  never  poisonous.  The  important  red  dye, 
alkanet,  is  the  product  of  Anchusa  tinctoria,  iScc.  Many  are  esteemed  for  their  beauty  in  cul- 
tivation. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

I.  EIIRETIE.iE.    Ovary  entire,  4-celled.  Sty.  terminal.   Fr.  baccate.  Shrubs. Tournefobtia.  1 

II.  HELIOTROPES.    Ovary  entire.    Style  terminal.     Fruit  dry  separating  into  parts,  (a) 

a  Corolla  tube  cylindrical,  throat  open.    Fruit  separating  into  4  parts IIeliotkopium.  2 

a  Corolla  tube  conical,  throat  constricted.    Fruit  separating  into  2  parts..  .IIeliopuytum.  3 

III.  BOllRAGEiE.    Ovary  deeply  4-lobed.    Style  basilar.    Fruit  4,  ocluiiiia.  (b) 

b  Corolla  irregularly  5-lobed,  throat  open,  naked.     Blue  Ecuium.  4 

b  Corolla  regularly  5-lobed.  (c) 

0  Achenia  unarmed,  fixed  by  their  excavated  base,  throat  closed,  (d) 

d  Corolla  wheel-form.    Anthers  exserti'd.    Blue Borraqo.  5 

d  Corolla  tubular-bell-form.    Stylo  exserted.     White Sympuvtu-m.  tf 

d  Corolla  salver-form,  with  the  slender  tube  bent.    Blue Lycopsis.  7 

o  Achenia  unarmed,  fixed  by  their  small,  fiat  base.    Throat  open  or  closed,  (e) 

©  Corolla  tubular,  with  the  lobes  erect  and  acute.     White Onos.modutm.  8 

e  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  in  bud.     White  or  yellow. . .  .Luuubpeumum.  9 

e  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  imbricate  In  bud.     Purple,  blue,  large Mertknsia.  10 

e  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  co.ivoluto  in  bud.     Blue  or  white,  small Myosotis.  11 

0  Achenia  armed  with  borbed  \)ricklcs. — Corolla  salver-form Eoiiinospkkmu.m.  12 

—Corolla  funnel-form Cynoolossum.  13 

1.  TOURNEFOR'TIA,  L.  Summer  IIelktropb.  (Dedicated  to 
Joseph  Pitton  de  Tourne/ort,  the  founder  of  Systematic  Botany.) 
Calyx  6-parted,  corolla  salver-form,  throat  naked ;  stamens  6,  included ; 
style  short ;  fruit  2-carpeled,  4-celled  and  4-Beeded. — Shrubs,  with  en- 
tire lvs.  and  secund  spikes. 


Ordbr  90.— BORRAGINACEiE. 


559 


T  heliotropoides  Hook.  Shrubby  at  base,  with  herbaceous,  hairy  branches, 
erect;  Ivs.  oval,  pubescent,  obtuse,  undulate  ou  the  margin ;  ped.  terminal,  2  or 
3  times  dichotomous ;  cor.  tube  included,  lobes  obtuse,  fruit  globular. — Thu  tla. 
are  numerous,  small,  pale  lilac,  and  inodorous,     f  Buenos  Ayres. 

2.  HELIOTRO'PIUM,  Tournef.  Heliotrope.  (Gr.  /'/Atoc,  the  sun, 
rperrb),  to  turn  ;  the  flowers  were  said  to  turn  with  the  sun.)  Calyx  5- 
partod,  corolla  salver-forra,  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  sinuses  pli- 
cate and  prominent  in  the  bud  ;  anthers  sessile  ;  style  short,  stigma 
conical,  the  achenia  cohering  at  base,  at  length  separable, — Herbs  oc 
shrubs.     FIs.  white  or  purple,  in  unilateral,  soorpoid  spikes. 

1  H.  Europabum  L.  Herb  erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  oval,  obtuse  at  each  end,  petio' 
late,  wavy;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  single  or  forked ;  cal.  lobes  hirsute,  obtuse, 
equaliug  the  cor.  tube,  and  also  as  long  as  the  fruit. — 'J)  Rocky  banks,  at  Har- 
per's Ferry,  Lu.  A  delicate  annual  8  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  two-thirds 
as  wide.     FIs.  small,  white,  in  spikes  several  inches  in  length.     Aug.     f  §  Eur. 

2  H.  curaBsavicum  L.  Herb  glabrous,  procumbent  at  base ;  lvs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  entire,  tlaucous ;  spikes  usually  forked ;  sep.  obtuse,  mtich  shorter  than 
the  fruit. — ij)  Sandy  .shores,  St.  Louis  to  N.  Orleans.  A  foot  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
by  2  to  3".     FIs.  very  small,  bluish.     §  W.  Ind. 

3  H.  Peruvi^num  L.  Shrubby,  erect,  pubescent,  somewhat  hoary ;  lvs. 
short-petiolate,  lance-ovate,  rugous  ;  spikes  numerous,  aggregated,  corymbous ,  ^u, . 
tubetwice  longer  than  the  calyx. —  A  pretty  green-house  shrub,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs. 
serrulate,  twice  as  long  as  wide.  FIs.  very  fragrant,  white  or  tinged  with  purple, 
f  Peru. 

3.  HELIOPH'YTUM,  DC.  (Gr.  rj^iog,  the  sun,  f^vrov,  a  plant ;  from 
its  relation  to  Heliotropium.)  Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  salver-form, 
throat  constricted,  5-rayed ;  anthers  included;  style  very  short;  nuts 
2,  each  2-celled  (sometimes  with  2  additional  empty  cells). — Herbs  with 
habit  of  Heliotrope. 

H.  Indicum  DC.  Herbs  erect,  branching,  hairy  ;  lvs.  ovate,  erose-serrulate,  acute, 
base  abruptly  contracted  into  a  petiole,  often  subcordate,  rugous,  very  veiny; 
spike  terminal,  solitary,  simple  (rarely  forked  1) ;  cor.  much  exserted,  pubescent; 
fr.  miter-form,  the  two  nuts  divaricate,  showing  the  4  empty  cells  between. — 
"Waste  grounds,  pastures.  111.,  Ind.  to  Ga.  St.  furrowed,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to 
3'  long,  or  more.  Spikes  2  to  6'  long.  Cor.  blue  or  purple.  Carpels  biM  at  apex. 
§  S.  Am.     E.  Ind. 

4.  ECH'IUM,  Toum.  Viper's  Bugloss.  (Gr.  ^xig,  a  viper ;  from 
the  spotted  stem  of  some  species.)  Calyx  5-parted,  segments  subulate, 
erect;  corolla  campanulate,  obliquely  and  unequally  lobed,  with  a  short 
tube  and  naked  orifice;  stigma  cleft;  achenia  tuberculate,  base  flat, 
imperforate. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  FIs.  irregular,  in  spicate,  panicled 
ra<;  ernes. 

E.  vulg^re  L.  St.  herbaceous,  rough  with  bristles  and  tubercles;  cauline  lvs. 
lanceolate,  and  rough  with  bristles ;  spikes  lateral,  hairy,  detiected. —  (Jj  A  rough 
plant,  with  large,  handsome,  violet-colored  tlowers,  found  in  fields  and  waste 
grounds,  N.  States.  Stem  18 — 20'  high,  round,  with  entire,  dull  green  leaves, 
which  are  2 — 6'  long,  and  j  as  wide,  lower  ones  petiolate,  upper  ones  amplexi- 
cauL  Flowers  in  numerous,  crowded,  axillary,  recurved  spikes,  appearing  in 
June  and  July,  §  Eur. 

5.  BORRA^GO,  Tonm.  Borragk.  Calyx  6-parted;  corolla  rotate, 
with  acute  segments ;  orifice  crowned ;  filaments  converging ;  achenia 
ovoid,  muricate,  excavated  at  base,  inserted  lengthwise  into  an  excavated 
receptacle. — Europt  an  herbs. 


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Order  90.— BORRAGINACE^. 


1  B.  ofiBcinalis  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  alternate,  the  lower  ones  petiolate ;  cal.  spread- 
iiig;  ped.  terminal,  many-flowered;  filaments  included. —  (3p  A  common  inhabitant 
of  tlie  garden.  The  whole  plant  is  rough  with  short,  bristly  hairs,  erect,  2f  high, 
with  terminal  clusters  of  handsome,  sky-blue  flowers  during  summer.  It  was 
formerly  in  high  repute  as  a  cordial.  The  young  leaves  form  a  good  salad  and 
pot-herb.  %  Eur. 

2  B.  orieut^lis.  Lvs.  cordate,  petiolate ;  ped.  many-flowered ;  fil.  exserted,  vil- 
lous.—  (X)  An  ornamental  garden  plant,  E.  Eur.  Stem  and  leaves  hairy.  Flowers 
blue,  appearing  in  the  spring  months.  X     (Psilostemon,DC.) 

6.  SYM'PHYTUM,  Tourn.  Comfrey.  (Gr.  avfi<f)vaig,  a  joining  or 
healing;  from  its  reputation  for  healing  wounds.)  Calyx  5-parted  ; 
corolla  tnbular-cainpanulate,  orifice  closed  with  5,  subulate  scales,  con- 
verging into  a  cone  ;  achenia  smooth,  ovoid  fixed  by  an  excavated  base. 
—  U  Oriental  herbs. 

8.  ofSoinale  L.  Hairy,  branching  above;  lvs.  extensively  decurrent,  the  lower 
and  radioal  petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  upper  and  floral  lanceolate ;  sep.  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  cor.  Umb  with  5-recurved  teeth. — A  large,  coarse-looking  mucilagi- 
nous plant,  in  gardens  and  low  grounds,  Mid.  States.  Whole  plant  rough  with 
dense  hairs.  Stem  3 — 4f  high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves,  bearing  terminal, 
revoluto  racemes.     Corollas  white,  pink  and  red,  appearing  all  summer.  :{:  § 

7.  LYCOP'SIS,  L.     WiLo  BuGLOss.     (Gr.  Xvko^,  a  wolf,  and  6t/>,  the 

eye  ;  name  suggested  by  the  small  blue  flowers.)  Calyx  5-cleft ;  corolla 
I'lmnel-form,  tube  incurved,  orifice  closed  with  ovate,  converging  scales ; 
achenia  perforated  at  base,  ovoid,  angular. — 0  Distinguished  mainly 
by  the  curved  corolla  tube. 

L.  arv^nsis  L.  Plant  hispid ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  repand-denticulate ;  rac.  leafy ;  fls. 
sessile ;  cal.  shorter  than  the  curved  tube  of  the  corolla. — A  very  hispid,  almost 
bristly  plant,  in  fields  and  roadsides,  N.  States,  probably  introduced.  Stem  erect, 
branching,  roundish,  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  5  or  6  times  as  long  as  wide,  the 
margin  irregularly  and  slightly  toothed.  Fls.  small.  Calyx  erect.  Corolla  sky- 
blue  with  white  scales  within.     June,  July.     §  S.  Eur. 

8.  ONOSMO^DIUM,  Mx.  (From  Onos/?ia,  another  genus  of  this  order, 
and  eldog,  appearance.)  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  with  linear  segments ; 
corolla  cylindrical,  having  a  ventricous,  half  6-cleft  limb,  with  the  seg- 
ments converging  and  the  orifice  open  ;  anthers  sessile,  sagittate,  in- 
cluded ;  style  much  exserted  ;  achenia  imperforate,  whitish,  sliining. — 
U  North  American.     Rac.  terminal,  subspicate,  one-sided.     Fls.  white. 

1  O.  Virginianum  A.  DO.  Clothed  with  apprcssed,  stiff  bristles  from  a  tuber- 
cular base ;  lvs.  oblong,  sessile,  entire,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  b-veined,  cal.  very 
bristly,  lobes  lance-linear;  cor.  hispid  cfr  nearly  smooth,  a  third  longer  than  the 
calyx,  the  segm.  lance-subulate ;  anth.  strongly  sagittate. — Dry  soils,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla. 

,  and  La.  Plant  mostly  erect,  15  to  30'  high,  branching,  verv  rough.  Lvs.  varia- 
ble, 15  to  30 '  by  6  to  9".  Floral  lvs.  bracthke.  Cor.  4  to  6''  long.  Jn.— Aug. 
(O.  hispidum  Mx.) 

2  O.  Carolinidnum  DC,  Tall,  clothed  with  long  spreading,  rusty-white,  bristly 
hairs  tubercled  at  base;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  sessile,  entite,  l-veined,  acute,  gradually 
diminished  upwards ;  fls.  shaggy,  bristly ;  cal.  lobes  lance-oblong ;  cor.  near  twice 
longer,  lin^b  dilated,  seym.  ovate,  obtusiih;  anth.  linear-oblong,  cells  scarcely  di- 
verging at  base. — By  streams,  W.  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  La.  and  Ga.  St.  hollow,  2  to 
4f  high,  branched.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  or  more  long,  near  1'  wide.  Cor.  5  to  6".  Ach. 
large,  white.     May — Jl.    Varies  in  leaves  and  hairiness. 

p.  MOLLE.  Bristles  short,  appressed,  and  on  the  hvoer  surface  of  the  oblong-ovate 
lvs.  soft  downy,  except  the  7  prominent,  bristly  veins. — Plant  smaller.  Lv.^. 
approaching  to  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse.     (0.  molle  Mx.) — Chiefly  S.  Western, 


«•■  t 


Order  90— BORRAGINACEiE. 


561 


9.  LITHOSPER'MUM,  L.  Grammell  or  Gromwell.  (Gr.  kl^og^ 
a  stone,  and  antpua,  seed ;  the  seeds  being  hard  and  shining  like  little 
pebbles.)  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ;  corolla  funnel-form  or  salver- 
form  ;  limb  6-lobed,  orifice  open,  or  with  5  gibbous  appendages,  alter- 
nating with  the  stamens ;  anthers  included ;  stigma  obtuse,  bitid ; 
achenia  bony,  rugous  or  smooth,  imperforate  at  base. — Herbaceous  or 
sutfruticous,  generally  with  a  thick,  reddish  root.  Fls.  spiked  or  ra- 
cemed,  bracted,  white  or  yellow. 

§  Achenia  rugous-tubei'ulcd.    Corolla  throat  open,  not  flppendagcu No.  1 

i  Achenia  smooth  and  wliite.    Corolla  throat  iippendiigL'tl. — Flowers  wliiu.'... .  No.v  '.' — \ 

— Flowers  yellow Kus.  C— ' 

1  L.  arv6nse  L.  "WnEAT-TniEF.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  Lairy ;  cal.  nearly 
equal  to  the  corolla,  with  spreadinjj  segments ;  acli.  rugous. —  (I;  A  rough,  trou- 
blesome weed,  in  lields  and  waste  grounds.  Stem  branching,  erect,  12 — 15'  high, 
from  a  fusiform  root  with  redaish  bark.  Lvs.  bright  green,  rough,  sessile,  1 — 2' 
in  length,  with  only  the  central  vein ;  the  lower  ones  obtuse  and  narrowed  to  th© 
base ;  upper  ones  subacute.  Fls.  small,  white,  subsessile,  solitary,  in  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves.     May,  Jn.     §  Eur. 

2  L.  ofiBcin^le  L.  Erect,  very  branching  above;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  veiny, 
cal.  nearly  equal  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  ach.  sniootli. — 11  A  rough,  grayii>h  plant, 
in  dry,  gravelly  soils,  N.  and  Mid.  ytatos.  Sts.  much  branched,  clustered,  ansmg 
1  to  2f  from  a  white,  fusiform  root.  Lvs.  grayish  green,  rough  on  the  upper  side, 
hairy  beneath,  rather  acute,  entire,  2  to  3'  by  6  to  9'.  Fls.  small,  white,  axil- 
lary, solitary,  pedicellate,  in  recurved,  I'ify  spikes.  Achenia  ovate,  polished, 
stony,  usually  but  1  or  2  perfected.     Jl.    §  Eur. 

3  L.  latifolium  Mx.  Erect,  subsimple,  scabrous;  lvs.  ovate,  sharply  acuminate, 
tapering  to  the  sessile  base,  veined,  scabrous ;  rac.  leafy,  few-flowered  ;  sep.  lauce- 
linear,  longer  than  the  corolla,  and  spreading  in  fruit ;  ach.  punctate  with  mirmte 
impressions,  shining  white,  ovoid-turgid. — Woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and 
\  a.  Sts.  many  from  the  same  root,  strict,  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  1  to  2', 
strongly  veined.  Nuts  generally  but  2,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Fls.  small, 
white. 

4  L.  ang;uBtifdliuin  Mx.  Procumbent  at  base,  much  branched,  roughish  and 
somewhat  hoary  with  an  appressed  pubescence ;  Iva.  linear,  rigid,  edges  slightly 
revolute;  fls.  scattered,  lateral;  ach.  roundish-ovoid,  shining,  but  punctate  with 
minute  impressions. — Sand  prairies,  along  rivers.  Wis.  (Lapham)  to  Ark.  and 
westward.  Plant  G  to  15'  high.  Lvs.  1'  long.  Fls.  small,  cor.  white,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

5  L.  canescens  Lehmann.  Puccoon.  Erect,  subsimple,  softly  villous ;  lvs.  ob- 
long or  li'iear-oblong,  obtuse,  silky-canescent  above,  villous  beneath ;  fls.  axil- 
lary; tube  of  the  cor.  thrice  as  long  as  the  very  short  calyx. —  2^  Prairies,  flelds,  and 
dry  hills.  Can.  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  S.  States.  St.  8  to  12'  high,  erect,  simple,  rarely 
a  little  branched  above.  Lvs.  sessile,  2  to  3  "  wide  and  4  times  as  long,  1-veined. 
Fls.  crowded  near  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Cal.  sogm.  lanceolate,  acute,  2  "  long. 
Cor.  bright  orange-yellow,  6"  long.  Ju.,  Jl.  The  root  dyes  red.  (lials- 
chia,  Mx.) 

6  L.  hfrtum  Lehm.  Erect,  simple,  rough-hairy;  lvs.  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  ciliate-hirsute  both  sides,  floral  o/;afe-lanceolate ;  cal.  lobes  linear,  hirsute, 
half  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  cor.  segm.  spreading,  obovate,  entire,  tube  hispid  in- 
side at  base :  ach.  ovoid,  shining. — 71-  W.  and  S.  States,  in  dry  soils.  Sta.  8  to 
15'  high,  clustered.  Fls.  crowded.  Cor.  orange-yellow,  7  to  8'  long.  Cal. 
segm  enlarged  in  fruit.     Apr. — Jn.     (Batsohia  Caroline  nsis  Grael.) 

7  L.  lougiflorum  Spreng.  p]rect,  strigous  with  a  cinereous  pubescence;  lower  lvs. 
lance-linear,  attenuated  to  the  base,  upper  ones  linear,  acutish ;  rac.  leafy,  termi- 
nal ;  cal.  segm.  linear,  much  longer  tliau  the  pedicel ;  cor.  tube  4  times  longer  than 
the  calyx,  lobes  crenulate,  wavy. — %  Wis.  to  Natchitoches,  La  (llale.)  St.  10  to 
15'  high,  slender,  branched  near  the  top.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  2  to  4"  wide,  Uie 
floral  scarcely  as  long  as  the  flowers.  Cor,  yellow,  the  tube  9  to  12''  long.  Fr, 
umch  shortor  than  the  calvx,  ifmooth,  white.     Jl.     (Pentalophus,  DC.) 

36 


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OEDBR  90.— BORRAGINACE^. 


10.  MERTENSIA,  Rotb.  (Pulmonaria,  Tourn.)  Smooth  Lung- 
wort. (Named  for  Prof.  F.  C.  Mertens,  of  Bremen,  Germany.)  Calyx 
short,  5-cleft;  cor.  tube  cylindric,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb 
Rubcampanulate,  5-cleft,  throat  naked,  or  oftener  with  5  folds  or  ridges 
between  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  ;  sta.  inserted  at  top  of  the  tube ; 
anth.  subsagittate  ;  ach.  smooth  or  reticulated. — 11  St.  and  leaves  usu- 
ally glabrous  and  pellucid-punctate,  the  radical  many-veined,  caulin« 
sessile.     Rac.  terminal. 

1  M.  Virginica  DC.  Erect  or  aacending,  very  smooth  ;  radical  Iva.  large,  petio- 
lato,  oval,  ovale  or  obovate,  cauline  sessile,  latice-ovate  or  oblong,  all  entire,  ob- 
tuse ;  cor.  tube  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  twice  longer  than  the  limb. — Dry, 
rich  soils,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  and  Iowa.  A  plant  of  rare  beauty,  12  to  18'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  6'  long,  the  caulino  feather-veined.  Fls.  numerous,  nodding,  Kwmewhat 
trumpet-shaped,  10"  long,  varying  tlirough  every  shade  of  blue  and  lilac  even  on 
the  same  plant.     May.    (Lithospermum  pulchrum  Lehm.) 

2  M.  maritima  Don.  Glabrous,  procumbent  or  ascending;  lvs.  ovate,  obtuse, 
Ht'shy,  glaucous,  tl>e  radical  petiolate,  cauline  sessile ;  rac.  leafy ;  cal.  deeply  cleft, 
scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  glabrous,  5-cleft  corolla. — Sea  shore,  N.  Eng.,  rare. 
Can.  and  northward.  St.  diftusely  branched.  Fls.  purplish  blue,  limb  longer 
than  the  tube,  which  exhibits  5  folds  at  its  summit.     Jl. 

3  M.  paniculElta  Don.  Scabrous  with  minute  hairs,  erect;  radical  lvs.  petio- 
late, ovate,  cordate,  cauline  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  all  acuminate  and  veined ;  cal. 
hispid,  thrice  shorter  than  the  subcampanulate  corolla. — Shores  of  the  great 
Lakes,  from  Superior  to  Bear  L.,  also  in  gardens.  An  elegant  plant,  with  fls. 
varying  from  bright  blue  to  white,  paniculate,  nodding. 

11.  MYOSOTIS,  Dill.  FoRGET-ME-NOT.  (Gr.  juvf,  a  mouse,  and 
(ov?)  WTor,  an  ear  ;  from  the  form  of  the  leaves.)  Calyx  5-cleft ;  cor- 
olla salver-form  or  funnel-form,  tube  about  equaling  the  calyx,  the  6 
lobes  convolute  in  bud,  orifice  closed  with  short,  concave  scales ;  ache- 
nia  ovate,  smooth,  with  a  small  cavity  at  base. — Herbs,  slightly  villous. 
Rac.  at  length  elongated,  bractless,  or  with  a  few,  small  lvs.  at  the  base. 
Fls.  never  axillary. 

§  n.icotnes  one-sided.    Calyx  clothed  with  minute,  appresscd  hairs,  if  any No.  1 

§  littcenies  two-sided.    Calyx  beset  with  spreading,  minutely-hooked  bristles Nob.  2,  3 

1  M.  palustris  Roth.  (i.  laxa  (Fig.  220).  Minutely  strigous  or  smoothish, 
somewhat  branched,  erect;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with  short, scattered  hairs; 
rac.  without  bracts;  pedicels  divaricate  in  fruit,  twice  as  long  as  the  short,  spread- 
ing, smoothish,  equal  calyx. — %  Ditches  and  marshes,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  very  slen- 
der, about  a  foot  high.  Lvs.  scattered,  sessile,  about  1'  by  2  or  3".  Rac.  termi- 
nal, or  often  one  of  them  supra-axillary,  one-sided.  Fls.  2  to  3''  broad,  blue,  with 
a  yellow  center.     Fed.  3  to  6"  long.     May — Aug.     (M.  casspitosa  Schultz.) 

2  M.  arv^nsis  L.  Hirsute  with  tubercular  hairs,  branching ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute ;  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit,  twice  as  long  as  the  open,  equal  calyx,  in 
loose  racemes,  which  are  not  at  all  leafy  among  the  flowers  at  their  base.—® 
Fields,  &c.  Sts.  6  to  15'  high.  Lvs.  1'  and  less  in  length.  Fls.  2  to  3''  broad, 
white?  Jl.,  Aug.  We  describe  from  English  specimens,  having  seen  none 
native.     (M.  intermedia.  Link.) 

3  M.  stricta  Link.  Roughly  hirsute  with  spreading,  mostly  tubercled  hairs; 
lvs.  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  pedicels  ascending,  as 
long  as  the  closed,  uucinate-bristly,  unequal  calyx,  in  racemes  which  are  leafy  at 
base. — (^")  Dry  fields  and  hills,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  to  Wis.,  La.  and  Ala.  Plant  varying 
greatly  in  aspect  at  different  stages  of  growth,  yet  always  recognized  by  its  calyx, 
which  is  decidedly  bilabiate,  the  lower  lip  of  2  longer  teeth.  Plant  6  to  16'  high, 
grayi'^h.  Lvs.  1'  long,  or  in  larger  specimens  2'.  Fls.  very  small  (I"  broad), 
white.     May — Jl.     (M.  venia  Nutt.     M.  arvensis  Torr.) 


■M"'-Ji} 


Obdbr  90.— BORRAGINACLiE. 


668 


12.  ECHINOSPER'NUM,  Swartz.  Burr-seed.  (Gr.  ix^vo^,  the  sor- 
urchin,  anipfia,  seed  ;  from  the  character.)  Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla 
hypocrateriform,  orifice  closed  with  concave  scales  ;  achenia  4,  erect, 
bearing  1  to  3  rows  of  echinate  prickles,  smooth  between,  compressed 
or  angular,  fixed  to  a  central  column. — Herbs  with  bracted  rac.  and 
small,  blue  fls. 

E.  L^ppula  Lr>hm.  St.  branched  above ;  Ivs.  lanccc^late  or  linear-lanccolato, 
hairy;  cor.  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  border  erect-spreading;  ach.  eacii  wltli  2 
rows  of  hooked  prickles  on  the  margin. — 1 1)  An  erect  lierlj,  in  dry  soils,  roadsiil  s, 
N.  States  to  Arc.  Am.  Stem  having  a  dry,  grayish  aspect,  from  its  dense  hairs, 
about  a  foot  high,  undivided  except  at  the  top,  wliere  it  branches  into  a  kind  of 
panicle.  Leaves  1'  by  1 — 2",  sessile.  Flowers  very  small,  blue.  Jl.  (Roohe- 
lia  Koeni.     Cynoglossum  Scop.) 

13.  CYNOGLOS'SUM,  Tourr  Hound's  Tongue.  (Gr.  kvcjv,  a  dog, 
yXu>aaa,  tongue  ;  from  the  form  of  the  long,  soft  leaves.)  Calyx  5- 
parted  ;  corolla  short,  infundibuliform,  vaulted  ;  orifice  closed  by  5  con- 
verging, convex  scales;  achenia  covered  with  echinate  prickles,  do 
pressed,  forming  a  broad,  pyramidal  fruit,  and  each  fixed  laterally  to 
the  style. — Cor.  blue,  purple  or  white. 

8  I'acemes  without  bracts  or  nearly  so Nos.  1,  2 

$  Uacciiies  bracted  at  base,  but  the  pedicels  oi ways  extra-axillary No.  3 

1  C.  ofiBcindlis  L.  Common  Hound's  Tongue.  Silky-pubescent,  leafy  to  the  top ; 
root-lvs.  lance-oblong,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  petiole,  upper  sessile  or  amplexicaul ; 
rac.  bractless,  paniculate,  not  stalked;  nuts  margined  in  front. —  U  Waste  grounds, 
pastures,  common.  Plant  of  a  dull  green  color,  emitting  a  disagreeable  smell. 
St.  erect,  hairy,  1  to  2f  liigh.  Lvs.  with  soft  down  on  both  sides,  entire,  6  to  10' 
by  1  to  2',  tapering  into  a  long,  attenuated  base,  the  upper  much  smaller.  Clus- 
ters terminal,  panicled,  recurved  at  the  end.  Fls.  with  a  downy  calyx  and  a 
dull  red  corolla.  Cal.  leaf-like  in  fruit.  Sds.  rough  with  booked  prickles.  Jl. 
§  Eur. 

2  C.  Virgi'  icnm  L.  Hirsute-pilous;  lvs.  oblong-oval,  acute,  upper  ones  clasji- 
ing,  cordate,  all  on  the  lower  half  of  the  stem ;  corymb  terminal,  leafless,  on  a  low/, 
naked  peduncle. —  U  Inhabiting  woods  and  thickets,  Vt.  to  Va.  and  111.,  rare  in  N. 
Eng.  A  liairy  plant,  2f  high,  simple,  bearing  at  tlio  top  of  its  leafless  summit  a 
small,  panicled  corymb  of  pale  purple  flowers.  Radical  lvs.  5  to  6'  long  and  half 
as  wide.     Cal.  and  pedicels  very  hairy.     Jn.     (C.  amplexicaule  Mx.) 

3  C.  MorriBoni  DC.  Begoau-ticks.  St.  widely  branclied ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath;  rac.  divaricate,  dichotomous; 
fr.  densely  covered  with  prickles,  doubly  barbed  at  the  point. — (T)  In  rocky 
grounds  and  rubbish,  Can.  to  Fla.  St.  furrowed,  2  to  3f  higli,  with  many  slen- 
der, remote,  wide-spread  brandies,  each  terminating  in  a  centrifugal,  racemous 
inflorescence.  Lvs.  entire,  remote,  large  (4  to  8'  long),  tapering  to  each  end,  the 
lower  ones  petioled.  Fls.  very  small,  white,  the  pedicels  nodding  in  fruit.  Jl. 
(Echinospermum  Virginicum  Lehm.) 

Order  XCI.     HYDROPHYLLACE^.     Hydrophylls. 


't- 


Mi 


1^, 


■■f 


Ml* 


fferbs  mostly,  with  alternate  lobed  leaves  and  regular  bluish  flowers.  Calyx  5- 
cleft,  usually  with  appendages  at  the  clefts,  persistent,  free.  Corolla  5-lobed,  often 
witli  10  honey  scales  or  furrows  near  the  base.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  cor- 
olla, with  a  deeply  bifid  style.  Oyart/ entire,  ovoid,  free,  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal, 
several-seeded  placentae.  Fruit  2-valved,  filled  by  the  placenta.  Seeds  reticulated, 
albuminous. 

Oenent  IS,  species  77,  chiefly  American.     Properties  unimportant. 


,  ."^r-; 


■:    f 


ill. 


>!■  ^'' ; 


>04 


OHuaa.  ai.— HYDROPHYLLACEii:. 


li'i 


FIG.  67S.  Hydrofhyllmn  Virfrlnicum, 
flower;  a,  corolla  cut  oj)en,  sliowiii^  tlie 
lionoy-aroovi^s;  b,  ovary  and  stylu ;  c, 
MM'tion  of  scc;l.  OEinCRA. 

§  Placcntro  central,  large,  nisny-seeded.    Cymes  not  scorpoid , Htdrolba.  6 

!>'  i*luc<Mitiu  piiiietal  (at  least  in  i!ie  middle),  beaiini^fiw  (I  to  4,  rarely  many)  saedb.    (b) 
b  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convol.'ite  in  lestivation.     (o) 
b  Lobes  of  tiie  corolla  iinbrica'o  (quincuncial)  in  tbe  bud.    (d) 

c  Stamens  exscrted.    Flovers  in  forked,  scorpoid  racemes  Hyukoi*iivi.lum.  1 

C  Stamens  Included.     Flowers  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves Nemoimiila.  3 

d  Flowers  solitary.    Caly.v  much  enlarged  in  fruit Ellisia.  3 

d  Flowers  racemed.— Lobes  of  the  corolla  entire  (seeds  4.) Piiacklia.  4 

— Lobes  ot"  the  corolla  entire  (seeds  oo) Eutoca.  5 

— Lobes  of  the  corolla  fringed CosMANTiirs.  6 

1.  HYDROPHYL'LUM,  Tourn.  Water-leaf  Burr-flower.  (Gr. 
v6(t)p,  water,  (f>vkXov,  leaf;  the  leaves  in  spring  arc  said  to  hold  water.) 
Sepals  slightly  united  at  base,  the  sinuses  sometimes  appendaged  ;  cor- 
olla campanulate,  convolute  in  bud,  with  5  longitudinal,  margined  nec- 
tariferous grooves  inside  ;  stamens  exserted  ;  capsule  globous,  1- celled, 
2-valved,  4-seeded,  3  of  the  seeds  mostly  abortive ;  placentae  2,  fleshy, 
free  except  at  the  base  and  apex. —  21  Radical  Ivs.  on  long  petioles, 
(•innately  or  palmately  veined,  cauline  alternate.  Cymes  scorpoid, 
bractlc'ss. 

§  Calyx  appendaged  between  the  sepals  at  base.    Stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla No.  1 

§  Caly.x  not  appendaged.    Filaments  nmch  exserted "Nos.  2—4 

1  H.  appendiculatum  Mx.  Lvs.  subpalmately  5-lobed,  the  lower  almost  pin- 
iiatitid,  the  lobes  dentate,  diverging,  and  with  the  long  petioles,  ped.  and  cal.  hir- 
sute ;  sep.  lance-subulate,  the  appendages  at  the  base  ovate,  acute,  4  times 
shorter ;  cor.  glabrous  except  the  minute  appendages  inside ;  stam.  included. — 
N.  Y„  near  Rochester,  to  Wis.  and  Va ,  in  woods.  Sts.  12  to  18'  high,  branched. 
Petioles  1  to  4'  long.  Lvs.  roundish  in  outline,  the  broad,  acute  lobes  pointed 
and  diverging  in  a  stellate  manner.  Cul.  4  to  5'  long,  appendages  deflexed,  1" 
Icng.     Cor.  blue.     May. 

2  H.  Virginicum  L.  Plant  nearly  smooth ;  lvs.  pinnatijid  and  pinnate,  the  seg- 
ments oval-lanceolato,  incisely  serrate ;  fascicL-s  conglomerate  ;  ped.  longer  than 
the  petioles. — An  inhabitant  of  moist  woods,  Can  to  Car,  and  Western  States. 
Stem  a  foot  high,  bearing  largo,  roundish  tufts  of  flowers,  stamens  and  style  very 
conspicuous,  twice  the  length  of  the  bell-shaped  corollas.  Leaves  lew,  on  long, 
clasping  petioles,  with  about  5  distinct  leaflets,  the  upper  3  more  or  less  confluent 
at  base,  all  irregularly  toothed.     Corollas  varying  from  white  to  sky-blue.     Jn. 

3  H.  Canad^nse  L.  Lvs.  smoothish,  palmate,  roundish,  with  5 — 7  shallow  lobes, 
unequally  dentate,  teeth  obtuse-mucronate ;  fls.  in  crowded  fascicles ;  ped.  shorter 
than  the  forked  petioles. — Quite  different  in  aspect  from  the  last.  Found  in  alpine 
woods,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ind.  Stem  12 — 18'  high,  with  large,  roughish  leaves, 
divided  into  5 — 7  lobes.  Fascicles  of  fls.  dense,  terminal,  but  shorter  than  the 
petiole  which  seems  to  contintie  the  stem.  Cor.  white  or  variously  tinged  with 
purple,  much  longer  than  the  pedicels.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  H.  macroph^Uum  Nutt.  Whole  plant  reversely  hispid  with  white  hairs ;  los. 
oblong-oval,  /w  outline,  pinnatijid,  lower  segments  distinct,  upper  confluent,  all  incised 
into  rounded,  mucronate  teeth,  cauline  solitary  or  few,  much  smaller ;  cymes  ter- 
minal, long-pedunculate,  dense-flowered ;  cor.  glabrous  except  the  grooves  inside. 


Okuku  91.— IIYDUOPII Y I.LACK^. 


505 


• — Ohio,  to  the  Alleghany  Mta,  of  Vn.  Stum  a  foot  higli,  almost  leafless,  with  a 
terminal  globous  cyme  of  white  flowers.  Uadigal  leaves  6  to  10'  long,  the  seg- 
ments ovate-oblong.     Corolla  6"  long,  stam.  10".     Jn. 

2.  NEMOPH'ILA,  Nutt.  (Or.  v^fiog,  a  grovo,  ^iAt'o),  to  love  ;  suoh 
is  their  usual  locality.)  Calyx  5-pait»;(l,  the  sinuses  with  reflexed  appen- 
dages ;  corolla  rotate-cam panu late,  the  5-lobes  convolute  in  bud,  obtuse, 
the  tube  inside  bearing  10  minute  folds  or  scales;  stamens  included; 
ovary  globous,  1-ceIled,  2-valved,  with  2  placenta',  free  except  at  the 
ends,  each  2  to  12-ovulcd. — X  Herbs  fragile,  dilluse,  with  opposite  «>r 
alternate,  pinnately  parted  Ivs.,  one-flowered,  ped.  and  cyanic  fls. 

1  N.  microcalyx  Fisch.  &  MeytT.  Glabrous,  decumbent,  branched ;  Ivs.  trian- 
gular in  outline,  3-ciott,  or  the  lower  5-parted,  aegrii.  with  rounded  luucronato 
lobes ;  ped.  slender,  opposite  to  and  nearly  equaling  the  petioles ;  cor.  small,  about 
twice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  seeds  1  to  2. — Damp  woods,  Macon,  Ga..  Ala.,  to 
Ark.  and  La.  Sts.  muiiy,  6  to  12'  long,  or  often  but  3  to  G',  very  tender.  Lvs. 
all  alternate,  less  tlian  i'  long,  the  petioles  often  longer.  Fls.  white,  1  to  2  ' 
broad.     Lvs.  ovoid,  pitted.     Apr.     (N.  ovanesccMs  Darby.     EUisia,  Nutt.) 

2  N.  insiguis  Benth.  Lvs.  oblong,  pinnately  7  to  9-lobed,  lobes  ovate, 
acute,  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  tiio  calyx,  rotate-campan- 
ulate;  seeds  10  to  12.  Plant  procumbent,  in  gardens,  somewhat  hairy,  lvs.  1  to 
2'  long.     Fls.  1'  or  more  broad,  white  with  a  bhio  border.     \  California. 

3  N.  maciilata  Benth.  Procumbent,  witli  lv.«.  similarly  lobed  with  th')  last, 
and  with  the  lis.  white,  with  5  large  violet-colored  spots  on  the  bordi  r.  f  Cali- 
fornia. 

3.  ELLIS'IA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Joseph  Ellis,  F.R.S.,  an  English 
naturalist,  correspondent  of  Linnasus.)  Calyx  5-parted,  equaling  the 
tubular-campanulato,  caducous  corolla,  sinus  naked;  cor.  tube  Avith  S-pair"* 
of  minute  appendages  within,  limb  5-lobed;  sta.  included  ;  nectary  annii- 
lar,  5-toothcd  ;  sty.  bifid,  Avith  linear  lobes ;  caps,  ovoid-globous,  3- 
valved  ;  seeds  4  or  fewer  ripening. — ;X'  Herbs,  with  pinnatifid  lvs.  Cor, 
white. 

E.  Nyctel^a  L.  Ascending,  branching,  with  few,  scattered  hairs ;  lvs.  petiolato,- 
upper  ones  alternate,  segments  9  to  11,  linear-oblong,  nearly  distinct,  bparingly 
dentate ;  ped.  1-llowered,  opposite  the  leaves,  about  as  long  as  tlie  sepals ;  cal. 
seg.  triangular-acuminate,  broad  at  base,  longer  tliau  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — (1) 
Woods  and  river  banks,  S".  J.  to  Iowa  and  Ala.  Stem  4 — 10'  long.  Leaves  1 — 2' 
long.  Calyx  at  length  remarkably  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  nearly  aa 
inch  in  diam.  Corolla  lobes  obtuse,  emarginate,  with  purple  spots  at  base  inside. 
May— Jl. 

4.  PKACE^LIA,  L.  (Gr.  (paKEAog,  a  bundle  or  fascicle  ;  alluding  to 
the  fasciculate  racemes.)  Calyx  5-partod,  not  appendaged  ;  corolla 
tubular  campanulate,  caducous,  5-lobed,  lobes  entire,  imbricate  in  bud, 
tube  within  furnished  with  5  margined  grooves ;  stamens  5,  mostly  ex- 
scrted  ;  ovary  1-celled,  hispid ;  style  bifid  ;  capsule  ovoid,  2-valve(l, 
valves  bearing  the  placentae  in  the  middle ;  seeds  4  to  lO.-^IIerbs  hisi- 
pid,  with  alternate  lvs.  and  loose  or  dense,  one-sided  racemes. 

♦  Racemes  forked  or  corj-mbed Nos.  1,4.     *•  liaceines  8iin[)Io Nos.  2,  3. 

1  P.  bipinnatifida  Mx.  Hairy,  suberect;  Ivft.  incisely  pinnatifid,  tung-petiolate, 
lateral  segm.  2  to  4,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  terminal  trifid ;  rac.  elongated, 
forked  sicbpaniculate  ;  cor.  lobes  entire,  twice  longer  than  tiie  calyx,  shorter  than 
(sometimes  as  long  as)  the  stamens.  If  or  @  Woods  and  hill  sides,  Pcnn.  to  Ind. 
(Plummer),  Mo.  and  N.  Car.  Plant  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  1  to  2f  high, 
bearing  several  leafless  racemes  at  top.  Lvs.  3  to  G'  long,  including  the  pe- 
tiole. Cor.  6"  broad,  blue,  the  grooves  bordered  with  narrow,  pubescent  mar- 
gins.    May,  Jd. 


iU' 


/ 


,    if 


r^ 


14 


'  IJJ'N 


If'- 


'■i\\.S!h^ 


1 


:i 


4^J'"'i 


IP 


SH6 


Order  91.— HYDROPHYLLACE^. 


2  P.  macitlataWood.  Erect,  hrsknching,  Bpariagly  hirsute ;  Iva.  pinnatifid,  5  to  7. 
lobed,  the  lower  petiolate,  almost  piiiuute,  upper  sessile,  lobes  oblong,  ucutish,  those 
of  the  radical  Iva  rounded;  roc.  simple,  cerminal,  9  to  IB-Howered,  pedicels  twioa 
longer  than  the  linear-oblong  hrisUy-ciliate  sepals. — A  more  delicate  species,  on 
Stone  Mt.  Ga.  and  Ark.  Sts.  smoothisli,  6  to  12'  high,  sparingly  leafy.  Cor.  7" 
broad,  violet  blue,  10-spotted  around  the  yellowish  throat.  Grooves  obscurely 
bordered.     Stain,  not  longer  than  cor.     May,  Jn. 

3  P.  parvifldra  Ph.  Sfs.  weak,  smoothish,  procumbent,  subsimplo ;  Ivs.  all  petiolate, 
the  lowest  elongated,  with  roundisli,  remote,  stalked  leaflets,  the  upper  with  dis- 
tant ublonij-lancfulate,  entire,  acute  segm. ;  rac.  simple,  loose,  terminal,  6  to  12- 
tiowered;  pedicels  at  lengtli  twice  longer  than  the  oblong-spatulate,  smoo^Ais/i 
sepals ;  lis.  small. — @  Shaded  banks,  Peun.  to  Ga.  Plant  diffuse,  ascendinjr,  0  to 
10'  long.  Lvs.  with  their  petioles  1  to  3'  long,  lobes  distant,  small.  Fis.  pale 
blue,  4  '  wide.     Apr.,  May. 

4  P.  cong68ta  Hook.  Downy-canescent ;  lvs.  pinnate,  Ifls.  alternate,  very 
unequal,  some  sessile,  others  petioled,  all  iucisely  lobed,  tlie  terminal  confluent ; 
rac.  corymboua ;  scp.  lance-linear;  cor.  campanulate,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  ; 
stam.  exaerlod. — (D  Herb  a  foot  higli,  in  gardens,  with  numerous  bright  blue  fis. 
t  Texas. 

5.  EUTOXA,  R.  Br.  Calyx  5-partcd;  cor.  deciduous,  5-lobcd,  imbri- 
cate in  bud  ;  nectary -grooves  0  ;  filain.  exserted,  with  miimte  scales  at 
ba.se  ;  style  half  2-clei"t ;  ovary  hairy  above,  halt'-2-celled,  4 — oo-seeded, 
—X  Lvs.  hairy,  pinnatcly  lobed  or  entire. 

1  B.  vfscida  Benth.  Glandular-pilous,  viscid,  branched,  suberect ;  lvs.  peti- 
olate. iwate,  coarsely,  and  unequally  dentate  or  lobed ;  racemes  scorpoid,  at  length 
elongated ;  sep.  linear,  a  third  as  long  as  the  tubular-campanulute,  deep  blue  corolla ; 
seeds  CX). — Gardens.     If  high.     Fis.  near  1'  long,     f  California. 

2  B.  Franklinii  Br.  Pubescent,  simple,  erect;  root-lvs.  crowded,  cauline  alter- 
nate, all  pinimtijid,  lobes  5 — 7  ;  rac.  short,  spike-like,  cor.  blue,  spreading-camjmn- 
ulate,  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  00. — Gardens.  Fis.  numerous.  Cali- 
fornia.    Isle  Royal  {Porter). 

6.  COSMAN'THUS,  Nolte.  Miami  Mist.  ((Jr.  Koafwg,  elegance, 
dvdog,  a  flower.)  Calyx  5-part(Kl ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate,  caducous, 
S-ciott,  tube  without  appendages;  sta.  5,  about  equaling  the  (fringed) 
corolla;  nectary  minute ;  ova.  hairy  except  at  base,  1-celled;  sty.  bifid; 
caps.  2-valved,  valves  septiferous  in  the  middle;  seeds  4,  rugulous. — (T) 
Delicate  herbs,  with  alternate  lvs.  Rac.  long,  bractless.  Fis.  small, 
white  or  pale  blue. 

1  C.  Purshii.  Nearly  glabrous;  lower  lvs.  petiolate,  pinnatifid,  segments  few, 
entire,  ovate,  terminal  one  largest,  upper  lvs.  sessile,  pectinately  pinnatifid,  with  5 
to  7  oblong,  acute,  lobes;  rac.  terminal,  simple,  9  to  15-fiowered;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  lance-linear  sepals. — Fields  and  river  bottoms,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  "W.  to  la. 
and  Ky.  Plant  8 — 12'  high,  with  slender  brandies.  Radical  leaves  with  obtuse 
lobes,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Cor.  delicately  fringed,  light  blue,  5  to  6' 
broad,  spreading.  May,  Jn.  (C.  fimbriatus  Nolte.  Phacelia  fimbriata  Ph.  not 
Mx.     P.  Purshii  Buckley.) 

2.  C.  fimbriatus  Mx.  Much  branched  from  the  base,  pubescent ;  sts.  slender, 
assurgent;  lower  lvs.  petiolate,  pinnate,  with  roundish  segments,  upper  sessile, 
cleft  into  5  to  7  oblong,  obtuse  lobes;  rac.  terminal,  simple,  5  to  12-flowered;  pedi- 
cels about  as  long  as  tlie  oblong-spafulate,  obtuse  sipats. — Mts.  Va.,  Tenn.  (Miss 
Dana),  to  Ga.  Sts.  4  to  8'  lonur.  Fis.  white,  delicately  fringed,  4  to  5"  diam. 
May. 

6.  HYDRO^LEA,  L.  (Gr.  vScop,  water,  rAata.,  oil;  "a  viscid  (oily) 
water  plant.")  Calyx  6-sepaled,  persistent ;  corolla  rotate-campanulate, 
fl-lobed  ;  stamens  6,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube ;  styles  2,  stigmas 
capitate-depressed ;  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  large,  fungous  pla- 


OiBUEH  92.— POLEMONIACE^. 


607 


centic  axial,  borne  on  «ich  surface  of  tlio  free,  false  dissepiment,  se("<l9 
many. — Herbs  with  alternate,  undivided  Ivs.,  and  axillary  or  terininal 
cymes  of  blue  fls. 

1  H.  corymbdaa  Macbrido.  Unarmed,  sparingly  hirsute  above;  Iva.  sessile, 
lanco-oviito  ;  branchleta  corymbed,  each  bear ini>  u  terminal  Jtoiver  ;  sep.  lanccolato. 
acute,  hispid  ;  cor.  tlirico  longer  tli  lu  tho  calyx ;  cap.s.  roundish-ovoid,  glabron  \ 

—  U  Ponds  in  pino  barrens,  (Ja.  and  i^.  Car.  (Bachman),  Sts.  1  to2f  high.  Lvs, 
r  to  18  '  long,  with  downy  veins  and  margins.  Fls.  showy,  nearly  bell-.sliapcd, 
r  bror.d,  "azure  witfi  yullowish  veins  and  5  white  spots  near  the  base,"  (Elliott.) 
Jn. — Aug. 

2  H.  quadrivdlva  Walt.  Spiny,  more  or  less  hispid ;  lvs.  lunceolato,  peliolatc, 
very  acute  at  both  ends,  oiuiro;  cymes  4  to  6-Jtowered,  ovWary,  upper  sessile, 
lower  pedunculate  ;  sepals  ovato,  acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than  theeoiolla. —  U 
in  stagnant  waters,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.  St.  2f  high.  Spines  straiirlit,  slender, 
axillary,  3  to  5"  long.  Lvs.  2  to  li'  long.  Cor.  azuro  blue,  5  to  G  broad. 
Caps,  as  largo  as  a  pea,  with  numerous  minute  seeds.     Jl. — Sept. 

3  H.  ov&ta  Nutt.  "With  ovate-aeuminate  lvs.  and  terminal  chi.sters  is  found  in  "W. 
La.  and  Ark.,  probably  noi  native  within  our  limits.     Rarely  seen  in  gardens. 

Order  XCII.     POLEMONLVCE^.     Piiloxworts. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  5-partcd,  regular,  showy  flowers. 
Corolla  monopotalous,  tlu  lobes  convolute,  rarely  imbricate  in  ajstivation.  Sta- 
mens 6,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Ovary  3-celled, 
a'igma  3-cloft ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  few  or  many,  albumin- 
ous, attached  to  a  permanent  columella.     (Illustr.  in  Fig.  301.) 

<?e7ie/vt  17,  «/»ecte«  104,  chiefly  N.  American.  They  are  valued  and  cultivated  only  ns  orna- 
mental pluntij. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

I.  POLEMONIE.iE.    Sepals  united  at  base.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  bud.  (a) 

a  Corolla  salver-form.    Filaments  unequal.    Leaves  entire Phlox.  1 

a  Corolla  bell-form.    Filaments  equal.    Leaves  pinnate Polf.monium.  2 

a  Corolla  funnel-form.    Filanuints  equal.    (Leaves  i)innately  dissected) Oilia.  3 

IL  DL\PENSIE.<E.    Sepals  distinct,  oval.    Lobes  of  corolla  imbricated Diape.nsia.      4 

1.  PHLOX,  L.  Phlox.  Lyciinidia.  (Or.  ^Ao^,  a  flower ;  from 
the  color  and  profusion  of  the  flowers.)  Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  S-clel't ; 
corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  more  or  less  curved ;  'citamens  very  un- 
equally inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  above  the  middle ;  cajtsule 
3-celled,  cells  each  1-scedcd. — A  highly  ornamental.  North  American 
geims.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite,  sessile,  simple,  entire.  Fls.  in  terminal, 
cymes,  corymbed  or  panicled.     (Fig.  301.) 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  and  entire  at  the  end.  (1) 

1  Panicle  of  cymes  oblong  or  pyramidal,  many-flowered , Nos.  1,  2 

1  Panicle  of  cymes  corymbed,  level-topped,  flowers  fewer.  (2) 

a  Plants  sjlabrous.    Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  its  tubes No.s.  8,  4 

2  Plants  hairy.     Calyx  teeth  attenuated,  lonjier  than  the  tube.  (3) 

3  Leaves  narrow,  linear  or  nearly  so Nos.  6,  6 

3  Leaves  bro.id,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  etc Nos.  7,  8,  ^.,  9 

♦  Lobes  of  corolla  notched  or  bifld  at  tlie  end. — Leaves  distant Nos.  8,  10 

— Leaves  imbricated No.  11 

1  P.  panicul^ta  L.  Glabrous,  erect ;  lvs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate 
ai  each  end,  or  tho  upper  abrupt  at  base,  rough-edged,  flat ;  corymbs  paniculate, 
subpyramidal,  many-flowered ;  cat.  teeth  setaceous-acuminate,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
tube';  pet.  roundish-obovate,  entire. — U  This  favorite  is  found  native  in  woods 
and  river  banks,  W.  States  to  Penn.  and  Car.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  ending  in  a  large, 
oblong-pyramidal  panicle  of  innumerable  pink-colored,  scentless  flowers.  Lvs.  3 
to  5'  by  9  to  16",  lower  ones  distinctly  petioled.  Cor.  tube  a  little  curved,  12  t» 
15"  long.     Jl.— Sept.  f 


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1 

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t 

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568 


Order  92.— POLEMONIACE^. 


8 


n 


% 


8.  ACUMINATA.    Lvs.  ovate-acuiiiinato,  pubescent  beneath  as  well  aa  the  stem; 
panicle  with  fewer  Howers. — In  rich  alluvion.     (P.  acuminata  Ph.) 
I  P.  maculdta  L.     St.  erect,  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth,  purple-spotted ;  lower 
lvs.  lauctolate,   the  highest  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  all  subcoriaceous,  njiighish  or 
smooth ;  panicle  oblong  or  subpyramidal ;  cal.  teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  about  half  as 
long  as  its  tube;   p^'t.  orbicular. —  IL   Moist  fields,    Peun.  to  Car.  and  Western 
States.     Stem  2 — 3f  high,  mostly  punctate,  with  purple  spots.     Lower  branches 
of  the  panicle  siiorter  than  the  leaves,  or  often  elongated.     Corolla  tube  more  or 
less  curved,  smooth.     Petals  obtuse  or  retuse,  purple,  varying  in  gardens  from 
white  to  crimson.     Jn.  f     (P.  pyramidalis  Sm.) 
/5.  GUACiLiOR.    Tali,  slender,  scabrous ;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-hnear.    Ga.  (Fcay). 
}'.  suAViiOLENS.     Smootli ;  lis,  wiiito,    sweet-scented. — Gardens.      (P.  suuveo- 
lens  Ait.) 

\  P.  Carolina  L.  Glabrous ;  st.  decimate  at  hose,  ascending,  often  branched ;  lvs. 
lanct'olate  from  an  ovate  (rarely  cordate)  base,  acuminate  or  gradually  acute  ■,  pani- 
cle coryrabous,  of  dense,  few-flowered  cymes ;  cal.  teeth  lanceolate,  acuminate. — 
Woods,  prairies,  Mich,  to  Ga.  St.  often  procumbent  at  base,  thickisli,  smooth,  9' 
to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  variable  in  form.  Corymb  simple  or  often  com- 
pound and  rather  diffuse.  Sep.  united  two-thirds  their  length,  the  points  soft, 
spreading.  Cor.  tube  1',  lobes  rose  purple,  roundish,  spreading  1'.  May — Jl.  f 
li  OVATA.     St.  roughish  or  puberulent ;  lvs.  broad  (1) ;  corymb  loose. — South. 

(P.  ovata  Ph.) 
y.  NiTiDA.     Lvs.  lancc-oblong,  dark  green,  shining. — S.  W.  (P.  nitida  Ph.  ?) 

:  P.  glab^rrima  h.  Glabrous ;  sts.  slender,  clustered,  suhsimple,  erect ;  lvs.  lance- 
liucar  or  oblong -linear,  gradually  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  acute  at  base, 
tiiickish,  often  with  rovoluto  margins  ;  corymb  subsimple,  lew-flowered  ;  cal.  teeth 
lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate. — I'rairies  and  barrens,  Wis.  to  Ga.  and  Term.  Sts. 
1  to  3f  high,  with  light  green  foliage.  Lvs.  2  to  3  to  4'  long,  3  to  5"  wide,  very 
smooth  except  the  rough  edges.  Sep.  united  two-thirds  their  length.  Cor.  tube 
9  to  12"  long,  slightl}'  "curved,  lobes  pale  pink.     Jn.,  Jl. 

P.  pildsa  L.    Smooth  or  puberulent  below,  glandular  pilous  above;  st.  declinaie 

at  base,  slender,   assurgcnt,  subsimple ;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  margin  sub- 
revolute,  base  half-clasping,  attenuate  to  an  acute  ajKx ;  panicle  corymbous,  few- 
flowered,  loose ;  cal.  segin.  subulate-aristate,  much  longer  than  the  tube. — Prairies 
and  copses,  Wis.  to  N.  J.,  Ga.,  Fla.  and  La.     A  common,  slender  Phlox,  1  to  2f 
high.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  rigid.     Cor.  small,  pale  red  or  bluish,  tube  7  to  8"  long, 
lobes  spreading  7  to  8  '.     May,  Jn.     (P.  aristata  Mx.)     Varies  to  glabrous  (La. 
Hale)  wlien  it  still  difFei'S  from  No.  4  by  its  long  setaceous  calyx  teeth. 
li.    'Floridana.     Snioothish  below ;    lvs.  oblong-lanceolate ;    sep.  lanceolate- 
setaceous. — Fla.  (at  Quincy!)  and  elsewheie.     Approaches  the  next.     (P. 
Floridana  Benth.) 

P.  involucrata.  Hoary-pubescent;  sts  decumbent  and  branching  at  base,  tlien 
siuiplo  and  erect;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  rather  obtuse  at  each  end,  hall-clasping,  sub- 
erect,  flat,  the  floral  similar  and  closely  :,ubtending  the  dense  corymbs  as  if  involu- 
crate;  cal.  teetli  longer  than  its  tube,  linear  or  subulate-spatulate ;  cor.  lobes 
rouiulisli-obovate,  angled  at  ajiex. — Very  elegant,  common  in  dry  soils,  through- 
out the  S.  States.  Sts.  6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  about  1'  long.  Cor.  deep  purpl' 
varying  to  carmine-red.  May,  Jn.  (P.  pilosa  Walt.,  Mx.,  Bentb.,  etc.,  not  L. 
/■f.?     Walteri,  Gray,  P.  amoena  Gray,  not  Sims.) 

P.  reptans  Mx.  Stolons  creeping  ;  sts.  assurgcnt ;  lvs.  ovate,  obovate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse ;  corymbs  few-llowered ;  cal.  puberulent,  segments  linear-subulate ; 
pet.  obovate,  entire. —  1^  Hillsides  and  mountains,  Ind.  (Plumnier)  to  S.  Car. 
Flowering-stems  6'  high  (Southern  specimens  G  to  12  ),  with  small  (4 — 9"  by 
2 — 4')  and  remote  leaves.  Stolons  with  leaves  2 — 3  times  larger,  somewhat 
crowded  at  the  end.  Flowers  3 — 8.  Corolla  bluish-purple,  tubi-  scarcely  twice 
longer  tiiau  the  calyx.     June. 

P.  divaric^ta  L.     Low,  diffVise,  pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolatCj  ovate  oi  oblong, 
acuiish;  panicle  corymbous,  loose;  cal.  rough ish-puberulent,  segm.  linear-subu 
late ;  cor.  lobes  emarginate  at  the  end. —  U  Can.,  Wis.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  (banks 
of  tho  Chaltahoochoel).     Sts.  loosely  branched,  a  foot  or  more  long,  flaccid.    Lvs 


Oedkr  92.— POLEMONIACE^. 


560 


1  to  2'  long,  acute,  the  lower  tapering  to  the  base,  the  upper  broad  and  clasping 
at  base,  the  floral  linear  setaceous.  Pedicels  diverging,  as  long  us  tlie  calyx  which 
is  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube.  Cor.  of  a  pecuhar  light  but  brilliant  gniyish 
blue.     Apr.,  May. 

ii.  Laphamii.     Lv8.  ovate,  pet.  obtuse,  entire. — Wis.   (Lapham)  Western   Re- 
serve (Oowles)  and  southward,  not  uncoinnioa. 

9  P.  Dnimmondii  Hook.  Drummond's  Lyohnidia.  Erect,  dichotomoualy 
branched,  glandular-pilous ;  Ivs.  mostly  alternate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  scabrous ; 
corymb  dense-flowered ;  col.  hairy,  segm.  lanceolate,  setaceous,  elongated,  revo- 
lute  ;  cor.  tube  pilous,  segin.  obovatp,  entire. — ii)iianks  of  Flint  R.,  S.  E.  Ga.  I  and 
Tex.  One  of  the  handsomest  species  of  the  genus,  common  in  cultivation. 
Whole  plant  gI;ibular-scabrou&,  8  to  12'  high.  Fls.  very  showy,  all  shades  'rom 
white  to  dark  purple,  and  exquisitely  penciled  with  a  star.     May,  Jn. 

10  P.  bifida  Beck.  Low,  assurgcnt,  diflusely  branched,  puberulent;  Ivs.  am- 
plexicaul,  subrevolute  on  the  margin,  acutLsh,  lower  lance-ovate,  upper  lance- 
linear  ;  corymbs  very  loo.se,  2 — 5-flowered ;  cal.  segninits  linear,  acute  ;  cor.  tube 
curved,  segments  deeply  bifid. — A  very  disti'ict  species,  and  very  rare,  in  Mo. 
(Beck),  Cass  Co.,  111.  (Mead).  Stem  brownish-purple,  slender,  6'  high.  Loaves 
12 — 15'  by  1 — 2",  lower  much  shorter.  Pedicels  1'  long.  Cor.  purple,  tube 
much  curved.    Apr. 

11  P.  subuldta  (and  P.  setacea  L.)  Moss  Pink.  Procumbent,  coespitous,  much 
branclied,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  rigid,  subulate  or  linear-subulate,  ciliate,  fascicled  in 
tlie  axils ;  cal.  teeth  linear-subulato,  very  acute ;  cor.  lobes  cvmeate,  emarginato. 
Rocky  hills,  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  abundant  in  its  localities,  in  dense,  turly 
masses,  spangled  over  in  May  with  rose-colored  flowers.  Corymb,  3 — G-flowercd. 
Cor.  white  or  pink,  deeper  purple  in  the  center.     May.  f 

2.  POLENO^NIUM,  L.  Greek  Valerian.  (Gr.  nokenog,  war ; 
Pliny  relates  that  two  kings  fought  for  the  merit  of  its  discovery.) 
Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft;  corolla  rotate-campanulatc,  limb  5-lobccl, 
erect,  tube  short ;  stamens  declined,  equally  inserted  at  the  throat,  fila- 
ments with  hairy  appendages  at  base  ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  cells 
many-seeded. — Herbs  with  alternate,  pinnately  divided  ivs.  Fls.  ter- 
minal. 

1  P.  r^ptans  L.  St.  smooth,  branching,  diffuse;  Ivs.  pinnately  7 — W-foliatc, 
leaflets  oval-lanceolate,  acute ;  fls.  terminal,  nodding ;  cells  of  caps.  2 — H-secded. — 
U  Woods  and  damp  grounds,  Wis.  to  N.  Y.  and  mts.  of  S.  Car.  Stem  12 — IS 
high,  weak,  fleshy.  Leaflets  mostly  7,  subopposite,  smooth,  entire,  sessile,  au 
inch  long  and  half  as  wide.  Segments  of  tlio  calyx  lanceolate-acute,  persistent, 
much  sliorter  than  the  tube  of  tlie  corolla.  Corolla  blue,  lobes  short,  rounded  at 
the  ends.     Anthers  introrse.     Root  creeping.     May.  f 

2  P.  coeritleum  L.  St.  smooth,  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  pinnately  11  to  \1-foliaie, 
segm.  acuminate ;  fljs.  erect ;  cal.  equaling  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  cells  of  capf>.  <> 
to  lO-seeded. — ®  A  handsome  plant,  in  gardens.  Sts.  clustered,  about  2f  high, 
hollow,  stout,  each  dividing  at  top  into  a  corymbous  panicle.  Lvs.  mostly  radi- 
cal, on  long,  grooved  petioles;  Ifts.  all  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  subopposite, 
oblique,  odd  one  lanceolate.     Fls.  terminal,  suberect.    Cor.  blue,  6''  diam.    f  Eur 

3.  GIL'IA,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  (Named  for  P.  S.  Gilio,  a  Spanish 
botanist.)  Calyx  6-cleft,  segments  acute ;  corolla  tube  long  or  short, 
limb  regularly  5-lobed  ;  stamens  6,  e{iually  inserted  at  top  of  the  tube  ; 
disk  cup-form ;  capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  few  or  many-seeded. — Ilerb.s 
with  alternate,  pinnatifid  lvs.  Fls.  paniculate,  capitate  or  scattered, 
elegant  and  showy,  lilac  purple  to  white. 

61.  Ipomopbib.    Corolla  fUnnel-form,  the  tube  much  exscrteil No.  1 

{2.  GiLiA  proper.     Cor.  lobt-s  subrevolute,  tut)e  Incltidedln  calyx No.  'i 

I  Q.  coronopifdlia  Pers.  Standing  Cypresb.  St.  strictly  erect,  tall,  hairy; 
lvs.  crowded,  pmnatifid  with  subulate  divisions ;  thyrso  elongated,  with  very  sliort 


■i 


'*U. 


11 


1/  I 


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K  J' 


^■^'IH 


m 


■*)*■*'    ;  ■  *" ' 


fifii 


570 


Okdek  93.— CONVOLVULACE^. 


brandies ;  cor.  tube  tbrice  longer  than  calyx,  aegm.  ovul-oblong,  erect-spreading ; 
stain,  barely  exserted. —  (J)  Along  rivers,  8.  Car.,  Ga.,  Ala.  A  splendid  herb,  2 
to  4f  high,  its  plume-like  form  closely  beset  with  delicate  fringe-like  leaves  and 
bearing  at  top  a  long  (If)  thyrse  of  scarlet  red  flowers.  Cor.  15"  long.  Jl. 
(I  pomopsis,  Mx.  Cantua,  Juss.). — A  more  slender  form  found  in  Fla.  is  G.  Florid- 
ana  Don. 

2  G.  tricolor  Benth.  Tricolored  Gilia.  St.  erect,  nearly  smooth ;  Ivs.  twice 
or  thrice  pinnatifld,  with  narrow,  linear  segments ;  cymes  paniculate,  3  to  6-flow- 
ered ;  cor.  tricolored,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  tube  very  short. —  (X  An 
elegant  little  garden  plant,  from  California,  If  high.  Fls.  numerous,  limb  pul« 
hlac-blue,  tliroat  purple  and  tube  yellow.  \ 

4.  DIAPEN'SIA,  L.  Calyx  of  5  oval  imbricated  sepals,  closely  sub- 
teinled  by  imbricated  bracts;  corolla  campanulate,  imbricated  in  the 
b»id  ;  filaments  5,  flat,  arising  from  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla;  anther- 
cells  diverging  at  base  and  the  dehiscence  transverse ;  capsule  papery, 
enveloped  in  the  persistent  calyx,  3-celled,  many-seeded. — Prostrate 
utidershrnbs  with  densely  imbricated,  linear  Ivs.  and  solitary  terminal  fls. 

§  1.  D1APEN8IA  proper.    Anthers  without  awns.    Flowers  peilicellato No.  1 

§  2.  Pyxidantiikba.    Anthers  with  the  lower  viilve  awiied.    Flowers  sessile No.  3 

,i  D.  Lapponica  L.  Csespitous ;  Ivs.  doiiKo,  spatulate,  fleshy,  evergreen,  obtuse 
and  entire;  fls.  pedunculated. —  U  A  little,  leaty  plant,  2 — 3'  high,  growing  on 
the  summits  of  tlie  White  Mts.  in  N.  Hampshire,  forming  dense  tufts  among  tlie 
rocks.  Leaves  crowded,  pale  beneath,  fleshy,  5 — 8"  by  1''  with  a  revolute  margin, 
clasping  base,  and  broadly  obtuse  point.  Fls.  on  slender  (1'  long)  terminal,  soli- 
tary peduncles.  Calyx  of  5,  obtuse  leaves,  longer  than  the  leafy  bracts  at  its 
base.     Corolla  white,  with  5,  flat  segments.     July. 

2  D.  barbulata  Ell.  Eranchca  short,  ascending;  Ivs.  lance-cuneiform,  acute, 
pubescent  at  base ;  fls.  terminal,  sessile ;  lower  valve  of  the  anther  beaked  or 
awned  at  base. — A  prostrate,  creeping  plant,  abundant  in  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to 
Car.,  forming  dense  beds.  Stems  3 — 6'  long,  subhispid.  Leaves  1 — 2"  by  ^ — 1". 
Flowers  white,  3"  diam.  Sepals  denticulate,  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube.  May, 
Jn. — The  beak  of  the  anther  is  variable,  sometimes  reduced  to  an  acute  point. 
(Pyxidantbera  barbulata  Mx.     D.  cuneifblia  Ph.) 

Order  XCIII.     CONVOLVULACELE.     Bindweeds. 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  sometimes  parisitic,  sometimes  shrubby.  Leavet 
(or  scales  when  leafless)  alternate.  Flowers  regular,  pcntamerous  and  6>androu8. 
Sepals  imbricated.  Corolla  monopetalous,  5-plaitcd  or  lobed,  convolute  in  bud. 
Ovary  free,  2  (rarely  3)-cellod  or  falsely  4-celled,  or  of  2  distinct,  1-ovuled  pistils. 
Capsule  2  to  6-seeded.  Embryo  large,  coiled  in  mucilaginous  albumen.  (lUustr.  in 
fig.  49,  56,  303,  321,  338,  4^55,  466.) 

Genera  60,  xpecies  700,  abundant  in  tropical  climates,  rare  in  cold. 

I'ropefiiea. — The  roots  of  many  ppocies  aboiind  in  an  acrid,  milky  juico  which  is  strongly 
pHi  native.  Jalap  of  the  shops  is  the  product  of  tlio  root  of  Exogonium  purga,  of  Mexico,  and  of 
«)th«r  (ipecies  ;  scammony,  of  Convolvulus  scaniiuuniu,  native  of  Levant.  The  drastic  qualities 
•f  both  depend  upon  the  presence  of  a  peculiar  resin.  Other  species  have  large  farinaceous 
tubers.  Th«  Sweet  Potato,  a  valuable  article  of  food,  is  the  product  of  C.  Batatas,  native  at  th« 
South. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

III.  CUSCUTINKiK.  Leafless,  parasitic,  twining.  Embryo  without  cotyledons... Ccscuta.  10 
II.  DICnONDUli;.^E.  Leafy.  Ova.  2,  distinct,  with  2  distinct  styles.  South..  .Diciiokdba.  9 
L      CONVOLVULEiE.     Leafy.     Ovary  1.    Capsule  dehiscent.    Cotyledons  leafy,    (a) 

a  Ovary  2-celled.    Styles  2.     Peduncle  louger  than  the  leaves Stylih-ma.  8 

a  Ovary  2-ceIled.    Styles  united  into  one.    (b) 

b  Calyx  enveloped  in  2  large  bracts Galtbteoium.  7 

b  Calyx  nakad. — Stamens  exserted.    Tube  of  the  corolla  sleuder Caltntction.  8 

— Stameus  included. — Stigmas  2,  linear Convolvulus.  5 

—Stigma  capitate IpoMiS*.  4 


-*  ; 


Order  93.— COXVOLVULACEA 


571 


a  Ovary  8-celled.    Stl^^ma  capitate,  granulate,  not  lobed Pharuitis.  3 

a  Ovary  4-celle(l. — Stamens  included.     Corollas,  large IJatatas.  'i 

— Stuuens  ezsertud.    Corollaa  rather  small Quamuclit.  1 

1.  QUA'MOCLIT,  Tourn.  Cvpress-vine.  Sepals  5,  mostly  mucron- 
ate ;  corolla  tubulai'-cylindric,  with  a  s:vlver-forin  border ;  stamens  ex- 
sorted ;  style  1,  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed ;  ovary  4-celled,  cells  1 -seeded. 
— Twining  herbs,  mostly  American.     (Fig.  303.) 

1  Q.  vulgaris  Choisy.  Cypress-vine.  Lvs.  pinnatifid  to  the  midvein,  segments 
linear,  parallel,  acute ;  ped.  1-flowered ;  sup.  ovate-lanceolate. —  0  An  exceed- 
ini^ly  delicate  vine,  Ponn.  (Eaton)  and  S.  States  generally  cultivated.  Steiiiy 
glabrous,  very  slender,  twining  and  climbing  to  the  height  of  5 — lOf.  Fls.  much 
smaller  than  those  of  the  common  morning  glory,  scarlet,  varying  to  crimson  and 
rose-color.  Trained  upon  twino  it  forms  an  exquisite  awning.  July,  Aug.  f  i^ 
E.  Ind. 

2  Q.  coccfnea  Moench.  Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  entire  or  angular  at  base ;  ped 
elongated,  about  5-tlowered ;  cal.  awned. —  X)  S.  States,  rare  in  the  Western, 
along  rivers,  frequent  in  garden.^.  Fls.  very  delicate,  1'  long,  limb  spreading  9", 
light  scarlet,  nearly  entire.     Jn. — Aug.     (Tpomtea  L.) 

2.  BATATAS,  Rumph.  Sweet  Potato.  (The  original  Indian  name 
of  the  common  potato,  transferred.)  Calyx  of  5  sepals ;  corolla  cam- 
panulate,  with  a  spreading  limb;  stamens  5,  included;  style  simple; 
stigma  capitate,  2-lobed ;  capsule  4-cellcd,  4-valved,  with  4  erect  seeds. 
— Herbs,  or  shrubby,  chiefly  American.     Juice  milky. 

1  B.  littoralis  Chois.  Creeping,  sending  out  runners;  lvs.  smooth,  petiolate, 
thiclk,  sinnate,  with  3  to  5  rounded  lobes,  or  somewhat  panduriform,  emarginate, 
cordate;  ped.  \-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaf;  sepals  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate; 
seeds  tomentous. — y  Sand  hills  near  the  coast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Fls.  large.  Statu. 
much  shorter  than  the  tnbe  of  the  yellowish  white  corolla.  Sty.  with  'i  capitate 
stigmas.     Aug. — Oct.     (Convolvulus  L.     C.  obtusilobus  Mx.) 

2  B.  macrorhiza.  Creeping  or  twining ;  lvs.  cordate,  entire,  sinuate  or  lobed, 
tomentous-pubescent  beneath ;  pad.  1  to  5-flowered,  longer  than  the  petioles  but 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  sep.  ovate,  obtuse;  seeds  villous  with  long  hairs. —  U 
Siuidy  soil,  islands  of  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Elliott).  Rt.  fu.siform,  attaining  a  largo 
size.  Sts.  several  feet  in  lengtii.  pubescent.  Ped.  2  to  3'  long.  Cor.  largo, 
purplish,  white.  Stam.  barely  included.  Stig.  2,  capitate.  Jn, — Oct.  (B. 
Jalapa  (?)  Chois.     Convolvulus  Ell.) 

3  B.  ^dulis  Chois.  Sweet  Potato.  Creeping,  or  twining ;  lvs.  variously  S 
to  5-paliuate  or  pi'date-lobed  or  angled,  lobes  acute,  base  cordate  with  a  broad  simis, 
6-veined,  smoothish;  ped.  3  to  h-flowered,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  petioles. —  U 
Root  bearing  oblong,  terete  tubers  which  taper  to  botli  ends.  Sts.  4  to  8f  long. 
Lvs.  2  to  5'  long,  on  petioles  2  to  6'.  Fls.  showy,  rose-purple.  \  E.  India.  (Con- 
volvulus Batatas  L.) — Extensively  cultivated  West  and  South  for  its  ricli,  nu 
tritious  tubers.     (Fig.  56.) 

3.  PHAR'BITIS,  Chois.  Morning  Glory.  (German  farbc,  color ; 
in  reference  to  the  brilliant  flowers.)  Calyx  6-sepaled ;  corolla  cain- 
panulate  or  inclining  to  funnel-farm ;  style  single ;  stigma  capitate, 
granulate;  ovary  3  (rarely  4)-celled,  cells  2-seeded. — Beautiful  climl>- 
ing  and  twining  herbs,  everywhere  cultivated  for  ornament. 

1  P  purpiirea.  St.  climbing  and  twining,  retrorsely  pilous;  lvs.  cordate,  entire; 
fl.  nodding ;  ped.  2 — 6-tlowered ;  pedicels  thick ;  cal.  hispid. — CD  In  fields.  Mid. 
and  W.  States.  Stems  climbmg  many  feet.  Leaves  roundish,  heart-shaped. 
Flowers  large,  beautiful,  generally  of  a  dark  purple,  sometimes  blue,  flesh-colored, 
striped,  kc  A  well  known  and  favorite  climber  and  free  flower,  of  the  eafliest 
oulture.    Jo.    g  t  (Fig.  49,  338.)    (P.  hispida  Chois.    Cocvolvulus  L.) 


m 

m 

1 ' ' '    : 

™1 

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1 

11 

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i 

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572 


Order  93.— CONVOLVULACE^. 


2  P.  Nil  Choia  Morning  Glory.  Lvs.  cordate,  3-lobed;  fls.  half  5-cleft;  ped. 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  1 — 3-flowered;  sep.  ovate,  long-pointed,  densely  hairy 
below. — A  very  beautiful  twiaing  plaut,  found  wild,  Peuii.  to  Flor.,  in  fields,  but 
best  known  as  a  garden  annual.  Stem  and  leaves  somewhat  hairy.  Flowers 
large,  the  tube  white  and  the  border  of  a  clear  blue  color  (whence  its  specific 
name,  Anil  or  Nil,  indigo),  drying  light  scarlet.  It  is  of  the  easiest  culture,  and 
raised  from  the  seed.     July — Sept.  f 

4.  IPOM(£^A,  L.  Falsk  Bind-weed.  (Gr.  ?i/>,  tnog,  bir.d-weed  (or 
perhaps  'lipog,  ivy),  and  bfioiog,  similar.)  Calyx  5-sepaled ;  corolla  cam- 
panulato ;  ptam.  included;  style  1;  stigma  capitate,  usually  2-lobed ; 
ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  cells  2-seeded. — A  large  genus  of  herbs, 
shrubs  or  trees,  chiefly  tropical.  Our  species  are  herbs,  creeping  or 
climbing. 

♦  Flowers  ca]iitate,  involucratp,  small,  bine.    Sepals  hairy. ...   No.  1 

♦  Flowers  separate. — Sepals  bristly  oil  Lite,  capsules  somewhat  hairy Now.  2.  3 

— Sepals  glabrous. — Flowers  purple.     Maritime Nos.  4,  5 

— Flowers  white,  rarely  yellow Nos.  6 — S 

1  I.  tamnifolia  L.  St.  terete,  hirsute;  lvs.  hirsute  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate; 
ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  fls.  (small,  blue)  in  involucrate  heads,  bracts  unequal, 
lanceolate  or  linear,  acute;  sep.  very  iiairy,  linear-subulate. — ■'!)  Middle  Ga.  to 
La.  Vino  trailing  and  climbing,  clothed  all  over  with  tawny  hairs.  Lx^s.  large, 
on  long  petioles.     Ped.  2  to  3'  long.     Fls.  crowded,  9"  long,  blue. 

2  I.  commutata  R.  &  S.  St.  slightly  pubescent ;  lvs.  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed, 
smootiiish,  liairy  at  the  insertion  of  tlio  long  petiole,  auricles  obtuse  below,  middlo 
lobe  dilated  at  base  or  ovate ;  ped.  about  equaling  the  petioles,  2  to  b-Jlowered ; 
sepals  la«ceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate-hirsute,  4  times  shorter  tlian  the  corolla;  caps. 
hairy. —  J)  In  dry  fields,  S.  Car.  to  La.  Sts.  twining  and  climbing.  Petioles  1  to 
2'  long.  Fls.  usually  8  on  each  peduncle,  purple,  varying  to  pink,  bell-shaped. 
18"  long.     Jl.— Oct.     (L  tricliocarpa  Ell.) 

3  I.  lacunosa  L.  Minutely  pubescent ;  st.  twining ;  lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  an- 
gular-lobed  or  entire,  on  long  petioles;  ped.  1  to  '.i-fhwnred,  half  as  long  as  the 
petioles;  sep.  bri.stly  ciliate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla; 
caps,  pilous. — (T)  Penn.,  Md.  to  Fla.,  La.  and  111.  A  small,  prostrate  species,  2  to 
Gf  long,  in  dry  fields  and  hills.  Lvs.  2'  by  1^-',  deeply  cordate,  often  deeply  3- 
lobcd,  petioles  1  to  3'  long.  Fls.  about  1  long,  white  with  a  purplish  rim.  Aug., 
Sept.     (0.  raicranthus  RiddeU.) 

4  I.  Pes-caprae  Sw.  St.  prostrate,  slightly  scabrous ;  lvs.  roundish,  emarginate 
or  2-lobed,  I'atlier  thick,  petiolate,  strongly  veined;  ped.  I  to  5  [generally  3)-flowered, 
as  long  as  the  petioles;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate;  cor.  ample,  with  a  short  tube. — 
Coast  and  Isl.  of  Ga.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long  and  wide,  as  long  as  the  petioles  and 
peduncles.  Pedicels  bractod  1  to  2'  long.  Cor.  near  3'  long,  purple.  Jn. — 
Sept. 

5  I.  sagittata  Desf.  Glabrous ;  lvs.  cordate-sagittate,  .amy,  gradually  acute  and 
mucronato,  auricles  acute  or  rounded,  petioles  elongated;  ped.  as  long  as  tiie 
petiole,  but  much  shorter  than  the  solitary,  ample  flower;  sep.  ovate,  obtuse, 
short. — U  Borders  of  salt  marshes,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.  St.  long  and  twining.  Lvs. 
2  to  3'  long,  the  sides  nearly  straight.  Ped.  very  thick.  Cor.  3'  long,  tne  bor- 
der spreading  2'  or  more,  purple.     Jn. — Aug. 

6  I.  sinuita  Ort.  St.  hirsute;  lvs.  glabrous,  or  the  veins  beneath  hirsute,  pal- 
mately  l-cleft,  the  segm,  pinnatifid,  with  obtuse  teeth;  ped.  1  to  2-Howered,  as 
long  as  the  petioles ;  sepals  lance-ovate,  nearly  aa  long  as  the  tube  of  tlie  cam- 
panulate  corolla. —  U  Ga.,  Fla.,  in  calcareous  soils  (Michaux).  Lvs.  varying  to 
siuuate-lobed.     A  twining  vine.     Fls.  wliite,  1'  long.    (I.  dis.secta  Ph.) 

7  L  ciliol^ta  Pers.  St.  smooth;  lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  smooth,  the  margin 
sparingly  ciliate,  petioles  elongated;  ped.  1-flowered,  2-bracted  above,  as  long  as 
the  petioles ;  sep.  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  mucronulate ;  cor,  tubular,  companulate. 
—  2^  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.  Vine  twining  and  climbing,  with  lvs.  elegantly  heart- 
shaped,  and  large  yellow  corollas.    Sep.  large  7  to  9"  long.     (I.  ciliosa  Ph.) 


Obder  93.— CONVOLVULACE^ 


573 


8  I.  pandur^tus  Meyer.    "Wild  Potato.    (Fig.  321.)    Man-of-the-earth.    St. 

twining ;  Iv.s.  broad-cordiito  or  pauduriform ;  ped.  I  to  5-flo\vcred,  longer  than  the 
petioles;  cal.  snaootli,  ovate,  ;i  to  4  times  shorter  than  the  ample  corolla. — %  In 
sandy  fields,  N.  Y.  to  III  and  Ga.  Sts.  several  from  tlio  same  root,  4  to  8f  long, 
slender,  smooth.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  and  about  the  same  width,  acute  or  obtuse, 
with  rounded  lobes  at  the  base,  sometimes  lobed  and  hollowed  on  tlic  side.«  aiui 
becoming  fiddle-shaped.  Ped.  bearing  several  large  flowers.  Cor.  near  3  long, 
white,  with  a  purple  center.     Jl.,  A.ug. 

5.  CONVOL'VULUS,  L.  Bind-weed.  (Lat.  convohere,  to  entwine; 
from  the  habit  of  most  of  the  species.)  Sepals  5,  corolla  carapanulate; 
htylc  1 ;  stigmas  2,  linear-cylindrical,  often  revolute ;  ovary  2-celk'cl,  4- 
ovuleJ;  capsule  2-celletl,  4-seedcJ,  or  by  abortion  fewer. — Herbs  or 
shrubby  plants,  twining  or  erect.     None  native. 

1  C.  ax'vensis  L.  Striate,  angular,  generally  prostrate;  lvs.  sagittate.,  somewhat 
auriculato;  ped.  mostly  l-fiowered,  bibracteato  near  the  apex;  sep.  roundisli- 
ovate;  capa  smooth. — 1(.  Fields  and  pastures,  Maine  to  Car.,  not  common.  Stems 
several  feet  long,  climbing  or  prostrate,  a  little  liairy.  Loaves  1 — 2'  long,  the 
lower  ones  obtuse.  Flowers  small,  white,  often  witli  a  tinge  of  red.  The  small, 
acute  bracts  are  near  tlie  middle  of  tho  peduncle.     Jn. 

2  C.  tricolor  L.  St.  ascending,  villose ;  lvs.  lance-obovate,  suhspatulate,  ses.«ile, 
ciliate  at  base;  ped.  l-flowered,  bracteate,  longer  than  the  leaves;  sep.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute;  cor.  trkolored;  caps,  villous. — 'T)  St.  weak,  1  to  3f  long.  Cor. 
yellowish  in  tho  center,  white  in  tho  middle  zone,  and  of  a  fine  sky  blue  on  the 
outer  part  of  the  border.     Jl.     f  Eur. 

6.  CALONYC'TION  speciosa,  native  of  W.  Ind.,  rarely  seen  in  cul- 
tivation, may  possibly  be  found  wild  in  Fla. 

7.  CALYSTEXIA,  Br.  (Gr.  KaXv^^  calyx,  aTsyr],  h  covering ;  allud- 
ing to  the  conspicuous  calycine  bracts.)     Calyx  6-parted,  included  in 

2  large,  foliaceous  bracts ;  cor.  campanulate,  5-plicate ;  sta.  subequal, 
shorter  than  the  liniL;  ova.  half  bilocular,  4-ovuled ;  sty.  simple;  stig. 
2,  obtuse  ;  caps.  1-celled,  4-seeded. — Herbs  twining  or  prostrate.  Ped. 
1 -flowered,  solitary. 

1  C.  spithamaea  Br.  St.  erect  or  a^surgent ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subcordato, 
hoary -pubescent;  ped.  l-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves. — 1(.  An  erect,  downy 
species,  8 — 10'  (a  span)  higli,  found  in  fields  and  hilly  pastures.  Can.  to  Penn.  \V. 
to  111.  Stem  branching,  leafy,  bearing  one,  otten  two  or  more  large,  white 
(lowers,  on  peduncles  2 — ^t'  long,  issuing  from  near  tho  root.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  I 
as  wide,  oval,  with  an  abrupt,  cordate  base,  and  on  petioles  \  as  long.  Bracts 
concealing  tho  calyx.     Juno. 

2  C.  Sdpium  Br.  Rutland  Beauty.  Glahrom;  stem  twining;  lvs.  cordate- 
sagittute,  the  lobes  truncate  and  apex  generally  acute ;  ped.  quadrangular,  1- 
fiowered;  bracts  cordate,  much  longer  tlian  the  calyx. — y  A  vigorous  climber, 
in  hedges  and  low  grounds,  Can.  to  Oar.  "W.  to  Iowa.  Sta.  5  to  8f  in  length. 
Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  half  aa  wide.  Fls.  numerous,  large,  white  with  a  reddish  tinge. 
Bracts  close  to  the  corolla,  concealing  the  calyx.  Jn.,  Jl.  f  Varies  with  nar- 
rower leaves  and  bracts,  more  pubescence,  &c. 

7a.  EVO'LVULUS,  L.    Sep.  o;  cor.  wheel-,  bell-,  or  funnel-form;  styles 
2,  each  bifid.  Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded. — Herbs  difEuse,  silky. 

1  E.  argen>:euB  Ph.  Low,  much  branched,  silky-woolly ;  lvs.  crowded,  lance- 
oblong,  sessile,  acute  both  ways  ;  fls  axillary,  sub-sessile,  purple,  3"  ;  sep.  subu- 
late, twice  longer  than  the  capsule. — 111.  {Fricse)  and  W. 

2  E.  sericeuB  Swtz.  Branches  simple,  filiform,  procumbent ;  lvs.  lanoe-linear, 
sessile,  3-veined.  9  " ;  ped.  axillary,  rccm-ved,  1 — 2"  ;  sep.  lanceolate,  not  longer 
than  the  capsule  ;  cor.  wheel-form,  white. — Prairies,  Ga.  Fla.  to  La. 


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674 


Order  93.— CONVOLVULACEiE. 


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Of 


8.  BREWE'RIA,  R.  Br.  Sep.  6,  equal ;  cor.  bell-form,  plicate,  5- 
aiigled ;  statn.  5,  included ;  styles  2,  united  at  base ;  stig.  capitate, 
ovury  and  caps.  1 — 4-seeded. — Trailing.    Lvs.  entire.    (Stylisma,  Haf.) 

1  B.  aquatica  (Walt.)  Slendei*,  twlDing,  puberuleut;  lvs.  oblong  to  oblong- 
liuear,  subcordate,  short  petioled,  obtuse  or  retuse,  mueronate,  soft-pubescent ; 
ped.  twice  longer  than  the  leaves,  1 — 5-flowered;  sep.  lanceolate,  silky,  Jilam. 
smooth. —  y  Slow  waters,  South.     2 — 3f.     Piuk. 

2  B.  humistrata  (Walt. )  Pilous  with  spreading  hairs ;  lvs.  oval  to  oblong-linear, 
cordate,  petiolate,  1' ;  ped.  twice  or  thrice  longer,  1 — 3-flowered,  bracts  minute ; 
sep.  ovate,  acute,  glabrous;  Jilam.  hairy  below. —  y  Dry  soils,  S.    2 — 4f.   Whitf. 

3  B.  Pickeringii  (Torr.).  Lvs.  linear,  obtuse,  sub-sessile  and  acute  at  base ; 
ped.  1 — 3-flowered  with  linear  bracts  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  sep.  very  hairy; 
cor.  small,  white;  styles  united  more  than  half  way  up,  statu,  exserted. —  2f 
Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.     (Bonamia,  Gr.) 

9.  DICHON'DRA,  Forst.  (Gr.  6ig,  double,  ;!^;6vdpo^,  grain  ;  for  its  2 
seed-vessels.)  Calyx  5- parted;  corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft;  ovaries  2, 
styles  2,  stigmas  thick;  capsules  utricular,  1-seeded. —  2t  Prostrate, 
with  roundish-cordate  or  reniform  lvs.  and  inconspicuous  fls. 

D.  ripens  Forst.  Lvs.  much  shorter  than  their  petioles,  pubescent  or  silky 
beneath,  entire ;  ped.  much  sliorter  than  tho  petioles,  sep.  oblong-spatulate,  ob- 
tuse, villous,  a  little  larger  than  the  oval  cor.  segm. — Wet  grounds,  S.-  States.  A 
little  turfy  creeper,  rooting  at  every  joint,  3  to  12'  long.  Lvs.  varying  from  3" 
diara.  to  9",  petioles  1  to  3'.     Cor.  greenish  white,  1  to  2''  broad.     Mar. — May. 

10.  CUSCUTA,  Tourn.*  Dodder.  (Fig.  456.)  Calyx  6  (rarely  4)- 
cleft  or  sepaled ;  corolla  globular-campanulate,  5  (rarely  4)-cleft  ; 
stamens  5  (rarely  4),  appcndaged  with  scales  or  fringes  at  base ;  ovary 
2-cclled,  4-ovuled ;  styles  2  ;  capsules  mostly  4-seeded ;  embryo  spirally 
coiled,  without  cotyledons. — (J)  Herbs  without  verdure,  germinating  in 
the  soil,  at  length  withering  at  tho  root,  and  deriving  their  nourish- 
ment from  other  plants  about  which  they  twine  from  right  to  left.  Stem 
yellowish  or  reddish.  Lvs.  none,  or  minute  scales  instead.  Fls.  var- 
iously aggregated. 

8  Stigmas  filiform,  as  well  ns  the  styles.     Capsules  regularly  clrcumscissile No.  1 

1  Stijirmas  capitate.    Capsule  indehiscent,  or  never  bursting  at  base.  (*) 

*  Sepals  united.     Ovary  and  capsule  globular-depressed.  (1) 

1  Flowers  in  subglobous  cymes.    Corolla  withering  at  base  of  capsule Nos.  2 — 4 

1  Flowers  in  paniculate  cymes.    Corolla  withering  at  top  of  capsule No.  5 

*  Sepals  united.    Ovary  Ui.d  caosuUs  more  or  less  conical  (2) 

2  Corolla  lobes  acute,  inllexed  at  the  ape.x Nos.  6,  7 

2  Corolla  lobes  obtuse,  not  infloxed Nos.  8,  9 

*  Sepals  distinct,  surrounded  by  siiuilur  imbricated  bracts No6.  10,  11 

1  C.  epilinum  Weill.  Flax  Dodder.  Fls.  sessile,  in  small,  dense,  remote 
heads;  cal.  5-parted,  segm.  broad;  cor.  globous-cylindric,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  calyx,  with  acutish  lobes,  withering  around  tlio  depressed-globous  capauh' ; 
scales  small,  cronate-dentate ;  sty.  sliort. — Middle  States,  growing  on  flax.  Sts. 
reddish  orange.  Fls.  yellowish  white.  Cal.  tliickish.  Stam.  included.  Stig. 
acute.  Caps,  opening  around  the  base.  Jn.  §  Eur.  (C.  Europaea,  Darl.  and 
otliers,  not  of  L.) 

2  C.  obtuaifldra  (FT.  B.  K.)  (3.  qlandulosa  Engclm.  Sta.  low,  bright  oraogo 
colored ;  Jis.  pedicellate,  in  loosely  globular  clusters,  and  dotted  with  red,  shining 
glands;  sep.  rounded-obtuse,  as  well  as  tho  soon-reflexed  cor.  lobes;  sty.  thick, 
subiilalo,  stig.  capitate ;  ova-large,  depressed,  soon  outgrowing  the  withered  cor- 
olla, leaving  it  at  its  base;  scales  large,  often  exceeding  the  tube,  deeply  fringed. 
— Gra.  (Pond),  Fla.  to  La.  Parasitic,  mostly  od  Polygonum.  Fls.  1  to  1^"  long. 
0»p8.  li  to  IJ"  diara. 

*  Abridged  ft-om  Dr.  Enifclinann's  Monograph.    See  PreAu)*. 


Ordbb  93.— CONVOLVULACE^. 


571 


3  C.  chlorocdrpa  Engelm.  Low,  branchiug  orango-colured ;  Jls.  tisiuiUy  4-parted, 
short-pediceled,  in  scattered,  globular  clusters:  cor.  tube  catiipanulate,  nearlj  the 
length  of  the  acute  lobes  and  acute  cal.  seym. ;  scales  small,  2-lobo(l,  or  oftener  of 
flmall,  lateral  teeth ;  sty.  thick,  as  long  as  the  largo  ovary ;  caps.  depre.saed,  thin. — . 
Wi.s.  to  Ark.,  also  in  Del.  ou  Polygo,uum,  &c.  Fls.  about  1"  long.  Fr.  greenish 
yellow. 

4  C.  arv^nsia  (Beyrich)  /?.  pent.voona  Eng.  Low ;  Jis.  small,  6-parted,  pedi- 
celed,  iu  compound  or  branching  clusters ;  cal.  angular,  lobes  suborbicular,  obtuse, 
thin  and  shining,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  shallow  tube  of  tiie  cor. ;  lobca  of 
the  corolla  acute  or  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube,  reflexed,  loith  the  point  injkxed; 
anth.  round,  oval;  scales  large,  deeply  fringed ;  sty.  slender;  caps,  globular. — 
]11.,  Va.,  to  Fla.,  on  many  plants.  Sts.  scarce  If  liigh.  Fls.  less  than  1'  long. 
Caps,  yellowish. 

5  C.  tenuifidra  Engelm.  Palo,  much  branched;  fls.  mostly  4-parted,  short  pedi- 
celed,  slender,  cymous-paniculate,  at  length  conglomerate;  cal.  turbinate;  cor. 
tube  slender,  longer  than  the  caly.v,  or  its  own  short,  ovate  obtuse  lobes;  sty. 
capillary,  as  long  as  the  depressed  ovary ;  caps,  globous,  bearing  the  dead  corolla 
at  top,  often  but  1  to  2-seoded. — 111.  and  Westward,  in  wet  places,  on  Cephalau- 
thus,  Aster,  &c.     Cor.  1"  or  less  iu  length.     Caps.  1  to  1^"  diam. 

6  C.  decora  (Chois.  Engelm.)  ft.  pulciierrima  Engel.  Fls.  pedicellate,  5-parted, 
large,  broad-campanulate,  loosely  paniculate ;  cal.  lobes  acute,  length  of  tlie  cor- 
olla, erenulate  ou  the  margin ;  lobes  of  the  fleshy  cor.  acuto,  erect  or  spreading, 
point  inflexed ;  sty.  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  ovary ;  caps,  enveloped  by  the 
dead  corolla;  sds.  beaked,  rough. — S.  111.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  growing  on  Legumi- 
nosre,  Compositaj,  &c.  Fls.  largor  than  in  any  of  tiio  preceding  species,  1^  to 
If"  long,  fleshy,  white.  Anth.  and  stig.  yellow  or  purple.  (C.  iu<"i  cora  Chois. 
in  DC.) 

7  C.  infleza  Engelm.  Fls.  podiceled,  mostly  ^parted,  in  loose,  paniculate  cymes, 
at  length  glomerate;  cor.  fleshy,  subcylindric,  lobos  erect,  with  the  acute  points 
indexed  and  margins  erenulate;  scales  miniit-e,  reduced  to  lateral  teeth;  sty. 
divaricate  on  the  thickish  brown  capsule  which  bears  the  dead  coroUa  at  its  top.—' 
111.  to  Va.  and  Ga.,  on  Hazel,  Rhus,  Salix,  lielianthus,  aud  other  herbs  and 
shrubs,  in  open  woods  and  prairies.     Fls.  1 '  long. 

8  C.  Grondvii  Willd.  St.  flliform,  thick,  often  high-climbing ;  fls.  mostly  5-partod, 
at  first  loosely  paniculate,  finally  dense ;  cor.  tube  deeply  campauulate,  longer 
than  the  cal.  lobes,  obtuso,  flat,  spreading,  not  reflexed ;  scales  large,  oval,  deeply 
fringed;  ova.  oval,  slightly  conic,  invested  at  base  with  the  dead  corolla. — Can.  and 
U.  fc5.,  on  coarse  herbs  and  shrubs.  The  most  commou  of  '\11  our  species,  in  low, 
damp  or  shady  places,  the  only  one  in  N.  Eng.  Sts.  light  orange.  Fls.  1^  to  1^" 
long. 

/J.  LATIFLORA  (Engelm.)     Cal.  thin;   cor.  tube  shallow,  as  long  as  the  lobes; 
scales  narrow. — Mass.  to  Car.  and  111.  (C.  Saururi  Eng.) 

9  C.  roBtrata  Shutt.  Fls.  largo  (2  to  3"  long),  pedicellate,  in  loose,  paniculate 
cymes;  cor.  deeplj'-  campanulate,  lobes  obtuse;  scales  small,  deeply  incisely 
fringed;  ova.  elongated,  bottle-shaped;  caps,  with  an  elongated,  2-pointed  beak  2  to 
3"  lotig ;  sds.  1  to  4,  bluntly  rostrate. — Alleghanlos,  Md.  to  S.  Car.,  in  shady 
woods,  on  tall,  coarse  herbs.     Nearly  allied  to  the  last. 

10  C.  glomerdta  Choisy.  St.fiUform;  fls.  in  compact  masses,  surrounding  tlis 
atem,  seesilo  ;  sep.  5  (1"  long),  surrounded  by  many  squarrous  bracts;  cor.  tubular- 
campaoulale,  5-lobed,  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering  on  top  of  capsule,  loboH 
laaoeolato,  acute,  spreading  or  reflexed;  ecalea  fimbriate. — AbundaJit  in  Mo.,  IIL 
and  Iowa,  chiefly  on  the  Compositaj.  Fls.  about  2"  long,  forming  compact,  cyiiia- 
drical  raassee,  while  the  stenvs  decay,  appearing  as  if  springing  from  the  sten.s  <A 
other  plajats.     Cor.  white  and  scarious.     Anth.  partly  exserted.     Jl. 

11  C.  compdcta  Jusa.  St.  thick ;  fls.  sefisile,  lateral,  in  dense  masses ;  sep.  and 
bracts  minute  (\''),  orbicular ;  cor.  tube  slender,  with  5  oblong  lobes,  withering  on 
the  summit  of  iJie  actttish  capsule,  like  a  calyptra;  ads.  mostly  but  1  or  2. — Bi\uk.i 

•of  the  St.  Lawrence  R.,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  the  Mts.  of  Ga.,  on  shrui,fl,  as  Hazel, 
Alder,  Andromeda.     The  twiued  dusters  in  fruit  are  often  9  to  18"  diaui. 


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Ow»BR  94.— SOLANACB^ 


8,  ADPBKSSA  Engelrn.     Cor.  broader ;  capa.  leaa  pointed ;  sda.  2  to  4. — 111.  U 
Va.  and  La.,  on  liiius,  Smilax,  Ac. 


*|«l!, 


Okdeb  XCIV.     SOLANACEiE.     Nightshades. 

Plants  herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby,  with  a  colorless  juice  and  alternate  leaves. 
Flowers  mostly  regular,  often  extra-axillary,  5-parted,  oa  bractless  pedicels.  Cor- 
olia  valvate  or  plicate  in  tho  bud  and  oft  supervolute.  Calyx  peri;istent.  Stamens 
5,  adliurent  to  the  coroll.i  tube,  alternate  vvitii  its  lobes ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fruit  a 
2 -culled  capsule  or  berry.     &eds  oo,  with  a  curved  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

lllust.  In  Figs.  54,  322. 

Genera  64,  specien  lOdO  or  more  (lC7i5,  Dunal.),  generally  diffused,  but  most  abundant  in  the 
tropics. 

Propertien  liighl/  important.  A  largo  portiiin  of  tlie  genera  are  pervaded  ijy  a  narcotic  prin- 
eijile,  rendering  tlie  lierbage  and  fruit  dangerously  poisonous,  yet  furnishing  some  of  the  most 
activi!  medicines,  aa  the  Henbane  (Hyoscyainus),  Bmudonna  (Atropa),  Stramonium  (Datura), 
Tolideco  (Nicotiana),  &c.  At  the  same  time  several  species  of  Solanum  aft'ord  wholesome  and 
nutritious  food,  not  because  they  are  free  from  the  narcotic  principle,  but  because  it  is  expelled 
In  the  process  of  cooking  or  ripening  in  the  sun.  Such  are  the  tubers  of  the  invaluable  Potato, 
thi'  iruit  of  the  Tomuto  and  £gf;  plant.  The  genus  Capsicum  is  entirely  free  from  narcotine, 
and  produces  the  well-known  stimulant  fruit  Vai/mine  Pepper. 

GENERA. 

S  Con^la  wheel-shaped,  the  tube  very  short.    Anthers  convergent  (a). 
§  I'orolla  bell-shaped,  the  broad  tube  including  the  erect  anthers  ib). 
S  Corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long,  and— the  limb  somewhat  irregular  (c). 

—the  limb  quite  regular  (d). 

a  Stamens  connate,  opening  by  slits  inside.    Berry  torous Ltoopersic0M.    1 

a  Stamens  connivont,  opening  by  terminal  pores.    Berry  round Solaku.m.    2 

a  Stamens  counivcnt,  opening  by  slit'?.    Berry  dryish,  angular Capsicum.    3 

b  Corolla  bluish.     Berry  dry,  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx Nio anu;ia.    4 

b  Corolla  yellowish.    Berry  juicy,  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx Fuvbalis.    5 

b  Corolla  purplish.    Berry  black,  sitting  on  the  open  calyx Atropa.    6 

C  Stamens  exserted,  declining.    Capsule  opening  by  a  lid Hyoscyamus.    7 

0  Stamens  included,  unequal.    Capsule  opening  by  valves Petunia.    8 

d  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  the  summit  of  the  tube Neibembekgi a.    9 

d  Slamens  exserted,  growing  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube Lycium.  10 

d  Stamens  included. — Calyx  5-angled.    Capsule  spiny  or  smooth Datura.  11 

—Calyx  terete.    Stigma  capitate Nicotiana.  12 

—Calyx  teretisb.    Stigma  2-lob6tl.    Flowers  small Fabiana.  18 

1.  LYOOPER'SICUM,  Tourn.  Tomato.  (Gr.  ?iVKog,  a  wolf,  nepaiKov, 
a  peach;  a  fanciful  name.)  Calyx  5  to  6  to  oo  parted  ;  corolla  rotate, 
with  a  short  tube  and  a  plicate-valvate  limb ;  stamens  5  to  6  to  oo,  ex- 
serted ;  anthers  connate  at  apex,  longitudinally  dehiscent  on  the  inner 
face;  berry  fleshy,  2  to  3  to  GO-celled. — Lvs.  pinnately  compound. 
Ped.  extra-axillary,  oo -flowered. 

,L.  escul6ntum  Mill.  Hairy;  st.  herbaceous,  weak;  lvs.  unequally  pinnatifld, 
segments  cut,  glaucous  beneath ;  cor.  many-lobed  ;  fr.  torulous,  furrowed, 
smooth. — ''J)  This  plant  resembles  the  potato  in  its  general  aspect.  It  grows  3 
— 4f  high,  with  jagged  leaves,  greenish-yellow  flowers,  and  an  unpleasant  odor. 
The  fruit  is  large  and  abundant,  with  acute  furrows,  at  first  green,  becoming 
when  ripe  of  a  beautiful  red.  Tliis  plant  has  come  into  high  repute,  and  its  culti- 
vation is  almost  universal,  for  its  agreeable  and  wholesome  fruit,  which  presents 
numerous  varieties  of  form,  size  and  color. 

2.  SOLA'NUM,  L.      Potato.    (/So/tim,  the  ground  or  soil.)   Calyx   5- 

fjarted,  persistent ;  corolla  rotate,  subcampanulate,  tube  rery  short, 
imb  plicate,  6-cleft,  lobod  or  angular  ;  anthers  erect,  connivent,  dis- 
tinct, opening  at  the  top  by  2  pores ;  berry  2-celled,  subglobous  or  de- 
pressed ;  seeds  oo. — An  immense  genus  of  herbs  or  shrubs,  unarmed  ai 


Order  94— SOLANACK^. 


577 


prickly.  Lvs.  sometimes  twin,  piniiatifid  or  luulividcd.  Ped.  solitary 
or  several,  1  to  cc-flowercd,  terminal,  but  becoming  lateral  by  the  ex- 
tension of  the  axis. 

§  Unarmed,    Anthors  oviite-elliptic.  pores  terminal-introrso  (a). 

a  Herbaci'dus,  with  pinnatiflil  leaves.    Kaceme  cxceuUinR  the  loaves No.  1 

a  llerbaceoiis,  with  undivided  leaves.     Uaceino  tshorter  than  tlie  leaves Nos.  2—4 

a  Shrubby    cliinbing  or  erect.     Berrie-s  red No8.  5—7 

\  Armed  with  sharp  spines.     Anthers  linear-oblong,  pores  terminal-e.xtrorse  (b). 

b  Peduncles  exceedinit  the  leaves,  inany-tlowered Nos.  R,  9 

b  I'eduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  fe'w-tiowered Nos.  10,  U 

1  S.  tuberdsum  L.  Common  Potato.  St.  herbaceous;  subterraiiciio 
branches  bearing  tubers ;  lvs.  pinuatifid,  sejijin.  unequal,  the  alternate  ones  min- 
ute; cor.  5-anj^led;  pedicels  jointed. — t^/Ihis  valuable  plant  is  a  native  of  tJie 
Cordilleras  of  S.  America,  where  it  still  grows  wild.  Although  it  now  consti- 
tutes so  large  a  portion  of  the  food  of  civilized  man,  it  was  so-rcely  known  until 
the  17th  century,  and  was  not  extensively  cultivated  before  the  middle  of  the 
18th.  The  varieties  of  the  jwtato  are  very  numerous,  differing  in  their  time  of 
ripening,  quality,  color,  form,  size,  almost  endlessly. 

2  S.  nigrum  L.  Black  Nigiitsfiade.  Si.  herbaceous,  angular,  smoothish ;  lvs. 
ovate,  toothed  and  waved ;  umbels  lateral,  drooping. — ^i.)  A  weed-like  plant,  with- 
out beauty  and  of  suspicious  aspect,  about  rubbish,  in  old  fields,  N.  and  W 
States.  Stem  erect,  branching,  angular,  a  foot  high.  Leaves  almost  always  with 
the  lamina  perforated  and  tiie  margin  erose  as  if  gnawed  by  insects.  Ped.  gener- 
ally midway  between  the  leaves.  Fls.  white,  anthers  yellow.  Berries  globou«, 
black.  Reputed  poisonous,  but  is  used  medicinally.  Flowers  in  sumioei- 
g  Eur.     (S.  nodifloram,  Jacq.) 

3  S.  verbascifolium  L.  Slirubby,  rust-hoary  throughout  with  soft,  dense,  stel- 
late hairs ;  lvs.  large,  ovate  or  obovate  or  oblong,  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  petio- 
late  ;  ped.  stout,  elongated,  forked,  oo-flowered  ;  cal.  round-ovoid  in  bud,  half 
5-cleft ;  cor.  lobes  oblong  ;  ovary  woolly. — Piccolata,  Fla.  and  southv/ard.  {Mr. 
Fry).  Shrub  ^5 — 5f  l)igh.  Lvs.  6 — 9'  long,  the  stalks  ^  as  long,  velvety  like 
Mullein.     Fls.  whitish,  Autumn.     7 — 8"  wide. 

4  S.  Dulcamdra  L.  Bittersweet.  Woody  Nigiitsuahe.  St.  slirubby,  ftex,a- 
ous ;  lvs.  ovate-cordate,  upper  ones  hastate  or  laciniate :  clusters  cymous,  f'uboppo- 
sito  and  terminal. — A  well-known  shrubby  climber,  with  blue  flowers  and  red 
berries,  N.  Eng.  to  Ark.  Stem  branching,  several  feet  in  length,  climbinj.'  about 
hedges  and  thickets  in  low  grounds.  Lower  leaves  entire ;  the  upper  ones  be- 
coming aurieulate  or  hastate.  Flowers  drooping,  on  branching  peduncles  from 
the  side  of  the  stem.  Corolla  of  5  rellexed  segments,  purple,  with  2  green  spots 
at  the  base  of  each  segment.  Berries  bright  red,  said  to  bo  poisonous.  Jl. 
§Eur. 

5  S.  Faeudo-Cdpsicum  L.  Jerusalem  Cherry.  St.i^\v\\hhj;lvs.ohlong- 
lanceolate,  subrepand;  ped.  1-flowerod,  opposit*.'  "ho  leaves. —  Ip  A  small,  orna- 
mental shrub,  cultivated.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  branching  into  a  symmetrical  sum- 
mit. Leaves  dark  evergreen,  smooth  and  shining,  about  2'  long.  Flowers  white, 
with  c  range  anthers,  drooping,  succeoded  by  a  few  scarlet,  globous  berries  oftlie 
size  01  email  cherriea     f  Mauritius,  &c. 

6  S.  sempenrirens  Dun.  Shrubby,  twining  and  olimbing ;  branches  herba- 
ceous ;  lvs.  entire,  lance-ovate  or  elliptic,  obliquely  cordate,  obtuse,  with  a  blunt  cu,sp, 
very  smooth  and  shining ;  panicles  terminal,  divaricate,  roughish  and  hairy. — 
Shrubberies,  arbors,  &c.,  hardy  South.  An  elegant  climber.  Branches  cinnamon- 
colored,  glandular.  Lvs.  thick,  of  a  bright,  shining  green.  Cor.  plicate,  6  or  6 
times  larger  than  the  calyx,    f  Guiaua. 

7  S.  aculeatissimum  Jacq.  Aculeate  throughout  with  bristly  hairs  and  stoufc 
prickles  ;  lvs.  cordate  or  rounded  at  base,  oval,  acutely  lobed,  lobes  sinuate- 
dentate  ;  rac.  lateral,  few-flowered,  shorter  tiian  the  petioles ;  berry  globous, 
yellow. — Fields  and  waste  grounds,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Mex.  Stems  2 — 3f, 
very  densely  beset  with  yellow  prickles  3"  long  and  less.  Hairs  simple.  Cor. 
white,  6 — 8''  broad.    Berry  pale  yellow.     Jn.—-Sept. 


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Ordeb  94.— SOLANACEiE. 


8  S.  Carolin^nae  L.  Hobse  Nettle.  St.  and  petioles  aculeate;  Ivs  oblong' 
ovate,  petiolate,  strigous,  angular-lobate,  acute,  midvein  beneath  with  a  few  spines; 
rac,  naked,  loose,  supra-axillary;  berries  globoua. —  U  Roadsides,  &c.,  N.  Y.  to 
111.  and  Ga.  A  rough  weed,  1 — 2f  high,  armed  with  straw-colored,  scattered 
prickles.  Leaves  4 — 6'  by  2 — 3',  usually  in  unequal  pairs,  with  a  few  large,  re- 
patid  lobes  or  teeth.  Flowers  white,  lateral  and  terminal.  Corolla  white,  12— 
15"  diam.     Berries  yellow.     Jn. 

9  S.  sisymbriif blium  Lam.  Erect,  prickly ;  Ivs.  long-petioled,  deeply  pinnatifid,  lobes 
anijnlar-sinuate,  acute  or  obtuse,  pubescent ;  petiole  and  midvein  prickly,  margins 
ciliato ;  rac.  leafy,  prickly. — Va.  to  Car.  (Pursh.),  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond.)  Plant  much 
branched,  18'  to  3f  high,  bright  green,  roughish  with  minute  tomentum.  Sts. 
slightly  angular.  Lva.  7  to  9-lobcd.  Cor.  15"  broad,  pale  violet.  Anth.  4", 
linear.     Prickles  straight,  5"  and  less,  whitish.     Jl. 

10  S.  mammdsum  L.  Apple  op  Sodom.  St.  herbaceous,  villous,  with  scat- 
tered spines ;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  .suhrordate,  lohed,  both  sides  aculeate  and  very 
villous ;  berries  inversely  pear-shaped  (mammosa.) — (T)  Waste  places,  roadsides. 
Car.  (Pursh),  Ga.,  Ala.  (Montgomery),  to  La.  A  woolly,  spiny  weed,  1  to3f  higii. 
Lvs.  about  as  broad  as  long,  3  to  7-lobed,  paler  beneath,  armed  on  the  veins  with 
straight  spines  3  to  8"  long.  Cor.  violet  colored,  5-partod,  12  to  15"  diam.,  soft 
villous  outside.  Fr.  yellow,  at  first  globular.  May,  Jn.  (S.  pumilum  Dun.,  same 
as  S.  hirsutum  Nutt.,  is  proljably  a  starved  form  of  this  species.) 

11  S.  escul^ntum  DunaL  Egg  Plant.  St.  prickly ;  lvs.  ovate,  subsinu- 
ate,  downy,  prickly ;  fls.  6  to  9-parted. — (T)  An  herbaceous,  branching  plant, 
about  2f  high.  The  fruit,  with  which  it  is  heavily  laden,  consists  of  egg-shapud 
berries,  from  the  size  of  an  egg  to  that  of  an  ordinary  water  melon,  smooili,  and 
of  a  glossy  purple.  It  is  considered  wholesome  and  delicious.  Like  the  tomato, 
it  is  cultivated  from  the  seed  sown  early  in  warm,  dry.  and  mellow  soil,  f 

/3.  Pr.  smaller,  white. — Cultivated  for  tlie  curiosity  of  the  fruit,  which  when 
ripe  can  scarcely  bo  distinguished  by  its  appearance  from  a  goose  egg. 

3.  CAP'SICUM,  Tourn.  Pepper.  (Gr.  waTrrw,  to  bite.)  Calyx 
erectj  6-cleft,  persistent;  cor.  rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb  plaited,  5- 
lobed ;  anthers  connivent ;  fruit  capsular,  dry,  inflated,  2  to  3-cellcd  ; 
seeds  flat,  very  acrid. — A  large  genus  of  herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants, 
pervaded  by  a  heating,  acrid  principle.  Lvs.  often  in  paira.  Pad.  axil- 
lary, solitary. 

C.  dnnuum  L.  Red  Pepper.  Cayenne  Pepper.  St.  herbaceous,  angular, 
branching  above  ;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  petiolate,  glabrous :  pcd.  smootii ; 
cal.  angular,  with  short,  acute  lobes ;  cor.  lobes  spreading,  longer  than  the  stam- 
ens ;  berry  oblong  or  subglobous,  red. — fl)  India.  Cultivated  for  its  fruit,  whose 
stimulant  properties  are  well  known. — There  are  in  gardens  several  varieties  in 
respect  to  the  fruit. 

4.  NICAN'DRA,  Adans,  Apple  of  Peru.  (In  honor  of  iV^/can(/rr, 
a  Greek  physician,  b.  c.  50.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  6-angled,  the  angles  com- 
pressed, sepals  sagittate  ;  corolla  campanulate  ;  stamens  5,  incurved  ; 
berry  3  to  5-celled,  enveloped  in  the  persistent  calyx. — (^  Peruvian 
herbs. 

N.  physaloides  Adans.  St.  herbaceous;  lvs.  glabrous,  ample,  ovate-oblong, 
sinuate,  angular ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles ;  cal.  closed,  with  tlio 
angles  very  acute. — Cultivated  in  gardens,  whence  it  has  strayed  into  the  neigh- 
boring fields.  It  is  a  large,  coarse  herb,  2  to  5f  high,  very  branching.  Lvs.  4  to 
7'  long,  2  to  4'  wide,  decurrent.  Cor.  slightly  lobed,  white,  with  blue  spots  in 
the  center.     Jl. — Sept.     §  Peru. 

5.  PHYS'ALIS,  L.  Ground  Cherry.  (Gr.  (pvaaXig,  a  bladder; 
the  inflated  calyx  inclosing  the  fruit.)  Calyx  6-clcft,  persistent,  at  length 
ventricous ;  corolla  campanulate-rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb  obscurely 


Obder  94.— SOLANACEiE. 


579 


6-lobed ;  stamens  5,  connivent ;  berry  globous,  inclosed  within  the  in- 
flated, 5-angled,  colored  calyx. — Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  alter- 
nate or  unequally  twin.  Fls.  solitary,  nodding,  extra-axillary.  Hairs 
flattened,  rarely  stellate  or  forked.     Summer.     Species  very  variable. 

JPereiininl.    Calyx  reddened,  inflated,  inclosing  the  red  berry No.  1 
Perenniiil.    Calyx  piile-greoni.sh,  inflated  inclosing;  the  berry.     I'eilunclo  clon- 
tfiitcd.     Cor.  litige  (S — 12"),  yellow,  mostly  brown-spotted,  (a) 

a  Hairs  stellate-forked  or  simple,  or  almost  0,  never  viscid Nos.  2—4 

a  Hairs  simple,  viscid-i;landular.     Anthers  mostly  yellow No.  5 

(Annual,  viscid-pubescent.  Cor.  & — 7",  yellow-brown.  I'ed.  shorter  than  the  petiole. No.  6 
Annual, smooth.— b  Corolla  3— 6",  yellow-brown.  Ted.  shorter  than  the  petiole.. Nos.  7,  8 
— b  Ckirolla  S — 1(1".  yellow-brown.  Berry  filling  the  half-open  caly.x.No.  9 
—b  Corolla  10—15",  white.    Berry  tilling  the  calyx No.  10 

1  P.  Alkekengi  L.  Strawberry  Tomato.  Stem  sub-simple,  pubescent ;  Ivs. 
deltoid-ovate,  acuminate,  repaud  ;  cor.  not  spotted ;  cal.  iu  fruit  ovoid-globous, 
colored ;  autliers  yellow. — (iardens,  and  adjacent  fields,  N,  Eug.  Plaut  kss 
branched,  1 — 2f  high.  Lvs.  attenuated  to  a  long  petiole  and  with  it  3 — i'  long. 
Berry  red,  inclosed  in  the  reddened  inflated  calyx,  sweet.     §  Eur. 

2  P.  viscosa  L.  Pubescent  or  tomentoua  with  short  2 — ^-forked  hairs,  some- 
what ash-colored;  stem  branched;  lvs.  varying  from  sub-cordate  to  ovate,  oval, 
or  lanceolate,  acutish,  petiolate,  entire  or  repand  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  petiole; 
cor.  spotted,  anth.  yellow ;  calyx  round-ovoid  in  fruit ;  berrt/  viscous,  orange  or 
yellow. — Sandy  soils,  Va.,  S.  and  W.  Erect  or  diffuse,  1 — 2f.  Lvs.  oftoner 
single,  2 — 4',  petiole  1'.    Ped.  12 — 15",  exceeding  the  fruit.    (P.  Pennsylvunica  L.) 

3  P.  lanceolata  Mx.  Smoothish  or  pubescent,  the  hairs  rarely  forked;  stems 
forking,  with  slender  angular  branches ;  lvs.  lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
abruptly  sub-acuminate,  entire  or  repaud  or  toothed,  on  slender  petioles ;  ped, 
filiform ;  cor.  obscurely  spotted,  large ;  fruit  calyx  ovoid-conic  to  pyramidal ; 
autli.  yellow  or  violet ! — Light  soils.  Wise,  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Plant  1 — 2f. 
Lvs.  1 — 3',  petioles  and  ped.  ^  as  long.     Berry  red?  (P.  Elliottii,  Kunze.) 

4  P.  angUBtifblia  N.  Yotmg  parts  stellate-pubcrulent,  then  smooth ;  stems 
angular ;  lvs.  linear  to  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  to  the  sliort 
petiole  ;  calyx  and  ped.  downy;  cor.  large  (9 — 12").  brown  iu  the  throat ;  fi'uit- 
calyx  oblong-ovoid. — Sandy  coasts,  Fla.     6 — 12'.    Lvs.  some  fleshy,  2 — 4'  long. 

6  P.  heteroph^Ua  Nees.  Hirsute  more  or  less  with  glandular-viscid,  simple, 
jointed  hairs ;  stems  assurgent  from  ci'eeping  rhizomes ;  lvs.  vai-ying  from  sub- 
cordate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  repand-toothed  or  sub-entire,  petiolate  ;  ped.  elon- 
gated ;  cor.  large  (9 — 10"),  spotted;  anth.  mostly  yellow;  fruit-calyx  ovoid- 
turgid  to  ovoid-pyramidal. — Can.  and  U.  S.  Stems  10' — 2f  long.  Hairs  jointed 
when  long  enough,  never  forked.  Lvs.  1 — 2}/,  petiole  \ — 1'.  Ped.  f — 1'. 
Many  varieties.     (P.  nyctaginea  Dun.     P,  Vii-giniana  Miller?) 

6  P.  pubescens  L.  Strawberrt  Tomato.  Much  branched,  at  length  decum- 
bent, pubescent  or  tomentous,  viscid.  Lvs.  cordate  or  ovate,  bluntly  acute  or 
pointed,  toothed  or  neaily  entire,  very  unequal  at  base ;  ped.  shoi-ter  than  the 
(1 — 2')  petioles;  cor. small (4 — 1"),  dark  brown  in  the  throat;  anth.  blue-tinged. 
— Damp  shady  places,  S.  and  W.,  cultivated  northward.  Stems  9 — 18 — 24'. 
Lvs.  2—4',  twin  on  the  flowering  branches.  Berry  green-yellow,  loosely  in- 
vested in  the  roundish  calyx,  very  sweet.     (P.  hirsuta  Dun.) 

7  P.  angulata  L.  Erect  often  diffusely  branched,  glabrous;  lvs.  ovate  or 
oblong,  unequally  dent-serrate  ;  cor.  green-spotted ;  antb.  blue ;  cal.  segm.  tri- 
angular, shorter  than  the  tube,  in  fruit  truncate  at  base  and  sharply  5-angled. — 
Sandy  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  W.  Petioles  slender.  Corolla  less  than  6"  long. 
Calyx  ovoid-v, jnical,  well  filled  with  the  greenish-yellow  berry. 

8  P.  Linkiana  Nees.  Diffusely  branched,  glabrous ;  lvs.  ovate-oblon£'.  often 
long-pointed,  sinuate-dentate,  teeth  subulate-pointed,  base  narrowed  lio  the 
petiole  ;  cor.  spotless ;  antb.  violet ;  cal.  teeth  pointed,  longer  than  the  tube,  in 
fruit  roundish  ovate,  pointed. — S.  Car.  and  Ga.  {Feay).  Striking  in  aspect,  2f 
or  more.  Lvs.  3 — 6'  long  including  the  (1 — 2')  petiole.  Fruit  cal.  1'  diam. 
purple-veined,  not  filled  with  the  berry. 

9  P.  Philadelphica  Lam.  Erect,  with  strict,  furcate  branches,  nearly  glab- 
rous ;   lvs.  obUque,  ovate,  pointed,  angular-repand ;  ped.  much  shorter  than 


if  §: 


■f 


!li 


f 


Mini; 

m 


''»l»'''i  ^ 


??!i 


'■1-  , 


680 


Order  94.— SOLANACEiE. 


<A«?  petioles ;  cor.  with  spots  and  stripes  in  throat ;  cal.  filled  with  the  fruit  and 
open  when  mature  ;  antn.  violet. — Dry  banks  by  streum'tt,  Middle  and  8.  States. 
Pcd.  2—3".  Berry  red. 
10  P.  grandiflora  Hook.  Pubescent,  viscid-glandular,  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate  to 
oblanceolate,  the  radical  spatula'te,  all  petiolate,  entire  or  wavy  ;  pedicels  1 — 3 
together  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  in  fruit  augmented,  but  not  iticluding  the  berry  ; 
c<)r.  very  large  (1 — li'  diani.)  round  entire,  w<»olly  in  throat,  white. — Mich,  and 
Wise,  near  L.  Sup.  (br.  Sherman).    Stem  If  high,  nearly  simple.     Lvs.  2 — 3'. 

7.  HYOSCY^AMUS,  Tourn.  Henbane.  (Gr.  v^^  vog,  a  pig,  and 
Hva^iog,  bean  ;  the  fruit  is  said  to  be  not  poisonous  to  swine.)  Calyx 
tubular,  5-cleft ;  corolla  inf'undibulitbrni,  irregular;  one  of  the  5  obtuse 
lobes  larger;  stamens  5,  declinate ;  stigma  capitate;  capsule  ovoid,  2- 
celled,  opening  with  a  lid  near  the  summit. — Coarse,  weed-like  herbs, 
native  in  Eastern  countries. 

H.  niger  L.  Branching,  erect,  very  leafy;  lvs.  sirmato,  clasping;  fls.  sessile. — @ 
A  tall,  well  known,  foutid  weed,  growing  about  the  rubbLsh  of  old  houses,  road- 
sides, &c.  The  whole  plant  is  hairy,  viscid,  and  of  a  sea-green  hue,  emitting  a 
foetid  odor.  Stem  2f  high,  round.  Loaves  large,  oblong,  cut  into  acute,  sinuate 
lobes.  Flowers  in  terminal,  one-sided  spikes ;  the  corolla  straw-color,  finely  reti- 
culated witli  dark  purple  veins.  The  whole  plant  i.;  reputed  poisonous,  but  has 
long  been  regarded  as  an  excellent  medicine  in  nervous  diseases,  coughs,  convul- 
sions, &c.     Jl.     §  Eur. 

8.  PETU^NIA,  Juss.  (The  Brazilian  name  is  7)c<«n,  latinized  Pf"/?*- 
nin.)  Calyx  tubular,  10-veincd,  6-parted,  segments  oblong-spatulate ; 
corolla  funnel  or  salver-form,  tube  cylindric,  limb  spreading,  usually  5- 
Jobed  ;  stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  middle  of  the  tube,  unequal,  included, 
anthers  cordate ;  stigma  capitate ;  capsule  2-cellcd ;  seeds  minute. — 
South  American  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  the  floral  twin.  Ped.  1- 
flowered. 

1  P.  Nyctaginifldra  Juss.  Diffuse,  glandular- villous ;  d.  erect,  branched; 
lvs.  solitary,  ovate-oblong,  obtusish,  subsessile,  floral  sessile,  cordate-ovate,  sul)op{)o- 
site ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  exceeding  the  leaves ;  cor,  tube  slightly  enlarged 
above,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  a  wide-spreading  limb. —  U  Gardens. 

■   Fls.  large,  white,  numerous. 

2  P.  viol^cea  Lindl.  Glandular  hairy ;  st.  prostrate  at  base,  then  erect,  spar- 
ingly branched ;  lvs.  ovate,  short-jwtiolate,  acute,  the  uppt^r  ovate'lanceolate ;  ped. 
solitary,  equaling  the  leaves;  cor.  tub  inflated,  limb  cleft  into  rounded,  acute 
lobes. — U  Sts.  numerous,  6  to  16  lonf .  Cor.  large,  violet-purple.  Both  species 
are  great  favorites  in  gardens,  and  by  mixture  sport  into  endless  varieties,  among 
which  is 

li.  AtkinsiXna.     Lvs.  ovate,  whitish ;  cal.  segm.  ligulate ;  cor.  tube  twice  or 
more  longer  tlian  the  calyx. 

9.  NIEREMBER'GIA,  Ruiz  et  Pav.  (Named  for  JVieremberff,  a  Span- 
ish  Jesuit.)  Calyx  persistent,  tubular  or  subcampanulate,  10-veined, 
curved,  5-cleft ;  corolla"  funnel-form,  tube  long  and  slender,  limb  ample, 
spreading,  plicate,  slightly  unequal ;  stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  throat, 
unequal,  connivent ;  anthers  hid  beneath  the  stigma ;  capsule  2-celled, 
seeds  many,  minute,  3-angled. — South  American,  chiefly  herbs,  creep- 
ing, with  elegant,  solitary,  extra-axillary  fls. 

1  N.  aristita  Sweet.  Ihiberulent,  pale-green ;  sts.  filiform,  very  branching;  lvs. 
narrot  ly  linear,  acute ;  fls.  pedunculate,  opposite  the  leaves,  solitary ;  cal.  cam- 
panulate,  seg.  linear-subulate,  acute,  tv/ice  shorter  than  the  slender,  glandular  cor. 
tube. — St.  3  to  9'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  1"  wide.  Cor.  large,  white,  tinged 
with  purple,  3  striae  on  each  lobe. 


Okdkk  94.— SOLANACEiE. 


581 


2  N.  filicailtliB  Lindl.  Glabrcms,  ascondinp,  diffiisp ;  sts.  filiform.  /tv"».  very 
narrow,  st'ssile,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  opposite  tlie  poduiicli's ;  cal.  ob- 
conic  bell-sliaped,  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  cor.  tube  glamiular,  little  iouf^er 
tlian  the  calyx,  limb  undulate,  obtusely  5-lobed. — Sts.  a  foot  biRli.  Lvs.  0  to  10" 
long.  Cor.  lilac  or  white,  with  a  6-rayed  alar  of  violet  lines,  f  Both  speeies  from 
liutnos  Ayrea. 

10.  LYCIUM,  L.  Matrimony  Vine.  (Xarnod  from  Lyc'ia,  tlie  na- 
tive country  of  the  oritirinal  species.)  Calyx  2 — 5-cleft,  short ;  corolla 
tubular,  limb  mostly  6-lobed,  spreading,  orifice  closed  by  tlie  l)eard  of 
the  filaments ;  stamens  4 — 5,  exserted  ;  berry  '2-cellcd  ;  sj'eds  several, 
reniform.— Shrubs,  the  branches  ending  in  a  spinous  ])oint,  and  often 
having  axillary  spines.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  or  in  pairs. 

L.  bdrbarum  L.  St.  angular;  brandies  long,  pendulous,  somewhat  spiny; 
Ivs.  often  fascioulato,  lanceolate;  cal.  mostly  3-eleft. — Native  of  Barhary,  culti- 
vated and  nearly  naturalized.  It  is  a  shrub,  witii  long,  slender,  trailing  or  hang- 
ing branches  wliich  overspread  walls,  Ac,  with  a  thick,  tangled  mass.  Leaves 
smooth,  3  times  as  long  'ts  wido,  often  broadest  above,  aeute  or  obtuse,  tapering 
into  a  petiole.     Flowers  greenish-purplo.     Berries  orange-red.     \  Barbary. 

11.  DATU^RA,  L.  Thorn  Apple.  .Jimson  (/. r.,  Jamestown)-WKED. 
(An  alteration  of  the  Arabic  name  Totorah.)  Calyx  largo,  tubular, 
ventricous,  5-aiiglcd,  deciduous,  with  a  persistent,  orbicular,  j)eltate 
base  ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  tube  cylindric,  long,  limb  6-angled  and 
plaited;  stamens  5;  stigma  obtuse,  bilatnellate  ;  capsule  2-celled,  4- 
valved;  cells  2 — 3-parted. — (J)  Herbs,  with  bluish-white  or  purple,  soli- 
tary, axillary  flowers. 

1  D.  stramonium  L.  St.  dichotomous;  Ivs.  ovate,  smooth,  angular-dentate; 
caps,  spiny,  erect. — A  well-known  poisonous  plant,  growing  among  rul)bi.-:h  in 
waste  places.  Stem  about  3f  high,  smooth,  hollow.  Leaves  large,  situated  at 
tiio  base  of  the  dichotomous  branclics,  their  sides  unequal,  with  large,  irregular 
teeth  and  sinuses.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  long 
tube  and  a  plaited,  5-toothed  border,  the  color  cream-white.  Fruit  egg-shaped, 
the  size  of  a  small  apple,  covered  with  spines.  Aug.  §  Central  America  ?  Poi- 
sonous and  narcotic,  but  used  for  asthma,  &c. 

ii.  T.VTULA.      St.  purple  ;    fls.  bluish-white. — (D.  tatula  L.)      More   conunou 
Westward. 

2  D.  (BRUGMANSIA)  sanguinea  Ruiz  &  Pav.  (B.  bicolor  Pers.)  is  a 
coarse  looking,  large-leaved  shrub  with  huge,  trumpet-bell-shapod  (is.  di-stinguished 
bj'  the  cuspidate  angles  of  the  red  or  white  corolla,  is  now  often  seen  in  green- 
houses.    The  j'ellow  capsides  are  unarmed. 

12.  NICOTIA'NA,  Tourn.  Tobacco.  (In  honor  of  John  Nicot,  of 
Languedoc,  who  seems  to  liave  introduced  it  into  Europe.)  Calyx  urce- 
olate,  5-cleft ;  corolla  infuntlibuliform,  regular,  limb  5-lobcd  ;  stamens  6; 
stigmas  emarginate ;  capsule  2-celled,  2  to  4-valved. — i;i)  Coarse,  nar- 
cotic herbs,  with  simple  Ivs.  and  terminal  fls.  Cor.  white,  tinged  with 
green  or  purple. 

1  N.  rustica  L.  Common  Tobacco.  Viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  petioled,  ovate,  en- 
tiro  ;  tube  of  the  cor.  cylindric,  longer  than  the  calyx,  segments  round,  obtuse. — 
For  the  purposes  of  tobacco  this  plant  is  considered  inferior  to  the  Virginian. 
Stem  12 — 18'  high.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  a  terminal  panicle  or  racema 
In  Western  N.  Y.,  &c.,  said  to  have  been  introduced  by  the  Indians.     Aug.  § 

2  N.  Tabacum  L.     Virginia  Tobacco.    Viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
sessile,  decurrent ;  cor.  tube  inflated  at  the  throat,  lobes  anute. — Native  of  Central 
America,  particularly  the  island  of  Tobago,  and  the  Province  of  Tabasco  in  Mex 
ico,  whence  it  was  first  exported  to  Europe,  1586.     It  is  extensively  cultivated  iu 
tluB  Middle  and  Western  States,  and  is  exported  in  vast  quantities.     Stem  4 — 6f 


mi 


* 


>' 


rjmi 


i 


fiilr'i 


Order  95.— aENTIANACK^. 


high,  paniculate  above.  Leave.s  1 — 2f  by  ^ — If  entire.  Flowers  rose-color,  not 
inelegant.  Ji. — The  use  of  this  niiuseous  and  poisonous  weed  has  become  almost 
universal,  and  illustrates  tiie  de.spotic  power  of  habit.  Sir  "Walter  Raleigh  has 
tiie  iionor  of  first  introducing  the  practice  of  smoking  into  England,  more  than 
200  years  ago,  and  in  his  liouse  at  Islington,  is  still  to  be  seen  a  shield  bearing  his 
arms,  with  a  tobacco-plant  at  the  top.     (Loudon.) 

3  N.  longiflora  Cav.  With  long,  spreading  branches ;  Ivs.  acuminate,  radical 
ovate-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  cordate-lanceolate,  sessile ;  fls.  lateral,  solitary, 
pedicellate,  arranged  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme ;  cor.  tube  filiform,  very  pubes- 
cent, 5  limes  longer  than  the  calyx,  segments  lance-ovate,  acute. — Gardens  iSouth. 
Cor.  white,  variegated  with  purple  and  yellow. 

13.  FABIANA  imbricata  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  is  a  fine  little  shrub  resembling 
a  Tamarix,  with  small  (6"  long)  ovate  Ivs.  covering  the  numerous  branches  and 
small  violet-white  fla     f  Chili. 

Order  XCV.     GENTIANACE^E.     Gentianworts. 


Herbs 
ws  regul 
eistont 


smooth,  with  a  colorless,  bitter  juice,  with  entire,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flow- 
ax,  mostly  centrifugal  in  inflorescence  and  convolute  in  the  bud.  Calyx  per- 
coroUa  withering,  its  lobes  alternate  witii  i\\Q  stamens.     Ovary  free,  1-celled 

with  2,  more  or  less  projecting  par- 
ietal placentae.  Fruit  a  2-valved, 
septicidal,  OO-seeded  capsule,  rare- 
ly baccate.  Seeds  with  a  minute, 
straight  embryo  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  60,  species  450,  found  in  every 
part  of  the  world. 

Properties. — An  intensely  bit.er  prin- 
ciple called  gentiunine  pervades  the 
wiiole  order  witliout  exception,  residing 
in  every  part,  rendering  thetn  tonic  and 
ie))rit'iigai.  1  un  gentian  of  tlie  sliops  i» 
most  coininoniy  the  product  of  Gen- 
tiana  lutea,  but  most  otlier  6j)ecies,  and 
species  of  otlier  genera,  as  Limnanthe- 
muni,  Sabbatia,  Frasera,  &c.,  arc  valued 
in  medicine  for  the  same  properties,  and 
may  be  used  in  its  stead.  Many  are 
cultivated  for  ornament. 

Fig.  fi64.  1,  Gentiana  Andrcwsil. 
2,  The  calyx  and  capsule.  8,  Tlie  cor- 
olla laid  open,  showing  the  folds  (2- 
lobed)  between  the  proper  petals,  and 
the  stamens  attached  at  base.  4,  Cap- 
sule eut  across.  6,  Seed  magnifled,  with 
its  large,  loose  testa. 

Tribes  and  Genera. 

II.  MENTANTHBiB. — Cor.  valvate-indupllcato  in  the  bad.    Leaves  alternate  or  radical,    (a) 

a  I'etals  beardless  or  nearly  so.    Leaves  simple,  floating Limnantiiimuh.  9 

a  I'otals  boarded  inside.     Leaves  trifoliate,  erect Mrnvanthks.  9 

I,  GkntianE/B.— Corolla  convolute  (in  No.  7,  imbricate)  in  the  bud.    Leaves  opposite,    (b) 

b  Sepals  only  2.    Corolla  4-parted,  tubular  campanulato Obolabia.  7 

b  Sepals  as  many  as  the  petals,  more  or  less  united,    (o) 

0  Corolla  lobes  furnished  each  with  a  spur  in  the  midst , Halenia.  8 

0  Corolla  lobes  furnished  each  with  a  large  central  gland Fbabbba.  h 

O  Corolla  lobes  plain,  without  spurs  or  glands,    (d) 

d  Leaves  reduced  to  scales.    Corolla  deeply  4-pkrted Bartokia.  4 

d  Leafy — Corolla  tubular,  blue  or  white Gintiana.  8 

—Corolla  tubular,  rose  or  pink Ebytubaa.  3 

— CorolU  rotate,  roee  or  pink Sabbatia.  1 


Order  95.— GENTIANACE.^. 


58.1 


8 
» 

4 

8 

3 
1 


1.  SABBA^TIA,  Adams.  American  Centaury.  (In  honor  of  Sab- 
batic a  distinguished  Italian  botanical  author.)  Calyx  5  to  12-partod; 
corolb  rotate,  hmb  5  to  12-parted  ;  stamens  5  to  12  ;  anthers  erect,  at 
length  recurved,  2-celled,  oponing  by  chinks ;  style  2-parted,  slender, 
deciduous  ;  capsule  1 -celled,  the  valves  a  little  introflexed. — f^,  Slender 
lierbs,  very  beautiful,  with  pedicellate,  mostly  roseate  lis.  All  N.  Amer- 
ican.    Fls.  in  Summer. 

S  Corolla  mostly  9  (rarely  7  to  12)-parted,  rose-red.    Lapithka,  Griseb Nos.  1,  S 

§  Corolla  5  (rarely  6)-i)artcd.    True  Sahiiatia.    (a) 

a  Branches  alternate  or  forked. — Flowers  white  or  nearly  so Nos.  3,  4 

— Flowers  rose  red,  starred Nos.  f),  0 

a  Branches  opposite. — Flowers  white,  corynibed Nos.  T,  s 

— Flowers  rose-red,  painculato Nos.  9,  ID 

1  S.  gentianoides  Ell.  St.  strict,  terete,  subsimple ;  Ivs.  longer  than  the  inter- 
nod  n,  linear,  rigid,  erect,  floral  reflexed;  fls.  8  to  10-partod,  in  s:nall,  terminal  and 
axillary  capitate  cymes ;  cal.  segm.  subulattj,  shorter  than  the  obovato-spatulatc, 
obtuse  petals. — Ponds  in  pino  barrens,  Ga.  to  La.  and  Tex.  Plant  1  to  2f  liigli. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Fls.  very  handsome,  deep  rose-color,  16"  diam.  Aug.  (Lapi- 
thea,  Griseb.) 

2  S.  ohloroides  Ph.  St.  slender,  weak,  sub  terete ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  erect ;  branches 
few,  alternate,  \-flowered;  fls.  1  to  12-parted  ;  sep.  linear,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
— V7et  grounds,  Mass.,  R.  I.  to  Ga.  and  Fla.  St.  2  to  31"  high,  somowliat  angular. 
Lvs.  1  to  li'  long,  closely  sessile,  acute,  veinluss.  Fls.  solitary,  terminal.  Ocr. 
nearly  2'  diam.,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  bright  puiple  with  a  yellow  bj»rO. 

3  S.  oalycosa  Ph.  St.  erect,  terete,  fork-branched,  rother  rigid;  lvs.  oblong, 
d-veined,  obtuse ;  fls.  solitary,  5  to  6-parted ;  cal.  leafy  l"n^e.oblong,  equaling  or 
exceeding  the  corolla ;  pet.  oblanceolate. — Fields  and  meadows,  Va.  to  Ga.  and 
La.  St.  a  foot  high,  subangular,  with  spreading  branches.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long, 
sessile,  mostly  obtnse,  oval,  thin.  Fls.  on  long,  rigid  peduncles,  about  1'  diam., 
pink  colored.     Sep.  acute.     Fruit  as  large  as  a  pea.     Jn. — Sept. 

4  S.  paniculata  Ph.  St.  terete,  or  slightly  angled  at  base  ;  internodes  much 
exceeding  the  leaves  ;  branches  opposite  ;  lvs,  Hnear,  the  lower  oval  and  rarely 
roundish ;  panicle  diffuse  but  its  bratiches  stiicc  ;  cal.  segm.  linear-setaceous,  2  or 
3  times  longer  than  its  tube,  twice  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  cor.  segm.  5,  obtuse. 
— Damp  pine  barrens,  South,  common.  Much  branched,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs,  4  to 
10"  long.     Fls.  white,  1'  diam.     Jl.— Oct. 

(i.  Elliottii.     Branches  mostly  alternate.    (S.  paniculata  EIL) 

5  S.  grdcilis  Salisb.  St.  slightly  angular,  internodes  twice  longer  than  the  loaves ; 
branches  flaccid,  1-flowered,  alternate,  spreading;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  tlio 
lowest  lance-ovate ;  panicle  diffuse,  fow-flowered ;  cal.  segmtnts  linear-seta^eoiis, 
about  equaling  the  corolla ;  cor.  5-parted,  lobes  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse. — Marshes 
and  meadows,  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Very  slender,  1  to  2f  high,  with  long,  al- 
most filiform  branches.  Fls.  terminal,  subsolitary,  14'  broad,  on  long  peduncles. 
Jl.,  Aug. 

6  S.  stulldris  Ph.  St.  somewhat  angular,  sparingly  fork- branched,  with  long, 
1-liowered  branches;  lvs.  larxeolat".  and  obovate-lancsolate,  acute;  cal.  segm.  linear, 
varying  in  length  but  much  shorter  than  the  5-parted  corolla,  the  tube  top-shapeil, 
very  short. — Marshes,  Can.  to  Car.  St.  3  to  15'  high,  often  diffusely  branched 
Lvs.  about  1'  long,  the  upper  almost  linear.  Fls.  of  a  bright  rose-color,  with  a 
yellow  star  bordered  with  deep  red.  Jl. — Sept.  S.  gracilis  (Ell),  which  it 
closely  resembles. 

7  S.  cor/mbosa  Baldwin.  St.  slightly  4-anglcd,  internodes  twice  longer  than 
the  leave,  branches  opposite;  lvs.  ovatc-lanceolatt,  3-veined,  acutish,  upper  ones 
lanceolate  ■  cjmo  fastigiate,  terminal ;  cal  segm.  linear,  3  times  longer  than  its  tube, 
twice  shorter  tlian  the  corolla;  oor.  5  to  6-parted,  white,  lobes  obovate-olong,  ob- 
tuse.— Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  St.  a  foot  high,  branching  near  the  summit 
Lvs.  an  inch  in  length,  closely  sessile.  Fls.  few,  generally  6-merou8,  white.  Jn., 
Jl.     (Chironia  lanceolata  Walt.) 

8  8.  inaoropb;^lla  Hook.    St.  terete,  glaucous;  iutemodei^  twkie  longer  tbuu 


i.  i 


iUk 


W  I 


;  ,>;-:-^  s 


/I 


I', 


584 


Okdku  95.— GENTIANACE^. 


the  leaves;  branches  opposite ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate-cuspidate  ;  5- veined,  clasp- 
ing and  subconnate  at  base,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  panicle  fastigiate ;  cal.  seym. 
setaceous,  shorter  than  its  short  tube;  cor.  segm.  5,  elliptic. — In  La.  (Hale,  near 
Covington).  St.  2f  high.  Lvs.  2'  long.  Fls.  smaller  than  any  here  noticed, 
about  7"  broad,  white. 

9  S.  augularis  Ph.  St.  quadrangular,  with  winged  angles ;  lvs.  ovate,  amplexicaui 
5-veined;  panicle  corymbous ;  ped.  elongated;  sep.  lance-linear,  half  as  long  as 
the  corolla,  distinct  almost  to  the  base ;  cor.  segments  obovate,  obtuse. — Wet 
meadows  and  prairies,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ark.  Stem  10 — 18'  high,  much  branched, 
branches  opposite.  Leaves  closely  embracing  the  stem,  1 — 2'  by  ij — 1|',  as  long 
as  the  internodes  or  often  shorter.  Flowers  numerous,  1^ — lA'  diam.,  deep  rose- 
color,  the  star  in  the  center  greenish.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Chironia,  L.) 

10  S.  brachiata  Ell.  St.  slender,  suhquadr angular,  internodes  2 — 4  times  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  branches  opposite,  suberect ;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  lower 
ones  ovate,  all  acutish,  sessile ;  panicle  oblong ;  cal.  segments  linear,  twice  longer 
than  the  tube,  twice  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  oor.  5-parted,  segments  obloiig- 
obovatc,  obtuse,  light  purple. — Drj^,  grassy,  prairies,  la.  abundant,  also  Tenn.  and 
Car.  Stem  a  foot  high,  few  or  man}''-flowerod.  Leaves  9 — 12"  bj^  1 — 3".  Flow- 
ers 15"  diam.,  of  a  delicate  blush-purple,  the  star  in  the  center  yellow,  bordered 
with  green.     Jl.,  Aug.     (S.  concinna,  2d  Edit.) 

2.  ERYTHR^'A,  Renealm.  (Gr.  tpvdpog,  red.)  Calyx  5,  rarely  4- 
parted,  angular;  corolla  funnel-fonn,  twisted  and  withering  above  the 
capsule,  tube  cylindric,  limb  5 — 4-partt'd  ;  sta.  5 — 4,  inserted  near  t!i' 
top  of  the  tube;  anth.  cxseiied,  spirally  twisted  ;  sty.  1 ;  stig.  bilamellate 
or  capitate ;  caps.  2-valved,  1  or  partly  2-celled. — 0  St.  subangular. 
Lvs.  connate  at  base.     Fls.  cymous,  roseate,  white  or  yellow. 

1  E.  Muhlenb^rgii  Griseb.  St.  simple  below,  dichotomously  branched  above ; 
lvs.  ovate-long,  obtusish ;  cymes  hose,  dichotomous  •  fls.  pedicellate ;  cor.  tube  a 
Utile  longer  than  the  calyx,  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish. — ^N.  Y.,  Penn. 
Very  rare.  St.  3  to  8'  higli,  1  to  3  times  forked.  Lvs.  4  to  1''  by  1  to  3",  closely 
sessile.  Fls.  lateral  and  terminal-central,  the  pedicels  in  the  forks  near  \'  long, 
tlie  others  shorter.  Cor.  bright  purple,  tube  yellowish  green,  slender.  Jl. — Sept. 
(E.  pulchella  Hook.    Exacum  pulchella  Ph.  ?) 

2  E.  spiCcita  Pers.  St.  dichotomously  branched,  erect ;  lvs.  clasping  and  sliglitiy 
decurrent,  lower  ones  oval,  obtuse,  upper  lanceolate,  acute;  fls.  seasile,  mostly 
lateral  on  the  long  branches ;  sep.  linear,  acute,  erect ;  cor.  tube  slender,  contiacted 
at  the  neck,  lobes  spreading,  obtuse ;  anth.  linear-oblong,  finally  twisting  out- 
wards.— (J)  Coast  of  Maryland  (Pickering).  Sandy  margins  of  the  seashore, 
Nantucket  (Oakes).  Whole  plant  very  smooth  and  intensely  bitter,  6  to  12'  high. 
Lv!^.  1'  long,  fleshy,  pale  green.  Cor.  8"  long,  rose  or  nearly  white.  (E.  Picker- 
ingii  Oakes.)     g  Eur. 

3  E.  Centaurium  Pers.  Erect,  branched  above ;  lvs.  oblong,  acutish  at  each  end ; 
fls.  subsessile  in  the  loosely  cwynibed  cymes ;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  than  the  calyx, 
lobes  short,  oval,  obtuse,  erect-sproadiug. — Fields,  Oswego,  N.  Y.  and  Can.  St. 
5  to  10'  high.  Lvs.  1'  and  less  in  lengtli,  half  as  wide,  3-veined.  Fls.  6  '  long, 
rose-color,  its  yellow  anthers  exsurted,  and  soon  twisted.     Aug.     §  Eur. 

3.  GENTIA^NA  Tourn.  (To  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  discovered 
the  tonic  virtues  of  this  genus.)  Calyx  6  to  4-parted  or  cleft ;  corolla 
marescent,  tubular  at  base,  limb  4  to  5-parted,  segments  either  spread- 
ing, erect  or  convergent,  often  furnished  with  intermediate,  plicate 
appendages ;  stamens  5  to  4,  inserted  in  the  corolla  tube ;  stigmas  2, 
revolute  or  erect;  styles  short  or  0;  capsule  2-valved,  1 -celled,  many- 
seeded. — Herbs  of  various  habit.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  terminal  or 
cymous. 

S  Corolla  destttuie  of  folded  appendages — and  the  segments  entire I*^os.  10,  1 

— and  the  Hegtnents  fringed !Nos.  Si,  8 

I  GoroU'*  >vitb  fold«d,  often  toothed  appendages  between  the  lobes,    (a) 


Ordeb  95.— GENTIANACE^. 


585 


a  Flowers  solitary,  terminal,  blue  or  white No.  4 

a  Flowers  clustered, — yellowish  or  cream-white Nos.  5,  (i 

— blue, — ne%'er  opening;  the  folds  iis  loiiiiiu  segim-nts Ko.  7 

— opening ;  the  folds  shorter  than  segments Nos.  8,  9 

1  G.  quinqueflora  L.  St.  4-angled,  branching;  Ivs.  ovate-lancoolato,  acute, 
3-veined ;  Jls.  terminal  and  axillary,  about  in  5s,  pedicellate ;  cor.  tubular-cr.mpan- 
ulate,  witli  5  lanceolate,  setaceously  acuminate  segments;  cal.  very  short,  sjgni. 
subulate-linear.  (J)  "Woods  and  pastures  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  a  foot  high,  smooth, 
generally  branched.  Leaves  3 — 5-veined,  half-clasping,  acute,  smooth.  ¥W 
small,  on  pedicels  half  an  inch  in  length.  Corolla  pale  blue,  4  times  as  long  us 
the  sepals.     Sept.,  Oct. 

j3.  PAKVii-'LORA.     Cal.  enlarged,  lobes  foliaceou.s,  lance-linear,  half  as  long  as 
the  smallish  corolla. — This  variety  prevails  in  the  W.  States. 

2  O.  crinita  Froelich.  Blue  Fringed  Ge.vtian.  St.  terete,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate. 
acute ;  fia.  tetramerous ;  cor.  segm.  conspiciujusly  fringe-ciliate. — Not  uncommon 
in  cool,  low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Stem  If  high,  round  and  smooth.  Branciios 
long,  with  a  slight  curve  at  base,  becoming  erect  and  straight,  eadi  bearing  a 
single,  large,  erect  flower  at  tho  leafless  top.  Leaves  broadest  at  base,  tapering 
to  the  apex,  1 — 2'  long  and  1^  as  wide.  Calyx  square,  segm.  acuminate,  equaling 
tho  tube  of  tho  corolla.  Cor.  of  a  bright  bluish-purple,  the  segments  obovate, 
finely  fringed  at  the  margin.     Aug. — A  beautil  d  and  interesting  plant. 

3  G.  detdnsa  L.  St.  nearly  strict,  simple  or  branched ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear, 
the  lowest  rosulate,  spatulato;  ped.  l-flowered,  very  long,  subsolitary;  cal.  4  { — f))- 
cleft,  lobes  ovate  and  lanceolate,  nearly  equaling  tho  corolla;  cor.  lobes  roundisli- 
obtuse,  ciliate  at  the  sides,  crenate  at  top,  erect-spreading;  stig.  distinct. — N.  Y., 
Wis.  (Lapham)  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  A  fine  species,  with  large  blue  flowers. 
Stem  a  foot  high.  Leaves  1 — 2J'  by  1 — 3",  tapering  to  an  acute  point.  Pedun- 
cles 4 — 7'  long,  each  with  a  single  large,  erect,  showy  flower.  Cor.  15 — 20  '  long, 
obconic  or  bell-shaped,  blue. 

4  G.  anp^UBtifdlia  Mx.  St.  erect,  slender,  l-flowered ;  fls.  pedunculate ;  Ivs.  lin- 
ear obtuse,  smooth,  tho  lower  ones  subcuneatc ;  cor.  funnel-form,  narrow,  open, 
S-cleft,  twice  as  long  as  tlie  calyx,  lobes  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as 
tho  lacerate  folds. — U  N.  J.  to  Fla.  in  sandy  fields.  Stem  a  foot  high.  Lvs.  1' 
long.  Flower  large,  sky-blue,  20"  long.  Calyx  deeply  clofl,  with  linear  segm. 
Sept.,  Oct. — A  variety  at  the  South  (Quincy,  Fla.,  Dr.  Danalson)  has  white  Us. 
18"  long. 

5  G.  ochroletica  Froel  Sts.  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  simple,  terete ;  fls.  sessile, 
clustered  at  summit,  rarely  in  one  or  two  of  tiie  upper  axils ;  lvs.  oval-lanceolate, 
tho  liighest  lanceolate,  lowest  obovate-lanceolate,  all  narnywed  to  the  sessile  base, 
obscurely  3-nerved,  ratlicr  acuto;  cal.  segm.  lance-linear,  a  ilvrd  longer  than  the 
tube,  nearly  as  long  as  th.  greenish-white,  open  corolla. — Va.  to  Fla.  frequent.  Sts. 
about  If  high.  Lvs.  much  longer  than  tho  internodes.  Cor.  2'  long,  with  green 
veins  and  purple  stripes,  lobes  ovate,  folds  very  short.     Sept,,  Oct. 

6  G.  dlba  Muhl.  (Gray).  Very  smooth;  st.  stout,  erect;  lis.  densely  clustered 
at  tho  summit,  solitary  in  one  or  two  axils;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  or  lanceolate, 
half  clasping  at  the  broad  base,  gradually  acuminate,  3-veined ;  cal.  segm.  ovate, 
much  shorter  than  its  bell-shaped  tube,  4  times  shorter  than  the  cream-white  corolla. 
"Woods  and  prairies,  Middle,  W.  anil  S.  States.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  4  by 
1'  to  18".  Cor.  30"  long,  the  ovate  lobes  much  longer  than  tho  jagged  appendages' 
or  folds,  open  but  connivent.    Jl. — Sept.     (G.  ochroleuca  Griseb.  &c.) 

/  G.  Andrewaii  Griseb.  Closed  Blue  Gentian,  Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  3-veined, 
acute ;  lis.  in  whorled  heads,  sessile  cor.  ventricous,  clavate-campanulate,  closed 
at  top,  10-cleft,  the  inner  segments  plicate  and  fringed,  equaling  the  exterior ;  cal. 
segm.  ovate-oblong,  many  times  siiorter  than  the  deep  blue  corolla. — 1(  Brit.  Am. 
to  Car.  A  handsome  plant,  conspioious  in  meadows  and  by  brook-sides.  Stem 
12 — to  18'  high,  simple,  erect,  smooth,  with  opposite,  smooth  leaves,  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  resembling  those  of  tho  common  Soapwort.  Flowers  erect,  18'  long, 
subsessile,  inflated,  so  nearly  closed  at  the  top  as  to  be  easily  mistaken  for  buds ; 
and  the  young  botanist  waits  in  vain  to  see  tliom  expand.  Sept.,  Oct.  (G.  Sap* 
onaria,  2d.  edit.,  &c.) 


/   i 


u 


I' 


tU0 


686 


Ordeu  95.— GENTIA.NACE^. 


8  O.  Sapon^ria  L.  St.  ascending  or  erect,  smooth ;  fla.  cluf tered  at  the  summit 
and  often  in  the  axils ;  Ivs.  ovate-laneeolate  to  lance-obov  te,  acutish,  rough- 
margined,  narrowed  to  the  subda&ping  bane ;  cal.  segm.  lance  linear  or  .spatulate, 
about  equaling  the  tube,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  cor.  bri^l.i  blue,  lobes  conni- 
vent,  ovate,  open,  twice  (more  or  less)  longer  than  the  cleft  folds. — Va.  to  Ga.  and 
La.  St.  8  to  18'  higii,  slender  or  rather  stout.  Lvs.  1  to  2  to  3'  long.  Cor.  18' 
to  2'  long.     Cal.  segm.  varying  from  lance-linear  to  lance-obovate  1     Aug.,  Sept 

(3.  LINEARIS.  St.  Blender,  ascending ;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  rigid ;  c?il. 
sogm.  mostly  linear ;  coi-.  folds  very  short. — Can.  to  Car,  and  Ky.  A  common 
form,  so  peculiar  that  we  might  as  well  perhaps  regard  it  as  a  species.  (Gr. 
Pneumonanthe  Mx.) 

9  G.  pub^rula  Mx.  St.  erect  or  ascending,  slender,  rough,  scarcely  puberulent; 
lis.  clustered,  rarely  solitary ;  Ivg.  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  half-clasping,  very 
rough-edged,  acute,  short  hut  longer  than  the  internodes;  cal.  segm.  lanceolate, 
about  as  long  as  its  tube,  half  as  long  as  the  subcampanulaie,  bright  blue  corolla  ; 
cor.  subfunnel-form,  lobes  acute,  thrice  longer  than  the  cleft  folds. — W.  and  S. 
States.  Plant  10  to  18'  high,  very  leafy  and  scabrous.  Lva.  9''  to  20  "  long. 
Fls.  15"  long.  It  varies  with  leaves  linear-lanceolate  and  less  rough.  (G.  Cates- 
baei  Ell.) 

4.  BARTO'NIA,  Muhl.  (Centaurella  Mx.)  Screwstem.  (Dedi- 
cated in  1801,  by  Dr.  Muhlenbnrg,  to  Benj.  F.  Barton^  Prof,  of  Bot- 
any, Philadelphia.)  Flowers  4-merous ;  sepals  appressed  ;  corolla  sub- 
campanulate ;  petals  slightly  united,  nearly  erect ;  stigma  thick,  gland- 
iilons,  somewhat  bifid ;  capsule  l-ccUed,  2-valved,  invested  by  the  per- 
manent calyx  and  corolla ;  seeds  very  nmnerous  and  minute. —  ^  N. 
American,  slender,  erect  herbs,  with  scale-like  lvs.  and  small  white  fls. 

1  B.  virna  Muhl.  St.  short,  simple ;  ped.  1-flowered,  the  lower  much  longer,  often 
alternate ;  cor.  segm.  spatulate,  obtuse,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  ova.  conical, 
tipped  with  the  distinct  style.  Bogs,  Va.  to  6a,  Sts.  3  to  5'  high,  clustered. 
Scales  1''  long,  as  in  the  other,  the  lis.  white,  3''  long.     March. 

2  B.  ten^Ua  MuhL  St.  branching  above,  branches  subdivided ;  lvs.  subulate, 
minute;  pan.  erect,  many-flowered;  pedicels  subequal ;  sep.  distinct,  a  third  shorter 
than  the  corolla;  ova.  ovate,  sty.  almost  0. — A  slender  and  nearly  naked  plant,  5 
to  8'  high,  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  in  wet  grounds.  Mass,  to  Ga,  St,  square, 
often  twisted,  with  very  minute,  bract-like  leaves,  which  are  mostly  opposite. 
Pod.  simple  or  branched.  Pedicels  bracteate  at  base,  2  to  3"  to  5"  in  length. 
Cal.  sogm.  linear-lanceolate,  acute.     Cor.  white,  small,  1^"  long.     Aug. 

(3.  BRACHIATA.  Branches  and  pedicels  elongated,  decurved,  i.  e.,  outwards  and 
upwards,  and  often  alternate ;  cor.  more  open,  lobes  very  acute,  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx. — Southward  (B.  Moseri  Steud.). 

5.  FRA^SERA,  Walt.  Columbo.  (In  honor  of  John  Fraser,  an 
American  cnltivator  of  exotics.)  Flowers  mostly  tetramerous ;  petals 
united  at  base,  oval,  spreading,  deciduous,  each  with  1  or  2  bearded,  or- 
bicular glands  in  the  middle ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  2,  distinct ;  capsule 
compressed,  1-celled  ;  seeds  few,  imbricate,  large,  elliptic,  margined. 
—  H  Showy  and  tall,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves. 

F,  Carolin^nais  Walt,  St.  tall,  erect,  glabrous,  branched  above ;  lva.  oblong, 
lanceolate,  acutish,  sessile,  feather-veined,  entire  or  wavy ;  panicle  compound, 
pyramidal,  leafy,  verticillate ;  cal,  segments  acute,  shorter  than  the  oblong,  obtus- 
ish  petals ;  gland  solitary,  oval-orbicular. — Moist  woods,  Western  N,  Y.,  \Vis.  and 

5.  Car.  Stem  dark  purple,  4 — 7 — 9f!  high,  perfectly  straight,  I — 2'  thick  at 
base.  Leaves  smooth,  subcarnous,  3 — 12'  by  1 — 3',  in  whorls  of  4 — G,  rarely 
opposite  Petals  greenish,  with  blue  dots  and  a  large  purple  gland  near  the  basa 
Juno,  July. — Highly  valued  as  a  tonic, 

6.  HALE^NIA,  Borkh.  Felwort.  (Derivation  unknown.)  Flowers 
keiramerous ;  corolla  short-campanulato,   petuls   spurred  at  base,  with 


^', 


Order  95.— GEXTIANAOE^. 


687 


glands  at  the  base  of  the  spur  within ;  siigraas  2,  terminating  the 
acuminate  ovary;  capsule  1-celled;  seeds  indefinite,  obtuse,  fixed  to 
the  sutures  of  the  valves. — Erect,  branching. 

H.  deflexa  Griseb.  St.  erect,  leafy ;  Ivs,  3  to  5-veined,  radical  ones  oblong-spatU" 
late,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  cauliua  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sessile ;  spurs 
cylintlrie,  obtuse,  deflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla. — ^  Swamps,  Can.,  Ban- 
gor, Maine  (Miss  Towle),  N.  Y.,  and  Wis.,  rare.  Stem  about  18'  high,  obtusely 
4-angled,  smooth,  with  few  branches  above.  Leaves  li — 2'  long,  ^  as  widn 
blowers  greenish-yellow,  in  terminal  fascicles.  Corolla  persistent,  with  4  spreaii- 
ing  horns  or  spurs  descending  between  the  sepals.     Aug.     (Swertia  M.X.) 

7.  OBOLA'RIA,  L.  Pennywort.  (Gr.  ofio^og,  a  small  coin  ;  from 
the  form  of  the  leaves.)  Calyx  of  2  cuneatc-oblong  sepals  or  bracts ; 
corolla  tubular-campanulato,  marcscent,  4 -cleft,  lobes  entire  or  crenu- 
late ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  at  the  clefts  ;  stigma  subcapitate, 
bifid;  capsule  l-ccUed,  2-valvcd  ;  seeds  oo,  very  minute. —  2t  Lvs.  op- 
posite.    Fls.  axillary  ami  terminal,  sessile,  with  leaf-like  sepals. 

O.  Virgfnica  L.  Penn.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ky.,  in  woods.  Stem  4 — 8'  high,  often  in 
clusters,  subsimple  or  with  a  few  opposite  branches  above.  Leaves  cuneate-obo- 
vate  or  roundish-rhomboidal,  sessile  and  decurrent  at  base,  fleshy,  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate at  apov,  lower  ones  small  and  remote,  upper  crowded,  glaucous-purple,  sepals 
or  bracts  similar.  Corolla  pale  purple  or  whitish,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Cap- 
sule ovoid,  obtuse,  surrounded  by  the  withered  corolla.     Apr.,  May. 

8.  MENYAN'THES,  Tourn.  Buck  Beax.  (Gr.  jur/v,  a  month,  av0of  ; 
reputed  an  emmenagogue.)  Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  rotate  or  fuimel- 
form,  limb  spreading,  5-lobcd,  villous  within,  without  glands  at  the  base; 
stamens  5  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  bifid ;  capsule  1-celled. — Bitter  herbs,  ac- 
tively medicinal.     Lvs.  trifoliate. 

M.  trifoliata  L.  Grows  in  swamps,  margms  of  ponds,  etc,  N.  Am.  N.  of  latl" 
tudo  38°.  This  fine  plant  arises  from  large,  black  roots  descending  deep  into  the 
boggy  earth.  Stem  8 — 12'  high,  round.  Leaves  on  long,  round  footstalks  sti- 
puled  at  base.  Leaflets  obovate.  Peduncle  long,  naked,  terminal,  bearing  a  pyra- 
midal raceme  of  flesh-colored  flowers.  Pedicels  thick,  bracteate  at  base.  Sepals 
obtuse,  about  a  third  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Petals  acute,  about  as  long  as  the 
stamens,  remarkably  and  beautifully  distinguished  by  the  sofl;,  fringo-lilio  hairs  at 
the  base  and  in  the  throat  of  the  tube.     May, 

9.  LIMNANTHEMUN,  Gmel.  Floating  Heart.  (Gr.  Xifivr},  a 
lake  or  pool,  avdefiov,  a  fiower ;  from  its  aquatic  abode.)  Calyx  5-parted ; 
corolla  5-parted,  rotate,  segm.  furnished  with  a  glandular  scale  at  base, 
often  bristly  ;  stamens  5  ;  style  short  or  none ;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  capsule 
many-seeded,  1-celled,  opening  by  decay. —  2f  Curious  aquatics,  gener- 
ally in  stagnant  water.  Petioles  long,  bearing  the  flowers  in  an  um- 
bellate cyme  below  the  roundish  leat^  and  oblong  or  cylindric  tubere 
capable  of  producing  new  plants.     (Villarsia  ^'ent.) 

1  L.  lacundsum  Griseb.  Lvs.  smaJl  (1  to  2  diam.),  orbicular,  cordate,  entire 
smooth  above,  pitted  and  rugous  beneath  ;  cor.  segm.  twice  as  long  as  calyx,  broad- 
obovate,  smooth,  gland  at  base,  subsessile,  hairy  ;  caps,  ovoid,  lictle  longer  tJian  the 
calyx ;  seeds  not  muricate,  shining. — In  shallow  waters,  Mo.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Car. 
Petioles  1  to  3f  long.  Leaf  1  to  2'  diam.,  lobes  diverging  and  somewhat  angled, 
upper  surface  green,  lower  purplish.  Umbel  half  an  incii  below  the  blade,  sub. 
mersed  pendulous,  the  fls.  one  by  one  rising  above  the  water  as  they  expand. 
Cor.  7  to  8"  broad,  white,  tube  and  glands  yellow-  Jl.  (V.  cordata  EIL  V. 
lacunosa  Vent.) 

2  L.  traohyspdrmum  Gray.  Lvs.  reniform,  oval  or  orbicular,  somewhat  peltate, 
coriaceous,  obscurely  crenate,  smooth  above,  spongy  and  pitted  beneath ;  cor. 


■VHi 


'iiii 


I; 

^'.- 

588 


Order  96.— APOCTNACE^. 


segm.  oblong,  thrice  as  long  as  calyx,  gland  at  base  hairy,  stipitate ;  cape,  ovoid, 
twice  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  sty.  very  short ;  seeds  lens-shaped,  shining,  border 
muricate  with  sharp  tubercles. — Ponds,  S.  States,  Savannah  (Feay),  N.  Orleans 
(Hale).  Petioles  2  to  8f  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water.  Lvs.  2^  to  4' 
by  3  to  5',  purplish,  variegated  beneath.  Fls.  white,  with  yellow  center,  10" 
broad.    Seeds  straw-color.     Jn.    (Menyanthes  trachyspermum  Mx.) 

Order   XCVI.     APOCYNACE^.     Dog-banes. 

Plants  with  an  acrid,  milky  juico,  entire,  exstipulato,  mostly  opposite  leaves. 
Fluwtr.s  5-p  irted,  regular,  the  calyx  persistent,  the  corolla  twisted  in  aestivation. 
Scamens  5,  with  distinct  filaments,  anthers  filled  with  granular  pollen.  Ovaries  2, 
distinct,  but  tlieir  stigmas  blended  into  a  head-sliaped  mass.  Fruit  1  to  2  follicles, 
or  capsular  or  baccate,  w^ith  albuminous  seeds. 

Genera  90,  species  700,  chiefly  tropical. 

Properties. — Tlieso  plants  possess  active  and  often  suspicious  qualities  residing  in  the  white 
juice  with  which  the  order  is  pervaded,  ind  in  the  seeds  whicli  arc  often  deadly  poisons.  The 
alkaloid  strychnine  or  strychmn,  one  of  the  most  violent  poisons  is  the  active  principle  of  tho 
seeds  of  tho  Strychnos  Nnx-voinica  of  India.  It  is  sometimes  administered  as  a  medicine,  but 
with  doubtful  success.  8.  Tieute  of  .lava  is  one  ":ind  of  Upas.  CerberaTanghin,  a  tree  of  Madagas- 
car, is  powerfully  poisonous,  a  single  seed  being  sufficient  to  destroy  twenty  persons.  The  Apo- 
cynejp  are  emetic,  and  becoming  highly  valued  in  hydrocephalus,  etc.  The  juice  contains  caouU 
chouc  in  small  quantities,  but  in  Sumatra  this  is  obtained  largely  from  the  juico  of  Urceola 
clastica. 

GENERA. 

a  Herbs  erect,  with  bell-shaped,  whitish  corollas  and  silky  seeds ApooTNtTM.  1 

a  Herbs  erect,  with  funnel-form,  blue  corolla  and  naked  seeds Amsgnia.  '2 

a  Herbs  twining,  with  funnel-form,  yellow  corolla  and  silky  seeds Fokstkronia.  8 

b  Shrubs  (cultivated)  with  the  corolla  throat  5-angled,  crownless Vinca.  4 

b  Shrubs  (cultiv.ited)  with  tho  corolla  throat  crowned  with  5  ligules Nekium.  5 

i.  APOC'YNUM,  Tourn.  Dog's-bane.  (Gr.  aTro,  away,  Kvuiv,  dog  » 
Pliny  says  this  plant  is  fatal  to  dogs.)  Caly.x  very  small ;  corolla  cam" 
panulatc,  lobes  short ;  stamens  included ;  filaments  short,  arising  from 
the  base  of  the  corolla,  a'"'  alternate  with  5  glandular  teeth  ;  anthers 
sagittate,  connivent,  cohering  to  the  stigma  by  the  middle ;  ova.  2  ; 
stigmas  connate  ;  follicles  long,  sublinear,  distinct. — Herbs,  suifrutes- 
ceut,  erect,  with  opposite,  entire,  mucroiiatc  lvs.  Cymes  terminal  and 
axillary.     Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  pale  flowers. 

1  A.  androsaemifdlium  L.     Dog's-bane.     Smooth ;  lvs.  ovate ;  cymes  lateral 

and  terminal ;  hmb  of  cor.  spreading,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx. — A  smooth, 
elegant  plant,  3f  high,  in  hedges  and  borders  of  fields.     Stem  reddened  by  tho 
Bun,  erect,  branching  above.    Leaves  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  opposite, 
rounded  at  base  and  acute  at  apex,  2 — il'  long  and  §  as  wide,  on  petioles  \'  long. 
Cymes  paniculate,  at  tlie  top  of  the  branclus  and  in  the  axils  of  tlie  upper  leaves. 
Pedicels  ^'  long.     Gal.  mucli  shorter  tliau  tho  corolla.     Cor.  as  long  as  the  pedi- 
cels,  bell-shaped,  white,   striped  with  red,   witli  5,  acute,  spreading  segments. 
Follicles  3  to  4'  long.    Jn.,  Jl. — Medicinal. 
(3.  INCANUM.     Lvs.  hoary -pubescent  beneath. 
A.  cannabinum  L.     Smootli ;  fos.  nhlowj,  varying  from  oval  to  lance-oblong,  mu- 
cronate,  sliort  petiolate ;  cul.  lobes  lanceolate,  about  equaling  the  corolla  tube ;  cor. 
lobes  erect. — In  shady  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.     Plant  widely  branched,  2  to  4f 
high.     Lvs.  smaller  and  thicker  than  in  No.  1,  2  to  4'  long,  6  to  16  '  wide,  usu- 
ally rounded  at  base  and  acute  at  apex,  often  obtuse  or  acute  at  botli  ends,  tha 
petioles  1  to  .^"  long.     Fls.  in  dense,  upriglit  cymes,  and  not  as  large  as  in  No.  L 
Cor.  white,  with  erect  segments,  hardly  2"  long.     Follicles  3'  long.     Jn. — Aug. 
j3,  I'UBESCENS.     Lvs.  beneatli  and  cymes  pubescent.     (A.  pubescens  R.  Br.) 
y    HYPER  iciFOLiuM.     Lvs.  narrowly  oblong,  subsessile,  smooth ;  ova.  inclining 
to  ovate-oblong;    cymes  generally  longer  thaa  the  leaves.     (A.  hyperioic 
folia  Ait.) 


Obdkk  yt>.— APOCYNACE^. 


589 


2.  AMSONIA,  Walt.  (To  Charles  Amson,  of  S.  Carolina?)  Calyx 
5-cleft,  segments  acuminate  ;  cor.  5-cleft,  tube  narrowly  funnel-tbrm, 
bearded  inside,  hispid  at  throat,  segments  linear  convolute  in  bud  ; 
stamens  5 ;  style  1 ;  ovaries  2,  connate  at  base ;  follicles  2,  erect,  slen- 
der, fusiform  ;  seeds  in  one  row,  cylindric.  truncate  at  each  end,  naked. 
— Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  subsessile.  Cymes  terminal,  corymbous.  Fls. 
blue. 

1  A.  Tabernaemont^na  "U'alt.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acute  at  hose, 
briefly  petiolate,  puberulent  beneath ;  margin  slightly  revoluto ;  sep.  glabrous, 
lanceolate,  acuminate ;  cor.  tvoolly  outside  near  tlie  top  of  the  tube. — A  plant  of 
singular  appearance,  in  prairies  and  damp  grounds,  W.  and  S.  States.  Stein 
terete,  smoothish,  2t  high,  branched  above.  Leaves  numerous,  3 — 4  by  1 — li', 
conspicuously  veined  beneath.  Flowers  pale  or  livid  blue,  in  several  terminal, 
cymous  clusters.  Corolla  8'  diam.,  very  hairy  at  top  of  tube.  Follicles  in  pairs, 
2 — 3'  long,  about  6-soeded.     May,  June.     (A.  latifolia  Mj:.) 

2  A.  salicifdlia  Ph.  Very  glabrous  and  lance-elliptic,  a;-nminate  at  each  end, 
conspicuously  petiolate ;  cal.  seym.  triangular  acute ;  cor.  tube  glabrous  outside  or 
more  or  less  woolly. — In  damp  soils,  Tenn.,  Car.  to  S.  Ga.  and  borders  of  Fla. 
Plant  12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  but  half  as  large  as  in  No.  1,  2  to  3'  by  6  to  9". 
Cymes  terminal,  short-stalked.  Cor.  blue,  formed  as  in  the  other  species.  May, 
Jn. — Varies  with  the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  when  young,  and  the  cor. 
tube  woolly.     Always  more  delicate  than  No.  1. 

3  A.  cili^ta  Walt.  Lvs.  approximate  or  crowded,  lance-linear  «md  linear,  often 
very  narrow,  margins  ciliate ;  st.  pubescent,  leafless  above ;  clusters  corymbous, 
at  length  paniculately  branclied  ;  cor.  glabrous  outside. — Sandy  soils,  dry  and  moist. 
Car  and  Ga.,  common.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high.  Lv&  18"  to  2'  long,  I  to  3"  wide, 
sometimes  mucli  narrower  tiian  1",  almost  filiform.  Fls.  light  blue,  as  in  the 
other  species,  6"  long.  fi.  filipolia,  growing  on  sandy  hills,  has  the  long  po- 
dunf'ulate  inflorescence  paniculate.     Apr.,  May.     (A.  angustifolia  M.X.) 

3.  FORSTERO'NIA,  Meyer.  (Dedicated  to  T.  F.  Forster,  an  English 
botanist.)  Calyx  segments  6,  ovate  ;  corolla  fuimel-form,  not  appe«- 
dagod,  deeply  5-cleft,  lobes  convolute  (to  the  left)  in  bud ;  anthers 
sagittate,  adherent  to  the  stigma,  the  membranous  tip  inflexed ;  stigma 
2-lobed  at  apex,  5-angled  in  the  middle  ;  follicles  2,  distinct,  spreading, 
glabrous ;  seeds  many,  comous. — Twining  shrubs,  with  opposite,  petio- 
late lvs.  and  cymes  of  small  fls. 

F.  diffdrmis  DC.  Branches  smooth;  lvs.  oval  and  lance-oval,  abruptly  acuminate, 
acute  at  base,  thin,  glabrous  above,  puberulent  beneath  when  young ;  cymes  pe- 
dunculate, axillary  and  terminnl,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  cal.  segm.  long  acumi- 
nate from  an  ovate  base. — Damp  or  swampy  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.,  climbing  over 
shrubs.  Lvs.  varying  from  elliptical  to  nearly  orbicular,  1  to  2'  broad.  Cor.  3 
to  4"  long,  pale  yellow.     Stam.  included.     May — Aug. 

4.  YINXA,  L.  Periwinkle.  (Lat.  vinculum,  a  band;  from  the 
long,  twining  branches.)  Calyx  5-parted,  segments  acuminate ;  corolla 
funnel  or  salver-form,  convolute,  border  5-cleft,  with  the  lobes  oblique, 
orifice  6-angled ;  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  follicles  2,  erect, 
fusiform  ;  seeds  oblong. — Trailing  shrubs.  Lvs.  opposite,  evergreen. 
Juice  slightly  milky. 

1  V.  minor  L.  Sts.  procumbent ;  lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  smooth  at  the  mar- 
giru ;  fls.  pedunculate ;  seps.  lanceolate. — A  handsome  evergreen,  flowering  in 
May.  Sts.  several  feet  in  length,  round,  smooth  and  leafy.  Leaves  opposite, 
smooth  and  shining,  about  an  inch  long.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  altemak^ 
Tiolet,  varying  to  purple  or  even  white,  inodoroua.      f  E^r- 

2  V-  major  L.     Sts.  nearly  erect;  lvs.  ovate,  ciliate;  fls.  peduncalate:  tep. 


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Order  97.— ASOLEPIADACEi?']. 


setaceous,  elongated. — Shrub  with  numerous,  slender,  straggling  brancho-<,  very 
leaiy,  forming  light  masses  of  evergreen  foliage,  tlourishing  best  beneath  the  shade 
of  other  plants.  Leaves  2  to  3  in  length,  shining,  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate 
at  base.     Flowers  blue,  appearing  in  May  and  June,     f  Eur. 

5.  NE'RIUN,  L.  Oleander.  (Gr.  vrjpbg,  damp;  referring  to  tlio 
locality  of  the  plants.)  Calyx  with  5  teetii  at  the  base  outside  of  the 
corolla;  corolla  hypocrateriforni,  segments  contorted,  orifice  with  a 
corona  consisting  of  5,  laciniate  leaflets  ;  filaments  inserted  into  the 
middle  of  the  tube  ;  anthers  sagittate,  adhering  to  the  stigma  by  tlie 
middle. — Oriental  shrubs.     Lvs.  evergreen,  opposite  or  ternate. 

N.  Olednder  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  corona  segm.  of  3  to 
4  lance-acuminate  teeth. — In  the  greenhouse  and  shrubberies.  St.  regularly 
branched.  Lvs.  commonly  3  together,  on  siiort  stalks,  smooth,  very  entire,  C(jri- 
aceous,  with  prominent,  transverse  veins  beneath.  Fls.  terminal,  corymbous, 
largo  and  beautiful  rose-colored.  One  variety  has  white  flowers,  another  varie- 
gated, and  a  third  double.  This  splendid  shrub  is  common  in  Palestine  (Rev.  S. 
Hebard),  growing  by  rivulets,  &c.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  plant  to  which  the 
Psalmist  alludes,  Ps.  i.  3,  and  xxxvii.  35. 

Order  XCVII.     ASCLEPIADACE^.     Asclepiads. 

Plants  (chiefly  herbs  in  the  United  States)  with  a  milky  jiace,  often  twining. 

Leaves  opposite  (rarely  whorled  or  scattered), 
without  stipule-s,  entire.  Flowers  generally 
umbellate,  5-parted,  regular,  the  sepals  and 
also  the  petals  united  at  base,  both  valvate 
in  aestivation.  Stamens  united,  adherent 
to  and  covering  the  fleshy  mass  of  the  two 
united  stigmas.  Pollen  cohering  in  masses. 
Ovaries  2,  forming  follicles  in  fruit. 

Genera  141,  sjyecien  910,  chiefly  natives  of  tr<ii)i- 
cal  regions,  and  especially  almniliiiit  in  S.  Africa, 
8.  In(lta  and  New  Holland,  but  are  not  unuouiinou 
in  temperate  regions. 

Properties. — Similar  to  those  of  the  Apocyna- 
ceio  but  far  less  active.  The  juice  is  acrid  and 
generally  to  be,  at  least,  suspected.  A  few  of  the 
species  are  medicinal,  but  none  of  much  conse- 
queuce. 

FIG.  6T0.— 1.  Asclepiaa  cornuti.  2.  A  flower,  the 
petals  and  se|)als  reflexed,  and  the  corona  erect. 
8.  One  of  the  segments  of  the  corona  with  the 
horn  bent  inwardly.  4.  A  pair  of  pollon  masses 
suspended  from  the  glands.  5.  A  mature  follicle. 
6.  Vertical  section  of  P.  jdiytolncoides  showing 
the  2  ovaries.    7.  Lobe  and  liorn  of  the  corona. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

)    PERIPLOCKJ^;.     Filaments  distinct.    Pollinia  single  (not  in  pairs),  granular.  (*) 

•  Anthers  lieard'-d  on  the  back.    Pollinia  &.     Stem  twining Pkuiploca.  1 

11  ASCLEPIAl)E.iE.    Filaments  connate.     Pollinia  10,  in  pairs,  pendulous,  vertical,  (a) 

a  Hoods  each  slieathing  a  little  horn.    Petals  rellexcd Asclepias.  2 

Jk  Hoods  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  horn,  (b) 

b  Petals  reflexed.     Hoods  erect,  adnate  to  the  anthers Ackrates.  3 

b  Petals  expanding.     Hoods  ascenciing,  free  from  anthers Anantukkix.  4 

b  Petals  erect,— Plant  erect.     Anther  head  pedicellate Podostkjma.  5 

—Plants  twining.    Crown  fleshy  refuse Srnteba.  6 

—Plant  twining.    Crown  thin,  2-awnod Esslknia.  T 


i' 


OKDEit  97.— asclepiada(^k;e.  5&1 

III    CUNOLOBE^.     Filaments  connate.     Pcdlinia  10,  in  pairs,  horizontal,  (c) 

C  Corolla  wliefi-sliu|)e(l.     Plants  twining,  with  cordate  loaves GoNoujurs.     S 

IV.  STAI'KLIKvE.     Filaments  connate.     I'ollinia  10,  ascendinj;  or  erect,  (d) 

d  Crown  simple,  ot  5  tlcshy  seginents.    Twining.     Ciiltivateil Hota.     9 

d  Crown  double,  an  outer  and  an  inner.     Not  twining.     Cultivated ^^TAPELIA.  10 

1.  PERIP'LOCA,  L.  (Gr.  nepi,  around,  TT/MKog,  a  binding  or  twii>- 
ing;  from  the  liabit  of  the  plant.)  Calyx  rninuto ;  corolla  rotate,  flat, 
S-parted,  orifice  surrounded  by  a  5-cleft,  nrceolate  corona,  terminating 
in  5  filiform  awns ;  filaments  distinct,  anthers  cohering,  bearded  on  the 
back;  pollinia  solitary,  4-lobed;  follicles  2,  smooth,  divaricate;  seeds 
( omous. — Twining  shrubs.     Fls.  in  umbels  or  cymes. 

P.  Graeca  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate;  corymbs  axillary;  cor.  villous  within. — A 
olimbiiig  siirub,  10 — 15f  long,  sparingly  naturalized  in  Western  N.  Y.,  aiao  culti- 
vated in  gardens.  Leaves  opposite,  3 — 4'  long,  ^  as  wide,  and  on  petioles  ^'  lonp. 
Flowers  in  long,  branching,  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  minute,  lanceolate,  acute. 
Petals  very  hairy  within,  linear,  obtuse,  dark  purple.  Follicles  about  2'  long. 
Aug.     §  S.  Eur. 

2.  ASCLETIAS,  L.  Milk  weed.  (From  Esculapim,  the  fabuloun 
god  of  medicine  and  physicians.)  Calyx  deeply  5-parted ;  corolla  deeply 
5-parted,  valvate  in  aestivation,  finally  reflexed ;  staminal  corona  6- 
Icaved,  leaflets  cucullate,  with  an  averted  horn-like  pro<;oss  from  the 
base  curved  towards  the  stigma ;  antheridium  (connate  mass  of  anthers) 
5-angle(l,  truncate,  opening  by  5  longitudinal  fissures  ;  pollinia  (masses 
of  pollen)  5  distinct  pairs  fixed  by  the  attenuated  apex  to  a  cleft  gland, 
pendulous  ;  follicles  2,  ventricous;  seeds  comous. —  71  Mostly  N.  xVmeri- 
can,  with  opposite,  vert'cillate,  rarely  alternate  lvs.  Umbels  between 
the  petioles. 

§  Leaves  linear,  long  and  narrow  (Innce-linnar  in  the  cultivated  No.  19).  (♦) 

♦  Lea\es  all  opposite,  or  rarely  the  highest  alternate Nos.  17 — !• 

*  Leaves  mostly  scattered  or  verticillate Nos.  15,  IC 

S  Leaves  broader,  ovate,  lanceolate,  &c.      Plants  all  native.  (2) 

2  Stems  dividing  above  into  branches,  corymbcd  or  {lanicied Nos.  1.^.  14 

2  Stems  simple. — Leaves  sessile,  cordate-clasping  at  base Nos.  11,  lU 

2  Stems  simple. — Leaves  pe'iolate,  the  i)etiolc3  often  quite  short.  (3) 

3  Flowers  (small)  with  a  white  crown  and  purplish-whito  corolla Nos.  S — !• 

3  Flowers  with  a  white  crown  and  greenish-white  corolla Nos.  6 — 7 

3  Flowers  (large)  with  both  crown  and  corolla  purple-tinged.  (4) 

4  Follicles  smoothish  (as  arc  all  the  foregoing) Nos.  .%  4 

4  Follicles  sprinkled  with  soft  warty  s[)ines Nos.  1,  2 

1  A.  cornilltl  Decaisne.  Simple,  stout ;  lvs.  oblong-ovate,  short-acuminate,  short- 
petiolate,  downy  beneath ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  leaves,  densely  many-flow- 
ered; cor.  lobes  ovate  reflexed,  4  times  shorter  than  tlie  pedicils;  hoods  of  the 
crown  ovate,  obtuse,  not  longer  than  the  uncinate  horn. — A  common,  very  milky 
herb,  3  to  4f  high,  in  hedges  and  road-sides.  Lvs.  5  to  8'  by  2  to  3' ;  veiulota, 
as  in  most  species,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  midvein.  Ped.  stout,  botweeo 
the  petioles,  bearing  a  globular  umbel  of  a  hundred  greenish  purple  flowers,  few 
of  which  prove  fruitful.     Pods  full  of  seeds  with  their  long  silk.     Jl. 

2  A.  SuUivantii  I^ngel.  Tall,  very  smooth ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  erect,  cordate,  on 
very  short  petioles ;  hoods  of  the  crown  obovaie,  obtuse  and  entire  at  apex,  obtusely 
auriculate  without  on  each  side  at  base ;  horns  slender  but  obtuse  ;  (bllicles  with 
scattered,  warty  spines. — Near  Columbus,  Ohio  ("  Sullivant."  Mr.  A.  IL  Wjitson). 
Said  to  resemble  A.  cornuti  in  foliage  and  fruit,  but  remarkably  difl'erent  in  its 
crown.  Petals  4  to  5"  long,  greenish  purple.  Hoods  twice  as  long  as  tlio  ai^ 
Ihers.     JI. 

3  A.  purpurdscens  L.  St.  simple,  erect,  puberulent;  lvs.  elUpHcal,  ovaie-i.liip- 
iical  or  ovate,  mucronate,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  smooth  above, 
tomentous-pubescent  and  paler  beneath;  ped.  terminal,  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
hoods  obk)ng  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  horns  falcate,  acute,  abruptly  bent  to  hori- 
zonkU. — In  hedges  and  thickets,  N.  II.,  Mass.  to  Wis.  and  Ky.     St.  3f  or  mor« 


f   I 


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502 


Order  97.— ASCLEPIADACEiE. 


-u 


liigli,  simple  or  slightly  branched  at  top.  Lvs.  with  the  mirlvein  purple.  CaL 
small,  green.  Cor.  dark  purple,  with  rettexed  segments.  Crown  purple,  twice  aa 
long  as  tlie  antheridium,  the  points  of  its  horns  lying  close  upon  it.  Jl. 
4  A.  rubra  L.  St.  simple,  erect;  lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  very  acute,  suhcordate  or 
rounded  at  hose,  on  very  short  petioles,  glabrous ;  umbels  on  long,  mostly  termina) 
peduncles ;  few-flowered;  hoods  of  tlis  crown  acute,  rather  longer  tlian  the  subereri 
horn. — A  small  and  elegant  species  in  Penn.,  N.  J.,  and  Car.,  not  common.  St. 
1  to  2f  high,  with  a  pubescent  lino  on  one  side.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  1  to  2',  in  remote 
pairs,  tlie  upper  sometimes  alternate.  Fed.  1  to  5,  2  to  3'  long,  pedicels  about  1'. 
FIs.  purple,  the  crown  rod.  Follicles  ventricous-acuminate,  smoothish.  Jl,  Aug. 
(A.  lancifolia  Mx.     A.  acuminata  Ph.) 

6  A.  phytolaccoides  Ph.  Pokr-leaved  Silkweed.  St.  simple,  erect,  pubo- 
rulent;  lvs.  brc^adly  ovate,  attenuated  at  base  and  apex,  acute,  smoothish  both 
Bides,  glaucous;  ped.  whitish  puberulent,  many-fiowered ;  pedicels  slender,  loose, 
about  as  long  as  the  peduncle ;  antheridium  stipitate ;  hoods  truncate,  with  4  une- 
qual teeth ;  horns  subulate,  exserted,  suberect. — Tall  and  liandsome,  in  low,  shady 
grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  St.  4  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  6  to  9'  by  2  to  4'.  Umbels 
near  the  top  on  lateral  peduncles  4  to  6'  long,  with  about  20  large  flowers  on 
nodding  pedicels  near  2'  long.  Petals  greenish,  crowu  white,  tinged  with  pink. 
June. 

6.  A.  varieg^ta  L.  St.  simple,  erect,  smoothish;  lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  abrupt  at 
each  end,  mucronute,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  ped.  lateral  or  terminal,  one- 
third  as  long  as  the  leaves,  umbellate,  many-flowered ;  cor.  segm.  ovate ;  hoods 
orbicular;  horns  broad- falcate,  with  the  apex  horizontal  or  suberect;  follicles 
oblong,  with  a  long,  slender  point,  minutely  puberulent. — Woods,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
(at  Mlahassee)  and  Wis.  St.  2  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  with  a  slight  acumination,  at 
length  slightly  undulate.     Umbels  about  2,  20  to  30-flowered.     Cor.  white. 

7  A.  nivea  L.  St.  terete,  pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
uttenuated  at  base  into  a  long  petiole,  minutely  puberulent,  scarcely  paler  beneath ; 
ped.  shorter  than  the  leaves,  mostly  terminal,  often  compound ;  umbels  small,  few 
(10  to  17)-flovvered;  petals  ovate,  reflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  hoods 
0vate,  longer  than  the  falcate  horns. — S.  W.  Ga.  (Miss  Keen)  to  La.  A  pretty, 
white-flowered  species  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  petioles  near  1'.  Flower 
buds  2"  long.     Jn. — Aug. 

8  A.  ovalif olia  Dene.  St.  low,  pubescent ;  lvs.  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
abruptly  contracted  to  short  petioles,  pubescent  beneath ;  umbels  nearly  sessile,  few 
(10  to  15-flowered;  petals  oval;  hoods  oblong-obtuse,  yellowish  white,  longer  than 
the  horns. — Prairies  and  barrens,  Wis.  (Laphani),  111.,  Min.  Sts.  If  (more  or  less) 
high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.     Cor.  buds  tinged  with  purple,  about  2".     Jn. 

9  A.  parviflora  Ph.  Half-shrubby  and  branched  at  base;  sts.  ascending,  smooth; 
lvs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base  and  apex,  on  long  petioles,  smootii,  thin;  ped.  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  few  (12  to  18)-flowered;  umbels  small,  pubescent,  with 
small  flowers;  petals  ovate,  thin,  thrice  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  hoods  ovate, 
sliorter  than  the  filiform  horns. — Woods  along  rivers,  Ind.  (Green  Co.)  to  Ga.  and 
La.  Sts.  clustered,  18'  to  3f  high,  very  leafy.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  (including  the  1' 
petiole)  by  1'  to  18".  Umbels  several,  1'  diam.  Cor.  purplish  white,  bud  1" 
long.     Jl.,  Aug. 

10  A.  quadrifdlia  Ph.  St.  erect,  simple,  smooth ;  lvs.  smooth,  thin,  short-petio- 
late,  ovate,  acuminate,  some  of  ihtm  in  whorls  o/4;  umbels  few,  lax,  on  long  ter- 
minal or  axillary  peduncles ;  hoods  elliptic-ovate,  with  short,  included  horns. — Au 
elegant  species  in  dry  woods.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  about  2f  high,  slender,  often 
with  1  or  2  hairy  lines.  Lvs.  opposite,  the  upper  or  middle  pairs  near  together 
BO  as  to  appear  in  4s,  2  to  3'  long,  J  as  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  on  petioles  2 
to  4"  long.  FIs.  small,  the  petals  pale  pink,  2  to  3''  long,  crown  near  2",  white 
on  filiform  stalks  with  a  pubescent  line.     Jl. 

/3.  LANCEOLATA.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  the  upper  whorled; 

fls.  smaller  (petals  less  than  2"  long). — Mass.  (Ricard).     Ind.  (Plummer). 

UL  A.  obtuaifdlia  Mx.     St.  simple,  erect ;  lvs.  oblong  or  oblwg-ovate,  obtuse,  mi*- 

cronate,  sessile,  cordate  aod  subamplexicaul,  undulate,  very  smooth  both  sides; 

umbels   ttruiinal,    many-flowered,    glabrous,    loog-pedunculato ;    hoods   abrupi 


>  f'l 


Order  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^. 


503 


almost  irunrate  at  apex,  horns  arcuate,  falcate,  inflexcd. — In  sliady  Kmundu, 
prairies,  Mi(i,  W.  and  S.  States.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  bearing  a  single  (rarely  2) 
terminal  umbel  of  30  to  40  large,  reddish  green  or  greenish  Howors.  Lvs.  4  to  5' 
long,  a  third  as  wide,  with  a  broud,  rounded,  niucronato  apex.  Petals  4'  long. 
Corona  nearly  white,  its  segments  large,  slightly  2-toothed.  Jl.  (A  Meadii  Torr. 
ex.  desor.) 

12  A.  amplexicaflliB  Mx.  St.  simple,  flexuous,  often  tortuous  above,  smooth ; 
lvs.  ovate,  obtuse,  iwt  mucronate,  cordate,  closely  sessile,  glabrous  and  glaucous; 
ped.  lateral  and  terminal,  many-tiowered ;  petals  ovate,  reflexed,  twice  shorter 
than  the  slender  pedicels;  hoods  ovate,  including  the  Jicute,  recurved  horns. — 
Fields,  copses,  S.  Car.  to  Flu.  and  Ala.  St.  clothed  with  largo  lvs.,  1  to  2f  hi<:h. 
Lvs.  2J  to  5'  long,  two-thirds  aa  wide,  beautifully  netted  with  pellucid  veins,  base 
lobes  large,  rounded.     Petals  3"  long,  of  a  light  dull  purple.     Ap.. — Jn. 

13  A.  incamdta  L.  St.  tall,  branching  above ;  Iv^.  opposite,  lanceolate  on  short 
petioles,  slightly  tomentous ;  umbels  numerous,  erect,  mostly  terminal,  often  in 
opposite  pairs ;  hoods  ovate-oblong,  with  subfalcate,  ascending  horns. — A  hand- 
some species  found  in  wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  with  2  hairy 
lines.  Lvs.  4  to  7'  by  6  to  18",  rather  abrupt  at  base,  tapering  to  a  very  acute 
point,  on  petioles  6"  long.  Umbels  close,  2  to  6  together  at  the  top  of  the  stem 
or  branches,  each  an  inch  or  more  in  diam.,  10  to  20-flowered.  Cor.  deep  purple, 
corona  paler.     Jl.  f 

y3.  PULCHRA.     St.  and  lvs.  densely  tomentous,  the  latter  elliptic-lanceolate. — 
St.  4to5fhigh.  t 

14  A.  tuberdsa  L.  Butterfly  Weed.  St.  ascending,  hairy,  with  spreading 
branches  at  top;  lvs.  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  ;  umbels  numerous,  form- 
ing a  large,  terminal  corymb ;  Jwods  bright  orange,  oblong,  narrow,  with  slender, 
subfalcate,  Buljerect  horns. — Dry  fields.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Root  large,  fleshy,  send- 
ing up  numerous  stems  2f  high,  leafy.  Lvs.  scattered,  only  the  upper  ones  quite 
sessile,  acute  or  acuminate,  obtuse  at  base,  2  to  4'  by  6"  to  1'.  (,'orymb  of  nu- 
merous, bright  orange-colored  flowers.  Petals  and  crown  of  equal  leiigili  (.{  to 
4  ').  Pods  or  follicles  lanceolate-pointed,  and  like  the  other  species  containing 
long,  silky  down.     Aug. — Medicinal. 

15  A.  Michdujdi  Decaisne.  Ascending,  slender,  puberulent ;  lvs.  scattered  (the 
lowest  opposite),  long-lhiear,  sessile,  nmcronate;  umbels  terminal,  solitary  o» 
somewhat  panicled;  petals  ovate,  greenish  white;  lioods  short,  ovate,  yellDwish, 
including  the  short  horns. — Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Apalachicola,  Fla.,  and  to 
La.  St.  12  to  18' high.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  1  to  3''  wide,  rather  numerous.  Flower 
buds  greenish,  scarce  2"  long,  sweet-scented.  May,  Jn.  (A.  longitblia  Mx.  in 
part.     A.  angustifolia  £11.) 

16  A.  verticill^ta  Ell.  St.  erect,  simple,  marked  with  pubescent  lines;  Ivx 
generally  veriicillate,  very  narrowly  linear,  revolute ;  hoods  short,  2-toothed,  Jwm 
falcate,  exserted. — A  slender  and  delicate  species,  2f  high,  in  swamps  or  moist 
meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Lvs.  in  whorls  of  4  to  6,  3  to  5'  long,  a  line  in  vidth. 
Fls.  small,  greenish  white,  in  small,  lateral  umbels.  I'ed.  half  as  long  a^  the 
leaves.     Jl. 

17  A.  paup^rcula  Mx.  St.  virgate,  erect,  glabrous ;  Ivff.  linear  and  linear-oblong, 
margins  narrowly  revolute,  both  sides  glabrous,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole ; 
ped.  1  or  2  at  Up  of  (he  stem,  umbel  puberulent,  few  (6  to  lOyfknvered ;  fls.  large; 
petals  oblong,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  hoods  ovate,  dilated  above,  horns  shoit, 
included. — N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.,  in  wet  woods.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  very  smooth. 
Lvs.  green  on  both  sides,  rough  on  the  edges,  mostly  very  narrow.  Petals  purple, 
4"  long.     Crown  stipitate,  yellow.     Jl.,  Aug.     (A.  lanceolata  Walt.) 

18  A.  cinerea  Walt.  Erect,  virgate,  smooth  ;  lvs.  opposite,  narrovjly  linear  or  fili- 
form, acute,  edges  revolute ;  ped.  alternate  at  the  naked  summit  of  stem,  very  few 
(3  to  6)-flowered,  bracteolate ;  petals  arute-oblong,  thrice  shorter  than  the  pedicels ; 
hoods  shorter  than  the  stamens,  includii.g  the  horns. — Damp  barrens,  S.  Car.  to 
Fla.  Sts.  very  slender,  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  loag.  Petals  2  to  3  '  long,  of 
an  ashy  and  glaucous  purple.     Jn.,  JL 

19  A.  curasadvica  L.     Half-shrubby  and  branched  at  base,  puberulent :  st 
terete ;  lvs.  linear-lancet,Iate  and  lanceolate,  acuminate,  petiolato ;  umbehi  solitary, 

38 


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Order  97.—ASCLEPIADACEiE. 


in 


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M 


i\  i » 


I!     r; 


ii 


lalrxil,  sliortcr  than  tlio  Ivh.  with  few  larm-  Huwer?!;  petals  ova'o,  acute,  reitoxed, 
hall" as  loiij?  as  pedicels;  hoods  ovate,  longer  tliaa  tin-  recurved  boms.— Gardens 
Tall  aud  elegant.     Fls.  scarlet,  varying  to  white,     f  W.  Ind. 

3.  ACERATES,  KlI.  (CJr.  a,  privative,  Kepdg,  lioni ;  the  crown  beiii!» 
d'stitntc  of  tliis  process.)  Csilyx  5-parted ;  corolla  6-partecl,  reHexed  ; 
crown  segnjctits  5,  erect,  annate  to  the  antliers  and  destitute  of  either 
horns  or  scales;  pullinia  5  pairs,  suspended  by  a  tluead-like  beak; 
otlierwise  as  in  Asclepias. —  21  Lvs.  opposite  or  alternate.  Umbels 
lateral. 

1  A.  viridifldra  Ell.  Branched  at  base,  stout,  ascending,  pubescent-hoary ;  lvs. 
opi)r)sitc,  oval,  olttuso,  inucrouato,  petiolato,  thick,  varying  to  oblonpr-ovate  or 
even  lanceolate,  with  close  veinlets  combined  at  edge  into  a  marginal  vein;  umbtls 
nearly  sessile,  small,  donso-Howered ;  petals  ovate,  rettexed,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
pedicels ;  crown  segni.  oblong,  erect,  adnato  to  tlio  anthers. — In  gravelly  soils, 
Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  Sts.  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  exceedingly  variable,  2  to  4  to 
C'  long,  wide  in  all  proportions.  Fls.  small,  green,  inelegant,  in  2  to  5  umbels. 
I'til.  1  to  3'  long.  Jl.  (AsclepLoa  lanceolata  Ives.)— Prof.  Pond  sends  specimens 
from  W.  Ga.  willi  the  leaves  all  nearly  whicular !   (A.  obovata  Ell  ?) 

2  A.  monoc6phala  Lapham.  Low,  stout,  hairy ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subsessilc ; 
tiinlid  solitary,  terminal  on  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem,  with  numerous  greenish 
flowers;  crown  sessile,  the  obtuse  concave  homls  erect-spreading,  as  long  as  the 
anihtridium. — Prairies,  "Wise.  (Mr.  A.  II.  Watson).  Plant  near  If  high.  (As- 
ck'iiias  lanuginosa  Nutt.  ?) 

3  A.  longifdlia  Ell.  Scabrous-puberulont ;  st. ascending,  simple;  ?i's.  alternate, 
imiuerous,  linear  and  lance-linear,  subsessile,  acute ;  umbels  half  as  long  the 
leaves,  numerous,  many-Howered,  pubescent,  axillary,  pedunculate;  cro  ods 
stipitate,  shorter  than  the  anthe)idium. — Mich,  to  la.,  and  Miss.,  in  nieai  id 
prairies.  Stem  stout,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  (including  the  1 — 3'  petiole)  by 
?> — 5".  Flowers  very  numerous  in  each  umbel,  grten,  peduncle  and  pedicels 
about  1'  long.     July,  Aug. 

4.  ANAN'THERIX,  Nutt.  (Gr.  a  privative,  avBtpi^,  a  beard;  of 
similar  import  witli  Aeerates.)  Calyx  short,  5-parted  ;  corolla  5-parted, 
petals  broadly  ovate,  imbricated,  reflexed-spreading ;  crown  of  5  hol- 
low, closed,  liorn-like,  segments  incurved,  free  from  tlie  anthers,  double- 
margined  and  furnished  with  a  crest-like  scale  along  the  interior  surface; 
pollinia  5  pairs,  suspended  by  a  thread-like  beak.  Otherwise  as  in 
Asclepias. —  ^  Herbs  erect,  with  oblong,  narrow,  opposite  lvs.  and 
terminal  paniculate  umbels.     Petals  leaf-like,  green. 

1  A.  connivens  Feay.  St.  half-shrubby,  firm,  te^'ete,  strict,  puberulent ;  lvs. 
oval  or  rather  oblong,  erect,  subsessile,  acute  or  oljtuse ;  ped.  1  to  4,  somewhat 
panicled  along  the  riakediuli  summit,  1  to  12-flowored;  j^eials  oval,  with  a  short 
cusp ;  crown  serjin.  thri<e  longer  than  the  anthers,  incurved  from  a  spreading  b&se 
or  arcuate,  coiuiivent  over  the  anthers. — E.  Ga.  in  pino  barrens,  (Feay,  Pond). 
Sts.  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  18  to  30"  long,  4  to  9  '  wide.  Petals  5"  loug.  Jn. 
(A.  viridis  Nutt.     Asclepias  connivens  Ealdw.) 

2  A.  paniculatus  Nutt.  St.  stout,  angular,  co), tort d,  assurgcnt,  hirsute;  lvs. 
narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  on  sliort  petioles,  pubescent ;  ped.  3  to  5, 
paniculate  at  the  leafy  summit,  5  to  9-flowered  ;  petals  ovate,  erect-spreading; 
crown  segm.  spreading,  not  longer  than  the  anthers,  3  times  shorter  than  the  leal- 
like  petals. — Ga.  (Feay,  Pond)  to  Ark.  Pt.«i.  12  to  18'  high,  very  leafy.  Lvs.  2  to 
3'  long.  Petals  6  to  8  "  long.  (Aeerates  paniculata  Decaisue.  Asclepias  viridia 
Walt.) 

5.  PODOSTIG'MA,  Ell.  (Gr.  Troff,  rrorfoc,  foot,  ariyfia,  stigma ; 
from  the  character.)  Corolla  segments  6,  erect,  oblong,  much  exceed- 
ing the  cah  X ;    crown  pedicellate,  segments  6,  without  horns,  short, 


OKUKU  97.— ASCLEI'IADACK.*. 


6»d 


concave,  split  on  the  inner  sido,  apex  retlexed ;  poUinia  suspended  by 
the  attenuated  a()ex,  coni pressed  ;  stigma  depressed,  o-anghMl ;  t'ollieU's 
2,  lt»ng,  slender,  smooth. —  21  St.  low,  simple.  Lvs.  opposite.  L'mbels 
extra-axillary,  few-tlowered. 

P.  pub^scens  Ell.  In  wet  or  moist  grounds,  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  Fla.  (Macon,  Prof. 
LuGinis),  Tailahasseo  (Meltauer)  and  Apalucliicola  !  I'laut  ot'sin^rulur  appearand', 
B  to  14'  liigii,  sleniler,  pul)e8Corit.  L\h.  linear-oblong,  rarely  linoar-ovati',  ob- 
tu:<isli,  sessile,  erect,  1  to  18  long.  Umbels  li  to  5,  alternate,  3  to  G-tlovvorod, 
ratlicr  sliortt-r  than  the  leaves.  Fls.  cylindric  bell-sliapeU,  yellowish  green,  4  ' 
Kiug,  croct,  the  erowu  conspicuously  petliceled.     May,  Jn. 

6.  SEU'TERA,  Reich.  Calyx  of  5  lanceolate,  acute  sepals;  corolla 
subrotate,  5-partcd,  acute,  glabrous ;  crown  segni.  5,  erect,  flattish,  re- 
tuse,  a<lnate  to  the  base  of  the  sessile  anthers;  pollinia  ovoid,  tixed  by 
the  a|>ex,  pendulous;  stigma  bifid;  follicles  2,  smooth  ;  seeds  comons. 
—  IC  Slender,  twining,  with  linear,  fleshy  lvs.,  few-flowered  umbels. 
(Lyitnia,  Ell.  nee  Nutt.) 

S.  marftima  Pecn.  In  salt  marshes,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  twining  around  the  rashes, 
&c.  Whole  plant  very  smooth.  Lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  channeled,  1  long.  Um- 
bels between  the  leaves,  7  to  10-flowered.  Sep.  ciliolato,  erect.  Petals  acute, 
greenish,  twice  longer  than  the  white  crown.  Follicles  very  slender.  Jn. — Oct. 
(S.  maritima  Ell.) 

7.  ENSLE^NIA,  Nutt.  (In  memory  of  Mr.  Aloysius  Enslcn,  who 
collected  many  plants  in  the  Southern  States.)  Calyx  small,  5-parted  ; 
cor.  6-parted,  segments  erect ;  corona  5-leaved,  leaflets  membranaceous, 
free,  truncate,  each  terminated  by  2  filiform,  flexuous  lobes ;  pollinia 
oblong,  obtuse  at  base  and  apex,  pendulous ;  stig.  5-angled,  conical ; 
follicles  cylindraceous,  smooth. — 11  A  twining  herb,  with  opposite,  cor- 
date-ovate,  acuminate  lvs.  Ped.  racemous-umbellate,  many-flowered. 
Fls.  white. 

E.  dlbida  Nutt. — W.  and  S.  States,  common.  Sts.  slender,  with  an  alternate, 
pubescent  line.  Lvs.  thin,  glabrous,  with  rounded,  auriculate  lobes  at  base,  2  to 
3  long  and  wide,  ending  in  a  slender  point,  margins  entire.  Ped.  axillary,  as 
long  as  the  petioles.     Fls.  ochroleucous,  sweet-scented,  2"  long.     JL,  Aug. 

8.  GONOL'OBUS,  Mx.  (Gr.  ywvof,  angle,  Ao/3o^,  pod  ;  the  fruit  of 
Rome  species  is  angular.)  Calyx  5-parted,  spreading  ;  corolla  subro- 
tate, 5-parted,  convolute  in  bud  ;  crown  a  small,  fleshy,  undulatedobed 
ring,  attached  to  the  throat  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  opening  transversely 
beneath  the  stigma  ;  pollinia  5  pairs,  horizontal ;  foUiclcfr  turgid,  seeds 
cotnous. —  If  More  or  less  shrubby,  twining  or  prostrate.  Lvs.  cordate, 
hairy,  opposite.     Umbels  extra-axillary. 

1  G.  macrophylluB  Mx.  St.  tomentous-pubescent  and  with  soft,  scattered 
bails ;  lvs.  broad,  ovate  or  oval,  cordate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  at  length 
glabrous  above ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles,  2  to  5-flowered,  with  linear  bracts 
at  summit;  petah  linear  or  Unear-ohlo ug  ohtuse,  (G  lony),  smooth  above,  min- 
utely puberulent  beneath ;  follicles  costate-angled. — Thickets  along  streams,  Penn. 
to  Ky.  and  Ga.  Vino  trailing  or  climbing  3  to  5f.  Lvs.  thin,  3  to  G  by  2  to  4', 
the  lobes  at  base  rounded  and  often  nearly  or  quite  closed,  with  a  short  acumina- 
tion  at  apex.  Fls.  dark  purple.  Petals  5  to  1"  by  1".  Ju.,  Jl.  (G.  dis- 
colnr.  B.  M.) 

,i  LEVIS.     Plant  nearly  smooth,  cor.  segm.  smootli  both  sides. — South.     (G. 
li-vis  Mx.) 
2  O.  birsfitus  Mx.     St.  hirsute-pubescent;  lvs.  l)road-ovatc,  acuminate,  cordate, 
minutely  pubescent  both  sides;  ptd.  shorter  than  the  pe:  oks,  fcw-llowored,  with 


■  ft'; 


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II 


696 


Ordkr  98— JASMINACE^. 


setaceous  bractlets  at  top ;  pet(ds  (3''  long)  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  minutely  pu- 
berulent  outside ;  follicles  muricate. — Woods,  Caa  to  Fla.  and  Ala  Lvs.  aa  in 
the  last,  from  wliich  this  species  technically  diners  only  in  its  broader  (dark 
purple)  petals  and  prickly  fruit.  Lvs.  seldom  exceeding  4'  by  3'.  Petals  about 
3"  by  IJ".     May— Aug. 

3  O.  proatratUB  Eli.  Branched  at  base,  hirsute-pubescent ;  branches  herbaceoue, 
prostrate ;  lof.  small,  broadly  ovate-reniform,  acute,  sinus  broad,  auricles  rounded, 
inflexed;  vmbeli sessile,  3  to  5-flowered;  sep.  lanceolate,  hairy;  cor.  segm.  ovate, 
obtuse,  (I '  '/owj),  very  hirsute  inside;  crown  5-lobed,  very  siiort. — E.  Ga.  in  sands 
(Feay).  Sis.  6  to  12'  long.  Lvs.  1'  or  less  long,  nearly  as  wide,  the  upper  some- 
what acuminate.     FJs.  dark  purple,  3  "  broad.    (Chthlamia  pubiflora  Decn.) 

9.  HOYA,  R.  Br.  Wax  Plant.  (Named  for  Thomas  Hoy,  an 
English  florist.)  Calyx  small,  5-sepalecl ;  corolla  rotate,  flat,  valvate  in 
bud ;  staminate  crown  of  5  depressed,  spreading  segments ;  anthers 
membranous  at  tip  ;  pollinia  fixed  by  the  base,  oblong,  connivent ;  fol- 
licles smooth,  seeds  comous. — Shrubs  twining,  with  fleshy  lvs.  and  fls. 
in  extra-axillary  umbels. 

H.  cirndsa  R.  Br.  Branchlet?  puberuleut ;  lvs.  thick,  glabrous,  oval- 
oblong,  short-pointed ;  ped.  shorter  than  pubescent  pedicels ;  cor.  fleshy,  papillous 
inside,  segm.  triangular,  refloxed  at  the  apex ;  corona  segm.  oval,  acute,  edges 
rovolute. — Garden  aud  greeniiouse.  Fls.  pink-colored,  in  dense  umbels,  very 
fine,     f  E.  Ind. 

10.  STAPE^LIA,  L.  (Named  for  Bodceus  d  Stapel,  a  physician  of 
Amsterdam.)  Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  rotate,  5-cleft,  fleshy  ;  crown 
double,  the  exterior  of  leaves  entire  or  parted,  the  interior  of  liorn-like 
segments  ;  pollinia  erect,  6  pairs,  turgid  ;  follicles  smooth,  erect ;  seeds 
comous. — Plants  of  S.  Africa,  fleshy,  branching,  leafless ;  branches 
angular,  angles  toothed,  bearing  large,  fleshy,  dark  red,  rugous  flowers, 
of  a  most  disgusting  odor.  Some  are  cultivated  in  our  greenhouses,  as 
A.  hirsuta,  A.  bufowia,  <fec. 

Order  XCVIII.— JASMINACE^.     Jasminworts. 

Shrubs  often  twining,  with  opposite  or  alternate,  mostly  compound  leaves.     Calyx 

aud  corolla  5  to  8-parted,  the  latter  imbricated  in  aestivation.     Stamens  2,  In  the 

tube  of  the  corolla.     Ova:"!/  fref*  2-celled,  2  to  8-ovuled.     Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 

Seeds  erect,  with  little  or  no  albumen.     Fig.  78. 

Oenera  6,  species  100.  Ornamental  shrubs  abounding  in  tropical  India.  Tl  e  essentiul  oil 
wbiuh  pervades  tlie  order,  residing  chiefly  in  the  tlowers,  in  exquisitely  fragrant.  On  this  ac- 
count, as  well  as  for  their  beauty,  these  plants  are  cultivated. 

JASMFNUM,  L.  Jasmine.  (Gr.  idafxi],  perfume.)  Calyx  tubular, 
5  to  10-cleft ;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  tube  long,  limb  flat,  5  to  10- 
cleft ;  berry  double  ;  seeds  2,  solitary,  ariled.— Shrubs  bushy  or  climb- 
ing. Lvs.  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  compound.  Petioles  articulated, 
Fls.  paniculate. 

1  J.  friiticans  L.  Tellow  Jasmine.  Smooth,  erect;  branches  angular; 
lvs.  alternate,  trifoliate,  rarely  simple,  lits.  curved;  fls.  few,  subterminal;  cal. 
segm.  subulate;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  thai  the  calyx,  limb  of  6  obtuse  lobes. — 
St.  3f  hiyh.  Fls.  yellow,  inodorous,  tuLe  about  6"  long.  Propagated  by  lavers. 
f  S.  Em. 

2  J.  officinslie  L.  '7hite  Jasmine.  Smooth,  scarcely  climbing ;  brandvea 
Bubangulate ;  lvs.  opposHe,  compound,  Ifts.  3  to  7,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  pani- 
cles  terminal,  few-flowered,  corymbous ;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Stem  scvernl  feet  in  length.     Flowers  white.     Both  species  arj  beautiful  and 


..i||.|ji 


Ordeb  99. — OLEACE^. 


697 


much  cultivated    The  deliciouslj  fragrant  oil  of  Jasmine  of  the  shops  is  oxtiuct^^ 
from  this  plant,     f  Asia. 

Order  XCIX.     OLEACE^.     Olites. 

3V«ca  and  shrvhs  wita  opposite,  simple,  sometimes  pinnate-leaves,  with  fiowrg  4- 
parted,  regular,  rarely  apetalous,  the  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  to  4, 
mostlv  2,  and  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  suspended  ovules 
in  each  cell,  and  fruit  fleshy  or  capsular,  seeds  4  (or  fewer  by  abortion),  with  abun- 
dant albumen.     Fig.  265. 

Genera  24,  species  130,natlves  of  temperate  climates.  The  ash  is  very  abun.lant  in  N.  Amer- 
ica.   The  Phillyreas  and  the  Syringas  are  all  Oriental. 

Properties. — Olive  oil  is  expressed  from  the  pericarp  of  tlio  Olive  (Oloa  Europaa).  The  bark 
of  this  tree,  and  also  of  the  asli,  is  bitter,  astrinsent,  and  febrifugal.  Manmt,  a  sweot,  jjenlle 
purgative,  Is  the  concrete  discliarge  of  several  species  of  the  Fraxinus,  particularly  of  the  Euro- 
pean F.  Ornus.    The  species  of  the  ash  are  well  known  for  their  useful  timber. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

I.  FllAXINE^.— Fruit  a  <lry,  wini^ed  samara.    Leaves  pinnate Fhaxinits.    1 

II.  SYKINGE^. — Fruit  a  dry,  2-celled  capsule.     Leaves  mostly  simple  (a), 

a  Calyx  persistent ;  corolla  salver-form  cyanic Sykcnoa.    3 

a  Calyx  deciduous  ;  cor  )lla  subcnmpanulate,  yellow Forsvthia.    8 

III.  OLEI.NE^.— Fruit  a  tksliy  drupe  or  berry.    Corolla  jiresent.    Leaves  simple  (b). 

b  Corolla  lobes  lon^,  linear,  pendulous,  etamens  included Ciiion,(ntiiu8.  4 

b  Corolla  lobes  short.     Stamens  included.     Fruit  a  berry Li(irsTRirM.  5 

b  Corolla  lobes  short.    Stamens  exserted  (c). 

C  Style  2-parted.    Lta*  cs  serrate OsMANTnrs.  ( 

0  Style  simple. — Drupe  shell  bony.    (Panicles  axillary) Olk.v.  7 

— Drupe  shell  papery.    Panicles  terniin.al Visiania.  8 

IV.  FORESTIERE^.— Fruit  u  fleshy  drupe.     Corolla  none.     Leaves  simple. .  Fobestiei;a.  9 

I.  FRAX'INUS,  Tourn.  (Gr.  ^ap^if,  a  separation;  from  the  fatility 
Avith  which  the  wood  splits.)  Polygamous  or  dioecious;  calyx  4-tootlu'J, 
rarely  obsolete  ;  petals  2  or  4,  coherent  at  base,  oblong  or  linear,  or  al- 
together wanting  ;  stamens  2  ;  stigma  bifid  ;  samara  2-celled,  tiattened, 
winged  at  ape.x,  cells  2-ovuled,  but  1-seeded  ;  seeds  pendulous,  com- 
pressed.— Trees  or  shrubs,  with  oppcsite,  odd-pinnate  Ivs.  and  fls.  ra- 
cemed  or  panicled.  American  species  arc  all  dioecious  and  apotsilous 
trees. 

§  Flowers  with  a  corolla  of  4  or  2  white,  linear-oblong  petals.    Cultivatecl \o.  8 

§  Flowers  apetalous,  iioly^amous.     Leaflets  1 1  to  13.    Cultivatecl Xo,  T 

§  Flowers  ai)etalous,  ditpcious.    Fruit  always  winded  at  apex  (.*). 

♦  Calyx  ])ersistent  at  the  terete  base  of  the  samara No.  l 

♦  Calyx  i»i'r»istent  at  the  narroii\ flattened  base  of  the  samara Ni>s.  2 — 4 

♦  Calyx  none,  the  samara  naked  at  the  broad  base Nos.  6,  6 

1  F.  Americana  L.  White  Ash.  Lfts.  1  to  9,  petiolulate,  ovate  or  lanw-ob- 
long,  acuminate,  entire  or  obscurely subserrate,  sliiniug  above,  jrlaucous  beneath; 
petioles  and  branchlets  terete,  smooth;  buds  yollowiish-velvety ;  panicles  coia- 
poimd,  axillary,  loose ;  samara  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  narrower  and  terete  at  the 
calyculate  base,  seed  ^^ortifin  lialf  as  long  as  wing. — Woods,  Can.  to  ( Ja.  and  La. 
A  forest  tree,  40  to  80f  high;  trunk  2  to  3f  diani.  Lvs.  If  long,  usually  oft 
smooth  lfts.,  which  are  3  t  >  4'  by  18'  to  2'.  Fruit  13  to  15"  by  2  to  2^  .  Apr., 
May.  (P.  acuminata  Lam  F.  epiptera  Mx.) — Titnber  light,  tough  and  strong, 
much  used  by  carriage-makers,  Ac. 

2  F.  pub^BceuB  Walt.  Red  Ash.  Lfts.  7  to  9,  petiolulate,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
elliptic-lancrolate,  acuminate,  subserrate,  veins  boneath,  petioles  and  young  branches 
velvety -pubescent ;  samara  narrow-lanceolate,  obtuse,  the  calycidato  base  acute, 
flattisli,  slightly  margined  by  tiie  riecurreut  wing. — Swampy  or  low  grounds,  Can. 
and  U.  S.,  more  common  in  Penu.  and  Va.  A  smaller  tree  than  No.  1,  30 
to  60f  high,    but  nearly  allied  to  it.     Bark  deep  brown.    Lfts.  often  rfxldish 


:'''h  ■■ 


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598 


Order  99.— OLKACK^. 


''Mr 


.1  .' . 


beneath,  2  to  3   oy  18  '  to  2'.     Timber  les3  valuable.     Apr.,  May.     (F.  tomen- 
tosa  Mx.) 

3  F.  viridis  Mx.  f.  Green  Ash.  Lfts.  7  to  9,  petiolulate,  ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
late,  acuminate,  serrate,  grec  and  glabrous  both  sides,  beneath  slightly  glaucous 
and  pubeseeiit  in  the  axils  >  the  veins ;  petioles  aiid  branchlets  glabrous ;  samara, 
calyculate,  spatulate,  obtuse,  the  seed  portion  as  long  as  the  wing. — A  small  tree 
15  to  25f  high  in  wet  woods  U.  S.,  especially  the  Western,  Wis.  to  Tenn.  and  Car. 
Lfts  2.V  to  -4'  long,  with  a  long,  slender  point.  Fruit  12  to  15"  long.  May.  (F. 
coin'olor  Muhl.     F.  juglandifolia  DC.) 

4  F.  platycarpa  Mx.  Lfts.  5  to  7,  short-pctioled,  suhserrati;,  elliptic,  acute  at 
botli  ends,  or  slightly  acuminate,  petioles  and  veins  bjueatli  pubescent ;  samara 
elliptic-oblauceolate,  attenuate  at  base^  broad  above,  obtuse,  calyculate,  and  often 
with  a  third  wing! — Wet  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Lfcs.  distant,  3  to  5'  long, 
a  third  as  wide.  Samara  18  to  20'  long,  6"  or  more  wide  above  the  middle,  ta- 
pering to  the  narrow,  margined  base. 

i(j.  TRTPTKRA,     Lfts.  oblanceolatc  and  oblong,  samara  more  frequantly  3-winged. 
— S.  Car.  to  La.     (F.  triptera  Nutt.) 

5  F.  quadrangulata  ^Ix.  Blue  Asn,  Lfts.  7  to  9,  short-petioled,  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  obtutish  at  base,  glabrou.s,  veins  beneath  at 
base  downy ;  branchlets  glabrous,  square,  with  4  linear  or  slightly  membanous  an- 
gles, at  length  terete ;  buds  velvety ;  samara  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  naked 
(no  calyx!)  at  base. — A  tall  tree  in  rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Tonn.  and  Iowa.  Trunk 
CO  to  80f  high.  Lfts.  3  to  4'  long,  distinctly  petiolulate ;  petiolules  2  to  5''  long. 
Anth.  of  the  fertile  fls.  oval,  narrowed  towards  tlio  base.  Timber  strong  and 
clastic,  like  that  of  No.  1.     May. 

6  F.  sambucifolia  Lam.  Black  Ash.  Water  Ash.  Lfts.  7  to  11,  lance-ovate, 
sessile  serrulate,  acuminate,  smooth  above,  tawny  villous  at  their  insertion  and  in 
tlie  axils  of  th 3  veins  beneath;  fr.  oblong,  with  similar  ends,  obtuse  or  emargi- 
nate,  naked  (no  calyx)  at  base. — Common  in  swamps  or  moist  woods.  Northern 
U.  S.  and  Can.  Height  40  to  70f;  with  a  trunk  2f  diam.  Bark  brown.  Buds 
blue.  Lfts.  3  to  4'  long.  Samara  16  to  20''  by  3  to 4',  entirely  naked  at  baso! 
May. — Wood  purplish,  tough,  elastic,  excellent  for  the  cooper  and  basket- 
maker. 

7.  F.  excelsior  L.  European  Ash.  Lfts.  11  to  13,  subsessile,  lance-oblong, 
glabrous,  witii  slender  serratures;  racemes  short,  dense,  samara  linear-oblong, 
obtuse,  obliquely  emarginate. — I'arks.  A  tall  tree,  in  many  varieties,  among 
which  3.  p<^'^uala,  Weeping  Ash,  is  the  most  interesting,     f  Eur. 

8  F.  Ornus  L.  Flowering  Ash.  Lfts.  7  to  9,  subpetiolulate,  lanceolate, 
serrate  above,  entire  at  base,  bearded  on  the  veins  beneath ;  buds  downy ;  pan- 
icles dense ;  petals  2  or  4  (white),  linear-oblong,  much  longer  tiian  the  calyx  ; 
samara  lance-linear,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  each  end. — Parks,  f     From  Eur. 

2.  SYRIN'GA,  L.  Lilac.  (Gr.  avpiy^,  asliephord's  pipe;  from  the 
use  once  made  of  its  branches.)  Calyx  small,  4-toothe(l,  persistent ; 
corolla  salvcr-forrn,  tube  several  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  cleft 
into  deep,  obtuse,  spreading  valvate  segments  ;  stamens  siiort,  included 
within  the  tube.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved. — Oriental,  flowering  shrubs, 
M'ith  simple,  entire  leaves. 

1  S.  vulgaris  L.  Common  Lilac. — Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  entire,  glabrou.s,  green 
botii  sides;  intiorescence  thyrsoid;  limb  of  cor.  subconcave. — Tiiero  are  many 
varieties  in  this  beautiful  shrub,  a.  Corolla  lilac-purple,  in  a  dense  thyrse.  ji. 
CiERULEA.  Fls.  purplish-blue.  }.  alba.  Cor.  white,  thryse  aubcompound.  Apr., 
Ju. — One  of  the  most  popular  shrubs,  beautiful  in  foliage  and  lis.     \  Hungary. 

2  S.  P^rsica  L.  Persian  Lilac.  Lvs.. lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  both  sides 
green,  sometimes  pinnatifld ;  limb  of  the  cor.  flattish. — A  smaller  siirub  than  tiie 
tirst,  with  smaller  thyrses  of  wliito  or  lilac-blue  flowers.  The  leaves  vary  from 
entire  to  pinnatifld,  small  at  flowering  time.     Apr.,  May.  f     Persia. 

3  S.  villosa  Vahl.  (3.  Chinensia.  Lvs.  elliptic,  acute  at  each  e7id,  fiairy 
benMth. — f  N.  China. 


"f  rf 


Order  99.— -OLEACKiK. 


699 


3.  FORSY^THIA,  Vabl.  Calyx  very  short,  compafiulatc,  4-parted, 
deciduous ;  corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  lobes  twisted  in  the  bud  ; 
stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  iticluded  ;  ovary  2-celled, 
cells  oo-ovuled ;  capsule  ovoid,  2-celled  ;  seeds  many,  pendulous,  nar- 
rowly winged. — Shrub  with  opposite  branches  and  scaly  buds, 

F,  suspensa  Valil. — Shrubberies,  comn,  Lvs.  often  in  whorls  of  3s  or  43, 
petiolate,  simple  or  pinnately  divided,  serrate.  Fls.  preceding  the  leave.s,  one 
from  a  bud,  pedicelled,  yellow,  with  long  lobes,  f     China.     (Syringa,  Thunb.) 

4.  CHIONAN'THUS,  L.  Virginia  Fringe  Tree.  ((ir.  ;^;iwj',  snow, 
dvBog  ;  tis.  snow-white.)  Calyx  4-parted,  short ;  cor.  tube  very  short, 
Jimb  4-parted,  lobes  linear,  elongated ;  sta.  2,  inserted  into  the  coi-. 
tube,  included  ;  sty.  very  short;  drupe  fleshy  ;  putamen  bony,  1-celled, 
1 -seeded. — Trees  with  opposite  leaves.  Branch  lets  compressed.  Ra- 
cemes terminal  and  axillary. 

C.  Virginica  L.  Lvs.  oval  and  oblong-lanceolato ;  pedicels  long,  l-flowered ;  cal. 
glabrous ;  cor.  segm.  linear,  acute,  flaccid. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  highly  orna. 
mental,  in  woods,  S.  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Tenn.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  smooth,  of  va- 
rious forms,  oval,  or  ovate,  rhombic,  lanceolate,  etc.,  on  the  same  tree,  3  to  6' 
long.  Fls.  in  rather  dense,  pendulous  panicles.  Petals  snow-white,  8  to  10  '  in 
length.    Drupes  oval,  purple.    Apr, — .In. — Far  South  it  is  called  Old-man^ s-beard. 

5.  LIGUSTRUM,  L.     Privet.     Prim.     (Lat.  ago,  to  bind,  from  the 

use  made   of  its  shoots.)     Calyx  minutely  toothed  ;  cor.  tube  short, 

limb  with  spreading,   ovate   lobes ;  sta.  2  ;  sty.  veiy  short ;  berry  2- 

celled,  2 — 4-seeded ;  seeds  convex  on  one  side,  angular  on  the  other. — 

Shrubs  with  simple  lvs.     Fls.  in  terminal  panicles,  tetramerous. 

L.  vulgdre  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate  and  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  on  short  petioles ;  pan- 
icle dense,  terminal. — A  smooth  shrub,  5 — 6f  high,  in  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y. 
to  Ya.,  W.  to  the  Miss.  Branches  wand-liko  with  opposite,  entire,  smootli,  dark 
green  leaves  which  are  1 — 2'  long,  \  as  wide,  varying  from  obovate  to  elliptical, 
witli  a  rounded,  obtuse  or  aouto  point.  Flowers  small,  numerous,  white.  An- 
thers large,  exserted.  Berries  black,  in  conical  bunches,  bitter.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  introduced  from  England  where  it  is  used  lor  hedges.     May,  Juno. 

6.  OSMAN'THUS,  Lour.    (Gr.  oa/'tTj,  fragrance,  ai^0of.)    Calyx  short, 

bell-shaped,  4-toothcd  ;  corolla  subrotate,  4-parted ;  anthers  adnate  to 

the  inner  side  of  the  filaments ;  stylo  2-parted,  lobes  thick,  acute, — 

Habit  of  Oloa.     (Olea  Thunb.) 

O,  fragrans  Lour.  Lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous;  corymbs  or 
piinicles  short,  axillary,  pedicels  rather  long ;  style  'i-partcd. — Shrub  with  snuill, 
white,  very  odorous  tlowers  which  are  said  to  be  used  by  the  Chinese  to  adulter- 
ate and  flavor  tea.     Tho  fls.  vary  to  red,  f     China  and  Japan. 

7.  OLEA,  Tourn.  Olive.  (Gr.  eXaia,  Lat.  olea.,  the  Olive  tree, 
olira,  the  fruit,  oleum,  tho  juice.)  Calyx  slioi  t,  bell-shaped,  4-toothcd  ; 
corolla  tube  short,  limb  4-j)arted,  flat,  spreading ;  stamens  2,  inserted 
in  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  opposite,  exserted  ;  ovary  2-celled,  2  pendu- 
lous ovules  in  each  cell  ;  drupe  fleshy,  oily,  shell  bony,  2  or  1 -seeded  by 
abortion. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opjtosite,  entire,  coriaceous  lvs.  and 
white,  often  fragrant  fls. 

O.  Americana  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate-elliptic,  entire,  smooth  and  shining,  acute, 
attenuated  to  a  petiole;  rac.  compound,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  tho  petiole ; 
bracts  connate,  persistent;  lis.  dicBcious;  fruit  globular. — In  the  low  country,  Ya. 
to  Fla.  Tlie  American  Olive  is  a  tree  15  to  20f  high.  Wood  line-graiiied,  hard, 
and  when  dry  difficult  to  split.     Lvs.  4  or  5'  long,  petioK'S  I',     Fla.  small,  fra- 


*i  ■■ 


ii  1 1 : 


-'.! 


114 '•■ 


600 


Order  99.— OLEACB-fi. 


grant,  the  fertile  and  barren  on  separate  trees.     Drupes  larger  than  peas,  violet' 
purple,  dryish.     Apr.,  May. 

8.  VISIA^NIA,  DC.  (Dedicated  to  Vistani,  Professor  of  botany  at 
Patavia.)  Calyx,  corolla  and  stamens  as  in  Olea ;  fruit  obovate  or  ob- 
long, with  a  very  thin  pulp,  and  thin,  papery  shell. — Trees  with  oppo- 
site, entire  Ivs.  and  loose,  terminal,  many-flowered  panicles.  (Olea, 
Wall.) 

V.  paniculdta  DC.  Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  entire,  glabrous;  panicle  glabrous; 
bracts  deciduous  ;  style  club-shaped ;  fruit  obliquely  ovate. — Fls.  small,  white^ 
numerous,  in  large  naked  panicles.    Lvs.  coriaceous,  3'  long,  petioles  9' .  f    China. 

9.  FORESTIE'RA,  Poir.  (Dedicated  to  M,  Forestier,  a  French  phy- 
«|ician.)  DicEcious,  apetalous  ;  flower  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  last  year's 
leaves,  scaly  with  roundish,  thin  scales,  and  many-flowered  ;  S  flowers 
sessile,  crowded,  each  of  the  2  stamens  surrounded  by  a  caducous  calyx 
of  4  oblong,  minute  sepals;  ?  flowers  pedicellate,  umbellate;  calyx 
obsolete ;  ovary  tipped  with  a  slender  style  and  a  capitate  stigma,  2- 
celled,  cells  2-ovuled ;  drupe  with  1  suspended  seed. — Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  with  opposite,  simple  lvs.  and  minute  fls.    (Adeiia  Mx.    Borya  Ph.) 

1  P.  acuminata  Poir.  Los.  glabrous,  green  both  sides,  lance-elliptic,  acuminate 
at  each  and,  serrulate  above,  on  slender  petioles ;  fruit  an  oblong-cyllndric,  pointed, 
fleshy,  glaucous-purple  drupe. — In  sluggish  streams,  111.  (opposite  St.  Louis!)  to 
Ga.  (Macon,  Mettauerl).  Shrub  10  to  ISf  higli.  Lvs.  thiu,  2  to  3'  long,  petiolo 
1'.     Mar.,  Apr.     (A.  acuminata  Mx.     F.  ligustrina  Gr.) 

2  F.  ligustrina  Poir.  Lvs.  ovate  and  oblong,  attenuate  to  the  petiole,  obtuse,  cori- 
aceotis,  serrulate,  margins  slightly  revolute,  glabrous  above,  midveiu  sparsely  pu- 
bescent beneath ;  staminate  flowers  in  small,  lateral,  globular  clusters  (fertile  plant 
not  seen). — Near  Savannah  (Feay).  Shrub  10 — 15f?  high,  with  slender  branches 
and  branchlets.  Lvs.  with  the  petioles  1  to  2'  by  6  to  10",  reticulate,  not  dotted, 
beneath. 

3  P.  poruldsa  Poir.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sessile,  coriaceous,  margina 
rovolute,  lower  surface  dotted  (porulous)  and  ferruginous. — On  the  Bea-coaat, 
Georgia  and  Florida  (Pursb.)    Leaves  all  opposite.    (A.  porulosa  Mx.) 


P  \ 


•Mi. 


H 


0«DBB  100.— ARISTOLOCHIACEJ!:. 


doi 


Cohort  3.    APETAL^, 

Or  Monochlamydeous  Exogens.  Dicotyledons  with  no 
corolla,  the  calyx  or  perianth  green  or  colored,  consisting  of 
a  single  series  of  similar  organs,  or  often  wholly  wanting. 

Order  C.     ARISTOLOCIIIACE^.     Birthworts. 

Low  fierbs  or  climbing  shrubs,  with  altemato  leaves  and  perfect  flowers.     Perianth 

tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  brown  or  dull,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  6  to  12, 

epigynous  and  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  styles.     Ovary  6-celled,  becoming  a  6- 

celled,  many-seeded  capsule  or  berry.     Seed  albuminous,  embryo  minute.    Fig.  133. 

Genera  S,  Hpeciea  130,  most  abundant  in  the  tropical  countries  of  S.  America,  thinly  diflfusi'd 
throughout  ihe  northern  hemisphere.  Properties  tonic  and  stimulant.  Both  the  following  geu' 
cr«  are  bUucessfully  employed  in  medicine. 

1.  ASA^RUM,  Tourn.  Wild  Ginger.  (Gr.  a,  not,  aeipd,  a  band, 
because  rejected  in  wreathing  garlands.)  Calyx  canipanulate,  regular, 
3-cleft ;  stamens  12,  placed  upon  the  ovary,  anthers  adnatc  to  the  middle 
or  summit  of  the  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  stigma  6-rayed  ;  fruit 
fleshy,  6-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx. —  H  Herbs  with  creeping 
rhizomes  and  1  or  2  Ivs.  on  each  branch.     Fls.  solitary. 

§  Leaves  in  pairs.    Calyx  lobes  pointed,  reflcxed.    Ovary  wholly  adherent No.  1 

§  Leaves  solitary.    Calyx  lobes  obtuse,  suberect    Ovary  partly  free Nos.  2,  3 

1  A.  Canad^nae  L.  Lvs.  *.,  broad-reniform,  on  long,  opposite  petioles  with  the 
flower  between  ;  calyx  woolly,  deeply  3-clefl:,  the  segin.  reflected. — In  rich, 
shady  soil,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  W.  States.  Lvs.  radical,  large,  2  to  4'  by  3  to  5',  with 
a  deep  sinus  at  base,  fin  '  a  soft,  velvet-like  surface.  Fl.  solitary,  on  a  nodding 
peduncle,  and  close  to  the  ground,  sometimes  even  buried  jiust  beneatli  the  sur- 
face. Cal.  purplish,  of  3  broad,  long-poiuted  diviaion.s  abruptly  spreading.  Fil. 
longer  than  tiie  anthers,  their  tips  (connectile)  produced  beyond  them.  May — Jl. 
— The  rhizome  is  a  popular  medicine,  used  in  measles  and  wlioopini^  cough. 

2  A.  Virginicum  L.  Lvs.  solitary,  orbicular-ovate,  glabrous,  coriaceotis,  deeply 
cordate,  entire,  obtuse ;  fl.  subsessile ;  cal.  short,  suhrampanulate,  glabrous  exter- 
nally.— Grows  in  light  soils  among  rocks,  and  Mts.,  Va.,  Ky.  to  Ga.  A  low,  stem- 
less  plant,  very  similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding.  Each  brancli  of  the  rl)izome 
bears  a  terminal  leaf  and  a  flower.  Leaf  2  to  3'  diara.,  very  .smooth,  clouded 
with  spots,  the  petiole  iwico  longer,  lobes  at  base  rounded  and  nearly  closed. 
Flower  many  limes  sliorter  than  the  petiole.  Calyx  segments  obtuse,  of  a  dusky 
purple,  greenish  outside.     Apr. 

3  A.  arifdlium  Mx.  Lvs.  solitary,  broadly  hastate,  pubendent  on  the  veins,  thin, 
with  a  deep  siims  at  base,  the  lobes  obtusely  angled  and  turned  sliglitly  outward  ; 
ccU.  inflated-urceoUite,  contracted  above,  with  3  very  short,  obtuse  lobes  at  summit. — 
Rich  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Rhizomes  slender,  white.  Petioles  2  to  3'  long. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  margins  wavy.  Fls.  9"  long,  roughiah,  purplish-brown  aa 
long  as  their  stalks.     Mar. — May. 

2.  ARISTOLOXHIA,  Tourn.  Birthwort.  (Gr.  apiarog,  excellent, 
Xox^ia^  child-birth ;  alluding  to  the  medicinal  properties.)  Calyx 
tubular,  tube  rariously  bent  and  inflated  above  the  ovary,  border  un- 


it! I) 

'  l\    i 

■:   .  ! 


;-,  'T 


'•••^-  i, 


-I 


602 


Oruer  101.— NYCTAGINACE.B. 


equal ;  anthers  6,  subsessile  upon  the  style ;  stigtna  6-lobecl ;  capsule  6* 
celled,  septicitlal,  many-seeded. — St.  erect  or  twining. 


Stem  croct.    Ct  lyx  tube  sigmoid  (t.  e.,  twice  bent  like  ^he  letter  S) 

Stoui  climbing.    (Jalyx  tube  recurved,  once  bent  upwards  


Nos.  1,  2 

Nos,  8,  4 


1  A.  serpentaria  L.  Virginia  Svake-root.  St.  erect,  flexuous ;  Ivs.  petiolate, 
oblong  or  ovate,  thin,  cordate,  acuminate ;  ped.  radical,  many  bracted ;  cal.  tube 
smoothish,  contracted  in  the  midst,  limb  obscurely  2-lipped. — A  curioub  vegetable 
in  hedges  and  thickets.  Peiin.  to  111.  and  La.  St.  8  to  13'  high,  subsimple,  jointed, 
herbaceous.  Lvs.  variable  in  width,  2  to  4'  by  9"  to  2'  rarely  larger.  Fls.  few. 
Cal.  dull  purple,  of  a  leathery  texture,  tubular,  7  to  9  "  long,  twice  bent  almost 
double,  enlarged  at  each  end,  the  limb  with  3  short,  obtuse  lobes.  Caps,  obovato, 
6-angled,  6  to  9  "  long.     Jn.,  Jl. 

/?.  ?  HASTATA.  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  or  oblong  linear,  auriculate  at  base,  on  pe- 
tioles as  short  as  the  auricles. — S.  Car.  to  La.  St.  very  slender  and  usu- 
ally simple.     Ma.  not  seen.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  3  to  5''.     (A.  hastata  Nutt.) 

2  A.  reticulata  Nutt.  Si.  erect,  very  flexuous,  hirsute,  simple ;  lvs.  oval,  sessile, 
cordate-clasping  with  decrissating  lobes,  apex  obtuse  or  bluntly  acute ;  veinlets  and 
veinukts  finely  reticulated,  all  prominent  and  hairy  beneath ;  ped.  below  the  lvs., 
simple  or  branched,  hirsute,  bracted;  cal.  small,  densely  wooUy. — La.  (Hale.)  About 
If  high.  Ms.  5"  long,  about  half  tliesize  of  No.  1.  Lvs.  rather  thick,  3  to  4'  by 
2  to  3'. 

3  A.  Sipho  L'Her.  Dutchman's  Pipe.  St.  twining,  shrubby  ;  lvs.  glabrous,  am- 
pie,  roundish,  cordate,  entire,  petiolate ;  ped.  1-ttowered,  furnished  with  a  single, 
ovate  clasping  bract ;  cal.  tube  bent,  ascending,  limb  3-cleft,  equal. — A  vigorous 
climber  in  mountainous  woods,  Western  Peun.  to  Ky.  and  S.  States.  St.  woody, 
twining,  and  ascending  trees  30  to  40f.  Leaves  6 — 12'  diam.,  alternate,  sprinkled 
with  soft  hairs.  Flowers  solitary,  tlie  tube  long  (16")  bent  at  nearly  a  right 
angle,  in  the  form  of  a  (siphon  or)  tobacco  pipe,  and  of  a  dull  brown  color.  May, 
Jn.  f     Highly  ornamental  for  arbors. 

4  A.  tomentosa  Sims.  Twining,  shrubby ;  lvs.  downy  or  hairy  beneath,  roundish, 
cordate,  entire,  petiolate,  very  veiny;  ped,  solitary,  1-flowered,  braciless;  cul. 
downy,  bent  upwards,  greenish-yellow,  limb  dark-purple,  nearly  equal,  rugous,  re- 
flexed,  3-cleft,  throat  oblong  and  oblique,  nearly  closed. — Woods  along  rivers,  S. 
III.  to  La.  and  Ga.  St.  climbing  tall  trees  30  to  40f.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  long,  3  to  4' 
vdde.  Ped.  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Cal  tube  (20"  long)  contracted  above  the 
ovary  and  strongly  recurved.     Stig.  3-lobed.     May.  Jn. 


Order  CI.     NYCTAGINACE^.     Marvelworts. 


Herbs  (shrubs  or  trees)  with  tumid  joints,  entire  and  opposite  leaves.  Flowers 
surrounded  with  an  involucre  (calyx-like  when  the  flower  is  solitary).  Calyx  a  deli- 
cate, colored,  funnel-form  or  tubular  perianth,  deciduous  above  the  1-celled,  l-seeded 
ovary,  leaving  its  persistent  base  to  harden  and  envelop  the  fruit  (achenium)  as  a 
kind  of  pericap.  Stamens  1  to  several,  detinite,  slender,  hypogynous,  exserted,  un- 
equal.    Embryo  coiled    round  the  copious  white  albumen.     Fig.  373,  460. 

Genera  16,  npecieH  110,  chiefly  tropical,  south  of  the  equator. 

Properties. — The  roots  are  purgative,  especially  those  of  the  beautiful  cultivated  genus— 
Four-o'clock. 

GENERA. 

*  Involucre  calyx-like,  involvinis  but  asingle,  large  flcnver Mikabilis.  I 

*  Involucre  involving  several  (3  to  5)  small  flowers Oxybapuur.  2 

*  Involucre  none,  die  minute  flowers  with  deciduous  bracts Boriuiaavia.  3 

i.  MIRAB'ILIS,  L.  Marvel  op  Peru.  Four-o'clock.  (Lat  mira- 
bills,  wonderful,  admirable ;  a  name  well  applied.)  Involucre  calyx-like, 
5-lobed,    1 -flowered,  lobes  acuminate;  perianth  (caly.\)  tubular-funnel* 


Order  102.— POLYGONACE^. 


003 


form,  limb  spreading;  stamens  5,  scarcely  with  the  style  exserted  ; 
acheuiuni  enveloped  in  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx. —  2^  Herbs 
mostly  Mexican  and  Peruvian,  everywhere  cultivated. 

1  M.  Jalapa  L.  Erect ;  Iva.  ovate,  acuminate,  base  obtuse  or  svbcordate,  po- 
tiolate,  glabrous;  Jis.  3  to  6  in  each  terminal  fascicle,  slwrt-staUced ;  perianth  o[ion 
in  the  evening  and  night. — This  is  the  true  Four-o'clock,  opening  its  multitudi- 
nous brilliant  flowers  at  about  that  hour  P.  M.,  for  a  long  succession  of  summer 
days.     Their  variety  in  color  is  indnite.  f     Peru, 

2  M.  dichotoma  L.  Erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  ovate,  subacuminate,  base  ohlmt 
or  narrowed  to  the  petiole ;  jls.  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  lobes  of  invol.  ovato-acute ; 
perianth  strict,  with  a  small  scarcely  dilated  limb. — Gardens,  less  frequent.  Fl.s. 
smaller,  yellow,  red  and  white,  f     Mexico. 

3  M.  longifldra  L.  Weak,  diffuse,  viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  cordate-acuminate, 
upper  sessile,  lower  long-petioled ;  fls.  sessile,  clustered  at  apex;  invol.  lolies 
linear;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  long,  pubescent. — Gardens.  Fls.  white,  f   Mexico. 

3.  OXYB'APHUS,  Vahl.  (Gr.  o^vjSdcftov,  a  shallow  cup  or  saucer ; 
alluding  to  the  form  of  the  involucre.)  Involucre  5-cleft,  containing  3 
to  5  flowers  (in  one  species),  persistent  and  spreading  in  fruit;  perianth 
with  a  very  short  tube,  and  a  plicate,  bell-shaped,  deciduous  limb ; 
stainens  3  ;  style  simple,  stigma  capitate;  fruit  ovoid,  ribbed,  1-seeded. 
—  2t  Herbs  with  tuberous  roots,  opposite  Ivs.  and  small  fls.  (Caly- 
menia,  Allioni.) 

1  O.  nyctagineuB  Sweet.  Nearly  smooth,  erect,  with  alttrnato  or  forked 
branches ;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate  or  oblong,  subcordate,  acute  ;  peduncles  solitary, 
axillary  and  terminal ;  invol.  pubescent,  3  to  5-tlowered. — y  Alluvial  soils.  Wis. 
to  Teun.,  rare ;  common  in  Nebraska.     (Nuttall.) 

2  O.  anguatifoliUB  Sweet.  St.  terete,  puberulent  above,  with  alternate  branches, 
Ivs.  narrowly  lanceolate,  thick  but  veiny,  entire  or  serrulate,  acute,  narrowed  to 
the  subsessile  base ;  ped.  several  times  slwrter  than  the  leaves,  axillary  and  termi- 
nal; invol.  3-flowered,  half-5-cleft,  lobes  broad,  obtuse;  ovary  hispid. — Dry  soils 
S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.  St.  2  to  3f  hig''.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  5  to  9",  or  in  some  speci- 
mens (A.  linearis  Ph.)  much  narrower.     Ped.  2  to  5  '  long.     Cal.  purplish.     Jn. 

3  O.  dlbidus  Sweet.  St.  angular,  and  pubescent  in  lines,  simple;  lvs.  narrow, 
lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  petiolate ;  ped.  solitary,  axillary,  half  as  long  as  the 
lvs. ;  invol.  2  to  3-flowered,  deeply  5-cleft,  segm.  ovate,  acute,  ribs  of  fruit  hispid. 
—CD  Dry  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Mettauer.)  Sts.  12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  2'  to  30  long, 
4  to  6  '  wide.  Ped.  1'  long,  alternate,  each  with  a  whitish  involucre  10  broad 
and  2  to  3  small  fls.     May.     (A.  alb.  Ph.) 

3.  BOERHAA'VIA,  L.  (Dedicated  to  Borhaave,  of  Holland,  a  friend 
and  patron  of  Li  mjeus.)  Involucre  0 ;  bractlets  deciduous  ;  perianth  fun- 
nel or  bell-form,  colored,  5-lobed,  upper  half  deciduous,  lower  persist- 
ent ;  stamens  1  to  4  ;  fruit  5-ribbed,  truncate  at  apex,  1-seeded. — Lv.s. 
opposite,  mostly  petioled. 

B.  er^cta  L,  Glabrous;  lvs.  ovate,  wavy,  pale  beneath;  fls.  in  a  strict,  raucli 
branched  panicle. — 'T)  Sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  nu- 
merously dividing  above  into  filitbrm,  erect  branchlots.  Lvs.  all  below,  2'  long, 
roundish  at  base,  on  petioles  nearly  as  long.     Fls.  minute.     Jn. — Sept. 

Order  CII.     POLYGONACE^E.     Sorrelworts. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  mostly  sheathing  stipules  {ochreix) 
surrounding  the  stem  above  each  tumid  joint.  Flowers  mostly  perfect.  Perianth 
or  calyx  3  to  G-cleft,  mostly  colored,  imbricated  in  bud  and  persistent.  Stamens  4 
to  15,  perigynous  or  free.  Ovary  1 -celled,  free,  with  a  single,  erect  ovule.  Sly  lei 
or  stigmas  2  or  3.     Fruit  a  3-angled  acheuium  enclosed  in  the  calyx.     Seed  eiect, 


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C04  Ordee  102.— POLYGONACB^. 

albuminous,  with  a  straight  or  curved  inverted  embryo.  Illust  in  Figs.  80,  375^ 
407,  408,  409,  413,  607,  103,  112. 

Ofnera  33, .  jtctM  690  (Meisner)  tvidely  diffused  in  all  lands,  but  most  abundant  in  tbo  te<n- 
p«rate  zones. 

Pro/terties. — The  rootit  of  these  plants  are  nauseous  and  purgative.  Rhubarb  of  the  shops  is 
the  root  of  Kheutn  palniatiim  and  other  species,  native  of  Tartary.  But  the  leaves  and  stalica 
of  Porrel.  the  petioles  of  Garden  Rhubarb,  etc ,  .•*ro  aisrreeably  tart,  and  contain  oxalic  acid  ;  the 
petioles  of  tlie  latter,  together  with  the  farinaceous  seeds  of  the  Buck-wheat,  are  well-known 
articles  of  food. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

1.  ERIOOONE  J!.     Flowers  in  dense,  involucrato  nmbels,  Ochreae  0 EEioooNrM.  1 

II.     POLYGONE..C     Flowers  not  involucrate.    OchresB  present,  (a) 

a  Calyx  4-;'arted,  regular.     Stamens  6.    Styles  2.    Achcnia  winged Oxtbia.  2 

a  Calyx  6-parted.     Stamens  9.    Sepals  all  similar,  short liiiEUM.  3 

a  Calyx  C-partcd.    Stamens  6.    Sepals  8  inner  increa.sing,  tuberculate Blmex.  4 

a  Calyx  5-i)ftrted  (irregularly  4-parted  in  one  species),  (b) 

b  Sepals,  the  3  iiiiier  flmbriate-poctinate.     Pe<licels  solitary TnTSANELiA.  5 

b  Sepals  entire, — 3  closed  on  the  achcnia,  or  all  open.  Pedicels  solitary. Polyoonklla.  C 
— all  closed  on  the  acheuium.  Pedicels  usually  fascicled.. Pol yoonum.  7 
—all  open.     Nectaries  8.    Pedicels  fascicled  in  the  bract... Faoopybum.  3 

1.  ERIOG'ONUM,  Mx.  (Gr.  tpiov,  wool,  yovv,  knee  ;  being  woolly 
at  the  joints,  etc.)  Flowers  many  in  each  common  5-toothed  involucre  ; 
calyx  deeply  6-cleft ;  stamens  9  ;  styles  3  ;  achenia  3-angled  or  3-lobed  ; 
embryo  in  or  near  the  axis  of  scanty  albumen. — Herbs  clr^hed  with 
dense  cottony  wool.  Lvs.  alternate,  exstipulate,  mostly  at  che  base  of 
the  stem,  the  upper  bract-like,  often  whorled  at  the  forks  o?  the  umbel- 
late inflorescence.  Invol.  solitary  or  capitate.  Pedicels  within  the  in- 
vol.  l-flowered. 

1  E.  tomentdsum  Mx.  Lower  lvs.  crowded,  spatulate,  obovate  or  oblong,  pe- 
tiolate,  beneath  rusty  white,  tomentous,  veins  tawny  red ;  flowering  brandies 
several  times  forked ;  invol.  solitary,  campanulate,  sessile,  5-toothed,  loose-flow- 
ered; cal.  colored,  funnel-form. —  U  Sandy  hills,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  frequent.  St.  1 
to  3f  liigli.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  those  of  the  stem  much  smaller.  Fls.  3  to  4"  long, 
cream-white,  with  wool  of  the  same  color  outside.     Jn.  Aug. 

2  E.  longifdlium  Nutt.  Lower  lvs.  crowded,  oblong-linear,  with  a  long,  attenu- 
ated base,  beneath  white-tomentous,  upper  lvs.  scattered ;  panicle  ample,  several 
times  forked;  bracts  minute;  invol.  solitary,  campanulate,  pedunculate  many- 
flowered  ;  cal.  green,  woolly. — Fla.  to  Ark.     St.  2  to  4f  high. 

2.  OXYR'IA,  R.  Br.  Mountain  Sorrel.  (Gr.  o^vf,  acid ;  in  allu- 
sion to  the  qualities  of  its  leaves.)  Calyx  herbaceous,  4-sepaled,  the  2 
inner  sepals  erect,  larger,  the  2  outer  reflexed ;  achenium  lens-shaped, 
thin,  girt  with  a  broad,  membranous  wing;  stamens  6,  equal ;  stigmas 

2,  sessile,  penicillate. —  21  Low,  nearly  acaulescent,  alpine  plants. 

O.  reniformiB  Hook.  Radical  lvs.  reniform,  on  long  petioles ;  outer  sepals  ob- 
long, half  as  long  as  the  inner,  valvular  sepals ;  fruit  orbicular. — Found  on  the 
summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  in  moist  ravines ;  and  N.  to  the  Arc.  Sea  The  plant 
is  acid  to  the  taste,  like  Rumex  acetosus.  Stem  3 — i'  in  height,  nearly  leafless, 
racemed  or  subpaniculate.     Jn.    (Rumex  digynus  L.) 

3.  RHE'UM,  L.  Rhubarb.  (^Aa,  the  river  Volga,  on  whose  banks 
the  plants  arc  said  to  be  native.)  Calyx  colored,  6-sepaled,  persistent ; 
stamens  9  ;  styles  3,  very  short,  spreading  ;  stigmas  multifid,  reflexed  ; 
achenia  3-angled,  the  angles  margined. —  21  Fls.  fasciculate  in  racemous 
panicles. 

R.  Rhap6nticum  L.  Garden  Rhubarb  or  Pie-plant.  Lvs.  ample, 
smootli,  cordate-ovate,  obtuse ;  petioles  channeled  above,  rounded  at  the  edges. — 
Gardens.  Stem  stout  and  fleshy,  3 — 4f  high,  hollow,  with  large,  sheathing  sti- 
pules at  the  joints.     Leaves  very  large,   1 — 2f  long,  J  k6  wide,  on  petioles  of 


Order  102.— POLYGON  AC  FL«. 


605 


nearly  the  same  length.  Panicle  terminal,  at  first  enclosed  in  a  white,  membrau' 
oua  bract  which  at  length  bursts,  disclosing  innumerable  greenish-whito  flowers. 
May.  X  Siberia. — The  large  juicy  petioles  are  well-known  to  the  pastry  cook. 
Their  agreeable  acidity  is  due  to  the  presence  of  oxalate  of  lime. 

4.  RU^MEX,  L.  Dock.  Sorrel.  Calyx  of  6  sepals  nearly  distinct, 
the  3  inner  (valves)  larger,  petaloid,  connivent  over  the  acheniuni,  1  or 
more  of  them  usually  bearing  a  tubercle  or  grain  on  the  back,  the  8 
outer  herbaceous,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  stamens  6  ;  styles  3,  short '  stigmas 
penicillate-fringed ;  achenium  and  seed  3-angled,  embryo  lateral. — 
Weed-like  herbs  with  small,  greenish  fls.  in  racemes  or  panicles. 

§LAPATHUM.    Flowers  nil  or  mostly  perfect.    Valves  bearing  grains  on  tlio  back.  (♦) 

*  Valves  entire  or  merely  angular,  (a) 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  2  to  5  times  longer  than  the  auh-cordiite  valves Nos.  1,  2 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  twice  longer  than  rounded  or  truncate  valves Nos.  3,  4 

a  Pedicels  In  fruit  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  valves,  (b) 

b  Leaves  flat,  all  tapering  to  hotli  ends Xos.  5.  (> 

b  Leaves  wavy,  the  lower  cordate  or  subcordate Nos.  7,  s 

*  Valves  conspicuously  toothed  on  each  side  near  the  base Nos.  9 — 1 1 

8  ACETOSA.    Flowers  dieecious.     Valves  grain  less.    Leaves  acid  (hastate) Nos.l2,  i:J 

1  R.  crispuB  L.  Yellow  Dock.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  waved,  acute,  tho  hwer  ohhng, 
subcorddte;  pedicels  twice  lonj^er  than  calyx ;  valves  broad-ovate,  cordate,  each 
bearing  a  grain. — U  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  weed  too  common  in  cultivated  grounds, 
about  rubbish,  etc.,  much  to  tho  annoyance  of  tho  farmer.  Stem  2 — 3f  high, 
smooth,  channeled,  from  a  yellow,  fusiform  root.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  large 
panicle,  consisting  of  many  racemes  of  half- whorls,  interspersed  with  leaves. 
Pedicels  3  to  4  '  long.  Calyx-valves  each  with  a  grain  on  the  back.  Jn.  §  Eur 
— The  root  is  used  in  medicine  for  cutaneous  diseases. 

2  R.  verticill^tUB  L.     "VVatkr  Dock.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
/alves  entire,   broad-ovate,  each  bearing  a  grain ;  rac.  leafless,  with  flowers  in 

close  whorls;  pedicels  elongated,  thickened,  upwards. — y  An  aquatic  species  of 
muddy  situations.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  2f  high,  with  long,  tubular  sheaths  and 
few  branches.  Lvs.  long,  narrow,  acute,  flat.  Whorls  10  to  30-flowered.  Pedi- 
eels  7  to  10"  hng,  deflexed.     Jn.    (R.  Brittanicus  L.  ?  fide  Gray.) 

3  R.  Hydrolapathum  Hudson.  /3.  Americana  Gray.  Great  Water  Dock. 
Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  lower  lance-oblong,  very  long,  upper  minutely  undu- 
laie-crenulate,  all  acute  or  attenuate  at  base,  petiolate ;  panicle  compound,  at  length 
naked;  verticils  at  first  distinct;  valves  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  all  grain-bearing. — 
U  NortliLTn  U.  S.  Ponds  and  ditches.  St.  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  somewhat  glau- 
cous, lower  very  large,  1  to  2f  long,  2  to  5'  wide,  with  a  stout  midvein.  Pedi- 
cels in  fruit  5  to  6"  long,  twice  longer  tJian  the  calyx.     (R.  aquaticus  Smith.) 

4  R.  FloridllnuB  Meisn.  Lvs.  long-lanceolate,  acuto  and  unequally  narrowed  at 
loth  ends,  flat ;  panicle,  leafless  above,  racemes  at  length  dense  ;  pedicels  twice 
longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  valves  broadly  ovate-deltoid,  bluntly  acuminate,  all 
grain-bearing. — Fla.     (Rugel  apud  Meisner       Pedicels  3  to  5''  long. 

5  R.  altisBimuB.  Peach-leaved  Dock.  Glabrous,  tall,  erect :  lvs.  flat,  thick, 
linoar-elliptic,  entire,  petiolate,  tapering  to  each  end;  rac.  slender,  paniculate, 
somewhat  secund,  leafless  or  tlie  lowest  verticil  axillary ;  fls.  all  ^  ;  valves  larger, 
broad-cordate,  one  graniferous,  one  abortively  so,  and  the  third  naked. —  H  Marshy 
prairies  and  borders  of  streams,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  A  very  showy  Rumex, 
3 — 6f  high,  slightly  branched  above.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  I — 1',  somewhat  acumi- 
nate, broadest  in  the  middle.  Verticils  approximate,  pedicels  reflexed,  not  longer 
than  the  valves.     Jn. 

6  R.  Balicif61iuB  Weinm.  /3.  Bigelovil  Pale  Dock.  Lvs.  thin,  wavy  at 
edge,  attenuate-acute  at  each  end,  linear-lanceolate,  petiolate ;  panicle  simple, 
leafy  at  base,  racemes  spicate,  loose  and  interrupted  below ;  pedictls  much  shorter 
than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  valves  all  grain-bearing,  ovate-oblong,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  grains. — Sea  coast,  Mass.  and  Can.  Sts.  terete,  slightly  furrowed,  2  to  3f 
high.     Lvs.  4  to  7'  long.     Grains  unequal,  large,  white.     Jn.    (R.  pallidus  Bw.) 

7  R.  conglomer^ktUB  Murr.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  base  rounded  or  cordate,  tho 
upper  lanceolate,  attenuate-acute  at  «ach  end,  margins  criupate ;  panicle  somewhat 


" 


m  ''■ '' 


wr. 


006 


Ordek  102.— polygon  ACEiB. 


spreading,  leafy,  with  remote  axillary  verticils,  the  highest  leafless ;  pedicels  shortei 
than  the  small  fruit  calyx ;  valves  ovate-oblong,  blunt,  all  grain -bearing. — 7i  Ditfthes 
and  wet  places,  N.  States,  Can.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  Lower  Ivs.  on  long  petiole^.. 
Grains  large,  red.    May.     §  Eur.     (R.  acutua  Sm.) 

8  R.  sanguineus  L.  Red-veined  Dock.  Lvs.  lance-oblong  wavy,  acuminate, 
obtuse  at  base,  or  the  lower  cordate,  mostly  with  red  veins ;  pan.  kajiess  exrept 
at  base,  whorls  distant ;  pedicels  shorter  than  fruit  calyx ;  valv&i  small,  uhovaie- 
oblfjng,  obtuse,  I  or  2  of  them  grain-bearing. — Waste  places,  N.  States  and  Can. 
St.  reddish,  2  to  3f  high.    Jl.    §  Eur. — In  3.  vibidis  the  veins  are  green. 

9  R.  obtuaifblius  L.  Lower  lvs.  ovate  obtuse,  cordate,  wavy  on  the  margin,  upper 
lance-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  all  petiolate ;  panicle  leafy,  whorU 
distant ;  pedicels  aa  long  as  the  fruit  calyx ;  valves  hastate-ovate,  with  3  or  4  spread- 
ing, subulate  teeth  on  each  side,  one  vaive  chiefly  grain-bearing. — X.  Etig.,  Mid. 
and  W.  States.  A  weed  as  unwelcome  as  the  first,  in  fields,  door-yards,  4c. 
St.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  large  (6  to  12'  by  3  to  8),  sometimes  red-veined.  JL 
§  Eur. 

10  R.  maritimus  L.  Golden  Dock.  Lvs.  long-lanceolate,  the  lower  abrupt  at 
base,  the  upper  attenuate-acute  at  each  end;  whorls  dtnse-flowered,  the  lower  sub- 
distinct,  with  linear  bracts,  upper  confluent;  pedicels  filiform,  longer  than  fruit 
calyx;  valves  rhombic-ovate,  bearing  2  long,  bristly  teeth  each  side,  with  an  acu- 
minate point,  all  grain-bearing. — ®  Borders  of  brackish  waters,  Mass.  to  S.  Car. 
Low  (If)  and  much  branched.  Calyx  in  fruit  yellowish  green,  densely  clustered. 
Jl.     (R.  persicarioides  Hook.) 

11  R.  piilcher  L.  Lower  lvs.  oblong,  cordate,  often  fiddle-shaped,  upper  lanceo- 
late, acute,  obtuse  at  base ;  panicle  leafy,  whorls  distant ;  pedicels  shorter  than 
fruit  calyx,  thickened;  valves  ovate-oblong,  unequally  grain-bearing,  each  with 
several  straight,  strong  lateral  teeth. — 2f  About  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Elliott).  Jn. 
Jl.     §  Eur. 

12  R.  Acetos^lla  L.  Field  Sorrel.  Sheep  Sorrel.  Lvs.  oblanceolate-lias- 
tate,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  the  auricles  divaricate,  oblong,  a  third  as  long 
as  the  blade,  in  the  upper  lvs.  smaller  or  wanting ;  fls.  dioecious,  valves  not  increas- 
ing in  fruit,  nor  grain  bearing. —  If  A  common  weed  in  pastures  and  waste  grounds 
throughout  the  U.  S.,  preferring  dry,  hard  soils.  St.  6'  to  If  high,  leafy.  Lvs. 
very  acid,  but  pleasant  to  the  taste.  Fls.  small,  red  or  reddish,  collected  in  pan- 
icled  racemes,  the  valves  destitute  of  granules.  Stamens  and  styles  on  separate 
plants.     Jn. — Aug. 

13  R.  Engelmdnni  Lcdeb.  Lvs.  lanceolate  or  linear,  hastate,  the  lower  2  or  3 
times  shorter  than  the  long  petioles,  the  auricles  very  small,  acutish,  many  times 
shorter  than  the  blade ;  panicles  entirely  leafless ;  fls.  dioecious ;  valves  increas- 
ing in  fruit,  orbicular-cordate,  grainlesg. —  U  Ga.,  Fla.  to  Tex.,  also  Mo.  Sts  1  to 
2f  high,  much  furrowed.  Lvs.  pale  beneath.  Fls.  purple.  (R.  hastatulus  iialdw. 
nee  Campd.) 

5.  THYSANEL'LA,  Gray.  Calyx  colored,  6-parted,  lobes  all  erect, 
the  two  outer  cordate-sagittate  at  base,  the  3  inner  smaller,  pectiuate- 
fimbriate ;  stamens  8  ;  styles  3 ;  achenia  3-angled,  acuminate. — A 
smooth,  erect  herb,  with  the  habit  of  Polygonella.     (Polygonum,  Ell.) 

T.  fimbridta  Gray. — Pine  barrens,  Ga.  and  Fla.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  terete,  branched. 
Sheaths  truncate,  cylindric,  entire,  striate,  fringed  with  long,  soft,  white  bristles, 
bearing  the  leaf  at  top.  Lvs.  linear,  parallel- veined,  acute,  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  in 
crowded,  panicled  spikes.  Bracts  (sheaths)  obliquely  truncate,  tipped  with  a  long 
awn,  l-tiowered.     Cal.  white,  tinged  with  rose  color.     Jl. — Oct. 

6.  POLYGONEL'LA,  Mx.  (Lat.  dim..iutive,  implying  a  little  or 
dwarf  Polygonum.)  Calyx  6-sepaled,  colored,  persistent  and  withering, 
erect-spreading,  or  at  length  the  3  inner  sepals  increasing  and  conni- 
vent ;  stamens  8,  included ;  styles  3  or  almost  wanting  ;  achenia  3-cor« 
nered,  naked  or  inclosed  in  the  3  inner  sepals  become  scarious  valves ; 
embryo  straio^ht,  axile  or  lateral  in  a  groove  at  the  angle  of  the  albu* 


Ig 


Okukk  102— polygon  ACK^ 


607 


men, — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  veiy  narrow,  deciduous  Ivs.,  and  the  small 
fls.  Bolitarv  in  each  ochrea.     (Polygonum,  Nutt.,  &c.) 

I  Flowcri  Biibsessile.     Filaments  all  filiform.    Leaves  broader  above,  spatulate No«.  1,  t 

f  Flowera  on  capillary  jwdiceU  %"  \w\^.    8  Inner  fliauienu  dilated  at  base.    Lvs.  linear. No:*.  8,  4 

1  P.  parvifdlia  Mx.  Somewhat  shrubby;  branches  strict,  leafless  above;  lvs. 
linear-cuneate,  obtuse;  pauicle  compoiiud,  spreading;  rac.  numerous,  sessile,  fili- 
fonn,  short,  with  imbricated  bracts ;  fla  subsesaile ;  inner  sep.  oval,  soon  tqucUing 
the  acute  achcnium,  2  outer  reHexed. — Pino  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Aik. 
A  delicate,  much  branched  shrub,  1  to  2f  high.  Sts.  brittle,  brownish.  Lvs.  1 
long,  1  to  3"  wide  above,  tortuously  spreading.     Fl-.  minute,  white. 

2  P.  grddle  Nutt.  Annual,  glaucous;  branches  filiform,  paniculate;  lvs.  spatu- 
late, obtuse,  3  to  6-veined;  rac.  almost  capillary,  bracts  approximated;  pedicels 
very  short,  reflexed ;  sep.  refiexed-spreading,  at  length  the  3  inner  exceeding  tht 
acuminate  fruit. — Dry,  sandy  places.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts,  strict,  furroweil,  2 
*n  3f  higl).  Branching  issuing  from  between  the  joints.  Lvs.  few,  1'  to  18  '  long. 
Fls.  nodding,  1"  long,  longer  than  the  p<?duncle,  white  or  flesh-colored. 

3  P.  Meisneridna  Shutt.  Shrubby,  very  kafy ;  lvs.  linear-filiform,  obtuse, 
nearly  perennial,  glaucous ;  achrcffi  subimbricatcd,  green  with  a  conspicuous  white, 
membranous  border ;  rac.  many-flowered ;  nchre;e  1-flowered,  with  setacoou«ly 
acuminate  bracts ;  2  outer  sepa^  reflexed. — Near  Macon,  Ga.  (Mettauer)  and  Ala., 
rare.  A  delicate,  bushy  shrub,  1  to  2f  hi,'i:h.  Lvs.  6  to  10"  long,  somewhat  terete 
and  fleshy.     V\a.  roseate  or  white,  on  jointed,  solitary  pedicels  2"  long. 

4  P.  articulktum  Meisn.  St.  erect,  with  erect  branches,  soon  nearly  nak-d;  lvs. 
linear,  caducous  from  the  top  of  tlie  tubular,  truncate  sheaths ;  spikes  paiialed, 
filiform ;  fls.  solitary,  pedunculated,  with  imbricated,  truncated  bracts ;  S'p.  erect- 
spreading. — T  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  in  dry  grounds.  St.  slender,  strict,  1  in  "Jf  high. 
Lvs.  6  '  to  1  by  1",  obtuse.  Fls.  flesh -colored,  showy,  1"  long,  on  nodding,  hair- 
like  peduncles.  Acli.  not  inclosed,  triangular,  acuminate.  Aug. — A  true  Poly- 
gonella  in  habit  and  character,  as  the  genus  is  defined  by  Meisner. 

7.  POLYG'ONUM,  L.  Knot-grass,  ((ir.  ttoAvc",  many,  yovu,  knee; 
i.  c,  plant  with  many  joints.)  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  rarely  fewer,  C(jlored  or 
greenish,  similar,  imbricated  in  bud,  at  leni^th  all  conniveiit,  persisteiit ; 
stamens  8,  rarely  fewer;  styles  2  or  3,  mostly  3,  short  filiform  ;  aolieiiia 
3-cornered  or  lens-shaped,  inclosed  in  the  dry,  withered  calyx  ;  embryo 
curved,  lateral,  lying  in  a  groove  at  one  angle  of  the  albumen. — A  vast 
genus  of  herbs  with  ochreate-jointed  stems  and  small,  white,  red,  or 
greenish  fls. 

§  stems  armed  with  retrorse  prickles.    Leaves  cordate  sagittiite.     Eoiiinwjaitlon — Nos,  20,  31 

§  Stems  unarmed,  twining.    Leaves  cordate-hastate.    Tiniabia Nos.  17-lt 

*  Stems  erect  or  deciiinln'rit,  unarmed.    Leaves  hardly  ever  cordate.  (•) 

*  Calyx  unequally  4-cleft.    Styles  2,  Ions  detlexed.    Tovakia .No.  16 

•  Calyx  equally  5-parte<l.    Styles  erect,    (a) 

a  Sheaths  salver-fovin.    Stamens  7.    Style  2-parted.    Tall.      Amhlyogomum.No.  IT/ 
a  Sheaths  subcylindricul.     Stamens  5,  ti,  8.    Styles  2  or  3.  ^b") 

b  Flowers  in  leafless,  terminul,  spike-liko  racemes.     I'-.ksicakia.  (c) 

0  Raceme  one,  dense.    Stem  at  base  or  rhizome  decumbent  Nos.  13, 14 

C  Uaccmes  several.    Sheaths  naked,  not  fringed Nos.  11,12 

0  Kacemes  several.     Sheaths  bristly  fringe-ciliate.  (d) 

d  Style  2  (or  3)-clefc.    Achenia  flat  or  lens-shapod. . .  Xns.  S— 10 

d  Style  3-(left     Achenia  sharply  3-cornered No.s.  5—7 

b  Fl.>wer8  axillary  or  seldom  forming  a  leafy  raceme,  (e) 

e  Aclieninm  i)roi.nidin«:  beyond  the  calyx,  8-angled Nos.  3.  4 

e  Achenium  included  in  tlio  calyx,  3-anglod Nos.  1,  2 

1  P.  avicul^re  L.  Bird's  Knot-grass.  St.  procumbent ;  lvs.  elliptical-lanceolate, 
rough-edged,  acutish  at  each  end ;  fls.  subsessile ;  ach.  striate,  dull,  inclosed ;  stam. 
5  to  8. — (I)  A  common  weed  in  fields,  highways  and  door-yards,  U.  S.  :»nd  Brit. 
Am.  Sts.  slender,  i  to  VJ  long,  striate,  smooth,  branching,  with  short,  white, 
torn,  remotely  veined  stipules  at  the  joints.  Lvs.  smooth,  except  the  edge.-^,  ' 
by  3  ',  more  or  less.  Fls.  r^^ddish,  small,  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
•ppoariug  all  feummcr.     (P,  littorale  Meisn.) 


•i; ! 


,\. 


->■! 


n  ■ 


»U 


008 


OuuKa  102.— POLYGONACE^ 


y.  ERECTDM.  Stems  ascendlDg  or  erect ;  Ivs.  larger,  elliptic  or  oval,  petiolate; 
fls.  pedicellate;  stam.  mostly  5. — In  richer  or  shady  soils,  more  common 
westward.     (P.  erectum  L.) 

2  P.  t6nue  Mx.  Si.  slender,  rigid,  erect,  with  long,  simple  hrancJies,  arute'ungled ; 
Ivs.  liriear-lauceolate  and  linear,  orect,  acute;  sheaths  (stipules)  briatly-fringed  ut 
top ;  fls.  alternate,  subsolitary ;  ach.  iucluded. — A  small,  slender  plant,  on  rocky 
soils,  X.  Eug.  to  the  Mts.  of  (ia.  and  Wis.  St.  6'  to  If  high.  Lvs.  1  to  1^'  long, 
1  to  2"  wide,  3-veined,  sessile.     Fls.  white.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3  P.  maritimum  L.  Prostrate,  diffusely  branched,  glawous ;  st.  striate,  with 
very  sliort  internodes ;  sheaths  gibbous  at  base,  hyaline,  torn;  lvs.  fleshy,  oval  or 
linear-oblong,  nearly  veinlens ;  Hs.  sessile;  acA.  sharply  angled,  a  little  exserteil, 
smooth  and  shining. —  U  Sandy  shores,  R.  I.  to  S.  Car.  Sts.  G  to  12'  long.  Lv.s. 
few  and  small,  2  to  4'  long.  Fls.  often  crowded  in  leafy  racemes,  rose-purple, 
green  at  base,  1''  long.     (P.  avioulare,  ii.  glaucum,  2d  edit.) 

4  P.  ramosfssimum  Mx.  St.  tall,  erect  or  ascending,  much  branched,  striate ; 
sheaths  Ovoincd,  at  length  torn;  lvs.  lance-oblong  or  linear,  petiolate;  fls.  subsoli- 
tary, pedicellate,  greenisii;  ach,  exaetted,  smooth  but  dull. — 'l  Sandy  shores  of 
streams  and  lakes,  Micli.  to  111.  Much  like  P.  aviculare,  but  rigidly  erect,  2  to  3f, 
with  larger,  petiolate  lvs.  2'  long,  and  larger  sepaLs,  1^"  long  in  fruit,  green,  with 
narrow  white  borders. 

5  P.  hirBfitum  Walt.  Hairy  Knot-ORAss.  Hirsute,  with  long,  spreading,  tawny 
hairs;  sheaths  ciliato;  /ra.  lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
point;  spikes  2  or  3,  very  slender;  bract  eciuaiing  its  2  or  3  pedicels;  stamens  7 
to  8  ;  style  3-cleft ;  ach.  shining. — (j?.  Swamps,  N,  Car.  to  Fla.  St.  slender,  root- 
ing at  base,  ascending  2  to  4f.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  4  to  10",  mostly  smooth  above, 
sometimes  dense-hairy  like  the  stem.     Fls.  white.     May — Aug. 

6  P.  hydropiperoides  Mx.  Mild  Water-pepper.  St.  smooth ;  sheaths  hairy, 
bristly -ciliate,  long  and  narrow;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end, 
slightly  appressed-hairy  (not  acrid) ;  spikes  2  or  more,  slender,  loose-flowered  at 
base;  cal.  glandless;  stam.  8;  style  half-3-cleft;  ach.  shining. —  4- Ditches  and 
wet  ground,  connnon.  St.  branched,  1  to  3f  high,  Lvs.  narrowed  into  a  short 
petiole,  not  acrid.  Fls.  rather  large,  white-roseate,  rather  close,  4  or  5  from  each 
L/ract.     Aug.,  Sept.     (P.  mite  Pers.) 

/3.  SKTACKUJf.  Lvs.  lancoolato;  stip.  'conspicuously  fringed  with  long  bristles. 
— In  clayey  soils,  southward.     (P.  •  taceum  Baldw.) 

7  P.  acre  II.  B.  K.  St.  ascending,  slender,  glabrous ;  sheath  smoothish,  fringed 
with  bristles,  bearing  the  leaf  near  the  base;  lvs.  acrid,  lanceolate,  acuminat', 
y^/t/o/'m,  interrupted  at  ba.«e;  bracts  truncate,  1  to  3-flowered;  ped.  scarcely  ex- 
sorted;  stam.  8:  style  3-parted;  ach.  3-cornered. — Wet  places,  ditches,  com- 
mon S.  and  W.  Cal.  greenish  at  base,  flesli-colored,  brown-dotted  like  the  lvs. 
Ach.  shiuiug.     Jl. — Sept.     (P.  punctatum  Ell.     P.  hydropiperoides  Ph.) 

8  P.  Hydropiper  L.  V/aTER-pepper.  Glabrous ;  sheaths  bristly-ciliato ;  lvs. 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  minutely,  pellucid-punctate  {very  acrid);  spikes 
loose-flowered,  siendcr,  short  (2  to  5')  nodding;  ped.  exserted;  cal.  glandular- 
punctate  ;  stam.  mostly  6 ;  sty.  2  or  3-cleft ;  ach.  flattish  (rarely  obtusely  triangu- 
lar), dull,  minuielg  roughened. — (T  Damp  waste  grounds,  ditches,  Ac,  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  not  more  than  6"  wide.  Fls.  green  and  rose-colored.  Ach.  black.  Jl. — 
Sept.     §  Eur. 

9  P.  Careyi  Olney.  St.  erect,  hirsute,  much  branched;  lvs.  lanceolate,  with  scat- 
tered and  appressed  hairs;  stip.  scarious,  tubular,  truncate,  hairy-ciliato ;  spikes 
axillary  and  terminal,  on  very  long,  nodding  peduncles  thickly  beset  with  glandular 
hairs ;  stam.  6  to  8  included ;  stj'.  2  ;  ach.  orbicular-ovate,  mucronate,  tumid, 
Bhining. — Ci)  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  ?  Plant  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  by 
6"  to  1',  midvein  and  margins  hairy.  Cal.  greenish-purple,  tinged  with  white, 
minutely  dotted. 

10  P.  Persicdria  L.  St.  erect ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  the  upper  surface  usually  marked 
with  a  brownish  spot;  stip.  fringed;  spikes  dense,  oblong,  erect;  ped.  smooth;  stam- 
6 ;  sty.  2,  half  united  ;  ach.  shining,  flattened. — ^;  A  common  ppccies  about 
buildings,  fences,  wet  grounds,  &c.     St.   smooth,  branched,  leafy,  1  to  2f  high, 


Orukb  102.— polygonace^ 


609 


often  colored.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  a  fourth  as  wide,  entire,  short-stalked,  afunii- 
nate.  fls.  rose-colored,  in  many  spikes,  1  to  2  long,  5  or  G '  thick.  Jn. — 
Aug.     <^  Eur. 

11  P.  Pennsylvinicum  L.  (Fig.  103,  607.)  St.  smooth,  tumid  at  the  joint*  ,• 
lvs.  lanceolate,  petiolate;  slip,  glabrous,  not  ciliate;  .spikes  oblong,  crowded;  ped. 
and  often  the  branches  ahuve  ylandular-hispid ;  Ktam.  8  ;  sty.  2-cleft;  ach.  lenticular, 
with  flat  sides.— (}J  Margins  of  ponds  and  ditches,  common.  St.  geniculate^ 
branched  above,  2  to  41  higli.  Lvs.  3  to  5  long,  ^  as  wide,  slightly  scabrous  with 
oppressed  hairs.  Spikes  sliort  and  dense,  large,  and  somewliat  nodding.  Fls. 
large,  rose-colored,  pedicellate.     Jl. 

12  P.  incarndtum  Ell.  St.  geniculate  smooth  below;  sheaths  smoothish ;  lvs. 
lanceoUite,  smooth  except  the  roughish  midvein  and  margins,  or  minutely  pu- 
bescent above ;  branches  and  peduncles  glandular-dotted ;  spikes  linear,  nodding,  at 
length  elongated ;  cal.  minutely  glandular;  stum.  G;  st3^  2-cleft;  wh.  lenticular 
With  concave  sides. — ^'X  In  ditches  and  pools,  W.  and  S.  States.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high. 
Lvs.  5  to  9'  by  1  to  3'.  Fls.  flesh-color  or  white,  in  8pike.s  1  to  3'  long.  Jl.— 
Sept.     (P.  lapathifolium,  2d  Edit.) 

13  P.  amphibium  L.  St.  assurgent,  prostrate  or  lecumhent  at  base,  rooting  at  the 
lov  er  joints ;  lvs.  oblong-lanctolate  and  oblong,  acut';,  or  rounded  or  cordate  at 
base,  petiolate,  smooth,  acute  or  acuminate  at  ajjex ;  spike  terminal,  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, dense  ;  sta.  5 ,  sty.  2-cleft. — Marshes,  ponds.  Can.  and  U.  S.,  more  common 
North.  A  very  variable  species,  with  large  leaves  and  a  terminal,  dense  spike  of 
bright  red  flowers.  Stip.  large.  Lvs.  5  to  7'  by  1  to  2',  often  shining.  Spikes  1 
to  2'  long,  the  shorter  mostly  thicker.     (Aug.     P.  coccinum  Muhl.) 

/3.  AQUATICUM.  Floating,  smooth ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  shii>- 
ing,  thick;  spikes  more  usually  short  and  thick.     (P.  fluitans  Eaton.) 

y.  TERRESTRE.  Ascending  or  erect,  more  or  less  hirsute ;  lvs.  lance-oblong, 
acute  or  acuminate ,  slieath  hirsute ;  spikes  more  commoidy  elongated. — 
Varies  into  the  other.     (Mr.  S.  H.  "Wright.) 

14  P.  vivlpanun  L.  Alpine  Bistort.  St.  low,  erect  from  a  creeping  rhizome, 
simple;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  revolute  at  the  margin:  spike  linear,  solitary. — If 
White  Mts.,  N.  H.  to  Arc.  Am.  A  dwarf  alpine  species  G'  high,  bearing  a  single 
spike  of  white  flowers  which  are  often  transformed  into  bulblets  while  on  th« 
stem.     Lvs.  1  to  1^^'  by  2  to  3'',  with  entire,  obtuse,  smooth  stipules.     Jl. 

15  P.  orientMe  L.  Prince's  Feather.  St.  erect,  paniculately  branched ;  lvs. 
large,  with  hairy,  Siilver-form  stipules ;  sta.  7  ;  sty.  2. — X  Native  of  the  East, 
naturalized  in  fields  and  road.sides,  throughout  the  U.  S.  A  tall,  showy  plant, 
often  cultivated  for  ornament.  Stem  5 — 8f.  Lvs.  6 — 8'  long,  ovate,  acuminate. 
Spikes  numerous,  large,  red,  plume-like,  terminal.     Aug.     f  §  Eur. 

i,6  P.  Virginiclnum  L.  St.  simple,  minutely  appreased-hairy  above;  lvs.  ovate 
and  lanceolate,  acuminate,  .short-petiolate ;  shoatli  bristly;  rac.  wand-like,  termi- 
nal ;  fls.  remote,  solitary  in  each  sheath ;  cal.  4-parted ;  stam.  5,  included ;  sty.  2, 
bent  downwards,  hooked  at  apex,  as  long  as  the  shining,  tumid-lenticular  ache- 
nium. — li  Shades,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  the  raceme  half  its  length. 
Lvs.  large,  3  to  6'  long,  half  as  wide.     Fls.  greenish- white.     Jl.,  Aug. 

17  P.  conv61vulu8  L.  Knot-Bindweed.  St.  prostrate  or  climbing,  twining, 
roughinh;  sheaths  naked;  lvs.  hastate,  acuminate;  fls.  in  axillary /as/cfes  or  in- 
terrupted raceme.? ;  cal.  obtusely  keeled;  ach.  purplish-black,  rfu.',',  exserted. — (D 
Fields  and  waste  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Sts.  angular,  2  to  3f  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
by  7  to  15'',  petioles  half  as  long.  CaL  whitish,  twice  longer  than  the  pedicels. 
Jl.,  Aug.    §  Eur. 

18  P.  cilindde  Mx.  Minutely  pubescent,  twining;  sheaths  girt  at  base  with  a 
ciliate  hairy  ring ;  lvs.  deeply  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  lobes  scarcely  hastate ; 
TOC.  panicidate,  loose-flowered,  axillary  and  terminal ;  ach.  shining. — Fields  and 
hedges,  Can.  to  Wis.  and  Ga.  St.  slender,  often  reddish-purple,  3  to  G  to  8f  long. 
Lvs.  1'  to  18"  by  9  to  15",  petioles  about  half  as  long.  Panicles  simple,  5  long 
or  less.  Cal.  wingless,  scarcely  keeled,  net  quite  covering  the  brown  achenium. 
Jl.— Sept. 

19  p.  dumetdnun  L.    Hedge  Bindweed.     St.  smooth,  twining  and  climbing; 


i  % 


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610 


Ordkb  103.— PHYTOLACCACEiE. 


joints  naked;  Ivs.  cordate-hastate,  acuni<nate,  auricks  acute;  fla.  in  loose,  pc* 
duuculate  racemes  wbicli  are  nakwi  or  leafy;  col,  with  the  3  outer  sej).  acutely  keeled 
and  winged  on  tfie  back,  closely  covering  tlie  smooth,  black  acheiiium. — (JJ  Thickets, 
Clin,  and  U.  S.  St.  3  to  8  to  i:ii'long,  climbing  over  buslie-s,  &c.  liVs.  2  to  3'  by 
1  to  2',  petioles  nearly  as  long.  Wings  of  the  calyx  narrower  than  the  Ihiit, 
produced  often  at  the  apex.     Jl. — Sept. 

20  F.  sagitt^tum  L.  Scratch  ^Jrass.  St.  prostwite,  rough-angled;  Ivs.  Ian- 
ceoiatt-nagitate ;  fls.  capitate ;  sta.  8  ;  sty.  3. — X.\  Wet  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
A  rough,  climbing  species,  2  to  6f  in  length.  St.  square,  tlie  augle-s  very  rough 
with  prickles  pointing  downwards.  Lvs.  acute,  2  to  3'  long,  a  third  as  wide, 
with  Htrai^ht  auricks  and  smooth  stipules.  Ms.  in  small,  terminal  heads, 
whitish.     Jn. 

21  P.  arifolium  L.  St.  aculeate  with  reversed  prickles ;  lvs.  hastate,  acuminate, 
with  divaricate,  acuminate  auricles ;  spikes  few-flowered ;  fls.  distinct ;  stain.  6 ; 
Bty.  2. —  i)  Wet  grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  W.  Stales.  Distinguished  from  the  last 
by  its  larger,  halbert-sliaped  leaves  which  are  2  to  4'  long  and  ^  as  wide.  Petioles 
J  to  1  long.  Clusters  racemous,  slender,  loose,  few-flowered,  at  the  ends  of  tlio 
branches.     Jn.,  Jl, 

8.  FAGOPY'RUM,  Tonm.  Buck  we  at.  (Gr.  (jxiyog,  German  33uc^e, 
Eng.  the  beech,  nvpog,  wheat; — beech-nut-wlieat.)  Calyx  colored, 
equally  5- parted,  spreading,  withering,  not  enlarged  in  fniit;  stamens 
8,  with  8  nectariferous  glands  between  ;  styles  3  ;  stigmas  obtuse  ;  ache- 
nia  3-angled,  much  exceeding  the  calyx. — (T)  Herbs  with  cordate-hastate 
lvs.,  oblic'ue  sheaths  and  panicled  rac.  of  white-roseate  fls. 

P.  escul^ntum  Moench.  Erect,  srnoothish ;  lvs.  cordate  with  obtuse  lobes ;  ach 
angles  wingless,  entirv,  the  sidrg  ovate-triangular. — Old  fields,  sparingly  natu- 
ralized, cultivated.  St.  2  to  4f  nigh.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  half  as  wide.  Pis.  nu- 
merous, very  grateful  to  bees.    Fruit  black,  a  valuable  grain,     f  §  Asia, 


Order  CIII.     PIIYTOLACCACE.^.     Pokeworts. 

fferbs  with  alternate,  entire  leaves  and  perfect,  5-parted,  hypogynous  flowers, 

Caiyx  free.     Stamens  5  to  30,  alternate  with  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number. 

Ouary  usually  compound,  of  several  carpels,  each    1-ovuled  cohering  in  a  circle. 

Styles  and  stigmas  as  many  as  carpels.     Fruit  baccate  or  samara  like.     Seeds  erect, 

willi  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  farinaceous  albumen. 

Geyiern  20,  ftpeeien  80,  scuttort'd  in  till  parts  of  tho  world.    Their  properties  are  purgative  ot 
•wetic,  yot  liittierto  little  used  Oi'  understood. 

1.  PHYTOLACCA,  Tourn.  Pokk.  Garooy-weed.  (Gr.  (ftyrov,  a 
plant,  Lat.  lacca,  lac  or  la\e  ;  from  the  juice  of  the  berries.)  Calyx  5- 
pai'ted,  resembling  a  corolla ;  stamens  5  to  25 ;  styles  and  carpels  5  to 
12  ;  berry  superior,  depressed,  globular,  with  as  many  seeds  as  styles. 
— Herbaceous.     Rac.  terminal,  soon  becoming  opposite  the  leaves. 

P.  decdudra  L.  Lvs,  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends;  fl.s.  with  10  stamens  and  10 
Btyles. —  U  Roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  common.  Root  very  large  and  branching. 
St.  with  a  diam.  of  i  to  2,  5  to  8f  high,  round,  smooth,  branching,  and  when 
mature  of  a  fine,  deep  purple.  Lvs.  5'  by  2  to  3',  smooth,  of  a  rich  green  color, 
entire  and  petioled.  Rac.  cylindric,  long,  at  first  terminal,  becoming  finally  op- 
posite the  leaves.  Fls.  greenish-white.  Fruit  a  dark  purple  berry,  with  juice 
■taining  a  beautiful  purple  color.     Jl. — Sept. 

2.  Riyi'NA,  Plum.  (Tn  memory  of  A.  Q.  Rivinns,  Prof,  v-'f  Botany 
at  Leipzic)  Calyx  4-parted,  3-bracteoIate ;  sepals  equal,  snberect  in 
fruit;    ?vamens  4   or  8;  ovary    1-celled,    l-styled,  1-ovuled,  berry   at 


WW 


Order  105— CHENOPODIACE^. 


611 


length,  dry,  globular,  with  1  vertical  seed;  embryo  annular. —  21  Hall 
shrubby,  with  alternate,  petiolate,  pinnate-veined  Ivs.  and  tis.  in  simple 
terminal,  soon  lateral  racemes. 

R.  laevis  L.  Erect,  branched,  j^labrous  and  bright  green ;  lv8.  ovate,  acuminate, 
suboordate  or  obtuse  at  base,  subcrenulate ;  rac.  longer  than  the  leaveg ;  tis.  rose- 
whito,  green  in  fruit ;  stain.  4 ;  sep.  oval,  obtuse. — Fla.  to  Tex.  Plant  0  to  b\ 
high,  mucli  resembhng  in  aspect  Phytolacca.  St,  furrowed.  Lvs.  2  to  -i'  by  1  to 
2',  petioles  1'  to  18  .     Sep.  enlarged  in  fruit,  then  2  '  long. 

Order  CIV.     BASELLACE.E. 

Herbs  glabrous,  often  twining  and  climbing,  with  alternate  leaves.  FIowctf  jxt- 
fect,  regular,  with  a  double,  imbricated  calyx  often  colored.  Stamens  perigy  lous. 
Otherwise  as  in  Chenopodiace.'c.     Fig.  3G8. 

A  small  order,  containing  G  genera  and  21  species,  chiefly  tropical. 

BOUSSINGAULTIA,  Kunth.     Mexican  Vine.     (Dedicated  to  the 

celebrated  chemist    Boussingault.)     Fls.  membranous,  calyx  open,  ^b.c 

exterior   shorter ;   tube  very   short ;    stigmas  3,   subclavate ;    pericarp 

membranous ;  embryo  annular  with  the  albumen  central. — Nines  twinino; 

to  the  right.     Lvs.  thick,  petiolate.     Fls,  m  spicate  rac. 

B.  baselloidea  Kunth.  Lvs.  rattier  fleshy,  broadly  cordate-ovate,  acuminate 
or  the  larger  ones  obtuse,  short-petioled ;  racei-os  loose,  simple  or  branched ;  lil, 
dilated  below;  stig,  stssile. — Cultivated  for  shades  and  arbors.  A  vino  of  rapid 
growth,  arising  man}  feet,  Lvs.  1 — 3'  long.  Racemes  numerous,  greeuiah. 
f  y.  Am. 

Order  CV.     CHENOPODIACE^.     Chenopods  or  Goose-fogts. 

Ilerhs  chiefly  weed-like  and  homely,  more  or  less  fleshy,  with  alternate,  exstipu- 
late  kaves.  Bracts  not  scarious.  Flowers  minute,  greenish,  regular.  Calyx  imbri- 
cated in  bud.  Stamen.i  perigynous,  as  many  as,  and  opposite  to  the  calyx;  boes, 
or  fewer.  Ovary  2-8tyled,  1-celled,  becoming  a  1-seeded,  thin  utricle  or  caryo[  sis. 
Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen  or  spiral  without  albumen.     Fig.  4r.5. 

Genera  '2,  /ipecieM  f>\0,  often  iniirltiino  plants,  more  gonerally  weeds,  abounding  in  the  tonipe- 
rato  zones,  in  neglfcted  and  waste  fields. 

yVo/Mi/'^Vs'.—Oen^iftlly  bland  and  innocent.  Sonio  are  useful  for  food,  ns  the  Beet,  Mangel- 
wurt^l•l.  Oraelie,  S|iin!ieh,  &c.  Otliers  contain  an  essential  oil,  which  renders  tlieni  tonic,  antl- 
apfL^inodic  and  anilielmintic;  as  Clien.  ;h)  iiiuin  botrys,  C.  ambrosioides,  0.  antholndnticuni  ;  the 
latter  yields  tile  otHcinal  worm-see<l  oil".  Jalsoli,  Sallcornitt  and  other  sea-side  species  yield  soda 
from  their  ashes  in  greai  abundance. 


FIO.  67S.  -1.  Flower  of  Chenopodiuin  album.  2.  Calyx.  Ac, removed,  showing  the  ovary  and 
two  (liypogynou^)  stamens.  3.  (fross  section  of  tl;*-  seed,  showing  the  coiled  embryo.  4.  Branch 
of  Saiicornfa  herbacea.  6.  Two  joints  masjniflcd.  <5.  Ovary  of  a  fl()wer.  7.  Flower  of  Blltuni 
«apUutuiu,  with  the  fleshy  calyx.    8.  Vertical  section '>f  the  ovary.    9.  Flower  of  Beta  vulgaris, 

SUBORDERS,    TRIBES   AND  OKNERA. 

f  8PIROI.ORK/E.    Embryo  a  spiral  coil.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy.    8temi»  continuous.    (♦) 

*  Tribf.  Sai.soli.«.     Emb.  a  conic  spir. — Cal.  winged  on  the  back.  (Lvs.  spiny). .  .8ai.80I.a.  It 

•  Thihk  Sr.«i)K*,     Emit,  a  flat  spiral. — <'al.  not  appen''.     Lvs.ariiti.'<h ('iicNoi'ODit<A    10 

I  CYCL01X)BEJ£.     Kiubr/u  aQQuiur,— a  ring.     Lm^t*  uieiub'-anuus,  flat,  or  noo«.    i*) 


111 

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612 


Order  105.— CHENOPODIACE^. 


•  Tb.  Salicokn.     Iiiflur.  uDoinaluus.     Fls.  imbedded.    St  jointed,  (leafless) Sali<x>rjha.  » 

*  Tribk  SpiNACiEiE.    I nflor.  normal.    Fl».  of  two  sorts.    St.  continuous.    Lvs.  broad,      (a) 

a  Fruit  enclosed  in  a  hardened  calyx  without  bracts.    Cultivated Spinacia.  8 

a  Fruit  nalied  (no  calyx)  between  two  united  bracts.     Leaves  oval Obh»nk.  7 

a  Fruit  naked  (no  calyx)  betwe.-n  two  subdistinct  bracts.    Lvs.  triangular.  Atriplex.  6 

♦  Tribe  CiiENOPoniK^.    Inflor.  normal.    FIs.  perfect  and  alike.    St.  contin.    Lvs.  broad,    (c) 

C  Seed  vertical.     Pericarp  thin,  smooth,  mostly  in  a  fleshy  calyx Bliti-m.  5 

0  Seed  vertical.    Pericarp  thin,  glandular,  in  a  wrinkled  calyx IIoitbibva.  4 

O  Seed  liorizontal.    Pericarp  thin,  in  a  plain,  unbordered  calyx Chenopodium.  3 

C  Seed  horizontal.     Pericarp  thin,  in  a  calyx  bordered  all  around (Jtcloloma.  '2 

0  Seed  horizontal.    Pericarp  thick  and  hard,  calyx  ribbed Beta    1 

1.  BETA,  Tourn.  Beet.  (Celtic  bett,  red,  tlie  usual  color  of  the 
Beet-root.)  Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft,  persistent,  finally  indurated  at  base ; 
stamens  5,  with  no  staniinodia ;  ovary  depressed,  half  inferior;  stigmas 
2 ;  utricle  with  a  thicki.sh,  hardened,  depressed  pericarp  enclosed  in 
the  calyx;  seed  horizontal. — Herbs  with  fleshy  roots,  furrowed  stems, 
alternate  lvs.  and  greenish,  spicate  fls. 

B.  vulgaris  L.  Lvs.  acute,  glabrous,  undulato  or  entire,  green  or  ptirplish, 
the  lower  ovate-oblong,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  long  peti<.)le,  upper  subsessile, 
oblong ;  fls  greenish-white,  in  sessile  glomerules  of  2  to  4  forming  slender  spikes 
which  are  arranged  in  large,  s<«mewiiat  leafy  panicles. — '^2,  Fields  and  gardens, 
everywhe  a  cultivated.  Rt.  mostly  deep  red.  S.  Eur. — Tiiis  useful  culinary,  by 
long  culture  has  run  into  many  varieties,  distinguished  chiefly  by  the  color  and 
quality  of  the  nutritious  root. 

l3.  ciCLA.  Scarcity.  Root  cvlindraceous,  rather  slender,  whitish ;  lvs.  some- 
what rough  or  hispid,  witii  very  thick  veins ;  fls.  3  together. 

y.  RAPA.     Turnip  Beet.     Root  short  and  thick,  sweet  and  juicy,  white  or  red. 

6.  M ANGEL- WURTZEL.     Root  very  large,  mostly  white.     Cultivated  for  stock. 

2.  CYCLOLO^MA,    Moquin.     (Gr.  KVKXog,  a   circle,  Xiofxa,   border ; 

referring  to  the  appendage  of  the  calyx.)     Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft,  lobes 

strongly  keeled,  persiBtent,  finaiHy  appendaged  outside  with  a  circular, 

membranous,  horizontal  border  or  crown;  stamens  5  ;  styles  3;  utricle 

depressed,  enclosed  in  the  transversely  winged  calyx. —  (Sj  Herbs  with 

furrowed  stems,  alternate,  petioiate,  lobed  lvs.,  and  a  spreading  panicle 

of  small  sessile  fls. 

C.  platyph^Uum  Moq.  Sandy  banks  of  the  Miss..  111.  (opposite  St.  Louis)  and 
westward.  St.  wide-branched,  ascending  1  to  '2f  from  a  prostrate  base,  white- 
downy  above.  Lvs.  2'  long  more  or  less,  oblong-lanceolate,  petioiate,  sinuate- 
toothed  or  lobed,  lobes  iharply  mucronate.  Fls.  less  than  1"  long,  1  to  3-gloui- 
erate.     Panicle  leafless.     Crown  scurious.     Seed  black.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3.  CHENOPO'DIUM,  Tourn.  (Gr.  x^P'^  ^  goose,  ttovc,  foot;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  leaves.)  Calyx  bractless,  6-cleft,  lobes  often 
keeled,  never  appendaged.  more  or  less  enclosing  the  fruit ;  stamens  5  ; 
Btyles  2  ;  utricle  depressed,  membranous,  seed  mostly  horizontal,  lentic- 
ular.—  Herbs  often  glaucous  or  glandular,  with  alternate,  often  rhombic 
leaves,  and  the  minute  fls.  glomerate  in  panicled  spikes. 

§  Plants  smooth,  never  glnndular,  ill-scentod.    Embryo  a  ootnpletc  ring  (*). 

•  Herbage  green,  rarely  purnlish.  not  glaucou.s  or  m.  uly  (a). 

a  Leaves  entire,  ovate-oblong,  on  slemler  petioles No.  I 

a  Leaves  toothed  or  lobrd,  petioiate. Nos.  2 — i 

*  IlerbaL'e  arlaueou.x  or  whitish,  covered  with  meiilincxs Nos.  fl — 7 

I  Plants  elandnlar-puberiilent,  green,  aromatic.     Embryo  a  half  ring  (b). 

b  Flowers  glomerate,  axillary,  in  i<i>iki-llke  ra- ■  men Noi    8.  9 

b  Flowers  eymous,  inn\imerable,  in  long,  racem.-like  panicles No.  Ut 

1  C.  polysp^rmum  L.  Procumbent  ^^  suberect,  branched  from  the  base ;  lvs. 
petioiate,   divaricate,  ovate  or  oblonji,    >btut»e  or  acute,  thin,     atire,  glabrous, 


Order  105.— CTIENOPODIACKyE. 


613 


bri^'ht-green ;  nc.  strict,  spike-like,  leafless ;  seed  shining,  margin  acute  ;  fruit 
partly  inclosed. — 'd)  Gardens,  waste  grounds,  rare.  (C.  acutilblium  Sni.)  Plant 
smooth,  pale  green  or  purplish,  If  or  more  high.  Calyx  minute,  lobes  obtuse,  at 
lengtii  spreading  and  the  fruit  naked.     §  Eur. 

2  C.  h^bridum  L.  Erect,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  petiolate  (ainple),  broad,  subcor- 
date,  acuminate,  deeply  ainuate-angled,  thin,  glabrous,  briglit  green,  tlie  terminal 
lobe  longest,  all  acuminate,  upper  deltoid ;  rac.  diffusely  panicled,  loose,  leafless ; 
seed  rugous,  dull ;  fr.  partly  inclosed. — 'T^  A.  strong-scented,  rigid  herb,  2  to  4f 
high,  in  waste  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.,  common.  St.  furrowed.  Lvs.  partly 
palmate-veined,  3  to  6'  by  2  to  4',  petiole  1  to  2'.  Fls.  sessile,  greenish.  Jl. 
g  Eur. 

3  C.  mur^le  L.  Ascending,  sulcate-angled,  branched ;  lvs.  petiolate,  ascending, 
ovate-rhombic,  acute  at  base,  unequally  and  acutely  tootiied,  tiiin,  shininur,  briu^lit 
green ;  rac.  divaricate,  siabcorymbous,  rather  loose  and  leafless ;  seed  dull,  rugous, 
acute-edged,  very  flat;  fr.  almost  inclosed. — 'T)  Fields,  gardens,  north  and  south, 
rare.  St.  12  to  18'  high.  Lva  2  to  3' by  1'  to  18",  subtripliveiued,  petiole  1'. 
Fls.  mealy.     Stam.  exserted.     Aug.     §  Eur. 

4  C  urbicum  L.  /3.  riio.mbifolium.  Erect,  angled,  branclied ;  lis.  petiolate, 
a  ;uling  or  erect,  rhombic-triangular,  acute,  sjft?/afe-toothed,  with  long,  acute  teeth, 
thiu  green,  the  highest  Jance-linear,  subentire;  rac.  long,  erect-panirled,  rather 
deuse-flowered,  nearly  leafless ;  seed  shining,  obtuse-edged;  fr.  partly  inclosed. —  I) 
St.  2  to  3f  high,  marked  with  green  lines;  branches  suberect.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long. 
Rac.  very  strict.  Cal.  lobes  obtuse,  green.  Stam.  exserted.  (C.  rhombilblium 
Muhl.) 

5  C.  Bosci^num  Moq.  Erect,  branched;  lvs.  small,  petiolate,  divarioate,  lance' 
linear,  very  acute,  thin,  entire,  glaucous-green  above,  eanescent  beneath ;  spikes 
loose,  leafy;  ^ed  shining,  acute-margined;  fr.  wholly  inclosed. — ff'  Car.  to  Tex. 
St.  18'  to  2f  iagh,  slender,  green-striate,  brandies  ascending.  Lvs.  5  "  to  1  long, 
1  to  2"  wide.     Fls.  minute,  mealy,  sessile. 

6  C.  dlbum  L.  Pigweed.  Erect,  sulcate-striate,  thinly  branclied ;  lvs.  petio- 
late, ascending,  rhombic-ovate,  cuneato  at  base,  sinuate- toothed  or  subentire,  tiiin, 
pulverulent,  pale  green  or  whitish,  upper  oblong  or  lance-linear,  entire;  rac.  dense 
or  loose,  subpaniculate,  nearly  leatless ;  seed  smootli  and  sliining,  acute-edged, 
wholly  inclosed. — d}  The  mo.st  common  of  weeds  in  fields  and  gardens.  St.  2  to  4 
to  7f  higli,  beautifully  striate  with  green  and  purple.  Branches  subsimple,  as- 
cending. Lvs.  18  to  30"  long,  petiole  a  third  as  long.  Fls.  mealy.  Jl. — Sept. 
(Cl  viride  L.,  a  greener,  narrow-leaved  var.) 

7  C.  gla^cum.  L.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  sulcate-striate,  branched ;  lvs.  petio- 
late, oblong  c  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate-angkd  or  remotely  dentate,  thin,  pale 
green  above,  .  alv  and  white-giaucoas  lieneath;  rai  .  simple,  leafless,  rather 
dense-flowered;  c*eed  shining,  acute-edged,  par^/^  /nr  o  ed. — 1  Mass.,  Penn.,  rare. 
Plant  somewhat  fleshy,  If  long,  smootii.  Lvs.  1  to  1  long.  Calyx  sometimes 
abortively  2  or  ;Mobed,  and  then  the  seed  is  erect.     (Kocli.) 

8  C.  ambrosioides  L.  Mexican  Tea.  Erect,  sulcata  l>ranch»d;  li-^.  short- 
petioled,  ascending,  oblong,  the  upper  aifenuate  at  each  end.  acuti.yh,  remotely 
tinuate-ilentate  or  sulientirt',  thin,  puberulent.  glandular  beneath,  light  gree'n,  the 
upper  lance-linear,  very  entire ;  rac.  spike-like,  dense-flowered,  leaty ;  seed 
smooth  and  sliining,  obtuse-^lged ;  fvuit  wliolly  inclo.-*ed. —  \}  Way-ii<les,  wusto 
places.  Plant  yellowish  green,  pleasantly  aromatic,  1  to  2f  higli.  Jl.,  Aug. 
§  Mox.  (fee. 

9  C.  anthelmintieaai  L.  'WnRM-gEEn.  Enct,  angular.  Hd)si7nple ;  Ir-^.  ovafe- 
oblong.  )>'-iniat(;,  acute,  atiemmte  at  base,  deeply  simmtesrrrate,  the  lower  almo.st 
pinnati-A,  iliin,  smoothipii,  glandular  beneath,  bngiit  jjreen ;  me.  spike-hke,  axil- 
lary, suiwr.iple,  dense-flowered,  leafless,  paniculate  aiiove  ;  sty.  mostly 'i  ;  seed 
smooth,  !*hiniug,  obtuse-margined;  fruit  wiioUy  inclose*!.-  2^  In  light  soils,  pa.s- 
tuf«8.  and  waste  grounds,  common  south  and  west.  Plant  strongly  aromatic,  1 
^  3f  high,  with  small  branches  (or  none),  forming  a  leaty  panicle  of  leiifle,s3 
spikes.     Jn. — Aug. 

10  C.  BotryB  L.  Oak  or  Jercralem.  Erect,  sulcate-angled,  much  hran<'hed ; 
Its.  long-petioled,  ascending,  oblong,  obtuse,   siuuate-subpinnatilid  witli  uljtiieo 


-}  '■ 

614 


OuuEB  105.— CHKNOi'OlJlAOE^ 


it 


lobea,  glandular-pubeacent,  glaucous  green,  the  floral  bract-like ;  fls.  cymous-panl- 
culate,  in  long  ascending,  raceme-like  panicles;  seed  smooth,  nearly  globular. — 
CO  Plant  1  to  21'  high,  branched  from  the  base.  Lvs.  few.  1  to  2'  long,  petioles 
half  as  long.  Fls.  innumerable,  minute,  clammy,  covering  nearly  the  whole  plant. 
Jn. — Aug.     Strongly  fragrant  of  turpentine. 

4.  ROUBIE^VA,  Moq.  (Named  for  G.  J.  Rouhieu^  a  French  botan- 
ist.) Calyx  oblong-urceolate,  5-tootbed,  in  fruit  rugous  and  inclosing 
the  utricle  like  a  capsule ;  stamens  5  ;  styles  and  stigmas  3 ;  seed  len- 
ticular, vertical,  embryo  a  complete  ring. — 11  A  diffusely  branched,  pu- 
bescent herb,  with  alternate,  multifid  lvs.  and  small  green  fls.  (Cheno« 
podium,  L.) 

R.  multifida  Moq. — "Waste  grounds,  waysides  about  the  city  of  N.  Y.  (Holton). 
A  strongly-scented,  prostrate  herb,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  small,  1'  less  or  more  long, 
pinriiitifid  witli  oblong  lobes.  Fls.  numerous,  glomerate,  axillary,  sessile,  in 
bracted,  panicled  racemes.     Fruit  nearly  1 '  long.     §  S.  America. 

5.  BLMUW,  Tourn.  Elite.  Calyx  3  to  5-parted,  finally  un- 
changed or  becoming  juicy  and  berry-like  in  fruit ;  stamens  1  to  5,  with 
filiform  filaments ;  styles  2,  utricle  compressed,  inclosed  in  the  calyx ; 
seed  vertical,  embryo  a  complete  ring. — ®  Lvs.  alternate,  petiolatc. 
Fls.  glomerate. 

§  Heads  (arloiiieriiles)  axill.'vry,  snbs>picate  above.    Oal.  tliickened  in  fruit.    Stig.  united. Nos.  1,  2 
§  Ileadb  I'ortiiing  a  dense,  terminal  »iiilie.     Calyx  dry.    Stigmas  distinct No.  8 

1  B.  capit^tum  L.  Strawberry  Blitb.  Lvs.  triangular-hastate,  toothed;  hds. 
in  tenriinal,  interrupted,  leafless  t^piks^s ;  stam.  1  to  5;  fr.  consisting  of  the  red- 
dened  flotver&i  appearing  like  strawberries,  full  of  a  purple  juice,  taste  insipid;  seed 
dull. — Ya.  to  Arc.  Circlf^.  A  weeti-like  plant  growing  in  fields,  and  sometimes 
cultiviitt'd  in  gardens  as  a  flower,  ar  a  culinary.  Sts.  purplish-striped,  branching, 
1  to  2f  liigh.  Heads  of  tin.  seaaiie.  near  together,  on  the  branches  and  summit 
of  the  stem.     Jn.  f 

2  B.  marftimum  Nutt.  Much  branched,  angular;  lvs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  at 
each  e.(treiniiy,  iuciaely  d-^ntaie ;  htis.  axillary,  sessile,  spicate ;  cal.  somewhat 
flosliy  :  stam.  1;  seed  Hhii.  ng. — A  coarse,  unsightly  plant,  in  salt  marshes,  N.  Y. 
to  N.  .1.  iSt.  1  to  2f  high,  \«ery  branching.  Lvs.  fleshy,  with  2  or  more  large 
teeth  each  side.  Fls.  very  numerous  and  minute,  becoming  thickish  in  fruit. 
Seed  much  flattened.    Aug. 

3  B.  BonuB-Henricua  Reiehenb  Good  King  Henry.  Plant  mealy,  ascend- 
ing, subsimple ;  lvs.  triangular-hastate,  '^ntire  ^t  sinuate,  green;  glomerules 
forming  a  terminal,  leafless  apike.  not  tieauy  in  fruit;  stam.  5. — Waysides,  Can. 
N.  Eng..  rare.     §  Eur. 

6.  AT  RIPLEX.  Gaert.  Flowers  moncBaoua  or  dioecious.  $  Bract- 
less;  ealvx  3  to  ^i-sepal^d  ;  stamens  3  to  5,  hypogynous;  pistil  rudi- 
mentary :  9  ovatTT  2-8tyk'd,  with  no  stamens,  inclosed  between  2 
leaf- like  hractj*.  rr  in  some  species  partly  furnished  with  a  6-sepaled 
calvx  without  tracts;  firuit  compressed,  inclosed;  seed  vertical  (hori- 
zontal wlj*;n  the  <ralyx  is  present),  embrvo  annular. — Herbs  or  shrubs, 
usually  clotlu'd  with  scurf  or  meulinc-ss,  with  alternate,  petiolate  lvs. 
and  densely  glomerate-spiked  green  fls. 

1  A.  bastata  L.  Ascending.  diflfu«ely  branched;  lvs.  alternate  or  suboppoeite^ 
triangular  hastate,  sinuately  toothed  or  nearly  entire,  the  upper  lanceolate,  entire ; 
friit  bracts  triangular-deltoid,  slightly  muricate,  margin  denticulate  or  entire. — 
(D  MarsheM  and  waste  grounds,  N.Y.  to  Ga.  Sts  1— 2f.  long,  striate  with  green. 
Lv^.  including  the  petiole  1 — 3'  long,  thin  and  green  (mealy  in  marshes).  Fls.  in 
glomerate  axillary  and  terminal  racemes,   'i  and  s  mixed.     Aug. — Sept. 

ti.1  (>blon(Uf6lia.      Lvs.  all  oblong- lanceolate,   scurfy-dotted  ;    bracts   very 
large  in  fruit;  stem  rigid,  erect.  If.  or  more.    Lake  .shores,  N.  Y.  (Ilankenson.'^ 


Ordkr  105.— CHENOPODIAGEyE. 


C15 


2  A.  hort^nsis  L.  Garden  Orache.  Erect,  branched;  Ivs.  alternate,  triangu- 
lar-hastate or  oblong,  subcordate  acute,  entire  or  with  a  few  coarse  teeth  at  base, 
bright  green  both  sides ;  upper  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  fruit-bracts  ovate,  entire. 
—  p  Scarce  in  cultivation  or  spontaneous.  A  potherb  used  aa  spiuage,  Jl.  § 
Asia. 

3  A.  r&sea  L.  Canescent,  ascending,  branched  ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong,  sinuate- 
toothed  ;  gloraerules  axillary,  bracts  rhombic,  toothed. — Waysides,  near  Albany, 
N.  Y.  (Porter.)  Brauchocl  at  base,  1 — 3f,  bearini^  terminal  interrupted  leafy 
spikes,  which,  with  the  bracts,  are  often  reddened  in  fi'uit,     t^  Eur. 

4  A.  littoralis  L.  Erect,  with  many  strict  branches  ;  Ivs.  short-stalked,  lanceo- 
late to  linear,  subentire  ;  fls.  glomerate,  forming  interi-upted  spikes  ;  bracts  sub- 
farinaceous,  triangular-hastate,  denticulate. — Lake  shores,  N.  W.  Plant  1 — 2f 
high,  smooth  and  green.  Lvs.  1 — 3'  long,  1 — 3"  wide,  1-veined,  bracts  scarcely 
1"  long,  crowded,  sessile,  distinct,  subcoriaceous.     Perhaps  a  var.  of  A.  hastata. 

6  A.  arenaria  Moq.  Sand  Obaohb.  Mealy-caaescent,  ascending,  branched,  un 
armed;  Iva.  short-petioled,  alternate,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  the  upper 
acuminate-mucronate ;  t'r.  bracts  subsessile,  broad-cuneate.  united,  truncate,  den- 
ticulate at  apex. — (T)  Sandy  seabeach,  Mass.  to  Fla.  (Apalachicola).  St.  6  to  12' 
long  or  high,  reddish.  Lvs.  1'  more  or  less  long,  attenuate  at  base.  StaminaUj 
fis.  mostly  in  the  terminal  clusters,  fertile  in  the  axillary.     Jl. — Sept. 

8.  SPINAXIAj  Tourn.  Spinage.  (Lat.  spina,  a  spine  or  prickle ; 
on  account  of  the  prickly  fruit.)  Flowers  dioecious,  bractless,  S  calyx 
3  to  6-sepaled ;  stamens  4  or  5,  exserted ;  $  calyx  tubular,  inflated,  2 
to  4-toothed,  hardening  at  length  into  a  false  capsule;  styles  4,  slender; 
achenium  compressed,  inclosed  in  the  capsular,  spiny,  or  unarmed  calyx ; 
seed  vertical.— -(P  Herbs  with  alternate,  petiolate  lvs.  and  axillary 
green  fls. 

S.  olericea  Mill.  Lvs.  hastate-lanceolate  or  sagitato;  fruit-calyx  solitarr, 
3-angled,  armed  with  2  to  4  slender  prickles,  or  unarmed. — ^Jp  Gardens.  St.  1  to 
2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  nearly  half  as  wide,  often  toothed  at  base,  thick,  soft, 
glabrous,  bright  green.  Fr.  near  2  "  long,  sessile,  our  variety  usually  unarmed. 
Jn.,  Jl.  i 

9.  SALICOR'NIA,  Tourn.  Saltwort.  Samphire.  (Lat.  sal,  salt, 
cornv,  horn ;  in  allusion  both  to  its  locality  and  appearance.)  Flowers 
inunersed  in  the  excavations  of  the  jointed  stem  2  or  3  together;  calyx 
^^ladder-like,  denticulate  at  apex,  at  length  spongy,  membranous-mar- 
gined, inclosing  the  compressed  utricle;  stamens  1,  2;  styles  2;  seed 
vertical ;  embryo  annular,  conduplicate. — Seaside  herbs,  jointed,  succu- 
lent, glabrous  and  almost  leafless,  with  opposite  branches.  Fls.  minute, 
sessile,  spicate. 

1  S.  herb^cea  L.  Annual,  erect  or  assurgent,  the  joints  somewhat  thickened  at  tUo 
summit,  ending  in  2  obtuse  teeth ;  spikes  elongated,  tapering  and  rather  obtuse  ai 
the  summit. — Salt  marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  also  at  Salina,  N.  Y.  St.  dividing 
into  simple  branches,  8  to  12'  high,  obscurely  4-sided,  with  very  short  internodes. 
Lvs.  0.  Fls.  minute,  placed  in  little  hollows  at  the  base  of  the  upper  joints,  tht* 
lateral  .sometimes  sterile.     Aug. 

2  S.  mucronata  Lag.  ?  Dwarf  Saltwort.  Annual,  erect ;  (he  jointi  ^omew\iaX 
4-&ngled  below,  with  2  ovate,  acute,  mucronate  teeth  at  tlio  summit;  spikes  very 
thick,  obtuse. — Salt  marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  L.  Isl.  St.  4  to  3'  high,  tiiick,  little- 
branched.  Spikes  oblong-cylindric,  1'  or  more  long,  near  a  fourth  of  an  ingU 
tnick,  at  length  reddened.     Sept. 

3  S.  ambigua  Mx.  Perennial,  procumbent,  branching,  branches  ascending,  flexuous ; 
joints  truncate,  flattened,  enlarged  above,  with  2  depressed,  obtuse  teeth. — Stmdy 
sea-beaches,  R.  L  to  Fla.  Sta.  woody  at  base,  prostrate  from  long,  creeping  root> 
atocks.    Aug.,  Sept 


■^ 


M 


\ 


616 


Oeder  106.— AMARANTACKiB. 


10.  CHENOPODPNA,  Moq.  Glasswort.  Flowers  ?  ,  bracteolate : 
cftlyx  urceolate,  6-parted,  fleshy,  in  fruit  subbaccate  ;  stamens  5  ;  stigmas 
2  or  3,  sessile ;  utricle  depressed,  inclosed  in  the  calyx ;  seed  lenticular, 
horizontal ;  albumen  0,  or  scanty  and  divided  into  two  portions  above 
and  below  the  flat  spiral  embryo. — Smooth,  maritime  plants,  with  altei- 
nate,  sessile,  fleshy  Ivs.  and  axillary  fls.  (Chenopodium,  L.  Suaeda,  Forsk.) 

C.  marftima  Moq.  Branches  diffuse,  prostrate  or  erect;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  aeml» 
torete,  upper  sliorter ;  fls.  in  sessile  axillary  glomerules,  2  or  3  together ;  fruit  cal. 
inflated ;  seed  shining. — (J)  Salt  marshes.  Can.  to  Fla.  Sts.  I  to  2f  long  or  higli, 
becoming  woody  at  base,  southward.  Lva  6  to  15'  long,  1"  thick,  acute.  Fls. 
very  small,  green,  with  roundish  calyx  lobes.  Utricle  thin,  semitransparent,  con- 
taining a  black,  shining  seed.     Aug.     (C  maritima  L.  also  isalsola  Unearis  EIL) 

H.  SAL'SOLA,  Gaert.  Saltwort.  (Lat.  sal,  salt ;  the  plants  con- 
tain much  alkaline  salt.)  Flowers  ^ ,  with  2  bractlets ;  sepals  5,  at 
length  winged  horizontally  on  the  back,  forming  a  broad,  scarious  bor- 
der ;  stamens  5  ;  styles  2,  united  at  base ;  utricle  depressed,  inclosed  in 
the  base  of  the  stellately  6-wingcd  calyx;  seed  horizontal,  globous ; 
embryo  spiral  (cochleate)  with  no  albumen. — Maritime,  fleshy  plants 
with  terete  Ivs.  and  axillary,  sessile  fls. 

S.  K41i  L.  Herbaceous,  decumbent;  Ivs.  alternate,  subulate,  channeled,  spinous, 
smooth;  fls.  solitary;  fruit-calyx  wings  larger  than  the  sepals,  orbicular,  spread- 
ing. (l)A  rigid,  prickly  and  very  branching  plant,  of  the  sea-8h(jre,  Can.  to  Ga. 
St.  1  to  2f  high,  uifluse.  Lvs.  about  an  inch  long,  sessile,  ending  with  a  spine. 
Fls.  green,  succulent,  sessile,  bracteate,  the  wings  in  fruit  pale  roseate,  1| '  long. 
Seed  with  a  thin  testa  and  a  green  embryo  coiled  like  a  little  snail  shell, 
/i.  Caroliniana.  Suberect,  glabrous,  often  purplish;  lvs.  dilated  at  base; 
fruit-calyx  wings  rose-purple.— Southward.     (S.  Caroliniana  Walt.) 


■4 


Order  CVI.     AMARANTACE^.     Amaranths. 

Herbs  weed-like  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  a  bracteate,  spiked  or 
capitate  inflorescence.  Flowers  generally  with  an  imbricated  involucre  of  3  dry, 
scarious  bracts.  Sepals  3  to  5  (rarely  but  1),  persistent  and  often  colored,  unchanged 
in  fruit.  Stamens  3  to  5  fertUe,  hypogynous.  Ovary  compressed,  I -celled,  1  to  c»- 
ovuled.  Style  1.  Fruit  a  utricle,  caryopsis  or  berry.  Seed  vertical,  albuminous 
Embryo  annular. 

Illustrated  in  il^s.  ISS,  406. 

Genera  46,  speciea  4S0,  most  abundant  within  tlio  tropics.  Their  properties  are  not  important 
A  few  are  cultivated  for  their  richly-colored  imperishable  flowers  ;  others  are  lucre  weeds. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

I.  CELOSIE.^    Anthers  2-cened.    Ovary  mnny-ovuled.    (Cultivated) Celosia.  \ 

II.  ACIIYKANTHE^.    Anthers  2-cellcd.    Ovary  one-ovulcd.    Leaves  alternate.  (*) 

♦  Flowers  moucecious  or  polygamous. — Utricle  circumscisssile Amarantitb.  2 

— Utricle  indehiscent EuxoLua.  8 

♦  Flovrers  dieecious. — Utricle  indehiscent  and  valvcless Aomua.  4 

— Utricle  dehiscent,  circumscissilc Monteli a.  5 

III.  OOMPHRENE^.    Anthers  ono-cellcd.    Ovary  one-ovuled.    Leaves  opposite,  (a) 

a  Sterile  stamens  none.^ Flowers  white,  paniculate).... Ikesink.  6 

a  Sterile  stamens  none. — ^Flower8  crimson,  Ac.    Capitate.    Cultivated) Gomi'Urbna.  7 

a  Sterile  stamen*  6,  the  5  fertile  in  a  tube.— Heads  axillary Telantiirra.  S 

— Spilves  terminal  and  axillary FuiKUCiiia,  9 

1.  CELO^SIA,  L.  Cockscomb.  (Gr.  Krjkeog,  shining ;  characteristic  of 
the  brilliant  colors  of  some  species.)  Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted  ;  calyx 
of  5,  erect-spreading  sepals ;  stamens  6  ;  anthers  2-colled ;  stigmas  2, 


Obdeb  106.— AMARANTACEiE. 


617 


3,  recurved ;  utricle  circuniscissile,  many-seeded,  more  or  less  inclosed 
in  the  calyx. — Herbs  or  shrubs  smooth,  erect,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and 
brilliant,  scarious  Us. 

C.  cristdta  L.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate;  npikes  subsessile,  ovate- 
pyramidal,  or  (in  cultivation)  compressed,  dilated  and  truncate  at  the  apex,  or 
excessively  branched;  Ha.  subsessile,  2-styled;  sep.  mucronate,  longer  than  the 
bractd. — ^^1)  Gardens.  This  curious  and  popular  annual  is  said  to  be  native  of  K. 
Ind.  Its  broad  spikes  are  of  Ikutastic  shapes  and  of  the  richest  crimson,  varying 
to  white. 

2.  AMARAN'TUS,  Toum.  (Gr.  a,  not,  juapa/vw,  to  fade,  dvOog, 
flower;  sc.  unfading  flowers.)  Amaranth.  Flowers  polygamous,  3- 
bracted  ;  calyx  5  to  3-sepaled,  equal,  erect;  stamens  5  to  3,  with  no 
rudiments ;  style  0 ;  stigmas  2  to  3  ;  utricle  ovate,  2  to  3  beaked,  partly 
inclosed,  circurascissile ;  seed  1. — d)  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  taper- 
ing to  a  petiole,  and  minute  green  or  purplish  fls.  in  axillary  or  ter- 
minal clusters. 

{  Flowers  in  iong  axillary  and  terminal,  paniculate  spikes,  and  6-parted.  (•) 

*  HerbiiiTo  and  tlowers  more  or  less  tinged  with  criin^iun Nos.  1,  3 

*  IK'rbus*^  and  tlowers  green,  never  tinged  witii  crimson Nos.  3--5 

{  Flowers  in  rcmotisli,  axillary,  dense  glomerules,  and  8-parted Nos.  6,  7 

1  A.  hypochondrlacus  L.  Prince's  Feather.  Erect,  furrowed,  smoothish, 
and  somewhat  reddened;  lvs.  long-petioled,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  each 
end,  rough ish  beneatli;  panicle  branched;  spikes  erect,  very  ohttise,  the  terminal 
one  much  the  longest  and  largest,  lateral  short  and  crowded ;  fls.  deep  purple ;  cal. 
shorter  than  the  long-awni'd  bracts. — Fields  and  gardens,  spontaneous  and  often 
cultivated.  Very  tall  (3  to  4  to  6f )  and  showy.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  long,  petioles  nearly 
same  length,     f  §  Mex. 

2  A.  paniculatUB  Moq.  Prince's  Feather.  Erect,  subterete,  pubescent,  pale 
green ;  lvs.  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper  pointed  at  each  end,  purplish  on  the 
margin;  panicle  very  branching,  spikes  erect  or  spreading,  cylindric,  a^utish, 
crowded,  all  nearly  equal ;  tls.  reddish  green  or  (in  variety  sanguineus)  blood-red  ; 
bracts  short-awned,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. — Fields  and  gardens.  St.  3  to  5f 
high,  with  purple  lines.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  by  2  to  3',  petiole  2  to  3'.  Spikes  slender, 
t  §  Mex. 

3  A.  retrofl^zuB  L.  Erect,  subterete,  pubescent,  glaucous  green;  Its.  long- 
petiok'd,  ovate  or  subrliombic,  acuminate,  obtuse  at  apex,  undulate ;  paiiicla 
pyramidal,  spikes  oblong-ovate,  thick,  crowded,  in  a  dense  panicle,  Die  terminal 
hardlij  longer ;  fls,  dense,  pale  green ;  bracts  awned,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
utricle  included, — A  common  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.  St.  2  to  4f 
high.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  18  to  30"  with  prominent  veins,  petiole  2  to  3'.  Spikes  G 
to  9  '  thick  and  rather  short.     Jl. — Sept. 

4  A.  chlorostachys  "Willd.  Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse,  intense  green,  os  well  as  the 
flowers;  panicle  raceme-like,  with  acute  spikes,  terminal  spike  longest  and  flexuous ; 
bracts  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx;  utricle  exserted;  otherwise  as  in  No.  3. — Cul- 
tivated and  waste  grounds.  St.  3  to4f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  petiole  2 
to  3'.     Fls.  smaller  than  in  that  species.     Jl. — Sept.     §  Asia. 

5  A.  h^^briduB  L.  Erect,  angular,  glabrous,  green  ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong  or  ovat^ 
cwuie,  bright  green ;  panicle  loosely  branched  ;  spikes  erect  cylindric  obtuse,  terminal 
one  long,  rigid,  lateral  short,  close ;  fls.  loose,  green,  cal.  shorter  than  the  awned 
bracts,  as  tongas  the  utricle. — Cultivated  and  waste  grounds,  common.  St.  2  to  4f 
high.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  9  to  18",  petioles  longer.  Panicle  long,  sometimes  tinged 
with  red.     Jl. — Sept.     ^  Mex. 

6  A.  dlbuB  L.  White  Pigweed.  Erect,  subterete,  whitish,  with  spreading 
brandies  ;  lvs.  long-petioied,  ovate,  rhomb-ovate  orobovate,  very  obtuse,  glabrous, 
light  green ;  glomerules  remote,  in  pairs,  much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  tla. 
dense,  green  ;  cal.  much  shorter  than  the  rigid,  subulate,  pungent  bracts,  twice 
shorter  than  the  utricle. — A  common  weed,  roadsides,  waste  grounds.     Sts.  1  to 


•■'J>l!i  ' 

i 


"m^ : 


"'-''''''  1h 

'm'yi  H 

iHB( 

m ' 


618 


Orukr  106.— AMARANTACE.E. 


i'W 


I  !p 


!*S*..H, 


2f  high,  at  length  diffuse.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  7",  petiole  1  '0  2';  bruiich-lva. 
much  stnallei-.     Clusters  4  to  5-flowercd. 

7  A.  melanchblicus  L.  Love-lies-bleeding.  Erect,  glabrous,  usually 
dark  purple;  Ivs.  bng-petioled,  lance-ovate  or  lance-obloug,  obtuse,  cmarginate; 
glomerules  geminate,  subpedunculate,  shorter  than  the  petioloa ;  Jii.  dense,  dark 
purple ;  bracts,  calyx  and  utricle  subequal.  Gardens.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  sin)ple. 
Lvs.  2  to  6'  long,  petiole  2  to  3.  Clusters  amplexicaul.  f  Asia. — Varies  much  in 
color. 

/3.  TRicOLoK.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  young  red  wi^h  a  yellow  apex,  th» 
adult  bright  red  at  base,  violet  i:i  the  middle,  green  ai  apex,  the  old  green 
with  a  violet  base,     f . 

3.  EUX'OLUS,  Raf.  (A  name  intended  to  signify  well-closed  ;  re 
ferring  to  the  valveless  utricle.)  Flowers  moneecious,  3-bracted  ;  calyx 
3  (2  to  5)-sepalcd,  sepals  equal,  erect,  glabrous ;  stamens  3  (2  to  5)  ; 
stigmas  3  ;  utricle  ovate,  1-seeded,  valveless  and  indehiscent,  or  tearing 
open  ;  seed  vertical,  embryo  annular. — [J)  Herbs  with  the  habit  of  xVtuar- 
ajitus  (Amarantus,  L.) 

{  Spines  2  in  each  axil.    Bracts  not  longer  tlian  the  5  sepals No.  1 

I  tJi'incB  none. — IJracts  longer  than  the  8  to  5-sepaleil  calyx No.-s.  '2.  3 

— Bracts  shorter  than  the  5-sepaleil  calyx , Nos.  4,  5 

1  B.  spindsua  Feay.  Smooth,  striate,  purplish,  much  branciied;  lvs.  long- 
petioled,  riiomb-ovate,  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  dull  green,  with  2  a.xiliary  spiue-s ; 
panicle  sparingly  branched,  spikes  erect,  acute,  the  terminal  longest ;  Hs.  crowded, 
5-parted;  bracts,  sepals  and  rugous  utricle  about  equal  in  length. — Cultivated  and 
waste  grounds,  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.  States.  St.  and  branches  flexuous,  1  to  3f 
high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  petioles  nearly  as  long,  spines  sharp,  3  to  8'  long, 
Utricle  certainly  valveless  (as  first  noticed  by  Dr.  Feay),  and  falling  without 
opening.     Seed  dark  brown,  polished.     Jn. — Oct. 

2  B.  lividuB  Moq.  Erect,  branched,  smooth,  livid-purplish ;  lvs.  long-petioled,, 
elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse,  emarginato,  upper  acutish ;  axillary  spikes  shorter  than 
the  petiole,  the  terminal  long,  slender,  rigid,  acute,  somewhat  interrupted ;  Hs. 
crowded  •,  sep.  3,  thrice  longer  the  bracts ;  fr.  rogous,  acute. — Cultivated  and  waste 
lands,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  stout,  hollow,  striate,  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  6' 
by  2  to  3',  petiole  2'  to  30,",  purple.  Terminal  spike  2  to  4'  long.  Fls.  3-parted. 
Utricle  slightly  exserted.     Jn. — ^ept. 

3  B.  deflezUB  Raf.  Ascending,  diffusely  branched,  ashy  green,  puberulent  branches 
deflexed;  lvs.  petiolate,  rhomb-lanceolate,  obtuse;  spikes  thcckinh,  obtuse,  some- 
what nodding,  axillary  and  terminal ;  fis.  crowded,  short-pedicelled ;  sep.  3  to  5, 
longer  than  the  bracts ;  fr.  smooth. — Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  Mid.  States. 
Sts.  branched  from  base,  slender,  If  long.  Lvs.  wavy,  prominently  veined  beneath, 
6  to  15"  long.  Stigmas  2  or  3,  very  short,  white.  Utricle  exserted.  Aug., 
Sept.     §  Eur. 

4  A.  viridis  Moq.  Erect,  smooth,  livid,  purple ;  lvs.  long-petioled,  ovate,  obtuse ; 
spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  paniculate,  rather  long,  loose,  acutish ;  sepals  3,  twice 
longer  than  the  bracts ;  utricle  roundish-ovate,  rigulous. — Cultivated  and  waste 
grounds,  Ala.  and  La.  St.  sulcate,  1  to  2f  high.  Terminal  spikes  2  to  3'  long. 
Readily  recognized  by  the  baldness  of  the  minute  fls. 

5  B.  ptimiluB  Raf  Low,  very  smooth,  diffusely  branched,  lvs.  subsessile,  ovate, 
obtuse,  smooth,  fleshy,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  Jis.  in  small,  ax- 
illary glomerules,  sessile ;  cal.  5-parted,  purplish ;  fr.  smooth,  ovate,  twice  longer 
than  than  the  calyx. — Sandy  sea  coast,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Aug. — Oct.  (A.  pumilua 
£11.) 

4.  ACNFDA,  L.     Water  Hemp.     ^Gr.  a,  not,  Kv/'d?/,  the  nettle ;  a 
nettle-like  plant  which  does  not  sting.)     Flowers  dioecious,  3-bracted. 

<$  Calyx  of  6  equal,  erect  sepals ;  stamens  5,  anthers  oblong,  2-celled  ; 

9  calyx  0;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  with  3  to  6  stigmas;  fruit  a  fleshy, 

valveless  utricle  ;  seed  vertical.— <D  A  marsh  herb,  with  alternate,  petio- 


Obdbb  106.— AMARANTACK^. 


619 


late,  entire,  smooth  Ivs.  and  small,  green,  subpedicillate  fls.  in  slender, 
axillary  and  terminal  spikes. 

A.  cannabina  L. — Salt  marshes,  brackish  swamps,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Pt.  t«1\ 
3  to  6  to  8{|  thick,  subterete.  Lva.  ovate-lauceoiato,  2  to  5  to  8'  long,  acuminate, 
wavy,  cutieato  at  base,  petiole  1  to  2  long.  Fruit  panicle  loose.  Bract.s  '  lance- 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  $  linear-subulate,  very  unequal.  Fr.  near  2"  lung. 
Jl.— Oct. 

5.  MONTE'LIA,  Moq.    Flowers,  bracts  stamens,  inflorescenoo,  nearly 
as  in  Acnida.     Stigmas   3,  very  long,  bristle-shaped,   feathery  ;  fruit  a 
thin  utricle,  with  a  tortuous  circumscissile  dehiscence. — (J)  Herb  glab 
roHS,  with  long-petioled  Ivs.  and  small,  greenish,  spicate  fls. 

M.  tamariscina  Gray. — Damp  sandy  soils  or  shores,  "W.  States,  rare  in  X.  Enjj. 
St.  flowering  at  all  heights  from  1  to  5r,  angular,  branched,  Ivs.  lance  oval,  1  to  5' 
by  6  to  15",  petiole  as  long.  Spikes  interrupted  and  leafy  at  bivse,  continuous 
above.  Bracts  $  acute,  shorter  tlian  the  calyx,  $  rigid,  subulate,  longer  tiian  the 
ovary  which  in  fruit  opens  by  a  tortuous  line.  Seed  dark  brown,  jxtlished.  Jl. 
— Sept.  (A.  ruscooarf)a  and  altissima  Mx.  A.  Miamensis  Ridd.) — Varied  with 
the  clusters  all  axillary,  hardly  forming  spikes. 

5.  IRESI^NE,  Brown.  (Gr.  eipeauovr],  an  olive-branch  bound  with 
tufts  of  wool  borne  by  supplicants.)  Flowers  di(e(^ious  or  $  ,  .M-bructed  ; 
calyx  of  5  erect  sepals ;  stamens  5,  anthers  1-celled ;  stigma-s  2,  3  ; 
utricle  roundish  ovate,  valveless,  1-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx  ;  seed 
vertical. — Herbs  with  opposite,  petiolate  Ivs.  and  minute,  densely  spi- 
cate or  capitate,  often  woolly  fls.  suggesting  the  name. 

I.  celosioides  L.  St.  erect,  furrowed,  paniculate  above  ;  Ivs.  scabrous,  punctate, 
lower  oblong,  acuminate,  upper  uvate-lanceolato ;  panicle  eouipound,  lar^e,  ratlier 
dense. — A  tall  handsome  annual,  3  to  4f  high,  on  river  banks,  Ohio  near  Cincin- 
nati, to  111.  and  La.  Lvs.  tapering  to  tiie  base  into  a  winged  petiole,  3  to  G  by 
2  to  4'.  Panicle  of  delicate,  whitish  fls.  large,  with  opposite  branches,  brauuhleta 
and  pedicels,  nearly  or  quite  leafless.     Sept.,  Oct. 

7.  GONPHRE'NA,  L.  Glohe  Amaranth.  Flowers  perfect  or  poly- 
gamous, 3-bracted  ;  calyx  5-sepaled  or  5-cleft,  sepals  erect;  stamens  5, 
filaments  dilated  and  3-cleft  at  apex,  middle  tooth  bearing  the  1  celled 
anther;  stigma  capitate;  utricle  valveless,  1-seeded,  included  in  the 
calyx.  Herbs  or  shrubs  of  S.  America.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  usually 
capitate. 

O.  globdsa  L.  Erect,  trichotomously  much  branched,  pubescent ;  lvs.  short- 
petiolate,  oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  entire ;  fls.  bright  purple,  in  globular.  2-bracted, 
pedunculate,  terminal  heads  ;  bracts  glabrous,  longer  than  the  woolly  calyx. — 
Gardens.  Stem  1  to  2f  high.  Branches  suberect.  Hds.  near  1  diani,  tadeleas. 
f  E.  ludies. 

,  8.  TELAN'THERA  Brown.  (Or.  reX^Eiog,  full,  complete,  Lat.  a.n- 
therce  ;  alluding  to  the  perfect  flowers.)  Fls.  perfect,  3-bracted  ;  calyx 
of  6  sepals;  stamens  6,  with  6  intervening,  elongated,  sterile  filaments; 
anthers  1-celled  ;  style  short,  stigma  capitate  ;  utricle  valveless,  1-seeded, 
included  in  the  calyx. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opp  jsite  lvs.,  axillary  and 
terminal  hds.  of  fls. 

T.  polygonoides  Moq.  /3.  repens.  Procumbent,  diffusely  bnmched,  hairy;  lvs. 
oval,  obtuse,  attenuate  to  a  winged  petiole  ;  hd.s.  sessile,  1  to  2  together,  oval, 
obtuse,  fls.  whitish  silvery;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovate-acuminate,  mucronate, 
unequal  sepals,  inner  sep.  hairy. —  U  Cultivated  grounds,  roadsides,  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  coast,  S.  States.  Sts.  slender,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  including  the  petiole  6 
to  16"  by  4  to  7".     Hd».  3  to  4"  long.     Feb.— Oct 


f-^ 


'ivli. 


620 


Orj>er  107.— LAURACE^. 


{.■:■! 


9.  FRCELICH'IA,  Moench.  (Named  for  J.  A.  Frolich,  a  German 
botanist.)  Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted ;  calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  apex ; 
stamens  5,  connate  into  a  tube,  appendaged  with  as  many  sterile  fila- 
ments ;  anthers  l-(;elled ;  stigma  capitate  or  tufted ;  utricle  valveless, 
1 -seeded,  enclosed  in  the  liai'dened  calyx  which  bears  2  or  5  longitu- 
dinal crests. —  OD  Herbs  with  jointed,  villous  stems,  opposite  Ivs.  and 
spicate  fls. 

F.  Florid&na  Moq.  Nearly  simple  strictly  erect,  araclinoid  pubt'-<cent;  Ivs.  lin- 
ear, tapering  to  tlio  base,  obtusish  at  apex;  lis.  imbricated,  in  shoit,  dense,  clu.<*- 
tcred,  cottony  spikes. — On  sandy  river  banks,  HI.,  also  Fla.,  Ga.  to  La.  Plant  1 
to  .3f  hi^ii,  with  a  terminal,  virpate  panicle  6  to  10'  lonj?.  Lvs.  1  to  2  by  i  to  5". 
Spikes  6  to  12"  long.  Calyx  white-scarious,  persistent,  contracted  above,  en- 
closing tlio  utricle.     Jl.,  Aug. 


m 


^'|N"t( 


Order  CVII.     LAURACEtE.     Laurels. 

Tnes  and  shrubs  aromatic,  mostly  with  alternate,  simple,  punctate  leaves.  Flow- 
ers with  a  coloj'ed  perianth  of  4  to  6  slightly  united,  strongly  imbricated  sepals. 
Anthers  2  or  4-celled,  opening  upsvards  byaa  many  recurved,  lid-like  valves.  Ovary 
l-ce)led,  1-ovuled,  free,  in  fruit  a  berry  or  a  drupe.     Seed  without  albumen. 

Genera  60.  upevies  ^W,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Tropics. 

I'fopertiex.—  rUo  8|u'cies  of  this  higiily  iin|i()i-tunt  order  are  throughout  pervaded  by  a  warm 
•nd  .stimulant  aromatic  oil.  Cinnamon  is  tlioilried  b*  '  of  CinnamomumZuylanicuin,  of  Ceylon. 
Ac.  Camplior  is  obtained  from  many  trees  of  tbi.s  oi  but  chiefly  from  Camphora  otticinarum. 
of  .(apan,  China,  &c.  Cassia  Baric,  from  (^innamomuii.  .iroiiiaticum,  of  China.  1'er.sea  gratissinm, 
•  tree  of  the  W.  Indie?,  yiehls  a  delicious  fruit  called  the  Avocado  pear.  8omo  of  the  following 
bpecii.-i  are  also  moderately  medicinal.    The  classic  Laurel  is  Laurens  nobilis  «f  S.  Europe. 

GENERA. 

§  Flowers  perfect,  the  calyx  persistent.    Leaves  everirreen Pku.'^ka.  1 

§  Flowers  diclinous.     Caly.x  deciduous.     Leaves  deciduous.     (*) 

*  Involucre  none.     Anthers  4-celled,  4-valvcd.     Lvs.  lobed • Sassafras.  3 

*  Invttlucre  4-leaved.     Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved.    Leaves  entire IJknzoin.  3 

*  Involucre  4-leaved.    Anthers  4-celle(l,  4-valved.    Leaves  entire TKTnANTUEKA.  4 

1.  PER'SEA,  Gaert.  Red  Bay.  Bay  Galls,  Flowers  perfect,  um- 
bellate, with  no  involucre  ;  calyx  of  6  sepals  persistent  in  fruit ;  stamens 
12,  the  3  inner  sterile,  reduced  to  mere  glands,  anthers  4-celled  (2  cells 
above  and  2  below)  ;  drupe  oval,  seated  on  the  persistent  calyx,  con- 
taining 1  large  seed. — Trees  evergreen,  the  fls.  in  axillary,  pedicellate 
umbels. 

P.  Cai'olini^nsis  Mx.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  pointed 
at  each  end,  coriaceous,  entire,  glaucous  beneath ;  umbels  simple  or  conip<Jund, 
on  long  peduncles;  sep.  coriaceous,  velvety,  the  H outer  smaller;  drupe  oval,  blue. 
Yu.  to  Fla.  in  swamps.  A  tree  30  or  401  liiti  li,  with  a  deeply  furrowed  bark  and 
coarse  branches ;  but  more  commonly  in  poor  soils  a  stinted  shrub  tilhng  the  sandy 
swamps.  Lvs.  evergreen,  about  6'  by  18  ',  attenuated  to  a  short  petiole.  Drupe 
5    by  4".     Apr.,  May. — Wood  of  a  tine  rose-color,  once  used  in  cabinet-work. 

2.  SAS'SAFRAS,  Nees.  Sassafras.  (Spanish,  sa/.vor/mA',  s;ixifrage; 
from  the  supposed  resemblance  of  properties.)  Dioecious  ;  involucre  0; 
calyx  6-parted,  equal,  deciduous;  S  stamens  9,  in  3  rows,  the  inner 
with  a  pair  of  stipitate  glands  at  the  base  of  each;  anther  4-celled; 

$  .-tamens  6,  imperfect ;  ovary  ovoid,  acuminate  ;  style  short,  stigma 

capitate  ;  drupe  ovoid,  on  a  fleshy  pedicel. — Trees  deciduous,  with  the 

fls.  yellow  in  terminal  clusters  appearing  h  jfore  the  leaves.    (Laurus,  L.) 

8.  officinale  Nees.  Lvs.  of  two  forms,  ovr-.te  and  entire,  or  3-lobed  and  cuneate 
bi.  base ;  fls.  in  terminal  and  axillary,  corymbous  racemes,  with  linear  bracts. — U. 


Ori>er  108.— LORANTHACE.fl. 


m 


S.  nnd  Can.  An  interest  mr  shrub  or  Hmall  trre,  10  to  20f  hij^h.  Loaves  alter- 
nate, petioled,  thoflt»  of  Iho  youuf?  slioin,-,  ovate-'aucoolatt',  uthera  with  li  large 
lobes.  Fls,  greenish-yellow,  iii  clustered  raceme.i  at  the  end  of  the  last  year'a 
twiijs;  dr'jpo  bluo.  Apr. — Jn.  Every  part  of  the  tree  luu^  a  j)l(at*;int  fragrance, 
and  a  swi-utish,  aromatic  taste,  which  ia  strongest  iu  thu  bare  of  tlie  root. 

3.  BENZO^IN,  Nees.  Spice  Wood.  (Xamed  for  its  fra;;raucr» 
which  is  compared  to  tliat  of  the  msinous  substance,  benzoin.)  Flowers 
dioecious  with  4  iuvohicrate  si-aloa;  caly  ■;  5  to  6-part<'«l ;  ^  stamens  9, 
in  3  rows,  (lie  inner  lobed  and  irland-bearing  at  base  ;  anthers  2-ceiled; 

9  stamens  15  to  18,  sterile,  filiform  ,  drupe  olx)void,  on  a  pedicel  nut 
thickened. — Trees  or  shrubs  witli  entire,  deciduous  Ivs.  and  small,  late- 
ral clusters  of  yellow  fls.  preceding  the  Ivs.     (Lindera,  Thunb.) 

1  B.  odoriferum  Nees.  Lvs.  obovate-lanreolatr.  I'einkss,  entire,  dcciduoas;  fls.  In 
clustered  umbels;  bttds  and  pedicels  .smooth. — A  slirub  0  to  12f  high,  in  iiioi.st 
woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Lvs.  cuneiform  and  acute  at  base,  2  to  4'  long,  half  as 
wide,  paler  beneath.  Fl.s.  pedicellate,  in  small,  sessile  uiubeln,  4  ■:<t  5  from  each 
bud.     Drupes  red.     May.     (Laurus  Benzoin,  L.) 

2  B.  melissaefolium  Noes.  Lvs.  oblony-l/mreolate,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base, 
veiny,  pubescent  beneath;  lis.  iu  clustered  tnnhels  :  buds  and  pedicels  villoius. — 
Borders  of  shallow  ponds  or  exsiccated  swamps,  S.  States.  Slirub  2  to  ;{i'  high, 
with  ruiming  roots  and  virgato  slioots.  Lvs.  with  i)rominent  veins.  Fls.  aliout 
3  from  each  bud.     Drupes  red.     Feb.,  March.     (Laurus  melissaefolia  Walt.) 

4.  TETRAN'THERA,  Jacq.  Pond  Spice.  (Ck.  rtrpa,  four- fold, 
dvOtpbg,  flowery ;  four  flowers  iu  the  umbel.)  Flowers  dioecious,  in 
little  stalked  umbels,  with  a  4  or  o-leaved  deciduous  involucre  ;  calyx 
4  or  6-parted,  deciduous;  $  stamens  9,  in  3  rows;  anthers  unequally 
4-celled  (2  cells  above  and  2  below)  ;  $  stamens  12  to  15  rudiments; 
stigma  dilated,  2-lobed,  smooth  ;  drupe  naked. — Lvs.  deciduous.  Fls. 
yellow,  appearing  before  the  lvs. 

T.  genfcul^ta  Nees.  Branches  divaricate  and  geniculate;  lvs.  small,  oblong  and 
oval,  nearly  smooth,  cuneato  at  base,  mostly  obtus«  at  apex;  umbellets  terminal, 
glabrous,  on  distinct  jjedicels. — In  sandy  swamps,  borders  of  lagoons,  Va.  to  Fla. 
Shrub  8  to  15f  high,  with  branches  and  branchlets  remarkably  crooked  and  strag- 
gli-  •  forming  an  angle  of  90"  at  every  fork.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  5  to  8'  widu. 
pes  red.     Feb.,  Mar.     (Laurus  geniculata  Walt.) 

Order  CVIII.     LORANTIIACEyE.     Loranths. 

Shrubby  plajits  parasitic  on  trees,  with  thick,  opposite,  exstipulato  leaves.  Flow- 
ers mostly  dichnous,  an  adherent  calyx  of  4  to  8  lobes,  .vith  stamens  of  the  saun' 
number,  opposite  the  calyx  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  becoming  a  tleshy  fruit  witli  one 
iiibuminous  seed.     Fig.  37,  D. 

(ienera  2.5,  species  400,  mostly  tropical  in  America  and  Asia,  a  few  flourisiiinsr  nor^.i  -ard  as 

fiir  as  our  latitude.     They  possess  the  remarkable  property  of  planting  tlieuiselves  on  !s  ami 

sid)sistintr  on  their  juices.    They  are  slightly  astringent.     Bird-lime  is  fonnotl  in  part  ui  tli« 
vkscid  pulp  of  the  fruit  of  the  Mistletoe, 

PHORODEN'DRON,  Nutt.  Mistletoe.  (Gr.  0wp,  a  thief,  d^'vdpov, 
a  tree  ;  they  live  on  stolen  food.)  Dioecious  ;  calyx  2  to  4  (mostly  3)- 
lobed,  lobes  erect ;  ^  anther  sessile  on  the  base  of  each  lobe,  2-celled, 
tJie  cells  divergent ;  9  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary;  stigmas  sessile; 
stamens  0  ;  fruit  a  pulpy  berry. — Herbage  fleshy,  yellowish  green.  Sts. 
jointed,  brittle,  woody,  firmly  engrafted  on  the  limbs  of  trees,  especially 
Oaks,  Elms,  Apples,  '&c.     Fls.  imbed. led  in  the  jointed  rachis. 


i  '  ( 


n|: 


f^     . 


it»^ 


022 


Order  109.— SANTALACE.E. 


i^fi 


iiji 
ii; 


i  ? 


V 

J 


p.  flav6aoen8  Nutt.  Brauchoa  opponite,  suitietimeH  verticillate,  terete ;  Ivs.  cu- 
neat  -ob.^  /ate,  3-veined,  obtuse ;  spikes  axillary,  solitary,  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves ;  berries  white,  semi-transparent. — N.  J.  to  111.  (Laphani),  and  the  S. 
States.  Sterr.s  1 — 1^  high,  rather  thick,  much  branched.  Leaves  9 — 16"  by  4 — 
9  ',  .smooth  and  entire,  on  short  petioles.  Fls.  small,  sterile  ones  mostly  3- parted. 
Berry  with  a  viscous  pulp  adhering  to  the  limb  it  touches  until  it  strikes  root 
April. 

Order  OIX.     SANTALACE^.     Sandalworts. 

Trees  shrubs  and  herbs,  with  alternate,  undivided  leaves,  with  the  calyx  tube  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  limb  4  to  5-cleft,  valvate  in  aestivation,  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  inserted  at  their  base  and  opposite  to  them,  an  ovary  1-celled,  with  a 
free  central  placenta  bearing  at  top  2  to  4  suspended  ovules,  but  in  fruit  drupaceous, 
1 -seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx. 

Oenent  20,  species  200,  natives  of  Europe,  America,  Australuia,  Ac.    The  fragrant  sandal- 
wood is  the  product  of  Santaluin  album,  i&c.,  of  India. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

I.  BUCKLEYE^.     Fls.  dioecious,  the  pistillate  dichlimydeous,  with  no  stamens. 

9    Calyx  lobes  4 ;  petals  4,  caducous,     i  stamens  4    Shrubs Bucklkta.  1 

II.  SANTALEiE.     Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  alwsvys  mouochlamydeous.     (a) 

a  Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,    Drupo  pyrit'orm.     Slirubs Pyriilaria.  2 

a  Flowers  In  cymous  umbels.     Nutovoid.     Half  shrubby Comandra.  9 

1.  BUCKLE^YA,  Torr.  (To  S.  Ji.  Buckley,  an  active  and  successful 
botanist.)  Flowers  $,  ? ,  the  ?  dichlamydeoui* ;  outer  (calyx)  lobes 
4,  lanceolate  ;  inner  (corolla)  lobes  4,  ovate,  acute,  1-veined,  caducous ; 
stamens  0 ;  style  included,  4-lobed ;  ^  monochlamydeous ;  lobes  4, 
ovate,  acute,  valvate  in  bud,  opposite  the  4  stamens  inserted  at  their 
base ;  disk  concave,  lobes  4,  alternate  with  the  sepals ;  fruit  oblong, 
drnpe-like,  10-furrowed,  1-seeded. — A  .shrub  or  small  tree,  with  sub- 
sessile,  entire  Ivs.,  the  sterile  fls.  clustered,  pedicellate,  the  fertile  solitary, 
aH  terminal,  small. 

B.  distichophyila  Torr. — Mts.  of  E,  Tenn.  Shrub  with  the  slender  twigs  vel- 
vety-puberulont,  as  well  as  the  veins  and  flower-stalks.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate, 
9  to  18"  long,  thin,  ciliato  on  the  margin,  obtuse  at  base,  on  very  short  petioles. 
^  fls.  1^"  broad,  in  the  midst  of  caducous  bractlets.  ?  Fl.  subtended  by  4 
bractlets.  Fr.  8  to  9"  long,  narrowed  at  base  into  the  short  stipe.  (Borya  disti- 
chophylla  Nutt.) 

2.  PYRULA'RIA,  Mx.  Oil-nut.  (Diminutive  of  Pyrus ;  its  fruit 
resembling  a  little  pear.)  Flowers  dioecious ;  calyx  5-cleft,  subcani- 
panulate  ;  disk  5-toothed,  glandular,  half-adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  style 
1 ;  stigmas  2  or  3,  sublenticular;  drupe  pyriform,  1-seeded,  inclosed  in 
the  adhering  base  of  the  calyx. — Shrubs  with  the  habit  of  Celastrus. 
Lvs.  alternate,  entire.     Rac.  terminal. 

P.  piUbera  Mx.  Shrub  unarmed;  lvs.  oval-oblong,  acute,  puberulent,  pellucid- 
punctate  ;  rac.  spike-like,  terminal. — Margins  of  mountain  streams,  Penn.  to  (ia. 
Shrub  4 — 6f  high.  Root  fetid.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  1 — 1^',  entire,  acuminate,  pet- 
iolate,  veins  prominent  beneath.  Flowers  small,  greenish  yellow.  Calyx  tube 
short,  nearly  filled  with  the  glandular  disk  in  the  $  flowers,  the  segments  reflexed 
in  the  ?  .  Stamens  alternate  with  the  glands  of  the  disk,  opposite  to  those  of 
the  calyx.  Drupe  7  to  9"  long,  6  to  7"  thick.  May.  (Hamiltonia  oleifer& 
MuhL) 

3.  COMAN'DRA,  Nutt.  Bastard  Toad  Flax.  (Gr.  «wjtif/,  hair, 
dvdpec,  stamens  ;  stamens  connected  to  the  petals  by  a  tuft  of  hairs.) 


:4'    " 


ORDER  111.— ELKAGNACE.B. 


623 


Calyx  somewhat  nrceolate,  tube  adherent,  limb  4  to  5-parted ;  stamens 
4  to  5,  opposite  the  sepals,  and  connected  to  tlieni  by  a  tuft  of  hairs', 
filaments  inserted  into  the  top  of  the  perigynous,  5-lobed  disk,  betweeu 
its  lobes ',  fruit  drupaceous,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  limb  of  the 
calyx. — Very  smooth,  suffruticous  plants.  Ped.  axillary  and  terminal. 
KIs.  small,  umbellate; 

§  1.  EproMANDRA.     Flowers  perfect.    Leaves  all  alternate N«.  1 

§  2.  Dabbva.     Flowers  dioeciouu.    Leaves  mostly  oppu^lte N'u.  9 

1  C.  umbell^ta  Nutt.  Erect ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate ;  fls.  aubcorymbed,  terniitial ; 
connecting  hairs  yellow. — U  Plant  about  a  foot  high,  in  rocky  woods,  U.  S.  and 
BriL  Am.  Stem  slender,  striate,  generally  branching  at  top.  Leaves  entire,  al- 
ternate, acutish,  1 — IJ'  long,  and  ^  as  wide,  tapering  to  a  very  short  petiola 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  little  umbels  of  about  3.  P^ach  umbel  is  furnished  with 
a  deciduous  involucre  of  about  4  small  leaflets,  the  whole  constituting  a  kind  of 
corymb.     June. 

2  C.  Ddrbya  A.  DC.  Lvs.  elliptical ;  cymes  lateral,  about  5-flowered ;  calyx 
lobes  spreadinp-reflexed,  connecting  hairs  white. — Ga.  near  Macon  (Darby),  N. 
Car.  near  Lincolnton  (Curtis).  A  small  shrub  with  terete,  blackish  branches,  tlie 
branchlets  lierbaceous,  short,  leafy.  Lvs.  thin  and  pale,  12  to  18"  by  5  to  8", 
short-petioled,  apex  obtuse  or  submucronate.  Cymes  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
on  slender  peduncles.  Pedicels  1  or  2"  long.  Bracts  deciduous.  Calyx  lobes 
ovate,  acute.     Fruit  unknown.     (Darbya  umbellulata  Gray.) 


:if 


m 


Order  CX.     THYMELACEiE.     Dapiinads. 

Shrubs  with  a  very  tough,  acrid  bark,  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  with  the 

calx  tubular,  colored,  the  limb  4  (4  or  6)-parted,  regular,  the  tube  bearing  the  stanir 

ens  as  many  or  usually  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes,  and  free  from  the  ovary,  which 

is  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  the  suspended  seed  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

Genera  40,  specieH  375,  very  abundant  in  Australia  and  8.  Africa,  sparingly  disseminated  in 
Europe  and  Asia.    The  only  N.  American  genus  is  the  following. 


It  is  composed  of 
The  Ince-bark  tree  (Lagetta) 


Properties.— Thi:  bark  is  acrid  and  caustic,  raising  bli.stcrs  upon  the  skin, 
interlaced  fibers,  which  are  extremely  tough,  but  easily  separable, 
uf  Jamaica  is  particularly  remarkable  for  this  property. 

DIRXA,  L.  Leather-wood.  (Gr.  (J/p«a,  a  fountain  ;  the  shrub 
grows  near  mountain  streams  or  rivulets.)  Calyx  colored,  tubular, 
with  a  truncate  or  obscurely  4-toothed  limb ;  stamens  8,  unequal, 
longer  than  and  inserted  into  the  tube ;  style  1  ;  berry  1-seeded. — Lvs. 
alternate,  simple.  Fls.  expanding  before  the  oblong-obovato  lvs.,  3 
from  each  bud. 

D.  paMatria  L. — A  shrub  5f  in  height  when  full  grown,  U.  S.  and  Can.  The  fla 
appear  in  April  and  May,  much  earlier  tlian  the  leaves.  Tliey  are  small,  yellow, 
funnel-shaped,  about  3  together,  \vith  a  bud-like  involucre.  Lvs.  from  the  same 
buds,  entire,  on  short  petioles,  pale  underneath.  Stam.  much  longer  than  tiie 
calyx,  alternately  a  long  and  a  short  one.  Berry  oval,  small,  red.  Every  part 
of  this  shrub  is  very  tough.  The  twigs  furnish  "rods  for  the  fool's  back,"  the 
bark  is  used  for  ropes,  baskets,  &c. 

DAPHNE  is  a  genus  differing  from  Dirca  by  its  spreading  calyx  limb  and 
included  stamens. 

D.  Mez^reum,  with  deciduous  lvs.  andD.  Laureolawith  evergreen  lvs.  ore 
occasionally  cultivated. 

Order  CXL    EL^EAGNACE^.     Oleasters. 

Shrubs  or  trees  usually  with  the  leaves  covered  with  a  silvery  scurf,  entire; 
iowers  mostly  dioecious,  the  calyx  free,  entire,  persistent,  becoming  in  fruit  pulpy 


■i.i  I 

rii 

:■ 

i.  ■    i 

'^1 

t    I 


■I 


id 


I 


CM 


Ordeb  112.— EUPHORBIACEiE. 


and  berry-like,  inclosing  the  1-celled,  l-seeded  ackenium.     Seed  ascending,  embryo 
straight,  albumen  scanty. 

Genera  4,  njiecia  3(t,  tliinly  dispersed  throughout  the  Northern  hemisphere. 

t.  SHEPHER'DIA,  Nutt.  (In  honor  of  John  Shepherd,  curator  of 
the  boUiiiic  garden  of  Liverpool.)  Flowers  $  $  . —  $  Calyx  4-cleft ;. 
sta.  8,  alternating  with  8  glands.  $  Calyx  tube  closely  investing  the 
ovary,  but  not  adlieriiig  to  it,  limb  4-lobed  ;  sty.  1 ;  stig.  oblique  ; 
berry  globous,  composed  of  the  fleshy  calyx. — Shrubs  with  spinesccut 
branches,  and  opposite,  deci<.luous  leaves.     Fls.  aggregated. 

1  S.  Canadensis  Xutt.  Lvs.  elliptic-ovate,  nearly  smooth  above,  clothed  beneath 
ivith  dti'jxte  hairs  and  fi'rrr.i^inous,  deciduous  scales. — A  shrub  G — 8f  high,  found 
in  Vt.,  N.  Y.  !\nd  "W.  to  "Wis.  Laphani),  and  Can.,  by  streams  and  on  river  banks. 
Loaves  obtuse  at  each  end,  the  upper  surface  green,  with  few,  scattered,  stellate 
hairs,  lower  surface  wliitc,  with  rvist-colored  spots,  densely  tomentous,  margin 
entire;  petioles  2 — 4"  loog,  lamina  1 — 2'  by  ^ — 1'.  Fls.  minute,  in  small,  late- 
ral, nearly  sessile  clusters.  Berries  oval,  scaly,  consisting  of  the  fleshy  calyx  in- 
closing the  achenia  in  its  tube,  sweetish  to  the  taste.  Jl. — A  curious  and  orna- 
mental .s!n-nb. 

2  S.  arg^ntea  Nutt.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  both  surfaces  smooth  and 
equally  covered  with  silvery  scales. — A  small  tree,  12 — 18f  Ingh,  with  thorny 
branches.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  i — 9".  Petioles  ^'  long,  margin  entire,  the  surface 
of  a  light,  silvery  hue,  sprinkled  with  rust-colored  spots.  Fruit  the  size  of  a  cur- 
rant, seal  let,  well-flavored.     \  Mo. 

2.  EL^AG'NUS,  L.  Oleaster.  (Gr.  eXaia,  the  olive  ;  the  tree* 
liaving  a  resemblance  to  the  olive.)  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  4-cleft, 
campanulate,  colored  on  the  inner  side  ;  sta.  4,  alternate  with  the  calyx 
lobes ;  anth.  subsessile ;  sty.  short ;  fruit  baccate,  consisting  of  the 
achenimn  inclosed  in  the  dry,  farinaceous  calyx  tube,  marked  with  8 
furrows. — Trees  or  shrubs,  cultivated  for  the  silvery  foliage.  Leaves 
alternate. 

1  E.  argentea  Pli.  Lvs.  broad-ovate  or  oval,  tvavy,  acutish  at  each  end,  both 
surfaces,  i)artieularly  the  lower,  silvery  and  shining,  with  ferruginous  scales. — A 
beautiful  shrub,  with  reddish  branches  and  small,  ^undish-ovate,  cartilaginous 
drupes,     f  Mo. 

2  E.  angustifolia  L.  Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire,  al- 
ternate, smooth,  canescent;  fls.  axillary,  aggregate. — A  tree  of  middle  size,  culti- 
vated for  its  beautiful  foliage  and  pleasant  date  like  fruit,     f  Fur. 

3  E.  latifolia  L.     Lvs.  ovate,  evenjreen.     f  E.  Ind. 

3  HIPPOPH.SI  rhamnoides,  with  linear-lanceolate  lvs.,  silvery  white  lio- 
neath,  tetrandrous,  dio'cious  Jioiveis,  and  a  crowd  of  yellow,  acid  drupes,  is  a  Euro- 
pean shrub,  occasionally  seen  in  shrubberioa. 


<*,,, 


Order  CXIL     EUPIIORBLVCEJi:.     Spuroeworts. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  usually  with  a  milky,  acrid  juice.  Flowers  diclinous,  ."sorno- 
times  enclo.scd  in  a  cup-siiapod  involucre.  Calyx  inferior,  sometimes  wanting.  Cor- 
olla scale-like  or  colored,  often  wanting.  Ovary  free,  sessile  or  stipilato,  2,  3  (or 
uioro)-carpeled ;  styles  distinct  or  united.  Fruit  of  2,  3  (or  more),  1  to  2-seeded  car- 
pels (rarely  of  1  carpel)  united  to  a  common  axis,  at  length  separating.  Embryo 
in  fleshy  albumen.     Fig.  371. 

Oeneni  '20i\  upecien  2600  (Lindley),  chiefly  natives  of  S.  America,  not  more  thnn  60  upecies 
tK'ine  found  in  N.  America,  north  of  Sljxieo. 

Propertien. — An  ncrld,  stiinulnnt  niiil  iioisonous  principle,  resi(iing  cliiefly  in  tlio  milky  juice, 
piM'vades  the  wliole  order.  This  i/rinciplo  varies  in  notivity  from  mild  stimulants  to  the  most 
tfctive  poison.s  ;  l)iit  it  is  volntilo  and  vi\:»\y  expelled  bv  lieiit.  Tapioi'ix  l.s  a  starcli-liko  iicciinni- 
litiu>n  foruMil  in  the  roots  of  tli«  Jatropha  Mnniliut.    NVhen  fresli,  ;lii»  root  is  a  violent  poison 


Orukk  1 1 2.— KUPHORBl  ACE.E. 


625 


hut  loses  its  (leleterinns  properties  by  wasliintr  aii<l  exiiosuvi'  to  hciit.  Castor-oil  is  fX['ressoil 
f:orii  l.ie  soeds  of  ItiuiiitiS  coiiiiiiunis."  (..'lotoii-.iil  iVoiii  tue  st-oils  of  ('loton  Tif;liuiii.  Oaouloliouo 
is  yielUed  in  abuudiince  by  several  tj.  Americun  species. 

FKr.  687.— 1.  HfiiM  or  cjipitiiliim  of  V.n- 

pliorbi:icoidll:ii;i;  willi  thi-  eorollii-likc  iii- 

voliicro,  ;iliil  pfilicilliili'  pinlill;ite  Ilowi'r. 

2.  TIr;  iiivuliioro  tiilii/  cut  open,  .sliowiii^ 

the   iiioimiidroiis,  stiiiiiiniiio  tlowors  mii- 

roiindiii^  tlio   pislill;ite.     'A.    Ono   of   tlm 

I//     ,,  tlowcrs.  with  ii  tootlieil  bract  at  ti  isi .  4. 

1/       t  roHs  soctioii  of  tlic  ovary,  showing;  Uh'."} 

oiie-seeck'il  cells  or  carpels. 

Of'if.  Our  specimens  <tf  the  Eiiphorbiaeoip  were  submitted  to  the  in.spection  of  Or.  Engelmaiin, 

of  t^t.  Louis,  uiul  uro  hero  described  nearly  in  accordance  with  his  numenclature. 

GKNKRA. 
§  Colls  of  the  ovary  ono-ovuled  ;  fruit  3  (rarely  2  or  T[)-seeiled.  (.♦) 

♦  Flowers  in  a  cup-shaped  involucre,  the  i  many,  each  merely  a  stamen,  with  one 

>  flower,  an  ovary  exserted  on  a  i)cdicel Kupiiouhia.  I 

♦  Flowers  not  in  an  involucre  8,  all  a[)etalous,  having  a  oalv.K  only,  (a) 

a  Flowers  diandrous,  in  a  terminal  spike.     Plants  f,'laIirou.s STU.LiN(iiA.  3 

a  Flower 2  to  3-a'ii:ii)u.s,  in  raceme.       Plants  hairy  or  downy Ti;a(;ia.  3 

a  Flowers  8  to  12-an<!i.>us,  in  small  spikes  with  large  bracts Vcai.vimia  .  4 

a  Flowers  10  to  IS-undrous,  in  cymes,  w  itli  white  sejials.     Slinjiing. . .  .CNiDosroi.tr.H.  5 
a  Flowers  polyandrou.s  in  panicles;  fruit  echinate.    Plant  glabrous Uk  iNim.  6 

♦  Flowers  not  in  an  involucre  8,  the  sterile  and  ol'tm  tlie  ferliU',  also  with  petals,   (b) 

b  Ova.  3  (rarely  2)-celled  and  seeded.     Fls.  clustiM-ed.     Woolly,  downy  or  scurfy. Ciioton,  7 
b  Ova.  l-cclU'd,  1-seeded,  indchiscent.     Fls.  axillary,  small.     Silvery  scurfy. Croto.noi'sis.  fi 
§  Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled  ;  fruit  0  (or  abortively  fewer)-seeded.  (c) 

O  Calyx  G-jiarted  ;  stamens  3,  united.     Flowers  axillary,  small rnvLLANTiii!-.  9 

C  Calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4,  distinct,  lariri'.    Flowers  in  bracted  spikes I'AciivsANDitA.   iO 

C  Calyx  4-parted  ;  .-tamens  4,  distinct.    Flowers  a.\illary.     Shrub.    Leaves  o[iposite..  liixts.  11 

1.  EUPHOR'BIA,  L.  (Named  for  Euphorhns,  pliysicikii  to  Jul);i, 
Jviiig  c)t"  Mauritania.)  Spuugk.  Flowers  c  ,  several  in  an  inyolucrato 
cluster;  involucre  calyx-like,  cup-shaped,  with  4  or  5  petaloid  sei^nKMils 
alternate  with  as  many  large  tjlands  ;  tlowers  aehlainydeous,  tlie  ^,  12 
or  more  each  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  on  a  pedicel  which  is  axil- 
lary to  a  little  bract ;  $  flower  solitary,  central,  a  3-carpeled,  3-styled 
and  3-seedcd  ov.  y  raised  on  a  slender  pedicel ;  capsule  3-lobed,  separ- 
ating into  3  bivalved  nutlets. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  juice, 
Lvs.  generally  ^rpposite  oi  vertieillate,  often  alternate,  sometimes  none. 
Involucres  flower-like,  'ixillary  or  umbellate. 

J  Pteins  spiny,  thick,  oreut. — f^dipules  none.     F'loral  leaves  scarlet Xo.  1 

§  Stems  unarmed,  erect.     Leaves  destitulo  of  stipules,  alternali'  tir  opposite.  (♦) 

♦  Involucre  with  4  or  ,'>  glands  which  are  2-lioineil  or  cresciiit-shapcd.  (a) 

a  Umbel  of  many  rays.     Stem-leaves  narrow,  alteriiale.     Seeds  smooth.  21 . . .  .Xos.  2,  3 

a  Umbel  of  3  rays,  and  forked. — Stetii  leaves  alternate,  thin Nos.  4,  ,5 

a  Umbel  (  f  3  or  4  rays,  and  forked.—  Stem  leaviis  opposite,  thick No.  6 

♦  Inv(ducro  with  15  white,  |)etal-likc  glands  or  appeiidai-'es.  (b) 

b  Heads  nearly  sessile.     Leaves  witli  broail,  \\hite  mar^rins No.  7 

b  Heads  i)edunculate,  solitary  or  sul>paniciilale.    Leaves  broad  oval Nos,  s,  9 

b  Heads  pedunculate,  umbellate.     Leaves  oblouL',  moj-tly  narrow Nus.  lo,  II 

♦  Involucre  with  1  to  T)  glands  neither  [ictal-like  nor  horned,  (c) 

0  Ii\lloreseonce  in  compound  cymes,  with  loiiir  pednncKs N>>.  12 

C  Inllorescenco  in  comi)ound  uinbi  Is,  witli  short  peiluneles.  (d) 

d  Seeds  reticulated  or  wrinkled.     Leaves  serrulate \os.  l:<.  U 

d  Seeds  smooth  and  even,  in  a  rough,  warty  fridt Xos.  I.'),  .li 

C  Inflorcsci'iito  solitary,  axillary.     Leavis  all  op|iosite No.  17 

C  Inllorescenco  a  simple,  teiminal  cluster.     Leaves  idternate  or  ojipo' ite.. .  .Nos.  H,  \'i 
5  Stems  unarmed,  chietly  i)ro.>>trate,  ditluse.     Leaves  all  opposite,  small,  with  oiiall, 

entire  or  cleft  stijiules.     Involucres  .'i.xillnry  or  chi.-tercd.     May  lo  Is'ov,    (T)   (e) 
e  Leaves  serrulate  or  serrate.     Seeds  rouirheiUMl  with  wiiid^les  or  jiits.  (f) 

f  Stem  ascendinjj;  <u-  erect,  smooth  or  smooihi.-.h.   Seeds  black  o.'  ambor  color. Nos.  2(1,  2t 

f  Stem  prostrate,  hairy  or  pMbernlent  .'is  well  as  the  Icives  and  .'"niii N<is.  22,  2:1,  24 

e  Lea\  es  entire.     See<ls  smooth  and  cvi  ii.     Plants  glabrotis No.s  2."),  2ti,  27 

1  E.  spl^iidena  iJojaria.  St.  piin'rtiticoti.'',  flosliy,  armed  with  rigid,  sharp 
thonia;  Ivy.  ovato,  tiijierui|j;  to  tho  base,  plabfous,  entire,  acute,  niU'-Toiuilu;  jit'd. 
axiUary,  2  or  3  tinicH  dichotonions ;  llund  Iv.s.  in  paifs,  i)roa(lor  tliaii  lung,  cusjiw 
date,  PL'urk't. — A  suij^niiar  and  showy  ^^urIou  plant,     f  Madagascar. 

40 


:i's 


626 


Obdkr  112.— EUPHORBIACE^. 


tw' 


f    f 


V*-" ' 


*       )■ 


2  E.  CypariBsias  L.  Cypress  Spurgk.  Ljs.  linear-setaceous,  crowded  on  the 
stem,  with  ii  spiral  arrangement ;  Horal  lv8.  broadly  cordate,  all  sessile  ;  umbel  of 
many  tiiraple  rays,  with  several  scaltered  branches  below  it ;  glands  crescent-shaped; 
fr.  granulated. — Gardens  and  fields,  rare.  Sts.  much  branched,  ascending  If  high, 
with  numerous  leaves  6  to  10"  long,  less  than  1"  wide,  the  floral  yellowish,  very 
differfent.     §  Eur. 

3  E.  Eaula  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate-linear,  the  floral  broadly  cordate,  raucronate,  umbel 
of  many  rays,  the  rays  forked,  with  scattered  brandies  below  it ;  glands  2-ho7-ned; 
fruit  nearly  smooth. — Fields,  Mass.  (Oatces),  not  common.  Sts.  much  branched, 
If  high.     Lvs.  1'  or  more  long,  the  floral  yellowish.     Glands  brown.     §Eur. 

4  E.  P^plus  L.  Lvs.  membranous,  roundish,  tapering  into  the  petiole,  very  obtuse, 
entire,  smooth,  the  upper  floral  ovate ;  umbel  of  3,  rarely  5  rays,  then  forked ; 
glands  lunate,  with  2  long  horns ;  ovaries  with  a  double-winged  keel  at  the  back, 
rugous  and  scabroue  .  seed  dull  grayish  white,  with  2  longitudinal  furrows  and  4 
rows  of  dots. — Waste  places,  N.  Eng.,  rare.     St.  7  to  12'  high.     §Eur. 

5  E.  commutata  Engelm.  Decumbent  and  branched  at  base,  smooth ;  sts.  erect ; 
lower  lvs.  oval,  petiolato ;  florcd  lvs.  numerous,  thin,  broader  than  long,  all  sessile, 
very  obtuse  ;  ovaries  obtusely  angled,  not  winged,  seeds  dotted  all  over. —  If  Along 
streams,  W.  Va.  to  Ohio,  111.  frequent,  and  S.  to  Fla.  Sts.  a  foot  high,  once  or 
twice  trichotomous,  the  floral  lvs.  so  applied  at  base  as  to  appear  orbicular  ami 
perfoliate,  6  to  9  '  diam.  Horned  glands  usually  but  4. — Has  been  confounded 
with  E.  Poplus.     Ja. 

6  E.  Lath^ris  L.  Mole-tree.  Caper  Spurge.  St.  erect,  stout,  smooth ;  lvs. 
lance-linear,  rather  acute,  entire,  glabrous,  sessile ;  umbel  mostly  4-rayed,  rays 
dichotomous;  glands  of  the  in  vol.  lunate,  2-horncd,  the  horns  dilated  and  obtuse. 
— <$)  Cultivated  grounds  and  gardens.  Stem  2 — 3f  liigh.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  3 — 9", 
numerous  and  arranged  in  4  rows  on  the  stem.  Umbel  of  4  verticillato  branches 
with  a  central  subscssile  h'\ad.  Jl. — Sept.  §  Eur. — Supposed  efficacious  in  ex- 
pelling moles  from  the  ground. 

7  E.  marginata  Pursh.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subcordate,  sessile,  acute,  mu- 
cronute,  entire  on  the  margin,  glabrous;  umbel  3-ray(d,  once  or  twice  dichoto- 
mous ;  involucrate  lvs.  oblong,  cordate,  colored  and  membranaceous  at  the  mar- 
gin ;  inner  segments  of  the  floral  involucre  roundish  ;  caps,  hoary-pubescent. — (I) 
A  handsome  species,  remarkable  for  the  variegated  leaves  of  the  involucre.  | 
Shores  of  :  Ky.  iliver  at  Paris,  abundant.  Doubtless  escaped  from  the  gar- 
dens.    §  Native  in  Nebraska. 

8  E.  mercurialina  I\Ix.  Sts.  slender,  weak,  simply  trichotomous ;  lvs.  opposite 
or  ternatoly  whorled,  nearly  sessile,  oval,  entire ;  pcd.  terminal,  solitary,  bearing  a 
single  involucre. —  U  Near  Knoxville,  Tenn.  Jl.,  Aug.,  (Miehaux). — A  very  ob- 
scure and  long-lost  species.  Ve  gathered  a  single  specimen  10  miles  S.  of  Talla- 
hassee, P'la.,  in  1857,  diflbring  from  the  description  of  Miehaux  only  in  its  lower 
lvs.  being  scattered.  It  is  about  9'  high,  smooth.  Lvs.  1'  long,  entire,  obtuse, 
villous-ciliate  on  their  lower  margins  and  very  short  petioles.  Invol.  lobes  min- 
utely edged  with  white. 

9  E.  panicul^ta  Ell.  Erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  slender,  striate-anglod,  thinly 
pubescent ;  lvs.  oval  or  elliptical,  suhrepand,  rcvolute  on  the  margins,  glaucous  be- 
neath, short-petioled,  the  caulino  alternate,  ample,  the  floral  small  and  bract-like, 
opposite;  inflorescence  irregularly  forked,  or  paniculate ;  invol.  email  (1"  diam.), 
glands  slightly  expanded,  greenish  whiti.'. — Ga.  and  Fla.  Sts.  8  to  18'  high. 
Lvs.  about  18"  by  10  '.  Invol.  thrice  smaller  than  in  No.  10,  of  which  it  is  con- 
sidered a  variety  by  Dr.  Engelmann. 

10  E.  corollkta  L.  Flowering  Spurge.  Erect ;  caulino  and  floral  lvs.  oblong, 
narrow,  obtuse;  glands  of  the  invol.  ohovate,  petaloid  ;  umbel  ^-rayed,  rays  2  or  3 
times  di-  or  trichotomous. — y  In  dry  fluids,  e-tc.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  slender, 
erect,  1 — 2f  high,  generally  simple  and  smooth.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  often  quita 
linear,  very  entire,  scattered  on  the  t^teni,  verticillate  and  opposite  hi  the  umbel. 
The  umbel  is  generally  quite  regularly  subdivided.  Corolla-like  involucre  large, 
white,  showy.     July,  A^ig. — The  central  head  is  2  or  3  weeks  earliest. 

fi.  Anqustif6lia.     Lvs.  oblong-linear;  umbel  often  becouiiujf  irregular  or  mora 
or  less  paniculate. — Chiefly  Soutliward. 


Order  112.— EUPHORBIACEiE. 


627 


11  E.  Curtisii  Engelm.  Smooth,  very  slender,  branched  from  the  base ;  division 
then  cymotisly  branched;  Ivs.  all  similar,  opposite,  narrowly  linear.  lather  acute; 
invol.  broadly  obconic,  the  glands  (inner  segments)  narrowly  bordered  witli  a 
wiiite  membrane. — A  very  slender  species,  allied  to  E.  corollata,  about  10  high. 
Lvs.  5  to  10"  long,  less  than  1"  wide.  The  narrow  white  border  of  invoL  con- 
spicuous.    Ga.  (Feay,  Pond,)  to  N.  Car.     (Curtis.) 

12  E.  grdcilis  Ell.  Very  smooth  and  slender,  st.  2  or  3-forked  below,  the 
branches  then  repeatedly  forked ;  lv.s.  all  similar,  oblong  and  oblonj^-hi. car,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  subpetiolate,  mostly  op[)osite;  invol.  on  long  peduncles,  dark  purple 
with  oval  glands;  fr.  strongly  3-lobed,  smooth,  seeds  smootliish  d  jjl. — Siuuly 
pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Plant  5  to  10'  high,  wholly  purple  when  young. 
Lv.s.  8  to  12  "  long,  very  variable  in  width.     Mar.,  Apr. 

/3.  ROTUNDlFoLiA.     Lvs.  roundisli  or  quite  orl)icular,  entire,  edged  with  purple. 
— With  the  other,  6'  high.     A  singular  variety. 

13  E.  heliOBCopia  L.  Sun  Spurge.  Erect;  floral  lvs.  obovate,  cauliuf  •.\(:(lgo- 
form,  sliarply  serrate,  smooth;  umbel  5-rayed,  then  ?>-raycd  and  furkt'd;  fruit 
smooth  and  even ;  sds.  reticulated. — (1)  A  milky  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  X.  II. 
to  Niagara,  S.  to  Car.,  remarkable  for  the  symmetry  of  its  vegetation.  Stem 
smooth,  erect,  8 — 16'  high.  Leaves  scattered,  5 — H'  long,  f  as  broad  at  the 
rounded  or  retuse  apex,  tapering  to  the  base.  Umbels  subtended  by  a  large  in- 
volucre of  5  ol)ovate  leaves.  Each  of  the  5  rays  is  pilous  with  scattered  hairs 
a!id  subdivided  into  an  umbcUet  of  3  rays  with  a  :Moavcd  involucel,  and  these 
finally  into  2  or  more  pedicellate  fascicles.     June,  July.     §  Eur. 

14  E.  Arkans^na  Engelm.  &  Gr.  Slender ;  floral  lvs.  roundish-ovate,  f-ubcor- 
d.ate,  obtuse,  cauline  oblong-spatulati  or  obovate,  all  serrulate  and  glabrous ;  um- 
bel once  or  twice  trichotomous,  then  simply  forked;  glands  entire,  subsessilo  :  fruit 
warty,  .seeds  reticulated. — Lexington,  Ky.  (Siiort,  in  Gray's  Manual)  to  Ark.  and 
La.  (E.  tetrapora  Engelm.,  found  in  W.  La.  (ITalo),  diflcrs  from  this  in  liaving 
2-horned  glands  of  the  involucro  and  seeds  nearly  smooth  and  oven.  The  foliage 
is  almost  indentical  (fide  sijec.  labeled  by  Dr.  Engelmann). ) 

15  E.  obtusata  Ph.  Wauted  Spurur.  Lvs.  all  sessile,  obtuse,  finely  serridate. 
tapering  to  tlie  base,  sparsely  hairy  beneath,  the  cauline  oblanceolate,  ^ra/  round- 
isli cordate,  clasping,  mueronate ;  umbel  3  to  5-rayed,  rays  2  or  3  times  forked ; 
fr.  muricate,  with  wart-like  points;  stylos  2-cleft;  sds.  compressed,  smooth  and 
even. — Waste  grounds.  Can.  to  Va.  and  W.  States.  A  smooth,  erect  plant.  If 
high.  Lvs.  1'  or  more  long,  the  floral  much  shorter.  Livol.  subsessilo,  with  small, 
hairy  lobes,  and  large,  oval  glands.  Sds.  brown  when  ripe. — Closely  resembles 
E.  platyphylla  L. 

16  E.  Darlingtonii  Gray.  Lvs.  entire,  oblong-lanceolato  and  oblanceolato.  acute, 
narrowed  to  the  base,  subsessilo,  pilous  bemath,  the  floral  ovate ;  umbel  5  to  8-raye(J, 
rays  once  or  twice  divided;  segm.  of  tho  invol.  colored,  entire,  subreiiiform ;  fr. 
slightly  warty;  sds.  smootii. —  If  Moist  woods,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  (Curtis).  St.  2 
to  3f  high,  smootli,  rarely  branched  below  tho  umbel.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  1',  entire 
or  sliglitly  serrulate  above,  tliose  of  the  stem  alternate,  of  the  branches  oppo.«ite, 
and  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Floral  invol.  purplish  ])rown  within.  Caps,  at 
length  nearly  smooth.     May.  Jn.     (E.  niemoralis  Darl.,  nee  Kit.) 

17  B.  Ipecacudnhse  L.  Ipkcac  Ppuur.E.  Procumbent  or  suberoct,  smooth, 
with  numerous,  dill'use,  forking  stems;  lvs.  o])posite,  obovate  and  oblaiiceolate, 
entire,  obtuse,  subsessile;  ped.  elongated,  axillary,  1 -flowered;  seeds  white,  dot- 
ted, flattened. — %■  Sandy  soil,  near  tho  coast,  Couh.  (Robbins)  to  Ga.  lit.  peren- 
nial, very  long.  St.  rather  thick  and  succulent,  3  to  8'  long.  Lv.s.  \k  to  2'  by  3 
to  6",  varying  from  obovate  to  linear,  llda  solitary.  Ped.  as  long  us  tho 
leaves.     Jn. 

18  E.  heteroph^lla  Mx.  (I'itigelm.)  St.  thick,  green,  glabrous,  much  braiiehetl, 
tall;  li.'f.  ovate,  or  siuuate-loothcd,  or pdnduriforni,  tho  highest  oftim  liince-linear, 
all  on  slender  petioles  and  scattered;  invol.  all  <'lustered  and  terminal,  each  willi 
6  ovate  lobes;  fr.  large,  smooth,  seeds  ovoid,  tubercli'd. — W.  III.  to  Iowa  (Coii- 
sens),  S.  to  Ga.  (Pond).  Plant  of  singular  asi)ect,  1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  18''  to  2' 
long,  0:1  .«talk3  half  as  long,  \isu:  Ily  narrowed  in  tho  middle  to  u  fiddle-siiape,  the 


ilr 


%\ 


0J3 


Order  112.— EUPilORBlACE^. 


»,■->■ 


#' . 


~4. 


upper  stained  deep  red  on  the  edges,  &c.,  more  or  less.     luvol.  reddisii,  with  a 
ses.sile  gland.     Jn.,  Jl.     (E.  cyathiflora  Jacq.) 

19  E.  dentata  Mx.  St.  low,  slender,  hairy,  bracliiatoly  branched;  li:s.  opposite, 
petiolaLe,  ovaie-iaitceolate,  obtuse,  coarsely  dentate,  paler  and  hairy  beaeath  ;  invul. 
eubsessile,  in  a  terminal  cluster,  each  with  5  ovate,  laciniate  lobes;  fr.  minutely 
velvety ;  seeda  globular,  tubercled. — In  shady  places,  Penn.  to  Iowa  and  La. 
Plant  6  to  12'  higii ;  Ivs.  1  to  2',  mostly  lanceolate,  but  varying  to  linear.  luvol. 
with  one  or  more  stalked  glands.     Seeds  grayish.     Jn. — Aug. 

20  E.  hypericifdlia  L.  St.  smootli,  branching,  nearly  erert,  branches  divaricate 
spreading;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  very  oblique,  serrate  all  around;  corymbs  tenninal ; 
seeds  rugous,  black. — CD  A  slender  iind  branching  plant,  found  in  dry  and  rioii 
soils,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  10 — 'JO'  high,  usually  purple,  very  smootli,  the 
branches  often  pubescent.  Leaves  tripli-veined,  marked  with  oblong  dots  and 
blotches,  ciliate,  6 — 12"  long,  and  }  as  wide,  ol)li(iue,  on  very  short  petiole.-;.  Co- 
rymbs of  small,  white  heads,  terminal  and  axillary.     July,  Aug. 

21  E.  glyptoaperma  Engelm.  Decumbent  at  base,  nmch  branched,  slender, 
glabra  Its ;  Ivs.  oblong,  oblique,  obtuse,  serrulate  towards  the  end;  stipules  cleft  and 
hinged;  invol.  subsessile,  appendages  cretiulate,  white;  sds.  awjular.  sculptured, 
amber  color. — Madison,  Wis.  (Lapham),  and  southwestward.  A  delicate  species. 
Lvs.  G"  by  2",  and  smaller,  strongly  arcuate.  Stipules  whitish,  clell  into  hair-like 
processes. 

22  E.  maculata  L,  Procumbent;  branches  spreading;  lvs.  serrate,  oblong, 
hairy;  lis.  in  crowded,  axillary  clusteis;  seeds  broivnish,  -L-anglcd,  wrinkkd. — 
(i  i'lant  spreading  flat  upon  the  ground,  in  sandy  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem 
G — 12'  in  length,  much  branched,  hairy.  Leaves  opposite,  3 — 6''  long  and  A  as 
wide,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrulate,  smooth  above,  often  spotted  with  dark  purple,  the 
margin  ciliate,  pale  and  hairy  beneath,  on  short  stalks.  Heads  of  flowers  small, 
crowded  near  the  summit,  involucre  minute,  white.  Jl. — Sept.  This  and  Nos. 
23  and  24  are  too  closely  allied. 

23  E.  humistr^ta  Engelm.  Procumbent,  roughly  and  minutely  villous,  diffu.so ; 
lvs.  obliquely  elliptical,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  denticulate  near  tlie  apex,  sparsely 
hairy  beneath ;  ped.  crowded  in  lateral  clusters,  shorter  than  the  ve;  ort  petioles; 
invol.  slit  on  the  back,  appendages  subontiro ;  sds.  ovate,  A-angled,  .  tely  rough- 
ened (not  wrinkled),  ash-colored. — Banks  of  the  Mississippi,  St,  Louis  (Engelman) 
and  southwestward.  Lvs.  4  to  7''  by  2  to  4",  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  some- 
times spotted  above.     Fr.  puberulent,  acutely  angled.     Seed  f  long. 

24  E.  prostrata  Ait.  Prostrate,  very  diffuse,  villous-pulverulent ;  lvs.  roundish- 
oval,  very  obtuse  at  both  ends,  minutely  serrulate  towards  the  apex,  villous  be- 
neath ;  ^jed  clUrStered,  longer  than  the  very  short  petioles  ;  invol.  appendages  obtuse, 
entire;  fr,  woolly;  sds.  4:-angled,  transversely  rugous. — River  banks,  S.  W.  States 
(Hale).  Spreading  in  largo  patciics,  with  rather  dense  foliage,  clothed  all  over 
with  a  fine  dusty  wool.  Lvs.  of  two  sizes,  the  cauline  3  to  5"  by  2  to  3",  the 
ramial  scarce  half  as  large.     Seeds  ligiit  brown. 

25  E.  polygonifolia  L.  Knot-grass  Spurge.  Procumbent;  ^vs.  entire,  Jance- 
olate  and  oblong,  obtuse  at  base ;  invol.  subsessile,  in  the  axils  of  the  branches,  soli- 
tary;  seeds  large  (1"  long)  smooth,  ovoid. — CD  Sea  shores,  R.  I.  to  Fla.  A  very 
smooth,  succulent,  prostrate  plant,  with  milky  juice.  Stems  G — 10'  long,  dicho- 
+,omouB,  procumbent.  Leaves  oblong  and  linear-lanceolate,  rarely  cordate  at  base, 
3 — 5  '  by  1",  petioles  about  1".  Sti|)ulea  subulate  and  simple.  Heads  small,  in 
the  forks  of  the  purple  stem.     June,  July. 

26  E.  cordifolia  Kll.  Prostrate,  spreading,  glabrous;  lvs.  obliquely  cordate  at  tJie 
base,  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  distinctly  petiolate;  ulipules  laciniate;  ped.  nearly  as  hug 
as  the  leaves,  loosely  clustered,  subterminal;  invol.  appendages  oval,  white,  cou- 
.spieuous ;  fr.  angular;  seed  obtuse-angled,  smooth. — Ll!  In  cultivate'  I.iuu-,  Car. 
to  Fla.  and  La.  Si)reading  in  large  patches,  with  alternate  brr.,!che9  and  cpon 
Ibliage.     Lvs.  3  to  5'',  rarely  C,  slightly  variegated.     Sds.  bro^vnish  wbhe. 

27  E.  serpens  II.  B.  K.  (Kngelman).    Trostrate,  spreading,  glabrcus;  lvs.irry 
small,  roundish-oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends,   entire;  ped.  m-x/i   longer  ih.'n   the  rn<. 
iioks,  solitary  or  several  in  the  axil;  invol.  api)endages  scarcely  any;  sclh.  siruni' 
diiusJy  angled. — Banks  of  the  Miss.,  St.  Louis  (kngehn.)  to  N.  Orleans  (dak). 


Order  112.-ElH'll()Rluat'K-«l.  629 

Our  most  delicate  specios.     Lvh.  I  to  -V    Ions  iuid  Iha^  elegautly  vanogatod. 
Seeds  minute,  light  browu.     (E.  henuarioidea  Nutt.) 

2.  STILLIN'GIA,  liiwd.  (Nmuod  (or  Dr.  Benjamin  Stillimjjieet) 
Flowers  o  ,  in  a  teruiiiial,  dense  spike,  upetalous ;  $>  calyx  cup-torm, 
lobed  and  crenulate;  stamens  2,  filameiits  exseried,  witli  short,  2-lobed 
anthers;  $  calyx  3-lobed;  style  trifid,  with  3  divcrgiitir,  simple  stijjf- 
mas ;  capsule  3-lobcd,  3-celled,  3-seeded. — l*lants  smooth,  erect,  with 
alternate  Ivs.     PY'rtile  fls.  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike. 

1  S.  sylvatica  L.  St.  liorbaceous  or  r.hrubly  at  base ;  Ivs.  oval-lana'olaUi,  cuneate 
at  the  xuOsesmle  base,  obtuse  at  aptx,  serridate ;  t^iiko  solitary,  simple,  witii  lar^■(', 
cup-sliaped  gLands  among  the  yellowish  flowers. —  1^  Sandy  soils,  Ya.  to  Fla.  and 
La.  St.  mostly  simple,  18'  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3  to  4'  long,  thick,  sinootb. 
Spike  2  to  3   long.     May,  Jn. 

2  S.  ligustrina  Mx.  ShrubV.v,  branching;  lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends, 
very  entire,  petiolate;  staniinato  fls.  short-pedioellod,  1  to  each  bract,  with  2 
glands. — In  Ga.  and  Car.,  margins  of  streams.  Plant  6  to  12f  liigh. — Desoription 
compiled  from  Michaux,  Pursh  and  Nuttall.     We  have  not  seen  the  plant. 

3  S.  sebifera  L.  Tallow  Tree.  Arborescent,  with  very  smooth  branches,  lvs. 
long-petioled,  rhornboidal,  acuminate,  entire ;  sterile  (In.  very  small,  many  from  each 
involucre;  fruit  stalked,  large  (6  "  diam.)  for  t)ie  geims. — Soacoast,  8.  Car.,  (ia.  to 
La.  Tree  20  to  40f  high,  Lvs.  as  broad  as  long  (2  to  4'),  conspicuously  poiiued. 
Petioles  of  equal  length.     §  China. 

3.  TRA^GIA,  Plum.  (From  Tragus.,  an  early  German  botanist.) 
Flowers  8\  corolla  none;    <^  calyx  3-parted  ;  stamens  2  or  3,  distinct; 

$  calyx  5  to  6  to  8-parted,  persistent;  style  3-cleft,  stiu^mas  3  ;  fruit  3- 
lobed,  3-celled,  separating  into  3  bivalve,  1-secdcd  nutlets. —  If  Herbs 
(or  tropical  shrubs),  often  climbing.  Lvs.  mostly  alternate,  pubescent, 
stipulate.     Fls.  small,  raceined. 

*  Stem  twininsr.    Leaves  cordfito,  sharply  serrate No.  1 

♦  Stem  erect. — Leaves  subconlatc  at  base,  acutely  serrate No.  2 

— Leaves  cun  jate  or  obtuse  at  ba.se,  obtusely  serrate  or  entire Niia.  .S,  4 

1  T.  macrocdrpa  Willd.  Recliuiug,  much  liranched,  its  slender  summits  twin- 
ing, sparsely  hirsute;  lvs.  long-petiolate,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  sharj)ly  ser- 
rate; rac.  much  elongated;  fr.  large. — Hedges,  copses,  Ky.  (Micliaux)  to  La. 
(llale^,  Sts.  2  to  4f  loi.g.  Lvs.  largo  (1  to  3'  long),  exactly  heart-shaped.  Fr. 
nearly  half  an  inch  diam.     (T.  cordata  Mx.) 

2  T.  urticsefdlia  Mx.  Ereet,  hirsute,  sparingly  branched ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolato, 
unequally  and  sharply  serrate,  subcordate  or  truncate  at  base,  on  short  petioles; 
rac.  axillary,  elongated;  fr.  very  hairy;  sds.  globular,  very  smooth,  hollow. — S. 
States,  common.  Plant  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  half  to  a  fourth  as  wide. 
Fruit  3"  diam.     May — Aug.     (T.  angustifolia  Nutt ) 

3  T.  lirena  L.  Erect,  branched,  villous-pubescent ;  lvs.  obovate-dblong,  varying  to 
lance-lijiear,  cuneate  at  base,  subsessile,  coarHcly  feiv-tooihed  .above,  or  entire ;  rac. 
axillary,  bracted,  few  or  many-flowered;  fr.  downy. — Dry  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  Ala.  A  homely  weed,  10  to  15'  high,  Iialf  shrubby,  soft  downy,  and  not  (as 
Linnajua  supposed)  stinging.  Branches  mostly  simple.  Lvs.  1'  or  moro  long.  Fr, 
downy,  about  4"  diam. 

/3.  LiNE.Xiiis.    Lvs.  elongated,  linear  nearly  or  quite  entire. — Ga.  to  Fla.    Seeds 
usually  hollow  as  in  all  tlie  varieties.     (T.  linearifolia  Ell.) 

4  T.  betonicafolia  Nutt.  M*  '•  branclieil  from  a  decumbent  ba.«e,  hairy ;  lvs. 
oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  coarsely  >  v.nate-deni.ate,  short-petioled ;  stip.  oval,  con- 
spicuous; fls.  mostly  solitary,  opposite  to  the  leaves,  pedunculate. — Near  N. 
Orleans  (Hale).     Plant  If  high.     Lvs.  1'  or  moro  long. 

4.  ACAL'YPHA,  L.  Tiiree-heedkd  Meucurv,  (Or.  dt:aX/j(p7j,  V\q 
nettle.)      Flowers  S  ;  corolla  0  ;  S  very  sni.-dl,  in  short  sjiiker,;  calyx  4- 


<t  ■:■,! 


r.i: 


¥ 


V]i 


W 


630 


Order  112.— EUPHORBIACE^ 


parted '  stamens  8  to  12,  filaments  very  short,  united  it  base,  with 
halved  anthers  ;  $  calyx  3-parted ;  styles  3,  elongated,  'l  )r  3-cleft  or 
fringed;  fruit  separating  into  3  bivalve,  1-seeded  nutlets,  i.  "ly  simple. 
— CD  Herbs  (or  tropical  shrubs)  resembling  nettles.  Lvs.  alternate, 
petiolate.  Fls.  axillary,  the  fertile  in  short  clusters  at  the  base  of  the 
little  staminate  spikes,  surrounded  by  a  large  cut-toothed  bract. 

1  A.  Virginica  L.  Hairy  or  downy,  branched ;  iw.  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely  ser- 
rate; involucTate  bracts  broadly  ovate,  deeply  cut-toothed,  veiny;  sterile  spikes 
slender,  peduncled,  usually  exceeding  the  involucre ;  seeds  oval,  ash-colored, 
smoofhish. — Dry  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  rough  weed,  10  to  20  high,  often  de- 
cumbatcat  base.  Lvs.  12  to  30"  long,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  lance- 
linoar,  obtusely  pointed,  the  petioles  about  as  long.  The  little  green  spikes  4  to 
10'' ;  fertile  clusters  in  tho  same  axils,  somotiraea  alone.  Jn. — Aug.  (Also  A. 
gracilens  Gr.) 

13.  jroNOCOCC'A  (Engelm.)     Very  sleiif'or,  with  lance-linear,  eubentire  lvs.   and 
a  simple,  1-celled,  1-seeded  fruit. — W.  111. 

2  A.  Carolini^na  "Walt.  Minutely  downy,  branched ;  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  closely 
and  strongly  serrate,  acute;  sterile  spikes  ahnrt,  fertile  Jls.,  also  spicafe,  terminal; 
invol.  bracts  deeply  palmate  with  linear  segments ;  sds.  roundish  ovoid,  light  ash- 
colored,  roughened  with  hard,  black  points. — Ind.  to  N.  J.,  Ga.  and  La.  Plant 
slender,  1  to  2f  high,  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  9  to  16",  on  slender  petioles. 
Seeds  larger  (1")  than  in  No.  1. 

5.  CNIDOS'COLUS,  Pohl.  Spurge  Nettle.  (Gr.  kvi6t},  a  nettle, 
aKu>Xog,  a  prickle.)  Flowers  5' ,  showy ;  calyx  colored,  convolute, 
coralline;  corolla  0;  hypogynous  glands  o,  $  stamens  10,  united  at 
base,  alternately  short;  $  calyx  5-pjirt'jd  ;  styles  3,  each  2  or  more 
cleft;  capsule  3-carpeled,  3-seeded. — Herbs  ofien  beset  with  stings. 

C.  Btimulosa  Gray.  Hispid,  with  bristly  stings;  lvs.  palmately  3  to  5-lobod, 
cordate  at  ba.se,  ciliate,  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  witli  fow  mucronato  teeth,  late- 
ral lobes  2-parted  ;  lis.  terminal  at  length  opposite  the  leaves,  cymous  ;  sep.  white, 
oval,  spreading;  styles  many-cleft  at  top  ;  caps.  Irspid. — U  A  low  herb,  in  sandy 
soils,  througiiout  tlio  South,  painfully  common.  It  varies  much  in  the  width  of 
its  leaf-segments.  Stings  white,  often  half  an  inch  ''^ug.  Mar. — Jl.  (Jatropha 
stimulosa  Mx.) 

6.  RIC'INUS,  Tourn.  Castor  Oil  Plant.  (Lat.  ricinus,  sl  bug ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  tho  seeds.)  Flowers  S  ,  apctalous ;  calyx  3  to 
6-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  $  stamens  oo,  with  irregularly  united 
filaments ;  $  style  short,  stigmas  3,  2-parted,  plumous,  colored  ;  cap- 
sule echinate,  3-lobed,  3-celled,  3-secded. — Herbs  or  shrubs. 

R.  commtlinia  L.  St.  frosted  or  glaucous-white,  herbaceous ;  lvs.  peltate,  palmate, 
lobes  lanceolate,  serrate;  caps,  prickly. — Native  of  the  E.  Indies,  where  it  becomes 
a  tree,  although  an  herbaceous  annual  iu  the  N.  States.  In  (}a.  La.  and  Fla.  it  is 
a  stout  shrub!  St.  tall,  smooth,  of  a  light  bluish  green  color.  Lvs.  4  to  12" 
diarn.,  on  long  petioles.  From  its  seeds  is  expres^^ed  the  well  known  castor  oU 
of  tho  shops.  For  this  purpose  it  is  extensively  cultivati'd  in  the  S.  and  W. 
States. — The  purgative  property  resides  in  the  embryo,  not  iu  the  albumen. 

7.  CROTON,  L.  (Name  in  Greek  of  tiio  stiuio  import  as  Ricinus.) 
Flowers  8  ;  6  calyx  4  or  H-parted,  cyliudric-valvate  in  bud;  corolla  of 
4  or  5  petals,  often  sinali  ;  slameiis  5  io  20  ;  $  calyx  5,  rarely  8-cleft ; 
corolla  often  minute  or  none  ;  styles  3,  oufc  or  repeatedly  forked  ;  cap- 
stile  3-iobed,  3-celled,  n-oarjieled,  carpels  1-seeded. — Plants  clothed  with 
scurf,  down  or  wool,  usually  glandular  and  aromatic.  Hairs  stellate. 
Lvs.  alternate. 


m> 


Order  112.— KUPKORBIACE^. 


631 


)  Plants  downy.     Fertile  calyx  5-parted,  with  2  styles,  pendulous No.  1 

i  Pliiiit.s  hairy  or  sculv.     Fertile  calyx  S-parted,  witli  8  styles,  euch  2  or  S-cleft Nos.  'i— 4 

I  I'lantd  densely  woolly.     Fertile  calyx  8-parted.     Stylos  3,  each  twice  '2-c;left Nus.  5,  6 

1  C.  monanthogynum  Mx.  Stellately  pubescent,  tri-  and  diohotoinously 
branched,  slender;  Iva.  on  slender  petioles,  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  broad  and 
sometimes  subcwdate  at  ba^e,  mucronulate,  entire,  silvery  beneatli ;  Hs.  in  tlio 
forks,  the  sterile  2  or  3  in  a  little  erect,  stalked  iiead ;  the  fertile  mostly  solitary 
in  the  same  axil,  recurved;  fr.  2-seeded. —  l)  Prairies,  Pike  Co.,  111.  (Holtoii)  and 
south-westward.  Herb  near  If  higii,  Ivs.  1'  long.  Fla.  very  smalL  Jn. — 
Sept. 

2  C.  glanduldaum  L,  Hispid,  glandular,  tri-  (or  4Vchotomously  branclicd ;  Ivx 
clustered  at  th«  forks,  petiolate,  lance-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  serrate,  h'urini/  2 
cup-shaped  glands  at  ba.se;  Hs.  in  small  clusters,  sessile  in  the  forks  and  teniiiual, 
the  fertile  at  the  ba.se,  5-parted,  the  sterile  4-parted,  octandrous. — [V  In  fields  and 
waste  grounds.  111.  to  Va.,  Ga.  and  La.     A  straggling  herb  1   to  3f  high.     Lvs. 

1  to  2'  long.     Sd.  liglit  ash-colored.     Jn. — Sept. 

3  C.  argyranthemum  Mx.  Clothed  with  glandular  scales,  branched  at  base ;  lvs. 
oval  or  nlilong,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  obtuse,  entire,  silvery  beneath;  fls.  in  a 
capitate,  terminal  spike,  silvery  tvhitish  all  over,  fertile  at  base,  5-parted.  with  3 
styles,  each  IJ-cleft  at  top;  sterile  5-parted,  octandrous. —  U  Sandy  soils,  (la. 
(Wayne  Co.,  Dr.  Town)  and  Fla.  (Tallaliasseo!).  Sts.  9  to  18'  higii,  simple,  often 
clustered.  Lvs.  1'  to  18''  long,  lialf  to  a  lliird  as  wide.  Scales  stellate,  witli  a 
central  gland.      Fls.  short-pediceled.     Apr. — Jn. 

4  C.  niaritimum  Walt.  Ilulf  shrnJjhy,  dill'usely  and  trichotomously  branched, 
brandies  clothed  witli  a  stellular  tonieutum  ;  lvs.  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  sub- 
cordate,  pale  above,  silvery  beneath,  petiolate ;  lis.  in  dense  spikes,  terminal  and 
in  the  forks,  the  sterile  many,  the  fertile  commonly  2  at  the  base;  caps,  to- 
mentous. — li  Drifling  sands  along  the  seacoast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  (Erigel- 
man).  Sts.  straggling  and  spreading  2  to  3f.  Lvs.  shining  with  a  silvery  scurf, 
not  hairy  beneath,  nearly  as  broad  as  long. 

5  C.  capitatum  Mx.  Annual,  woolly  or  tomentous,  hoary,  branched ;  lvs.  long- 
2n'tiokd,  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  rounded  ai  ba.fe ;  fls.  in  terminal,  capitate  clus- 
ters, the  fertile  at  the  base,  with  a  large  (8"  diani.)  S-cle/t  calyx ;  stamens  10  to 
12. — Dry  barrens  of  111.  to  La  Also  in  N.  J.  (Kniskern  in  Gray's  Miinual). 
Herb  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  18"  to  2'  lung,  olton  rather  lanceolate  and  acuti.-h, 
scarcely  longer  than  their  petioles.  Seeds  polialied,  cinerous-browu,  mottled.  Jn. 
—Sept. 

6  C.  Lindheimeri  Eng.  &  Gray.  Shrubby,  erect,  trichotomously  branched, 
clothed  with  a  dense,  hoary  tomentum,  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  or  suir 
cordate  at  base,  acute,  entire,  lower  petioles  elongatecl ;  spikes  terminal  and  in  the 
forks,  taixtd  or  separate,  sterile  fls.  many,  sessile,  fertile  larger,  2  or  3  at  the  base 
or  alone  ;  cal.  very  wouUy,  $  7  or  8-parted;  styles  3,  twice  or  thrice  forked, 
red  ;  ova.  very  villous. — Sands,  near  the  coast,  La.,  Tex,    Shrub  2  to  If  high,  lvs. 

2  to  3'  long.      $   Fls.  a  mass  of  rusty  wool,  5"  broad. 

8.  CROTONOP'SIS,  Mx.     (Named  for  its  resemblance  (oxpig)  to  the 
genus  Croton.)      Flowers  8  ,  minute,  in   terminal  and  axillary  spikes; 

$  calyx  5-parte<l;  corolla  of  5  petals  ;  stamens  5,  distinct;  $  calyx  5- 
parted  ;  corolla  none;  stamens  5  rudimentary  scales ;  stigma.s  3,  each 
bilid  ;  ovary  simple;  capsule  1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent. — li'  Herb 
slender,  branching,  silvery -scurfy,  with  small,  alternate  Ivs.  Upper  fls. 
sterile. 

C.  linearis  Mx. — Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  La.  and  111.  (Lapham).  Sts.  as 
slender  as  the  flax,  at  length  repeatedly  forked,  1  t(j  2f  high,  clothed  with  rusty 
glands  in  shining  scales,  as  well  as  the  small  (6  to  10"  long),  linear-oblong,  acute 
lvs.     Fr.  oval,  acute,  muricato  glandular.     Jn. — Sept. 

9.  PHYLLAN'THUS,  L.     (Gr.  fv^iXov,  dvdog  ;  the  leaves  of  the  ori- 
ginal species  are  apparently  floriterous.)     Flowers  3  . —  i  Calyx   per> 


Pi  (I 


lit 


■i'  M 


6;?  2 


Order  113.— ULMACE^. 


i' 


sistent,  with  6  spreading,  colored  segments;  stamens  3,  very  short, 
filaments  united  at  base,  anthers  didymous.  9  Calyx  as  in  the  ^  ; 
styles  3,  bifid  ;  capsule  3-celled  ;  cells  '2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded. — Herbs 
or  shrubs  with  alternate,  stipulate  leaves  and  minute,  axillary  flowers, 

P.  Carolin^nsis  Walt.  (P.  obovatus  "Willd.)  St.  erect,  herbaceous,  with  alter- 
nate branches ;  Ivs.  simple,  entire,  glabrous,  oval  and  obovate,  obtuse,  slightly 
petioled ;  lis.  few,  subsolitary,  axillary. — (1)  A  small-leaved,  delicate  plant,  Penn. 
to  111.  and  SouUi.  Stem  6 — 10'  high,  slender,  the  branches  tiliform.  Leaves  of 
the  stem  C — 8"  by  4 — 5",  of  the  branches  twice,  and  of  the  branchlets  four  times 
smaller.  Flowers  1 — 3  in  each  axil,  the  $  with  the  ?  nearly  1"  diara.,  whitish. 
July,  Aug. 

10.  PACHYSAN'DRA,  Mx.  (Gr.  Traxv^,  thick,  avdpa,  stamen.) 
Flowers  8  ,  apetalous,  iu  bracteato  spikes  ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  $,  stamens  4, 
filaments  distinct,  large,  subclavate ;  ovary  a  rudiment;  ?  styles  3,  re- 
curved; capsule  3-horned,  3-celled,  cells  2-valved,  2-seeded. —  ii  Herbs 
procumbent,  from  long,  creeping,  rhizomes.  Lvs.  nearly  glabrous,  alter- 
nate, exstipulate.     Spikes  situated  below  the  lvs. 

P.  procumbens  Mx.  Sts.  simple ;  lvs.  few,  o\al,  coarsely  crenate-toothcd,  nar- 
rowed into  a  slender  petiole  ;  spikes  from  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  oo-flowei-ed, 
the  fertile  below  the  sterile  each  subtended  by  2  or  3  narrow  bracts. — Mts.  of 
Va.  and  E.  Tenn.  to  Ga.  Sts.  6  to  9'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2',  all  of  them  above  the 
few  ppikes  which  are  about  the  same  length.     Mar. — May. 

11.  BUX'US,  L.  Box-w^ooD.  (The  Greek  name  of  this  plant  was 
TTv^oq.)  Flowers  § ,  axillary. —  $,  Calyx  3-leaved,  petals  2 ;  sta.  4,  with 
the  rudiment  of  an  ovary.  $  Cal.  4-sepaled ;  pet.  3  ;  sty.  3  ;  caps, 
with  3  beaks  and  3  cells ;  seeds  6. — Shrubs  and  trees.  Lvs.  evergreen, 
opposite. 

B.  semp^nrirens  L.  Lvs.  ovate :  petioles  hairy  at  edgo ;  anth.  ovate,  sag- 
ittate.— Yixr.  ANGUSTipoLiA  ha.s  narrow,  lanceolate  leaves.  Var.  suffuuticosa, 
the  dwarf  box  has  obovate  leaves  and  a  stem  scarcely  woody,  highly  esteemed 
for  edgings  in  garoens. — The  box  with  its  varieties  is  native  of  Europe,  and  fur- 
nishes the  well-known  box-wood  so  extensively  used  by  engravers,  mathematical 
instrument  makers,  &c. 


Order  C\\\\.     ULMACE^.     Elmworts. 

Trees  with  a  colorless  juice,  alternate,  deciduous  leaves  and  stipules,  with  the 

flowers  perfect,  or  abortively  pol3'gamous,  in  loose  clusters,  never  in  amenta.     Calyx 

subcampanulate,  bearing  the  stamens  opposite  to  its  lobes,  filaments  straight,  ovary 

free,  1  or  2-eelled,  with  two  stigmas,  forming  iu  fruit  a  samara  or  a  drupe.     Sad 

suspended,  with  no  albumen  and  leafy  cotyledons.     Fig.  46.  E.  115,  437. 

Genera  9,  species  60,  native  of  the  northern  tt;inperato  zone. 

Propertief!. — Astrinpent,  miuihisrinoiis,  innoxious.    The  inucilnglnous  bark  nf  tho  Slippery  Elm 
(Ulmusl'ulva)  is  the  only  importiint  medicinal  product.   Most  of  tiic  Eliiusatford  excellent  limber, 

I.   UL'MUS,  L.  Elm.   (The  Latin  name,  from  elm,  Teutonic.)  Flowers 
V  .     Calyx  campanulate,  4  to  8-cleft ;  stamens  4  to  8  ;  styles  2  ;  ovary 
compressed  forming  a  flattened  samara  with  a  bi'oad   mend)ranoii3  bor- 
der.— Trees,  I'arely  shrubs.     Lvs.  scabrous,  often   abrupt  at  base.     FIs. 
fasciculate  or  racemed,  appearing  before  the  lvs. 

§  Pamara  ciliate-frinKcd  witli  liairs,  find  on  .^lender  pedicels,    (a) 

a  Flowers  and  fruit  c<iiyrMb<>iis-uinbellate.     Uniiiclies  not  corky No.  ] 

IX  Flowers  and  fiiiit,  iiiiinifestly  raroiniMl.     Hraiiclies  corky Nos.  S,  8 

S  l?ani;ira  destitute  of  a  fringe,  subsehsilo  or  short  pediceUd  . . '. Nos.  4—6 


Order  113.— ULMACEiE. 


633 


L  U.  Americana  L.  White  Elm.  (Fig.  A?,l.)  Lvsi.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
often  doubly  so,  unequal  at  base;  lis.  podiceled  in  loose  dusters;  Ir.  oviil, 
smooth  except  the  densely  ciliate  margin,  its  2  beaks  with  points  incurved  aiid 
meeting. — U.  S.  and  Can.  A  majestic  tree,  usually  disiinguislied  by  its  loiij^-  pen- 
dulous br-anches.  The  trunk  attains  a  diameter  of  3  to  5fJ  loosing  itsflf  suddenly 
at  top  in  2  or  more  primary  branches.  These  ascend,  gradually  spreading,  and 
repeatedly  dividing  in  broad,  graceful  curves,  xnd  atfording  a  good  example  of  tho 
solvent  axis  (§  174).  It  is  a  great  favorite  as  i  shade  tree,  and  is  frequently  Pcen 
rearing  its  stately  form  and  casting  its  deep  shade  over  the  "  sweet  homes"  of  N. 
Eng.     April. 

2  U.  racemoaa  Thomas.  Cork  Rlm.  Branchlets  doiimy,  often  with  thick,  rorly 
ridges ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  auriculate  on  one  side ;  lis.  in  racemes  ;  peilieeis  in  dis- 
tinct fasciclus,  united  at  their  base,  fruit  ovate,  elliptic,  ciliate. — A  tree  found  in 
low  grounds,  Meriden,  N.  H.  to  N.  Y.,  and  westward.  Tho  twigs  atid  branches 
are  remarkably  distinguished  by  their  numerous,  corky,  wing-like  excrescences. 
Leaves  3 — 4'  long,  §  as  wide,  produced  into  a  rounded  auricle  on  one  side,  doubly 
serrate,  smooth  above,  veins  and  under  surface  minutely  pubescent,  i'lovvers 
pedicellate,  2 — 4  in  each  of  the  fascicles  which  are  arranged  in  racemes.  Calyx 
7 — S-clcfl.  Stamens  7 — 10.  Stigmas  recurved.  Sa-nara  pubescent,  the  margin 
doubly  fringed.     Apr. — Much  like  No.  1,  except  its  inflorescence  and  bark. 

3  U.  aldta  Mx.  "Winged  Elm.  'WnAHOO.  Branches  smooth,  here  and  there 
winged  with  2  corky  ridges ;  Ivs.  ohlong-lanreoial^,  small,  acute,  doubly  serrate,  all 
slightly  unequal  at  hasQ ;  tis.  in  racemes;  cal.  ),;bes  obovate,  obtuse;  fruit  downy 
all  over,  ciliate-fringed  on  the  margin,  beaks  ^lender. — Common  in  the  S.  States. 
Tree  with  its  branches  more  regularly  cork-winged  than  in  No.  2,  its  leaves  much 
smaller  (18  to  30''  long)  and  subequal  at  biuse,  the  petioles  only  1"  long.  (Fruit 
misrepresented  in  Micliaux.) 

4  U.  fulva  L.  Slipi'ERy  Elm.  Red  P]lm.  Branches  rough  ;  Ivs.  ohlmg-ovate, 
acuminate,  nearly  equal  at  base,  unequally  serrate,  pubescent  both  sides,  very 
rough;  huds  covered  with  fulvous  down ;  fls.  sessile;  fr.  nearly  orbicular,  scarcely 
ciliate. — Woods  and  low  grojuds,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  The  Slippery  Elm  is  much 
sought  on  account  of  tho  nmeiiage  in  the  inner  bark.  Its  diameter  is  1  to  2f 
and  height  20  to  40f.  Tho  Ivs.  are  larger,  thicker  and  rougher  than  those  of  the 
White  Elm,  and  exhale  a  pleasant  odor.  Fls.  collected  at  the  ends  of  the  young 
shoots.     Cal.  downy,  sessile.     Stam.  phort,  reddish,  7  in  number.     Apr. 

5  U.  campeatris  L.  English  Elm.  Lvs.  (small)  ovate,  doubly  serrate,  unt>- 
qual  at  base  ;  fls.  subsessile,  densely  clustered  ;  sta.  5 — 8  ;  cal.  segments  rounded, 
ebtuse;  samara  suborbicular,  the  border  destitute  of  a  fringe  of  hairs. — Frnm 
Europe.  Introduced  and  naturalized  in  the  Enstein  Hinlosto  a  sniiill  extent.  It 
is  a  majestic  tree,  50 — 70f  high.  The  main  Inink  is  usually  excurrent  (§  17i]). 
Branches  rigid  and  thrown  off  at  a  largo  angle,  foliage  dense.  In  form  it  favors 
the  Oak  more  than  our  native  Klnis.  Many  trees  of  this  kind,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Boston,  are  particularly  remarked  in  Emerson's  iteport,  pp.  HUl,  302. 

6  U.  mont^na  L.  Scotch  Elm.  AVycii  Elm.  tvs.  (large),  obovate,  cuspi- 
date, doubly  and  coarsely  serrate,  cuneate  and  unequal  at  biise,  very  scabrous 
above,  evenly  downy  beneath ;  fr.  subumbellate,  rliombic-ol)long  ;  .sciircely  cloven, 
not  cihate. — Another  European  Elm  often  planted  in  our  parks.  It  is  a  large  tree, 
rather  resembling  our  Slippery  Elm  than  the  White  Elm. 

7  U.  crassifolia  Nutt.  With  very  small  (1'  long),  thick,  oval,  obtuse  lvs. 
grows  in  W.  La.,  probably  not  E.  of  the  Miss.     It  flowers  in  Sept.  only.     (Hale.; 

2.  PLA'NERA,  Gmel.  (Ir  honor  of  ./o/t/it/.  Planer,  a  German  bota- 
nist.) Flowers  mona'cious-polygainoiis ;  calyx  campauulate,  4  to  5- 
clei't ;  stamens  4  to  5  ;  stigmas  2,  oblong,  diverging;  fniit  l-rolled, 
1-seeded,  wingless,  dry,  nut-like,  indehiscent. — Trees  with  the  habit  of 
Ulmus. 

P.  aqudtica  Omol.  Lvs.  small,  smooth,  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  equal  at  base ;  fla 
axillary,  in  clusters  of  2  to  6  ;  sig.  plumous;  nut  roughened  with  scale-like  points. 
— River  ewamps,  N.  Car.  to  (J  a.     A  tree  30  to  40f  high.     Feb.,  Mar. 


P 


ilMl 


ii  if 

■I't  ; 


634 


OiiDtu  114.— ARTOCARPACE^. 


■■.'   )  ■ 


3.  CEL'TIS,  Tourn.  Nkttle  Trke.  Suoah-berry.  (Celtis  was 
the  anciuiit  name  for  the  Lotus.)  Flowers  monecio-polygamous,  S 
Calyx  G-parted  ;  stamens  6  ;  ^  calyx  5-parted  ;  stamens  5  ;  style  2  ; 
stigmas  subulate,  elongated,  spreading  ;  drupe  globular,  1-seeded,  seed 
with  little  albumen. — Trees  or  large  shrubs.  Lvs.  mostly  oblique  at 
base.     Fls.  subsolitary,  axillary. 

1  C.  occident^lis  L.  Tre^.i ;  Ivs.  ovate,  suboordate  or  truncite.  acuminate,  en 
tiro  and  unequal  at  base,  surrate,  roujjfh  above,  and  rough-hairy  1  eneatii ;  pedun- 
cle longer  than  the  petiole;  sep.  iriuwjular-ovate,  ertct;  fr.  woliiary. — Tree  some 
30f  iiigh  in  N.  Eug.  where  it  is  rarely  found,  nmch  larger  (3  to  5fdiam.,  50  to  70f 
high)  and  more  abundant  South  and  West.  Tlie  trunk  has  a  rough  but  unbroken 
bark,  with  numerous  slender,  horizontal  branches,  forming  a  wide-spread  and 
dense  top.  Lvs.  with  a  long  acumination,  and  remarkably  unequal  at  the  broad 
base.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  small  and  white,  succeeded  by  a  small,  round  drupe. 

(i.  cb.\ssif6lia.  Lvs.  thick,  rough,  scrratf,  cordate,  dark  green  and  mottled 
above.  Also  a  largo  tree,  tall  in  woods,  wide-spread  in  open  lauds.  Both 
are  often  mistaken  for  Elms. 

y.  iNTEGUiFoLlA.  Lvs.  entire,  thin,  smooth ;  bark  smooth  and  unbroken. — 
Banks  of  the  Miss.,  St.  Louis,  to  N.  Orleans.  We  have  specimens  with  most 
of  the  lvs.  perfectly  entire,  some  on  the  Siimo  branch  with  1  or  2  notches, 
others  notched  a  fourth  of  the  circuit,  &c.     (C.  Mississippiensis  Bosc.) 

2  C.  pClinila  Ph.  Shrub;  lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  partly 
serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  pubescent  only  when  young ;  fls.  solitary ;  sep. 
mostly  6,  oblong-linear,  as  hi kj  as  tiie  styles,  horizontally  spreading. — A  straggling 
shrub,  3  to  lOf  high,  in  hilly  districts,  Va.  to  Fla.  (Chattahoochee).  Flowering  at 
the  height  of  (2f  Nutt)  6f.  The  peculiarity  of  the  flower  may  perhaps  entitle 
this  shrub  to  the  rank  of  a  species.  Sep.  near  2"  long.  Drupes  glaucous  black, 
sweet.     Mar. — May. 


III 


j» 


Ordkr  CXIV.     ART0CARPACEJ5.     Artocarps. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  acrid  or  noxious  juice,  with  large  deciduous  stipules. 

Flowers  i  ?  or  (9 ,  collected  into  dense  heads  or  aments,  naked  or  with  a  lobed  calyx. 

Ovary  free,  1  (rarely  2)-celled,  1-ovuled,  forming  fleshy,  aggregated  fruit  (sorosis  or 

syconus,  §580).     Achenium,  with  an  erect  or  pendulous,  albuminous  seed.     Figs.  36, 

U9,  450,  461. 

Genera  31,  speciea  240  ?  generally  n.atives  of  the  tropics  or  at  least  of  warm  climates.  They 
are  closely  allied  to  the  Nettleworts,  differing  chiefly  in  fruit,  jiiico  and  habit. 

Properties. — The  juice  is  almost  always  deleterious,  sometimos  in  a  high  degree.  It  contains 
eaontahouc.  The  celebrated  Bohon  Upas,  the  most  deadly  of  all  poisons,  is  the  concrete  juice 
of  Antiaris  toxlcaria  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  its  poisonous  property  is  said  to  be  due  to  tlie 
presence  of  .strychnia.  Mennwliile  the  famous  coiv  tree  of  8.  America  yields  milk  which  i.s  rich 
and  wholesome.  G'Mwt  ?ac  is  obtained  abundantly  from  Fleas  Indica.  The  renowned  .&iMj/(/n 
tree  is  Ficus  relixiosa.  In  this  order  are  also  found  many  excellent  fruits.  I^lgaare  the  fruit  of 
Ficus  Carica,  &c.  Breadfruit  is  the  compound  fruit  of  Artocarpus;  mulberries  of  Woru! 
nigra.    FtiMe,  a  yellow  dye,  Is  the  wood  of  M.  tinctoria  of  S.  America. 

§  Flowers  inside  the  excavated  receptacle,  both  kinds  together Fious.  4 

§  Flowers  external,  the  2  kinds  separate,  in  two  kinds  of  aments.    (*) 

*  Calyx  i-sep.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  globular  ament.    Thorny Maolcra.  8 

*  Calyx  4-parted.    Fertile  ament  globular.     Style  1 ISkoussonktia.  2 

*  Ciilyx  4-parted,  lobes  spreading.     Fertile  aments  oblong.    Styles  2. Moklb.  1 

\r  MORBUS,  Tourn.  Mulberry.  (Celtic  mor,  black  ;  the  color  of  the 
fruit.)  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  $  in  loose  catkins ;  the 
$  in  dense  spike-like  catkins  ;  calyx  4-parted ;  stamens  4  ;  styles  2  ; 
achenium  compressed,  enclosed  within  the  baccate  calyx,  the  whole 
spike  thus  constituting  a  compound  berry  (sorosis.)— Trees  with  alter- 
nate, generally  lobed  lvs.     Fls.  inconspicuous. 


Iff 


I'M 


Order  114.— ARTOCARPACE.E. 


635 


1  M.  rtlbra  L.  Red  Mulbeiiry.  Lvs.  scabrous,  pubescent  beneath,  rouii(k»d  nc 
sulxiordate  at  base,  equally  serrate,  acuminate,  ovato  or  (in  the  young  trees)  ptil- 
mutely  and  oddly  lobed;  fertile  spikes  cyliudric;  r.  dark  red. — In  N.  Ktig.  u  rare 
shrub  16  to  201'  hi^h.  In  the  Mid.  S.  uud  W.  IStates  it  attain?*  the  elevation  of 
40 — tjOf,  with  a  diameter  of  1  to  '2f.  Roots  yellow.  Trunk  eovcred  witli  i  gray- 
ish uark,  muuh  broKua  and  furrowed.  Woo*!  tinu-grained,  stong  and  durab)''. 
Waves  4 — 6'  long,  jj  i\s  wide,  entire  or  divided  into  lobes,  thick,  dark  greoii. 
Flowers  small.  Fruit  of  a  deep  red  color,  witii  the  aspect  of  a  blackberry,  conv 
posed  of  tiie  entire  catkin,  made  pulpy  and  sweet.     Apr.,  May 

2  M.  dlba  L.  White  Mui.berky.  Lvs.  ghhronx,  cordate  and  ohliqiK?  at 
base,  unequally  serrate,  either  undivided  or  lobed;  //■.  whitish. — Cultivated  for  tiio 
sake  of  its  leavt.'s  as  the  food  of  silk  worms.  A  tree  of  iiumblo  growtii.  Leaves 
2 — 4'  long,  §  aa  wide,  acute,  petiolate.  Flowers  green,  i  small,  roundisli  spikes 
or  liea'is.     Fruit  of  a  yellowish-white,  insipid,  f     China. 

(3.  MULTiCAULis.     (CHINESE  MuLBEUUY       Lvs.  large  (4 — 7'  long,  5  as  broad.) 
—Shrub. 

3  M.  nigra  L.     Black   Mulberry.     Lvs.  scahrn  iS,  cordate,  ovate  or  lobed, 

obtuse,  unequally  serrate;  fertile  spikes  oval. — Cuitivatfd  for  ornament  and  shade, 
in  this  as  well  as  in  many  otiier  countries.  Fruit  dark  red  or  blackish,  of  an 
aromatic,  acid  flavor,     f  Persia. 

2.  BROUSSONETIA,  L'ller.  Paper  Mltlberry.  (In  honor  of  P. 
N.  V.  Bnussoiu't^  a  distinguished  French  naturalist.)  Flowers  difjc- 
cc'oiis ;  S  anient  cylindric ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  $  anient  globous ;  rc- 
cepticle  cylindric-clavate,  compound ;  caly.x  3  to  4-toothed,  tubular; 
ovaries  becoming  flesliy,  clavate,  prominent ;  style  lateral ;  seed  1,  cov- 
ered by  the  calyx. — Trees  from  Japan. 

B.  papyrifera  Vent.  Lvs.  of  the  younger  tree  roundish-ovate,  acuminate, 
mostly  undivided,  of  the  adult  tree  Z-l  ibed ;  fr.  hispid. — A  tine  hardy  tree,  occa- 
fiii  :ially  cultivated.  It  is  a  low,  bushy-headeii  tree,  of  rapid  growtli,  witlv  largo, 
lia;ht  green,  downy  leaves,  and  dark  rod  friit  a  little  larger  than  peas,  with  long, 
purple  hairs.     The  divided  lvs.  resemble  those  of  the  white  mulberry. 

3.  MACLU^RA,  Niitt.  Osage  Orange,  {^o  William  Maclure,  Esq.^ 
of  the  U.  S.,  a  distinguished  geologist.)  Flowers  (^  $  ,  in  aments.  Calyx 
0 ;  ova.  numerous,  coalescing  into  a  compound,  globous  fruit,  of  1- 
seeded,  compressed,  angular,  cuneiform  carpels  ;  sty.  1,  filiform,  villous. 
— A  lactescent  tree,  with  deciduous,  alternate,  entire,  exstipulate  leaves 
and  stout,  axillary  spines. 

M.  aurantiaca  Nutt. — A  beautiful  tree,  native  on  the  banks  of  the  Arkansas, 
&c.  Leaves  4 — 5'  by  1^ — 2A^',  glabrous  and  shining  above,  strongly  veined  and 
paler  beneath,  on  short  petioles,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  margin  obscurely  denticu- 
late, apex  subacuminate,  rather  coriaceous.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  an 
orange,  golden  yellow  when  ripe,  suspended  by  an  a.xillary  peduncle  amid  the 
deep  green,  polished  foliage.     Extensively  cultivated  for  hedges. 

4.  FrCUS,  Tourn.  Fig.  Banyan.  (Gr.  ovkt].  Lat.  Jicus.  Celtic 
fi'jueren.  Teutonic  yif/7e.  Anglo-Saxon /7c.  Y,n^\\^\\  Fig.)  Flowers 
moneecious,  minute,  fixed  upon  the  inside  of  a  fleshy,  turbinate,  closed 
receptacle;  ^  calyx  3-parted  ;  stamens  3  ;  ?  calyx  5-parted  ;  ovary  1  ; 
seed  1  ;  fruit  (syconus)  composed  of  the  enlarged,  fleshy  receptacles 
inclosing  the  numerous,  dry,  imbedded  achenia. 

P.  Cdrica  Willd.  Common  Fio.  Lvs.  cordate,  3 — 5-lobed,  repand-dentate; 
lobes  obtuse,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath.— -Supposed  to  be  a  native  of 
Caria,  Asia,  although  cultivated  for  its  fruit  in  all  tropical  climes.  With  us  it  is 
reared  only  in  sheltered  locations  aa  a  curioaitj.  The  delicious  fruit  is  well  knowa 
Leaves  very  variable  in  form. 


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Hiotographic 

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23  WIST  MAIN  STMET 

WnSTM.N.Y.  HSSO 

(716)  •72-4503 


A 


636 


Okdkr  115.— URTICACE^. 


Okder  CXV.     URTICACE^.     Nettleworts. 

Herbs  (and  some  tropical  shrubs)  with  a  wutery  juice,   a  tough,  fibrous  bark. 

Leaves  stipulate,  often  opposite,  flowers  .small,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  panicles, 

racemes,  or  den.se  clusters,  furnished  with  a  regular  calyx.     Stamens  opposite  to  the 

calyx  lobes.     Ovary  1-celled,  ovule  erect,  orthotropous.     Fruit  a  simple  acheuium. 

Figs.  50,  459. 

Oenera  25,  apeciea  700?  penerally  diffiisod  in  all  climes.  Wo  retain  under  this  order  the  Can 
nabincte,  dismissing  the  Artocarpuui,  tlius  constituting  a  group  wliich  is  at  least  practicuUi 
natural. 

Properties. — The  Nettleworts  are  remarkable  for  the  caustic  secretion  of  their  glandular, 
etiu^'lns  hairs,  whicl),  bad  enou:;h  in  our  coiniiion  nettle,  attains  a  terrible  virulence  in  certain 
E.  Indian  species.  The  juice  of  the  lleinpworts  is  bitter  and  narcotic.  Savage  nations  pro- 
cure an  intoxicating  liquor  from  tliu  Iletnp,  and  the  more  civilized  a  strong  stimulant  from  th« 
Hup.    The  fibrous  bark  of  Hemp  and  other  species  is  highly  valuable  in  the  arts. 

SUBORDERS  AND   OENERA. 

I.  UUTICE^. — Filaments  crenulate,  expanding  elastically.     Fertile  calyx  3  to  5-8epaled  or 

toothed.    Seed  albuminous,  with  a  straight  embryo  (*). 

•  Herbs  with  stinging  hairs. — Stamens  4.     Leaves  opposite Ubtica.    I 

— Stamens  5.     Leaves  alternate Laportea.    2 

*  Herbs  stingless. — Stamens  8.    Fertile  calyx  3-sepaled.    Leaves  opposite Pilka.    8 

— Stamens  4. — Fls.  iu  slender  spikes.    Lvs.  opp.  or  alt BoiiiMKKiA.    4 

— Fls.  in  iavolucrate  cymes.    Lvs.  altern.  .Pariktaria.    5 

II.  OANNABINEiE. — Filaments  straight,  or  not  elastic.    Fertile  calyx  of  1  sepal,  lateral,  eui- 

bracing  tlie  ovary.    Seed  exalbuminous.  with  a  curved  or  spiral  embryo  (♦). 

*  Fruit  a  valveloss  achcnium,  in  astrobilc-Iike  anient.     Twining IIumulus.     6 

♦  Fruit  a  2-valved  caryoiwis,  in  axillary  pairs.    Lvs.  digitate Cannabis.    7 

1.  UR'TICA,  Tourn.  Nettle.  ( Lat.  Mro,  to  bum;  in  reference  to 
the  stinging  species.)  Flowers  8  ,  sometimes  $  ^;  S  calyx  4-scpal('(], 
with  a  cup-shaped,  central  rudiment  of  an  ovary  ;  stamens  4  ;  $  calyx 
persistent,  4-sepaled,  the  outer  pair  minute,  the  inner  at  length  sui- 
rounding  the  shining,  compressed  achcnium ;  stigma  1,  sessile. — Herbs 
with  stinging  hairs.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  green,  in  a.\illary  or  subter- 
minal  clusters  or  racemes. 

$  Clusters  compound,  longer  than  the  petioles Nos.  1,  2 

I  clusters  simple,  shorter,' or  not  longer  than  the  petioles Nos.  B— 5 

1  U.  pidcera  "Willd.  Si.  tall,  simple,  4:-sided,  slightly  hispid  with  jew  stings;  lvs. 
lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  rough,  hispid,  prominently  5-veined,  acutely  ser- 
rate; panicles  axillary,  very  branching,  numerous,  interru-itedly  spicate,  lower 
ones  sterile,  upper  fertile. — Borders  of  Holds,  waste  places,  N.  Eng.  and  Can.  St. 
3  to  5f  high,  with  a  tough  bark.  Lvs.  with  the  serratures  incurved,  acute  or 
somewhat  acuminate  at  apex,  3  times  longer  than  the  petioles.  Fls.  in  glomerate 
paniolos  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem.     Jl.     (U.  gracilis  Ait.) 

2  U.  dioica  L.  Stinging  Nettle.  Very  hispid  and  stinging ;  his.  cordate,  lance- 
ovate,  conspicuously  acuminate,  coarsely  and  acutely  serrate,  the  point  entire,  pet- 
ioles thrice  shorter  ]  f^.  S  or  S  2 ,  ui  branching,  clustered,  axillary,  interrupted 
epikes  longer  than  the  petiol&s. —  If  AVaste  places,  common.  Stem  2— 4f  high, 
branching,  obtusely  4-angled,  with  opposite,  short-stalked  leaves  which  are  3 — 4' 
long,  and  about  J  as  wide.  Flowers  small,  green,  in  axillary  clusters,  of  mean 
aspect,  corresponding  with  the  insidious  character  of  the  plant.  JL,  Aug. 
§  Eur. — Its  power  of  stinging  resides  in  minute,  tubular  hairs  or  prickles,  which 
transmit  a  venomous  fluid  when  pressed. 

3  U.  Cirens  L.  Dwarf  Nettle.  Lvs.  broadly  elliptic,  or  ovate,  petiolate,  3- 
veined,  deeply  and  acutely  serrate ;  clusters  in  spike-like,  loose,  simple  pairs. — d 
Weed,  in  cultivated  grounds.  Stem  12 — 20'  high,  hispid  with  venomous  stiugs, 
branching.  Leaves  1'  or  more  long,  half  as  broad,  on  short  petioles  and  with 
large  serratures.  Stipules  small,  lanceolate,  reflexed.  Flowers  in  drooping,  pc 
dunculitto  clusters  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  both  the  sterile  and  fertile  in  tlic 


Otti.KB  115.— URTICACKJ5, 


637 


sarao  axU.    Rare  northward,  frequent  South.     Feb.,  Mar.  (South).     Apr. — Jn. 
(North).     §  Eur. 

4  U.  purpurdscens  Nutt.  Assurgent,  beset  with  spreading  stings ;  Ivs.  broadly 
ovate,  cordate,  3-veiued,  coarsely  crenate-serrate ;  glomerules  capitate,  much  shorter 
than  the  petioles,  dense,  ancillary,  spicate  at  top. — Ky.  to  La.  Sis.  purplish,  I'i 
to  18'  high,  clustered.  Lvs.  variegated,  1'  long  and  wide,  petiole  G  tu  9".  Mar. 
— May. 

5  U.  chamaedroides  Ph.  St.  bristlj'  \v\ia  stings ;  lvs.  subsessile,  ovate,  sorrat'^, 
strigous  beneath ;  glomerules  axillary  -essile,  subglobous,  reflexed. — On  the  islands 
of  Ga,  (Pursh.)  Lvs.  small.  Stings  .vhito  and  very  conspicuous.  May. — Is  this 
a  variety  of  U  urens  ? 

2.  LAPORTEA,  Gaudich.  Wood  NEiTLk;.  Flowers  8ot$  <$;  i 
calyx  6-partod;  stamens  5  ;  ovary  rudimentary,  liemisphcrical ;  $  calyx 
4-sej>aled,  the  2  outer  minute,  the  2  inner  foliaceous  in  fruit ;  stigma 
subulate,  elongated  ;  aclienia  compressed-lenticular,  very  oblique,  finally 
reflexed  on  the  winged  pedicel. —  21  Hairs  stinging.  Lvs.  ample,  alter- 
nate, ovate.     Fls.  in  axillary  panicles,  the  lower  sterile,  upper  fertile. 

Ii.  Cana<^6nBis  Gaud.  Hispid  and  stinging;  lvs.  on  long  petioles,  broad-ovato, 
rounded  or  subcordato  at  base,  serrate,  acuminate ;  panicles  axillary,  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  divaricate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles,  tlie  fertile  nearly  terminal, 
elongated  in  fruit. — Damp  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  2  to  6f  high,  mostly  simple, 
flexuous  at  top.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  2  to  3',  more  or  less  hispid  both  sides,  somttimcH 
nearly  smooth.  Lower  petioles  3'  long.  Fls.  minute,  in  panicles  1  to  4'  in  leiigtli, 
the  fertile  panicle  about  2',  erect,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Aug.  (Urtica  Canadensis 
and  divaricata  L.) 

3.  PrLEA,  Lindley.     Rich-wkeu.     (Lat.  pileus,  a  cap ;  from  the 

resemblance  of  one  of  the  sepals  of  1\  muscosa.)  Flowers  8  or  $  $  . 
S  Calyx  of  3  or  4  equal  sepals  ;  stamens  3  or  4.  $  Calyx  of  3  oblouLT, 
unequal  sepals ;  stamens  rudiments  3,  cucuUate  opposite  the  sepals ; 
achenium  roughened,  opaque,  ovate,  erect,  nearly  naked. — (D  Smooth, 
stingless,  Avith  opposite  lvs.,  united  stipules  and  dense,  axillary  i^lustois, 
bot!i  kinds  mixed. 

P.  pumila  Gr.  Ascending,  weak,  succulent ;  lvs.  on  long  petioles,  hiombic- 
ovato,  crenate-serrate,  membranous  and  glabrous,  3-VLinf>d;  fls.  in  s'-ort  el  ters; 
$  sepals  slightly  unequal. — (£)  In  waste  places,  about  buildings  and  in  v  ..j,  U. 
S.  and  Can.  St.  fleshy,  semi-transparent  when  growing  in  shades,  smooth  and 
shining,  3  to  18'  long,  simple  or  branched.  Lvs.  pale  green,  1  to  2'  by  8  to  IG' , 
petioles  of  about  the  same  length.  Sep.  much  shorter  than  the  greenish,  mottled 
achenium,  one  of  them  a  little  longer  than  the  other  two.  Jl. — Sept  (Urtica, 
L.     Ad  ice,  Raf.) 

4.  BdHME^RIA,  Jacq.  False  Nettle.  (Named  for  G.  F.  Bcehmcr, 
a  German  botanist.)  Flowers  5>  or  ,5  ?  .  ^  Calyx  4-parted,  with  lan- 
ceolate, acute  segments ;  stamens  4  ;  $  calyx  tubular,  truncate  or  4- 
toothed,  persistent  and  closely  investing  the  ovate,  pointed  achenium. 
— Herbs  or  shrubs,  stingless.  Lvs.  opposite  or  alternate.  Fls.  clus- 
tered. 

1  B.  cylfndrica  "Willd.  Herbaceous,  dioecious,  smootliish, ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate, 
acuminate,  dentate,  on  long  petioles;  sterile  spikes  interrupted,  fertile  cylindric. — 
A  coarse,  nettle-like  plant,  in  swampa  and  bottoms,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  St. 
Blender,  obtusely  4-angled,  channeled  on  each  side,  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  3-veineil, 
3  to  5'  long,  half  aa  wide,  petioles  2  to  3',  the  upper  sometimes  not  quite  oppasilo. 
ris.  minute,  the  fertile  Bpikea  1  to  2'  in  length,  the  barren  spikes  longer  and  more 
si' ndor.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Urtica  capitata  L  ?) 

2  B.  laterifidra  Muhl.  Whole  plant  rough-pubescent,  monoecious;  lvs.  all  alter' 
note,  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  (.'.entato,  rounded  and  subpeltato  i.t  1jus(.',  on 


'i  ■ 


638 


Orukr  116.— EMl'ETRACK^B. 


short  petioles ;  upper  spikes  long  and  sterile,  lower  short,  dense,  fertile.— Borders 
of  ponds.  S.  W.  States.  St.  strict,  2  to  3f  high,  very  rough.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  a 
fourth  as  wide,  thick,  on  petiole.s  4  to  7'  long.  Fertile  spikes  as  long  as  the  pet- 
ioles, sterile  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

5.  PARIETA'RIA,  Tourn.  Pellitory.  (Lat.  jaarte?,  a  wall ;  some 
of  tlie  species  prefer  to  grow  on  old  walls.)  Flowers  luonoecio-polyga- 
mous,  in  clusters,  surrounded  by  a  many-bracted  involucre.  ^  Calyx 
4-sepaled ;  stamens  4,  at  first  incurved,  elastically  expanding.  $  Calyx 
tubular-campanulate,  4-lobed,  inclosing  the  ova»y ;  stigma  tufted  ;  achc- 
niam  polished,  inclosed  within  the  persistent  calyx. — Herbs  weed-likf, 
Avith  usually  alternate  lvs.     Clusters  of  green  fis.,  axillary. 

1  P.  Pennsylvdnioa  Muhl.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  tapering  to  an  obtuse 
point,  entire,  punctate  with  opaque  dots;  invol.  longer  than  the  flowers. — ^  A 
rough,  pubescent  lierb,  found  in  damp,  rocky  places,  Vt.  to  Wis.  and  Ga.  Stem 
erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  6 — 12'  high.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  hairy 
and  rough,  about  ^'  wide  and  3  or  4  times  as  long,  petiolate,  and  ending  with  an 
obtuse  acumination.  Segments  cf  tho  involucre  about  3,  lance-linear.  Flowers 
dense,  greenish  and  reddish  white.     May,  June. 

2  P.  Florid^na  Nutt.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  petiole,  opaquely 
punctate;  fls.  as  long  as  the  involucre. — ''^  Damp,  sandy  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla.  St. 
decumbent  at  base,  branches  erect,  10  to  12'  high.  Lva.  small,  1'  long,  including 
the  filiform  petiole,  3  to  6"  wide.     Bracts  linear.     May — Oct. 

6-  HU'MULUSt  L.  Hop.  (Lat.  humus,  moist  earth;  the  hop  grows 
only  in  rich  soils.)  Flowers  $  $  . —  $  Calyx  6-sepalcd ;  stamens  5 ; 
anthers  with  2  pores  at  the  summit.  9  Bracts  imbricate,  large,  entire, 
concave,  persistent,  1-flowcred,  forming  an  oblong  amcnt ;  calyx  of  1 
sepal;  membranous,  entire,  persistent;  styles  2;  achenium  invested  by  the 
tliin  calyx;  embryo  coiled. —  i|  Twining  with  the  sun.  Lvs.  opposite. 
F!s.  in  axillary  panicles  and  strobile-like  aments. 

H.  Iflpulua  L.  The  hop-vine  is  found  wild  in  hedges,  &c.,  throughout  this  country, 
and  is,  as  every  one  knows,  extensively  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  ameut-liko 
fruit.  It  has  a  long,  annual  stem  of  rapid  growtli,  always  twining  with  the  sun, 
rough  backwards  with  reflexed  prickles.  Leaves  very  rough,  generally  3-lobed, 
deeply  cordate  at  base,  on  long  stalks.  Flowers  of  the  barren  plants  innumer- 
able, panicled,  greenish ;  those  of  tho  fertile,  in  aments  with  largo  scales.  Cal. 
and  scales  in  fruit  covered  with  reddish,  resinous  atoms  (lupulin)  in  which  the 
virtue  resides.     Jl. 

7.  CAN'NABIS,  Tourn.  Hemp.  Flowers  $  ^  .— S  Calyx  6-parted  ; 
stamens  5.  $  Calyx  entire,  oblong-acuminate,  opening  longitudinally 
at  the  side  ;  styles  9  ;  caryopsis  2-valved,  inclosed  within  the  persistent 
calyx  ;  embryo  curved.  (P  Lvs.  opposite,  digitate.  Fls.  axillary,  $  in 
cymous  panicles,  $  in  sessile  spikes. 

C.  Bativa  L.  Lvs.  palmately  6  to  7-foliate. — The  hemp  springs  up  spontaneously 
in  our  hedges  md  waste  grounds.  It  is  a  tall,  erect  plant,  with  handsome  petio- 
late leaves,  Ltls.  lanceolate,  serrate,  3  to  6'  long,  jL  as  wide,  the  middle  one 
largest.  Fla.  small,  green,  solitary  and  axillary  in  the  barren  plants,  spiked  in 
the  fertile  ones.  It  is  cultivated  iu  Ky.,  Teuu.,  &.c.,  as  one  of  the  staples.  Jn. 
§  India. 

Order  CXVI.     EMPETRACE^     Crowbkrries. 

Shrubs  low,  evergreen,  heathlike,  with  crowded,  narrow  leaves  and  small,  diclin- 
ous flowers.  Calyx  of  4  to  6,  hypogynous,  persistent,  imbricated  scales,  the  inner 
often  colored.     Stamens  2  or  3,  poilen  grains  quaternato.    Ovary  free,  2  to  9-celled, 


'M   f  i 

■-,■•;  1  ,■ 


Order  117.— PLATANACE^.  690 

2  to  9-ovuled.     IH,ii  fleshy,  with  aa  many  1-seeded  nuts.     Seed  ascending,  Hbu- 
minou!^  radicle  inferior. 

Oenern  3,  »pecieft  4,  natives  of  N.  Europe,  N.  America  and  the  Straits  of  Magellan.     Proptr- 
tits,  ucidulotu.    The  berries  aro  nutritious. 

GENBRA. 

♦Stamens  8.    Stigmas  6  to  9-rayed.    Berry  (J  to  9-8eeded Empktrum.  I 

*  Stamens  3.    Stigmas  3  or  4,  style  slender.    Drupe  8  or  4-see(led Cokp.m  a.  '2 

•  Stamens  2.    Stigmas  4.    Berry  2-seedcd.     Shrub  erect Ckratiula.  S 

\.  EM'PETRUN,  Tourn.  Crowberry.  (Gr.  tv,  upon,  nlrpog,  a  stone; 
from  the  places  of  its  natural  growth.)  Flowers  S  ?  •  Perianth  con- 
sisting of  2  series  of  scales,  the  3  innc*'  petaloid;  $  Stamens  3,  anthers 
pendulous  on  long  filaments.  $  Stigma  subsessile,  6  to  9-rayed ;  drupe 
globular,  with  6  to  9  seedlike  nutlets. — Alpine  undershrubs. 

E.  nigrum  L.  Procumbent  branches  smooth ;  Ivs.  imbricated,  liucar-oblong,  obtuse 
at  each  end,  nearly  smooth,  with  a  revolute  margin. — A  small,  prostrate  shrub, 
found  on  tho  granite  rocks  of  the  White  Mts.  of  N.  II.,  and  the  calcareous  moun- 
tains of  Vt.  The  stem  is  1  to  3  or  4f  long,  much  branched  and  closely  covered 
all  around  with  evergreen  leaves,  which  are  2  or  3"  long,  half  a  line  wide. 
Flowers  very  small,  reddish,  crowded  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  Ivs.  Berries  black, 
not  ill-flavored.     May,  Jn. 

2.  CORE^MA,  Don.  (Oakesia,  Tuckcrman.)  (Gr.  Koprj/ia,  a  broom  ; 
from  the  resemblance.)  Flowers  $  ^  or  $  ^  '^  .  Perianth  of  5  or  6 
bractlets,  the  3  inner  sepaloid.  $  Stamens  3,  sometimes  4,  with  ex- 
serted  filaments.  $  Ovary  3  or  4-cellcd ;  style  filiform,  3  or  4-cleft, 
with  narrow  stigmas;  drupe  globular,  minute,  with  3  or  4  nutlets. — 
diffuse  underslirubs.     Lvs.  linear. 

C.  Conrddii  Torr.  Diffuse,  very  slender,  glabrous ;  lvs.  linear,  revolute  on  the 
margin,  coriaceous;  fruit  dry. — Sandy  and  rocky  plains,  here  and  there,  from  Can.  7 
Me.  to  N.  J.  Sts.  1  f  high,  with  a  reddish-aah-colored  bark,  with  sliort,  verticillat* 
branches.  Lvs.  evergreen,  numerous,  spiral  or  imperfectly  verticillate,  3'  long, 
linear,  revolute.  Fls.  in  terminal  clusters  of  10  to  15,  witli  brownish  scales  and 
piKple  stamens  and  styles. — Plants  with  5  arc  less  common  than  those  witli  i 
or  ?  .     Mar.,  Apr. 

3.  CERATFOLA,  Mx.  Sand-hill  Rosemary.  (A  Latin  diminutive, 
from  Kepag,  a  horn ;  referring  to  the  stigmas.)  Flowers  8  .  Perianth 
of  6  to  8  imbricated,  concave,  fimbriate  scales,  the  two  or  4  inner  mem- 
branous. $  Stamens  2,  exserted,  anthers  2-celled,  roundish.  ?  Ovary 
2-celled;  stylo  short;  stigmas  4  or  6,  spreading,  toothed;  fruit  a  drupo 
with  2-seed-like  nuts. — A  shrub  with  verticillate  branches,  crowded, 
aceroHS  lvs.  and  axillary,  sessile  fls. 

C.  ericoidea  Mx. — Hilla  or  plains  sandy  or  gravelly,  Augusta,  Ga.  to  Apalachi- 
cola,  Fla.  Shrub  evergreen,  3  to  Gf  high.  Young  branchleta  downy.  Lv.s.  iii 
close  whorls  of  38  and  4s,  about  6'  long,  rigid,  acute.  Fls.  lateral,  stigmas  pur- 
ple.    Fr.  yellowish,  small,  astringent.     Aug.,  Sept. 

Order  CXVII.     PLATANACR^.     Sycamores. 

Trees  with  a  watery  juice,  alternate  palmate  leaves  and  sheathing,  scarious  sti- 
pules. Flowers  monoecious,  in  globular  aropnts,  destitute  of  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
Sterile. — Stamens  single,  with  only  small  scales  intermixed.  Anthers  2-celled, 
linear.  Fertile. — Ovary  terminated  by  a  thick  stylo  with  one  side  stigmatic.  Xut 
clavate,  tipped  with  the  persistent,  recurved  style.  Seed  solitary,  albuminous. 
Fig.  82. 


ii 

fir 


••ri.::i 


^'    i| 


f  y'^  n 


'  '  i.'i 


640 


Order  118.— JUGLANDACE.E. 


1 


Oenitt  1,  upeciM  6?    Trees  of  tha  largest  dimensions,  natives  of  Barbary  Levant  and  N. 
America. 

PL  AT' AN  US,  L.     Plane  Tree.     Button  Wood.     Sycamore.     (Gr. 

-rrXarvg,  broad ;  in  reference  to  the  ample  foliage.)     Character  of  the 

genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

P.  occidenttQis  L.  Lvs.  anKularly  lobed  and  toothed ;  stipules  obliquely  ovate ; 
brandies  whitish;  fertile  heads  solitary. — The  largest  (though  not  ihe  loftiest) 
tree  of  the  American  forest.  Along  the  Western  rivers  trees  are  found  whoso 
tiunks  measure  from  40 — 50f  in  circumference,  or  more  tlian  13f  in  diameter! 
It  flourishes  in  any  soil,  biit  is  most  freqnonlly  met  with  on  the  stony  borders  and 
beds  of  streams.  Loaves  very  large,  tomentous  beneath  when  young.  The  pet- 
iole covers  the  axillary  bud  in  its  concave  base.  Fls.  in  globular  aments  or  balls, 
which  hang  upon  the  tree  on  long  pedicels  most  of  the  winter.  The  bark  is 
yearly  detached  from  the  trunk  in  large  scales  leaving  a  white  surface  beneath. 
May. 


:i 


*   f1 


J 


L    f 


Leaflets  numcr- 
Pith  separating 


Order  CXVIII.     JUGLANDACE.^.     Walnut. 

Trees  with  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulato  loaves  and  monoecious  flowers.  Sterile 
flowers  in  aments,  with  an  irregular  perianth.  Fertile,  solitary  or  clustered.  9  Calyx 
regular,  3  to  6-lobed,  tube  adherent  to  the  partly  2  to  4-celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  tryma 
(g  564),  with  a  fibrous  epicarp  {shuck)  and  a  bony  endocarp(«/4«B).  Seed  large,  or- 
Uiotropous,  exalbuminous,  with  lobed,  often  sinuous,  oily  cotyledons. 

Genera  4,  species  27,  mostly  North  American. 

Properties. — The  well-known  fruit  of  the  liuttcrnut,  walnut,  pecan  nut  Is  sweet  and  whole- 
some, fbounding  in  a  rich  drying  oil.  The  epicarp  is  very  astringent.  The  timber  is  highly 
valuable. 

1.  JUG'LANS,  L.  Walnut.  (Lat.  Jovis  fflans  /  i.  e.,  the  nut  of 
Jove  ;  a  name  given  it  by  way  of  eminence.)  $  Flowers  in  an  imbri- 
bricated,  simple  ament ;  calyx  scale  5 — 6-parted,  somewhat  bracteato 
at  base ;  stamens  about  20.  ^  Calyx  4-cleft,  superior ;  corolla  4-parted  ; 
stigmas  2 ;  fruit  drupaceous,  epicarp  spongy,  indehiscent,  endocarp 
rugous  and  irregularly  furrowed. — Trees  of  large  size, 
ous.  Sterile  aments  axillary.  Fertile  flowers  terminal, 
into  thin,  transverse  disks. 

1.  J.  cindrea  L.  White  Walnut.  Butternut.  Lfta  numerous  (15 — 17), 
lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  soft-pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  villous ; 
Jr.  oblong-ovate,  with  a  terminal  obtuse  point,  viscid,  hairy ;  shell  oblong,  acumin- 
ate, deeply  and  irregularly  furrowed. — A  common  tree.  Can.  to  Ga  and  W.  States. 
It  is  40 — 50f  high,  with  a  large,  but  short  trunk.  Branches  horizontal,  and  un- 
usually wide-spreading,  forming  a  very  large  head.  Leaves  12 — 20'  long,  con- 
sisting of  7  or  8  pairs  of  leaflets,  with  an  odd  one.  Barren  flowers  in  long 
aments ;  iertile  in  short  spikes.  The  kernel  is  rich  in  oil,  and  pleasant-flavored. 
The  wood  is  of  a  reddish  hue,  light,  used  in  panneling  and  ornamental  work. 
Bark  cathartic.     April,  May. 

2  J.  nigra  L.  Black  Walnut.  Lfts.  numerous  (15  to  21),  ovate-lanceolate,  ser- 
rate,  subcordate,  tapering  above ;  petioles  and  under  side  of  the  leaves  subpubes  • 
cent;  /r.  globular,  glabrous,  uneven  with  scabrous  punctures. — A  common  and 
stately  forest  tree  in  the  Mid.  S.  and  W.  States,  sparingly  found  in  tlie  Northern. 
It  arises  60 — 90f  I  high  with  a  diameter  of  3 — Gf  In  open  lands  it  spreads  widely 
into  a  spacious  head.  The  duramen  of  the  wood  is  compact  and  heavy,  of  a 
deep  violet  color,  with  a  white  alburnum.  It  is  used  extensively  west  of  the 
AUeghanies',  for  building  and  fencing,  'every  where  for  cabinet  work.     Apr.,  May. 

2.  CA'RYA,   Nutt.     Hickory.     Shaobarks.     (Gr.  Kapva^  the  wal- 
nut, from  Kapa,  the  head  ;  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  tlie  nut  ?)      $ 
i^menta  imbricated,  slender  and  mostly  3-parted  or  trichotomous ;  scales 


Ordek  118.— JUGLANDACE^. 


641 


3-partecl;  stamens  4 — 6;  anthers  hairy.  9  Calyx  4-cleft,  superior; 
corolla  0  ;  style  0 ;  stigma  divided,  2-lobed,  the  lobes  bifid  ;  epicarp 
4-valved  ;  nucleus  subquadrangular,  even. — Large  treos,  with  hard  ami 
strong  timber.  Lfts.  few.  Both  kinds  of  fls.,  and  the  Ivs.  from  tlie 
same  bud,  the  $  terminal.     Pith  continuous. 

§  Leaflets  13,  to  15,  scythe-shaped.     Not  oblong,  thin-shelled,  very  sweet No.  1 

§  Lectlets  7  to  11.    Nut  with  a  tender  shell  and  very  bitter  kernel Nos.  2,  3 

§  Leaflets  5  to  9. — Nut  r.iundisli,  h.trd-slielled,  sweet  and  eatable.  (*) 

*  Valves  of  the  epicarp  di^stinct  to  tlio  base.     Bark  with  loose  plates Nos.  l.  5 

♦  Valves  of  the  epicarp  united  below.     Bark  continuous,  flrnj Nos.  C— H 

1  C.  olivaefdrmia  Nutt.  Pecan-nut  (pe-cawn).  Lf.  with  a  .slender  petiolo 
and  13  or  15  lanceolate-falcate  lfts.,  all  acuminate,  sliarpl\'  serrate  and  short  jK't- 
iolulate,  fr.  oblong,  4-angled,  valves  distinct;  nut  (olive-shup  d)  oblong,  with  a 
thin  shell  and  delicious  kernel. — Low,  inundated  river  bank.s,  Ind.  (Wabash),  IlL 
to  La.  At  Terro  Hauto  are  specimens  80  to  90f  higli,  witli  a  rougli,  shaggy  bark, 
the  .smaller  with  bark  slightly  broken.  Lfts.  seldom  less  than  13,  often  15,  5  or 
6'  long,  by  1  to  2',  decidedly  falcate,  nearly  smooth.  Tlio  kernel  tills  the  shell, 
and  not  being  divided  by  bony  partitions,  is  easily  extracted.  Its  rich  flavor  is 
well  known.     Mar. — May. 

2  C.  am^ra  Nutt  Bitternut.  Lfts.  ahout  9,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  shajpbj 
serrate,  smooth  both  sides  except  tlie  pubescent  veins  and  midvein,  odd  one  sub- 
sessile,  the  rest  sessile ;  fr.  subglobous,  with  the  sutures  prominent  above,  values 
half  united;  nut  white,  very  thin-shelled,  smooth,  subglobous;  kernel  bitter. — 
Grows  in  most  of  the  U.  S.,  but  attains  its  greatest  size  in  Penn.  and  along  the 
Oiiio  valley.  Winter  bud  orange  yellow.  The  nut  may  bo  broi<en  b}'  the  fingers 
and  contains  a  kernel  so  bitter  that  animals  will  scarcely  touch  it.     May. 

3  C.  aqu^tica  Nutt.  Water  Bitternut.  Lfts.  about  11,  lanceolate,  olilique, 
acuminate,  subeniire,  sessile,  tlio  odd  one  petiolulate,  fruit  pedunculate,  ovate,  sutures 
prominent;  nut  small,  angular,  compressed,  with  a  very  tender,  reddish  shell  and 
bitter  kernel. — Southern  States,  in  swamps  and  rice-field  ditches.  Tree  30  to  40f 
high.  Lfts.  sUghtly  inequilateral,  of  a  shining  ricli  green  both  sides,  resembling 
the  peach  leaC     Fruit  wholly  unpalatable,  and  timber  of  little  value.     Apr. 

4  C.  dlba  Nutt.  Shagbark.  Lf.  long-petioled,  of  5  lfts.,  the  3  upper  oblanceo- 
late,  the  2  lower  nmch  smallc;',  oblong-lanceolate,  the  terminal  petiolulate,  lateral 
sessile,  all  subaeuniinate,  sharply  serrulate,  downy  beneatii ;  fr.  depressed-globular  ; 
valves  distinct ;  nut  roundish,  compressed,  subquadrangular,  with  a  thin  shell  and 
large,  sweet  kernel. — Native  from  Me,  to  Wis.,  S.  to  Ga.  In  forests  it  is  very 
♦all,  straight  and  slender,  with  a  rough,  shaggy  bark  consisting  externally  of  long 
broad  plates  loosely  hanging.  Lfts.  uniformly  6,  the  2  lower  deflexed,  odd  one 
tapering  to  a  stalk  5  to  8"  long.  Aments  3  on  each  stalk,  long,  slender,  pendu- 
lous. Fertile  fls.  2  or  3  togctlier,  sepsilo,  terminal.  Wood  straight-grained,  very 
fissile,  heavy,  elastic,  excellent  as  timber  or  fuel,  while  the  fruit  is  of  the  richest 
flavor.     Apr.,  May. 

5  C.  sulcata  Nutt.  TniCK-SHELLBARK.  Lfts.  1  or  9,  oblanceolate,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate,  the  odd  one  subsessils,  attenuate  to  the  base ;  fr.  large,  oval,  subquad- 
rangular, 4-furrowed,  valves  opening  to  tlie  base ;  nut  longer  than  broad,  pointed 
at  each  end,  with  a  very  thick  shell  and  rich-flavored  kernel. — Penn.  to  Ga.,  rare, 
but  common,  W.  of  the  Alleglianies.  Tree  40  to  80f  high,  with  a  shaggy  bark 
in  loose  narrow  plates.  Lfts.  often  9,  the  lower  pair  smaller,  odd  ono  generally 
sessile, — a  good  mark  of  distinction.  Nut  usually  twice  larger  than  in  C.  alba, 
and  scarcely  less  delicioua     Mar. — May. 

6  C.  tomentdsa  Nutt.  Mockernut.  Leaf  of  1  or  9  lfts.,  odd  1ft;.  petiolulate, 
the  lateral  sessile,  all  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely  serrate  or  entire,  rough-downy 
leiitath  as  well  as  the  thick  petiole ;  aments  very  slender,  hairy ;  fr,  globular  or 
Buboval,  valves  united  at  base ;  nut  subhexagonal,  with  a  very  thick  shell  and 
well-flavored  kernel. — Native  throughout  the  country  but  more  abuudaot  West 
and  South.  A  large  tree  40  to  60f  high  in  woods.  Bark  thick  and  rugged,  but 
not  soaly.  Winter  bud  large,  hard,  grayish  white.  Lvs.  strongly  resinous-scented. 
Fruit  varjiiug  iu  size  from  1'  to  2'  diam.,  with  a  very  thick  husk,  rounded  abel\ 

41 


^: 


Pi  • 


/'  I 


1 


6*1? 


Obdbr  119.— CUPULIPERiB. 


i^  I 


8 


jiiid  a  comparatively  small  kernel  difficult  of  extraction.  Taate  Inferior  to  the 
ehellbark.  "Wood  with  a  small  duramen,  excellent  lor  fuel.  Apr.,  May. 
C.  glabra  Torr.  Pignut.  Lfis.  5  or  7,  ovate-lanceolate,  subacuminate,  serrate, 
nearly  glabrous  both  sides;  fruit  roundish-obovcUe  or  pyriform,  half  i-vaked;  nut 
smooth  and  even  or  slightly  angular,  hard,  thin-shelled,  with  a  bitterish  but  eatable 
kernel. — Forests  U.  S.  and  Can.,  growing  to  the  height  of  60 — lOOf.  Trunk  1  to 
2^f  diain.,  covered  with  a  moderately  even  bark.  Lfls.  mostly  7,  often  5.  some 
times  9,  the  odd  one  tapering  to  a  short  stalk.  The  fruit  is  considerably  variable 
in  form  and  quality,  often  pear-shaped,  then  obovate  or  roundish,  always  some- 
what bitter.  Wood  exceedingly  tough  and  hard,  and  excellent  for  fuel.  Mar, 
May.    (Juglane,  Muhl.     C.  porcina  Nutt.) 

C.  microc^rpa  Nutt.  Lfts.  5  or  7,  oblong-lanceolate,  glabrous,  glandular  be- 
neath, serrate,  conspicuously  acuminate ;  aments  glabrout, ;  fr.  roundish-ovoid, 
valves  thin,  united  below ;  nut  thin-shelled,  small,  slightly  quadrangular. — A  large 
tree  GO  to  80f  high,  in  moist  woodlands,  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  Tenn.?  Trunk  1^  to 
2f  diam.  with  an  even  bark.  Lfts.  mostly  5,  often  7,  4  to  8'  by  2  to  3',  the  under 
surface  tufted  in  the  axils  of  the  veinlets,  and  sprinkled  with  dark  glandular  dots. 
Fruit  about  the  sizo  of  a  nutmeg.  Nut  with  a  thin  shelL  not  mucronate,  eatable. 
May. 


U^ 


Hmk' 


r*^' 

im 


Order  CXIX.     CUPULTFER^     Mastworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  straight-veined,  with  deciduous  stipules. 
Flmvers  moncBcious,  the  sterile  in  aments  which  are  racemed  or  capitate.  $  Calyx 
Bcalo-like  or  regular,  with  5  to  20  stamens  inserted  at  its  base.  ?  Calyx  tube 
adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  toothed  limb  crowning  its  summit.  Ovary  2  to  3  to  6- 
celled,  with  sessile  stigmas  and  1  or  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  1 -celled,  1 -seeded 
nut,  solitary  or  several  together  invested  by  an  involucre  which  forms  a  scaly  or 
echinate  cupule.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen,  filled  by  the  embryo  with  its  largo 
cotyledons.  Illust.  in  figs.  6,  7,  8,  9,  71,  138, 139,  140,  202,  418,  438,  471,  472,  473, 
474.     46.  B. 

Genera  8,  apfcies  2(55,  constlttiting  n  lar^ce  portion  of  the  forests  of  the  northern  temperate 
regions,  and  of  iiiountuinous  tracts  within  the  trojiics. 

rroperttes. — Tlie  barli  of  the  oak  and  other  genera  is  well  linown  for  its  astringent  qualities. 
The  edible  fruit  of  the  liazol-ntit,  chestnut,  beech,  Ac,  are  too  well  known  to  require  description. 
Cork  is  the  bark  of  Quercus  Suber,  Nutt  galls  are  produced  from  the  petioles  of  Q.  infectoria  of 
Asia  Minor,  being  caused  by  wounds  made  by  insects.  But  the  timber  is  of  the  highest  quality 
ftnd  value. 

GBNERA. 

S  sterile  flowers  in  aments,  fertile,  solitary,  or  few  together.    (•) 

♦  Involucre  of  many  scales,  valveless,  cup-like,  partly  enclosing  the  1  nut....QPERCU8.  1 

•  Involucre  of  prickly  scales,  4-valved,  enclosing  2  or  8  nuts Castanea.  2 

♦  Involucre  of  soft,  prickly  scales,  4-valved,  enclosing  2  nuts Faous.  3 

♦  Involucre  of  2  or  8  large,  lacerated,  united  scales,  valveless,  nith  1 — 2  nuts.  .Corylus   4 
{  Sterile  flowers  and  fertile,  both  kinds  in  pendulous  aments.    (*) 

*  Involucre  scales  in  pairs,  w'.th  their  edges  united,  inflated Ostrta.  5 

*  Involucre  scales  in  pairs,  distinct,  8-lobed,  becoming  leaf-like Caepinus  6 

i.  QUERXUS,  L.  Oak.  (Celtic  quer,  fine,  cuez,  tree.  The  Celtic 
name  is  drys^  hence  druid.)  $  Fls.  in  loose  aments  ;  calyx  mostly  6- 
eleft;  stamens  5 — 10.  ?  Cupule  cup-shaped,  scaly;  ovary  3-celled, 
6-ovuled  (Fig.  418),  2  of  the  cells  and  6  of  the  ovules  abortive  ;  'stigmas 
3 ;  nit  (acorn)  coriaceous,  1-celled,  1-seedod,  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  the  enlarged,  cup-shaped,  scaly  cupule. — A  noble  genus  of  trees, 
rarely  shrubs.  Aments  axillary,  pendulous,  filiform,  with  the  flowers 
Fcparate,  in  one  section,  not  maturing  fruit  until  the  second  year  (fruit 
biennial).     Timber  invaluable.    Fig.  420. 


^rhl 


Obbbr  119.— CUPULIFER.E. 


643 


I  Leaves  mostly  entire,  the  ends  aubequal,  the  petioles  very  short.    Fruit  d).     (•) 

•  I'fituncle  longer  than  the  oblong  acorn.     Leavt-s  cvorarocn No.  1 

♦  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  acorn. — Leaves  downy  hoiu'iitli Nod.  2.  3 

— Leaves  smooth  both  sides .Nos.  4,  9 

{Leaves  3-lobc'd  and  dila).<!d  above,  short-netioled,  awnleM  wlien  mature.    Fr.  (^.  .Nos.  6,  7 
Leaves  3  to  9-lobed  or  pinnatifld,  broad,  lobos  tteUiveoudy  incned.     Fruit  i^.    (.*) 

*  Leaves  at  biise  cuneate,  short-potioled,  3  or  &-lobed.    Shrubs  or  small  trees.. ..Nos.  S— 10 

*  Leaves  at  base  abru|>t  or  truncate,  mostly  long-|ietioled,  7  to  9-lobcd.    (a) 

a  Nut  one-third  Immersed  In  the  Baucur-sbaped,  flne-scnlod  cup Nos.  11,  IS 

a  Nut  near  half  immersed,  in  the  hemispherical,  coarse-scaled  cup.    (b) 

b  Leaves  cinorous-downy  beneath,  acorn  also  downy No.  13 

b  Leaves  (e.xcept  when  young)  glabrous  both  sides! .^ Nos.   1 1— 1«S 

i  Leaves  5  to  9-lobed.  divisions  obtuse,  never  brlstlo-awned.     Fruit  (Ti,  sessile Nos.  17 — 19 
Loaves  13  to  liS-tootlied,  downy  beneath,  teeth  awnless.    Acorn  sweet,  eatable,    (c) 

C  Acorns  largo  (1'  long)  pt'dunouhito Nos.  20,  21 

0  Acorns  small  (8"  long)  nearly  sessile Nos.  2J,  !i3 

L  Q.  virena  Ait.  Live  Oak.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  elliptic-oblong,  obtu.se,  downy 
and  paler  beneath;  cup  turbinate;  nut  oblong-obovoid,  on  a  slender  peduncle. — 
In  tlio  maritime  or  low  districts  of  tiie  S.  States.  Tree  40  to  50,  rarely  70f  iiigh, 
of  slow  growth.  Branches  widely  spreading.  Bark  blackish  and  thick.  "Wood 
very  heavy,  close-gr  nned,  yellowish.  Lvs.  18"  to  3'  long,  short  petioled,  the  old 
ones  cinerous-green,  revolute-odged.  Peduncle  about  1'  long,  acorn  9"  by  «5  ', 
maturing  the  second  year.  May. — The  timber  is  in  great  demand  for  ship  build- 
ing and  is  fast  disappearing. 

8  Q.  cin^rea  Ph.  Upl.4ND  Willow  Oak.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  tardily  deciduous, 
lanceolate-oblong,  entire,  apex  acutiah,  raucrouate,  margin  revolute,  whitt-downy 
heneath,  attenuate  at  base ;  cup  subsessile,  saucer-shaped,  nut  subglobous. — Sandy  or 
pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  4  to  20f  high,  trunk  not  exeecd- 
ing  4  to  6'  diam.  Lvs.  partly  persistent,  1'  to  30"  long,  resembling  those  of  the 
live  oak,  but  mucronate,  and  on  the  shrubby  stocks  often  toothed.  May. 
/?.  SERICEA.  Dwa"*";  lvs.  silky ;  tomontous  beneath,  1  to  3'  long,  deciduous. — 
South,  in  pine  barrens.    (Q.  soricea  Ait.     Q.  puraila  Mx.) 

S  Q.  Imbricdria  Mx.  Laurel  Oak.  Shingle  Oak.  (Fig.  138.)  Lvs.  decid- 
uous, lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  briefly  petiolate,  very  entire,  shining-glab- 
rous above,  subpubescent  beneath  {but  not  hoary),  mucronate  at  apex ;  acorn  sub- 
globous, in  a  shallow  cup;  f Dales  of  the  cup  broad-ovate. — A  beautiful  tree,  very 
abundant  in  the  W.  States,  also  common  along  rivers,  Penn.  to  Ga.  Trunk  40 — 
50f  high,  1 — 2f  diam.,  with  a  smooth  unbroken  bark,  and  a  large  head  of  coarse, 
irregular  branches.  The  leaves  are  dark  green,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  3 — 5' 
by  1 — 1^',  forming  a  dense,  heavy  foliage.  June. — The  timber  makes  miserable 
shingles.     In  Indiana  it  is  called  Jack-Oak. 

4  Q.  Ph^lloB  L.  Willow  Oak.  Lvs.  deciduous,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to 
each  end,  very  entire,  glabrous,  mucronate  at  apex ;  acorn  subglobous,  in  a  shallow 
cup. — A  tree  30  to  60f  high,  borders  of  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  W.  State.s. 
Trunk  straight,  10  to  20'  diam.,  covered  with  a  smooth,  thick  bark.  The  leaves 
which  bear  considerable  resemblance  to  those  of  the  willow,  are  of  a  light  green 
color,  dentate  when  young,  3  to  5'  in  length.  Acorns  6  "  diam.  May. — The 
timber  is  of  little  value. 

/3.  maritima.     Low,  shrubby ;  lvs.  evergreen. — Sea  coast,  Va.  to  Fla.     A  few 
feet  high. 

5  Q.  laurifdlia  Mx.  Swamp  Laubel  Oak.  Lvs.  oblanceolate  or  lance-obovaie, 
acute,  mucronate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  with  2  lateral  teeth  above,  glabrous  both 
sides,  base  abruptly  ending  in  a  very  short  petiole ;  cup  saucer-shaped,  nut  de- 
pressed-ovoid.— Damp  woods,  and  often  planted  for  shade,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  A  tree 
with  handsome,  dense  foliage,  partly  evergreen,  30  to  50f  high.  Bark  blackiah, 
rough.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  coriaceous,  green  both  sides,  shining  above,  often  ap- 
pearing tricuspidate.  Ped  IJ"  long.  Acorn  as  broad  as  long,  cup  6  '  across. 
May. 

/3.  OBTUSA.     Lvs.  obtuse,  not  mucronate,  sessile. — GfL  (Pond).    Fruit  the  same. 

6  Q.  aqii^tica  Mx.  Water  Oae.  Lvs.  wedge-obovate,  entire,  or  mostly  dilated 
and  obscurely  3-lobed  above,  not  mucronate,  glabrous  both  sides,  gradually  cUtenu- 
ated  to  a  very  short  petiole ;  cup  subsessile,  very  shallow,  nut  globular. — Swamps, 
Md.  to  Fla.,  also  planted  for  shade.     It  is  a  handsome,  round-headed  tree,  with 


Hi 


m  4 


Ass 


: 


fj 


Ml 


IS" 


v 


644 


Order  119.— CUl'ULlFEKJi]. 


very  dense  foliage  of  a  bright,  shining  green.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  2  wide 
above,  coriaceous,  out  mostly  deciduous,  very  variable,  but  always  cuneate.  Cup 
C  '  across,  1"  deep.     Apr.,  May. 

7  Q.  nigra  L.  Barren  Oak.  Black  Jack.  Iron  Oak.  Lva.  coriaceous,  cu- 
neiform, obtuse  or  tsubcordate  at  base,  mostly  3-lobed  at  apex,  lobes  subequal,  entire 
or  toothed,  setaceous-nmcronate  when  young,  smooth  and  shining  above,  rtLsi- 
downy  beneatfi ;  villous  in  the  axils  of  the  veins ;  cup  turbinate,  half  covering  the 
(jbbular  7mt;  scales  of  the  cup  obtuse,  scarious.— A.  small,  gnarled  tree,  with 
dark,  massy  foliage,  in  sandy  soils,  N.  J.  to  111.  and  S.  States.  Trunk  20  to  liOf 
high,  with  a  tiiick,  black,  broken  bark.  Tiie  leaves  are  very  firm  in  texture,  3  to 
1  to  8'  by  2  to  5',  broadest  above,  the  middle  lobe  narrowest.  Petioles  3  to  6" 
lojig.     May. — The  wood  is  very  valuable  for  fuel,     (Q.  lerruginea  Mx.) 

8  Q.  triloba  Mx.  Downy  Black  Oak.  Lvk  oblong-cuneiform,  acute  at  the 
base,  on  very  short  petioles,  3-lobed  at  the  end,  rusty-tomentous  beneath,  lobes  mu- 
cronato  with  setaceous  awns,  middle  one  longer;  fruit  with  a  flat  cup  and  a  de- 
pressed-globous  acorn. — A  tree  of  rapid  growth,  25  to  40f  high,  in  the  pine  bar- 
rens of  N.  J.  to  Fla.  Lvs.  very  large,  those  of  the  young  shoots  8  to  12'  long  and 
often  5-lobed,  approaching,  perhaps,  too  closely  the  next.  May. — It  has  been 
recommended  for  hedges. 

9.  Q.  Catesbebi  Mx.  Barren  Scrub  Oak.  Lvs.  short-petiolate,  cuneate  at 
base,  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  lobes  3  to  5,  divaricate,  acute 
and  setaceous-pointed,  simple  or  toothed  with  setaceous-pointed  teeth ;  cup  largo, 
turbinate,  half  covering  the  ovoid  nut,  scales  obtuse,  the  upper  inflexed. — Pine 
barrens.  Car.  to  Ga.  A  tree  20  to  25f  high,  with  large  and  very  irregular  leaves, 
6  to  10'  long  and  nearly  aa  wide,  smooth,  at  length  coriaceous,  deciduous.  Cup 
about  8"  broad,  nut  covered  with  an  ashy  meal.     May. 

10  Q.  ilicifblia  Willd.  Shrub  or  Scrub  Oak.  Bear  Oak.  Lvs.  petiolate,  oho- 
vate-cuneate,  with  3  or  5  angular  lobes,  entire  on  the  margin,  whitish  downy  beneath; 
cup  subturbinato ;  acorn  ovoid. — A  shrub,  common  throughout  the  U.  S.,  grow- 
ing only  on  gravelly  hills  and  barrens,  which  it  occupies  exclusively  in  large 
tracts.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  divided  into  numerous  straggling  branches.  Lvs.  3  to 
4'  long,  petioles  6  to  12".  Acorns  6"  loiu*.  abundant,  and  said  to  be  greedily 
eaten  by  bears,  deer,  and  swine      May.    (Q.  Banuisteri  Mx.) 

/i.  f  Georqiana.  Lvs.  glabrous,  except  a  tuft  in  the  ax;ils  of  the  veins ;  cup 
flat,  covering  only  one-fourth  of  the  ovoid  nut. — On  stone  Mt.,  Ga.  1.  (Q. 
Georgiana  Ravanel.) 

11  Q.  rClbra  L.  Red  Oak.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  smooth,  obtusely  sinuate, 
lobes  rather  acute,  shallow,  incisely  dontato ;  acorn  large ;  cup  shallow  and  flat, 
smoothish ;  nut  turgid-ovoid. — The  red  oak  is  the  most  common  species  in  the 
Northern  States  and  in  Canada.  It  is  a  loft}',  wide-spreading  tree,  7 Of  in  height, 
with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4.  Leaves  6 — 10'  long,  smooth  on  botii  sides,  with  deep 
and  rounded  sinuses  between  the  narrow,  mucronate  lobes.  The  flowers  appear 
in  May,  succeeded  by  large  acorns  (9"  long)  contained  in  cups  so  shallow  as  rather 
to  resemble  saucers.  The  wood  is  reddish,  coarse-grained,  of  little  value  as  timber, 
but  excellent  fuel. 

12  Q.  paluBtris  Mx.  Pin  Oak.  Water  Oak.  (Figs.  6 — 9)  Lvs.  on  long 
petioles,  oblong,  deeply  lobed  with  broad,  rounded  sinuses,  smooth,  axils  of  the 
veins  tufted-villous  beneath,  lobes  divaricate,  rather  narrow,  dentate,  acute;  cup 
flat,  smooth ;  acorn  small,  nearly  spherical. — The  pin  cak  is  most  luxuriant  in  the 
W.  States,  and  the  adjacent  districts  of  other  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng.,  growing  in 
swamps  and  cold,  clay  soils.  Height  60  to  80f,  with  a  diameter  of  2  to  4,  and 
light,  open  foliage.  Bark  blackish.  Leaf  lobes  narrower  than  the  spaces  between. 
Wood  coarse-grained,  little  esteemed  as  timber.  Acorns  7"  long,  round,  in  shal- 
low cups.     May. 

13  Q.  falcdta  L.  Spanish  Oak.  Lvs.  long-petiolate,  elongated,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  base,  ashy-tomentous  beneath,  deeply  sinuate  lobed,  lobes  5  to  7, 
rarely  3,  narrow,  bristle-poiated,  simple  or  toothed,  more  or  leas  falcate ;  acorn 
small,  roughened,  globular,  .cup  shallow,  subsessile,  its  margin  incurved. — Ya.  to 
Fla.,  in  the  lower  districts.  A  tree  of  large  dimensions,  60  to  70f  high,  most 
flourishing  iu  Mid.  Fla    Lvs.  6  to  6'  long,  on  vigorous  shoots  much  larger,  peti* 


Ubukr  119.— CUPULIFER^. 


04d 


ties  about,  2'  long.     Cup  6"  across,  IV'  deep.     Nut  fuscous,  with  a  brown,  as*- 
trin>ruiit  seed.     Timber  reddish,  coarse-grained,     Apr.,  May. 

iJ.  TUiNACRis.     Lvs.  3  and  5-lobed,  the  terminal  lobe  long  and  niirrow-lanceo- 
late,  narrowed  to  its  base;  petioles  3'  long. — Large  trees  at  Tallaliassee. 

14  Q.  tinctdria  Bartram.  Black  Oak.  Yellow-uark  Oak.  Lvs.  obovate- 
oblong,  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatitid,  pubescent  beneath,  finally  ijlabrons,  lalns  nhlmuj, 
obtuse,  niucronatc  ;  cup  tliick,  sliallow;  acorn  depressed  glohous. — Found  tlirougii- 
out  tiie  U.  S.  It  is  one  of  tlie  loltiest  trees  of  tlic  forest,  80  to  90f  in  lieigiit,  and 
4  to  5f  diain.  Bark  deeply  furrowed,  black  or  deep  brown,  yellow  within.  Lxi*. 
6  to  8  long,  broiulest  toward  tlio  end,  quite  variable,  yellowiah  after  frost.  Aforna 
brown,  7  '  diam.,  about  half  covered  with  the  subsea^ile,  scaly  cup,  which  is  9  ' 
diam.     Bark  used  in  tanning,  also  yields  quercitron,  a  useful  dye. 

15  Q.  coccinea  Wang.  Scarlet  Oak.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  oblong  in  outline, 
deeply  sinuate-pin natifid,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides,  nearly  truncate  at  base, 
lobes  divaricate,  dentate,  acute;  cup  turbinate,  scaly;  acorn  short,  ovate. — Most 
abun<lant  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States,  but  is  often  met  with  in  the  more 
soutiiern  parts  of  N.  Eng.  to  111.  It  is  a  largo  tree,  80f  in  height,  with  a  diameter 
of  3  or  4.  Leaves  of  a  bright,  shining  ^reen,  witli  3  or  4  deep  r.inuses  eacli  side, 
remarkably  rounded  and  broad  at  the  base.  By  tlio  frosts  of  autumn  they  are 
changed  to  scarlet,  unlike  those  of  the  red  oak,  which  become  dull  red  or  brown. 
Acorns  large,  similarly  rounded  at  both  ends,  half  immersed  in  the  cup.  Bark 
very  thick,  used  in  tanning. 

16  Q.  heteropb^Ua  Mx.  Bartram's  Oak.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  coriaceouR, 
oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  round  or  siibcordato  at  base,  margin  with  a  few  shallow, 
tooth-like  lobes,  or  often  only  wavy,  lobes  setaceous-acuminate;  acorn  subglobous, 
in  a  hemispherical  cup ;  scales  of  the  cup  oblong-ovate,  obtuse. — Ohio  to  111.,  rare. 
Lvs.  exceedingly  variable,  4  to  6'  by  li  to  2',  smootli  and  shining  above,  tornon- 
tous  along  the  veins  beneath,  generally  broad  and  abrupt  at  base.  Fruit  9  '  diam. 
(Q.  Leana  Nutt.  ?  Clark.)  Our  specimens  well  agree  to  Michaux's  figure  and 
character. 

17  Q.  dlba  L.  White  Oak.  (Fig.  139.)  Lvs.  short-petioled,  cuneate  at  base, 
oblong  in  outline,  at  length  coriaceous  and  smooth,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  lobes  subequal, 
obtuse ;  aoorn  sessile ;  nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  only  a  third  immersed  in  the  subhemi- 
sphoi-ical,  tubercular  cup. — U.  S.  and  Can.  A  tree  preeminent  among  the  sons  ol 
the  forest  lor  grandeur,  strength,  and  usefulness.  With  a  diameter  of  4  to  6f,  it 
attains  tiie  height  of  70  to  SOf,  but  its  magnitude  varies  greatly  with  the  soil. 
Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  downy  beneath  when  young.  Acorn  8  to  9"  long.  Bark  whit- 
ish. Timber  useful  for  innumerable  purposes,  and  the  bark  for  tanning  and  in 
medicine.     May,  Jn. 

18  Q.  macrocarpa  Mx.  (Fig.  140,  194.)  Lvs.  deeply  and  lyrately  sinuate-hhed 
(most  deeply  in  the  middle),  lobes  obtuse  and  repand,  upper  dilated ;  acorn  very 
large,  cup  very  deep,  composed  of  distinctly  imbricated  and  hard-pointed  scales, 
the  upper  filiform-pointed, /o?7nzngr  a /rm^e ;  nut  globular  ovoid,  more  than  half 
inclosed. — N,  Bfig.  (rare)  to  111.  and  S.  States,  Tree  60  to  7  Of  high,  with  rich, 
green  foliage.  Lvs.  dov/ny  beneath,  at  length  nearly  smooth,  6  to  10  to  15  long, 
stalks  not  1'.  Acorns  12  to  15"  long,  sometimes  nearly  fringeless  or  nearly  cov- 
ered. May.  (Q,  lyrata  Mx,)  A  beautiful  tree,  with  valuable  timber.  (Also  Q. 
olivaeformis  Mx.) 

19  Q.  obtusiloba  Mx.  Iron  Oak.  Lvs.  deeply  sinuate,  cuneiform  at  the  base, 
pubescent  beneath,  lobes  very  obtuse,  the  3  upper  ones  dilated,  each  2-lobed ;  cup 
hemispherical;  acorn  oval. — ^Tho  iron  oak,  called  also  post  oak,  box  white  oak,  tur- 
key oak,  is  common  in  the  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States,  rare  in  N,  Eng.  It  is  a  tree  of 
moderate  size,  ^vith  widely  spreading  and  very  crooked  branches.  The  bark  is 
grayish-white.  Lvs.  thick,  strongly  tomentous  beneath,  in  4  or  5  lobes,  which 
are  sometimes  arranged  so  as  to  appear  cuneiform  or  stellate.  Acorns  very  sweet. 
Timber  is  fine  grained,  strong,  and  durable.     May.     (Q.  stellata  Willd.) 

iO  Q.  PrinuB  Willd.  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak,  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  obovate, 
acute,  pubescent  beneath,  with  large,  somewhat  equal,  obtuse  or  rounded  teeth; 
acorn  short-peduncled,  large ;  cup  tubercular,  about  half  inclosing  the  ovoid  nut 
—This  oak  is  seldom  met  with  in  N.  £ng.,  but  abounds  in  tb«  rest  of  the  country. 


■r  I 


..  i| 


640 


Ordkb  119.— CUPULIFERiE. 


il 


1  5 


!tl 


f  ■ 


li 


It  is  a  lofty  tree,  ariaing  to  the  height  of  50f)  with  its  undivided,  straight  and  uni- 
form trunk,  and  thence  with  ita  expansive  top  to  tlie  height  of  80  to  90f;  Acorns 
largo  and  sweet.  Ped.  3  to  6''  long,  acorn  12  to  15  '.  The  timber  valuable.  ((J. 
prinus  palustris  Mx.) 
li.  MONTicoLA.  Rock  Chestxut  Oak.  Lva.  glaucous  beneatl) ;  nut  oblong- 
ovate,  about  a  third  covered  by  tlie  cup. — In  mountain  woods. 

81  Q.  bfcolor  Willd.  Swamp  White  Oak.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  downy,  white 
underneath,  with,  large,  irregular  teeth  above,  somewhat  sinuate-lobed  in  the  middle, 
subeutire  below,  on  very  short  potiolea ;  a/:orn.i  on  long  peduncles,  in  pairs,  cup 
ht-'raispherical,  with  pointed  scales,  nut  oblong-ovoid. — In  low,  swampy  woods, 
U.  S.  It  is  a  beautiful  tree,  attaining,  in  favorable  situations,  the  height  of  lOf. 
Foliage  rich  and  luxuriant ;  lvs.  smooth  and  green  above,  white-downy  beneath, 
6  to  7'  by  2i  to  4'.  Pod.  1  to  2  long.  The  trunk  bark  grayish-white,  dividing 
into  large,  flat  scales.  It  aQbrds  excellent  fuel  and  timber.  (Q.  prinus  dis- 
color iix.) 

22  Q.  cast^nea  Muhl.  Chestnut  Oak.  Lvs.  long-petioled,  lance-oval  or  lance- 
obovate,  acuminate  downy  and  glaucous-iioary  beneath,  witli  coarse,  subequal, 
acu'e  and  svbmucronate  teeth ;  acorn  nearly  sessile,  cup  hemispherical,  covering 
about  a  third  of  the  roundish-ovoid,  light  brown  nut. — Mid.,  S.  and  W.  States,  in 
rocl\y  or  sandy  soils.  A  largo  tree,  40  to  GOf  high,  with  a  whitish,  furrowed 
bark.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  long,  more  nearly  resembling  the  chestnut  leaf  tlxan  any  other 
oak.     Acorns  about  9"  long,  sweet-flavored.    Used  for  rails  and  shingles. 

23  Q.  prinoides  Willd.  Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak.  Shrub  with  lvs.  on  short 
petioles,  obovate,  acute  at  the  base,  glaucous  beneath,  with  large,  subequal,  sin- 
uate tetith,  callous  at  the  tip ;  cup  liemispherical,  acorn  ovate. — Tliis  is  one  of  the 
most  diminutive  of  all  tlie  oaks,  never  exceeding  3  to  4f  in  height.  It  is  a  native 
of  tlie  N.  and  Mid.  Slates,  in  barren  woods,  but  not  common.  The  flowers  ap- 
pear it  May,  followed  by  acorns  of  middle  size,  very  sweet  and  very  abundant. 

2.  CASTA^NEA,  Tourn.  Chestnut.  [Castanea  was  a  city  in  Thes- 
saly,  famed  for  the  growth  of  chestnuts.)  S  Flowers  clustered  in  long, 
slender,  cylindric  aments;  calyx  6  to  6-parted;  stamens  6  to  15.  $ 
Flowers  in  3s,  inclosed  in  a  4-lobed  involucre,  which  in  fruit  becomes 
coriaceous  and  beset  with  prickles ;  calyx  5  to  6-lobed,  tube  adherent 
to  the  3  to  6-celled,  3  to  6-ovuled  ovary;  stamens  6  to  12,  abortive  ; 
stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells ;  fruit  a  4-valved  involucre  enclosing  1  to  3 
one-seeded  nuts. — Trees  and  shrubs.  Lvs.  mostly  deciduous,  alternate, 
acuminate,  expanding  before  the  flowers. 

1  C.  v^Bca  L.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronately  serrate,  smooth  both 
sides ;  nuts  mostly  2  or  3  together. — Abundant  in  particular  districts  throughout 
the  U.  S.  It  is  a  lofty  tree  in  woods,  with  a  large,  straight  trunk.  Lva.  6  to  9' 
long,  \  as  wide ;  teeth  mucronate,  with  the  prolonged,  straight  veins.  Aments 
as  long  as  the  leaves,  and  so  numerous  as  to  impart  their  yeltowish  hue  to  the 
whole  tree  when  in  blossom.  Nuts  of  a  peculiar  brown,  villous  above,  enclosed  in 
the  enlarged  cupule  or  burr  which  is  beset  on  all  sides  with  strong,  compound, 
acute  spines.  Timber  coarse-grained,  strong,  elastic,  light  and  very  durable. 
Jul}',  fruit  in  Oct. — The  nuts  are  smaller  but  sweeter  than  those  of  the  European 
variety  (the  Spanish  Cheatnut). 

2  C.  ptimila  Michx.  Chinquapin.  Lvs.  oblong,  ovate  or  obovate,  mucronate-ser- 
rate,  hoary -tomentous  beneath ;  nut  solitary. — Sterile  places,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Ga 
and  Tenn.  Shrub  6 — 12f  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  li — 2',  smooth 
above,  generally  obtuse  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  margins  mucronate,  with  the  pro- 
jecting, straight  veinlets ;  petioles  6'  long ;  under  surface  nearly  white.  Aments 
axillary,  the  lower  staminate,  6 — 10"  long,  upper  fertile,  with  remote,  pistillate 
flowers.  Involucre  of  fruit  bristly  and  prickly,  4-lobed.  Nut  (by  abortion)  soli- 
tary, small,  ovoid,  sweet.    FL  Jn.     Fr.  Oct. 

3.  FA^GUS,  Tourn.    Beech.    (Gr.  ^T/yof,  the  beech  ;  it  plso  signifies 
aomething  eatable.)     $  Flowers  in  a  capitate  ament  suspended  by  a 


Order  119.— CUPULlFERiB. 


647 


slender  peduncle;  calyx  6-clufb,  campamilatu;  stamens  5  to  12.  % 
Flowers  2,  within  a  4-lobed,  prickly  involucre  coniposcd  of  united  linear 
scales;  calyx  with  6  to  6  minute  lobes;  ovary  3  celled,  6-ovulcd, 
styles  3 ;  nut  1-seeded,  acutely  3-angled,  encloseil  within  the  enlaryfed, 
spiny  involucre  or  capsule. — Lofty  trees,  with  smooth  ash  colored  bark. 
Lvs.  alternate,  plicate  in  vernation.     Buds  slender,  pointed. 

F.  aylvitica  L.  (Figs.  438,  471 — 4.  46,  B.)  Lvs.  broadly  ovate-lanccoLita, 
briefly  petiolate,  obtuse  at  base,  filiate,  with  soft;  white  hairs  when  youii^?,  at 
length  nearly  glabrous,  with  small,  remote  teeth,  apex  acuminate;  buds  lantvo- 
late-cyiindric,  imbricated  with  brown  scales,  developing  both  loaves  and  flowers; 
nuts  ovoid  triangular,  obtuse-mucronate. — A  couuuon  forest  tree,  abundant  in  the 
U.  S.  and  Can.  Tiio  trunk  is  tall  and  straight  in  forests,  50 — 80F  high,  but  lower 
and  with  an  expansive  heat!  in  open  situations,  always  known  by  the  light  gray, 
unbroken  bark.  Leaves  with  very  regular  and  straight  veinlets,  4 — 6'  long,  j  as 
wide,  oflen  persistent  through  the  winter.  $  Amenta  pubescent,  peduncles  2' 
long.  Nut  small,  2  together  in  the  4-lobed  burr,  oily,  sweet  and  nutritious.  Tim- 
ber compact,  fine-grained.  May.  (F.  ferruginea  Ait.)  The  Red  Beech  is  now 
regarded  only  as  a  variety,  with  the  wood  sofbrr,  and  of  more  easy  cleavage,  and 
perhaps  a  slight  difference  in  foliage.  There  a;e  several  beautiful  varieties  in  cul- 
tivation, with  purple  foliage,  silver  foliage,  &c.     See  garden  catalogues. 

4.  COR'YLUS,  Tourn.  Hazel-nut.  (Gt.  Kopvg,  a  bonnet ;  to  which 
the  cupula  enwrapping  the  nut  may  well  be  compared.)  S  Flowers  in 
a  cylindric  ament;  calyx  of  2  scales  united  at  base  to  the  bract;  sta- 
mens 8  ;  anther  1-celled.  9  Involucre  of  2  to  3  scales,  1  to  2-flowcred ; 
calyx  adherent  to  the  2-celled,  2-ovuled  ovary  ;  stigmas  2  ;  nut  ovoid, 
surrounded  with  the  enlarged,  coriaceous,  lacerated  involucre. — Shrubs. 
Aments  and  capitate  fertile  clusters  subterminal,  expanding  before 
the  lvs. 

1  C.  Americ^a  "Walt.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate ;  invol.  roundish,  cam- 
panulato,  much  larger  than  the  roundish  nut,  its  border  dilated  and  coarsely  ser- 
rate.— Shrub  5  to  6f  high,  growing  in  thickets  and  borders  of  fields,  U.  S.  Lvs. 
3  to  6'  long,  §  as  wide.  From  the  ends  of  the  branches  hang  the  long,  pendulous 
aments  of  barren  flowers  in  April.  The  nuts  are  remarkaoly  distinguished  by 
the  large,  bell-shaped  invol.  in  which  each  one  is  enveloped.  They  are  a  well- 
flavored  fruit,  though  somewhat  inferior  to  the  European  hazel  or  filbert. 

2  C.  roBtrkta  Ait.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate;  stip.  linear-lanceolate;  invol. 
cajiipanvlatt-tubular,  longer  than  the  nut,  2-parted,  witii  dentate  segments. — This 
species  is  found  in  the  same  localities  as  the  former,  is  a  rather  smaller  shrub,  and 
chiefly  differs  from  it  in  the  involucre  which  is  covered  witli  short,  stiff  hairs,  and 
contracted  at  the  top  into  a  long  (1  to  1^'),  narrow  neck,  like  a  bottle.  Nuts  as 
in  C.  Americana.     May. 

3  C.  Avell4na  L.  Filbert.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate;  stip. 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  invol.  scarcely  exceeding  the  fruit. — Shrub  3  to  lOf  high,  in 
gardens,  &c.  Lvs.  nearly  sessile,  doubly  serrate,  3  to  5'  long.  Sterile  amcits  3' 
long,  the  fertile  clusters  at  their  base.    Nut  larger  than  the  native  species,   f  Asia. 

5.  OS'TRYA,  Michel.  Hop  Hornbeam.  Iron-wood.  Lever  Wood. 
(Gr.  oarpeoVj  a  scale ;  in  allusion  to  the  conspicuous  sacs  (not  scales)  of 
the  fertile  aments.)  I  Flowers  in  a  cylindric  ament ;  calyx  scale  round- 
ish-ovate, ciliate,  1-flowered;  anthers  8  or  more,  conspicuously  bearded 
at  the  summit.  $  Flowers  geminate,  in  a  loose,  imbricated  ament ; 
flowers  enclosed  each  in  an  inflated,  membranous  sac  which  at  length 
enlarged,  contains  the  matured  nut.  —  Small  trees,  flowering  before 
leafing. 

O.  Virginlca  Willd.     Lvs.  ovate^  acuminate,  serrate ;  fertile  ament  oblong,  pea- 


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C48  Okder  120.— BEIULACE^B. 

dulous;  buds  rather  acute. — A  small  tree  disseiuiaated  throughout  tlie  U.  S., 
25 — 30f  ill  heiglit.  Its  bark  is  remarkable  Ibi  its  fine,  narrow,  longitudmal  di- 
visioHs.  Leaves  about  twice  as  long  as  wide.  The  Iruit  is  similar  in  appearance 
to  liops,  suspended  from  the  ends  of  tlie  branches,  consisting  of  membranous,  im- 
bricated sacs  (cups?)  containing  each  a  flower.  The  wood  is  very  white,  hard 
and  strong,  much  used  for  levers,  &c.     Apr.,  May. 

6.  CARPFNUS,  L.  Hornbeam.  (Celtic  t-av,  wood,  and  joiwo,  the 
head ;  alluding  to  ita  use  in  making  yokes  for  cattle.)  ^  Flowers  in  a 
long,  cylindric  atnont;  cal.  scale  roundish,  clliate;  sta.  8 — 14,  slightly 
bc^arded  at  summit.  $  Flowers  in  a  loose  ament ;  scale  large,  ohlong,  3- 
lobcd,  1 — ?-flowerod ;  cal.  6-toothed  ;  stig.  2;  nut  long,  ovoid,  ifur- 
rowed,  1-sccded. — Small  trees.  Scales  of  the  $  aments  persistent  and 
bccon)ing  foliaceous. 

C-  Americana  L.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate  ;  scales  of  the 
fertile  ament  3-parted,  tlie  middle  segment  nmch  the  largest,  oblique,  with  a 
hiteral  tooth. — A  small  tree  (12 — 20f  high),  common  in  woods  throughout  the  U. 
S.  The  wood  is  very  fine-grained,  compact  and  white,  covered  with  a  light  gray 
or  ash- colored  bark.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  .]  as  wide,  petiolate.  From  the  ends  of 
the  brandies  hang  the  long,  loose,  pale  green,  leafy  airents,  consisting  of  alter- 
nate pairs  of  enlarged  scales,  with  a  dark-colored  nut  at  the  base  of  each.  Apr., 
May. 

Order  CXX.     BETULACE.E.     Birchworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  deciduous  stipules.  Bark  separating  into  thin  layers.  Leaves 
alternatO,  simple,  with  the  veinlcts  running  straight  to  the  margin.  Flowers  mon- 
oecious, amentaceous,  mostly  naked,  3  in  the  axil  of  a  3-lobed  bract.  6  Stamens 
definite,  distinct.  Aniliers  2-celled.  $  Ovary  2-cellod,  2-ovuled,  becoming  in  fruit 
1-celled  and  1-seeded  (by  abortion)  membranous  and  indehiscent.  Seed  pendulous, 
without  albumen.     Figs.  77,  90,  106,  111,  419,  420. 

Genera  2,  upeciea  6b,  chiefly  natives  of  the  cool  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Properties 
geiierully  astringent.    The  birches  iiro  often  fine  timber  trees. 

1.  BE'TULA,  Tourn.  Birch.  [Hetu  is  the  Celtic  name  for  the  birch.) 
S  Flowers  in  a  cylindric  ament ;  bracts  deoply  3-parted,  peltate  ;  calyx 
a  scale  ;  stamens  4.  $  Ament  oblong-ovoid,  scales  trilobate  ;  calyx  0 ; 
ovaries  3  under  each  scale;  stigmas  2,  filiform;  ni't  compressed,  with 
a  membranous  margin. — Trees  and  shrubs,  with  the  outer  bark  lam- 
inated and  horizontally  fibrous,  the  inner  aromatic.  Branchlets  dot- 
ted.    Lvs.  ovate,  serrate.     Figs.  419,  420. 

*  Trees  with  a  yellowish  bark,  smootliish  loaves,  and  short,  erect,  9  aments No.  1 

♦  Trees  witli  a  reddisli-lirown  barlv  and  oviite-oblong,  suberect,  9  aments Nos.  2,  3 

♦  Trees  witli  a  wliite  bark,  brng-staiked  leaves  and  droopini;  ?  aments Nos.  4,  5 

*  Shrubs  with  brownish  bark,  roundish  leaves  and  short,  erect,  s  aments Nos.  6,  T 

1  B.  excelsa  Ait.  Yellow  Birch.  Lvs.  ovate-elliptic,  subacuminate ;  sub- 
cordate,  coarsely,  sharply,  and  doubly  serrate,  smooth  when  old,  on  short,  downy 
petioles ;  fertile  aments  erect,  ovoid-oblong ;  lobes  of  the  bracts  subequal,  acute, 
diverging. — A  common  fore.st  tree,  N.  Eng.  to  Jlich.  and  Can.,  arising  in  woods 
to  the  height  of  60  to  80f,  with  a  trunk  2  to  3f  in  diam.,  invested  with  a  thin, 
yellowish,  silvery  outer  bark  stripping  off  in  transverse  shreds.  Barron  amenta 
2  to  4'  long,  cylindric,  clustered,  and  pendulous  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ; 
fertile  r  long,  6"  diam.     Apr.,  May. 

2  B.  l^nta  L.  Black  Birch.  Sweet  BnicH.  Mahogany  Birch.  (Fig.  202.) 
Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  acutely,  finely,  and  doubly  serrate,  veins  beneath 
and  petioles  hairy;  fartile  aments  erect,  oval-oblong,  thick,  obtube,  pedunculate; 
scales  hairy,  the  lobes  obtuse,  subequal,  diverging. — This  noble  species  is  com- 
mon in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  tStutes,  oflea  exoeediog  60f  in  height,  with  a 


Ordr«  120.— BETULACE^. 


640 


diameter  of  2  to  3f.  The  trunk  is  invested  with  a  dark  brown  or  reddish  bark, 
which  becomes  rough  in  old  trees,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  agreeably  aroniulic 
fragrance  and  tiavor.  Leaves  3 — 4'  long,  about  ^  aa  wide.  Sterile  aments  2 — 3' 
long,  fertile  much  shorter  and  thicker.  In  spring  the  cambium,  afibrds  the  boys  a 
ijelicious  mordeL     Wood  reddwh,  strong,  compact.     Apr.,  May. 

3  B.  nigra  Ait.  Red  Birch.  Lvs.  rhamhic-ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  doubly  ser- 
rate, or  obscurely  9  to  I'i-lobed,  glaucous  beneath ;  fertile  anient  sessile,  erect,  ovoid, 
scales  villous,  the  segments  linear,  oiual. — A  tree  30  to  50f  high,  growing  on 
banks  of  streams  and  in  river  swamps,  Mass.,  111.  and  Fla.  (!)  Trunk  covered 
with  a  reddish  or  chocolate-colored  bark  which  at  leiiglli  becomes  very  loose  and 
torn,  hanging  in  shreds,  and  filially  rough  liko  that  of  the  black  cherry.  Branches 
arched  and  slender ;  branclilots  almost  filiform,  often  clothing  the  trunk  to  the 
base.  Lvs.  dark  green  above,  about  3'  by  2'  often  smaller,  petioles  0  to  8"  long, 
pubesceat.     Ma}'.     (B.  rubra  Mx.) 

4  B.  populifolia  Ait  Poplar-leaved  Bmcn.  Wiute  Birch.  (Fig.  lOG.)  Lvs. 
deltoid,  hiiij-axuminate,  unequally  serrate  or  obscurely  niany-lobed,  very  smooth,  on 
smooth  petioles ;  fertile  aments  pedunculate ;  scales  with  roundisli,  lateral  lobes. 
— Like  tlio  next,  distinguished  for  the  white  cuticle  with  wiiicli  the  trunk  is  in- 
vested. Jt  is  common  in  the  rocky  and  mountainous  woods  of  N.  Eng.,  where  it 
seldom  exceeds  30  to  40f  in  height.  The  branches  are  covered  with  a  reddish- 
brown  bark,  very  slender,  and  throw  out  in  May,  long,  pendulous  aments. 

5  B,  papyr^cea  Ait.  Paper  Birch.  Canoe  Birch.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate, 
doubly  serrate,  the  veins  hairy  beneath ;  fertile  aments  nodding,  pedunculate ; 
lateral  lobes  of  the  calyx  sliort,  roundish. — This  birch  is  abundant  in  the  hillside 
woods  of  N.  Eng.  to  Wis,  and  Can.  It  sometimes  attains  the  height  of  GO — 70f, 
but  13  generally  smaller.  Trunk  1 — 2f  diam.,  covered  with  a  tough  cuticle  con- 
sisting of  numerous  laminaj,  tiie  outer  of  which  is  snow  white.  Of  this  the  In- 
dians construct  their  light  canoes.  Branchcj  dark  brown.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  ^ 
as  wide.  Sterile  aments  1 — 2'  long.  The  wood  is  of  a  fine,  compact  texture, 
easily  wrought.     May,  Jn. 

/i.  MINOR.     Lvs.  smaller,  ovate,  glabrous,  acute,  some  of  them  roundish-obtuse. 
—White  Mts.     Shrubs  6— Of  high. 

€  B.  ptimila  L.  Dwarf  Birch.  Shrub  erect,  its  ascending  branches  glandular- 
punctate,  glabrous ;  lvs.  ohovate,  entire  at  ba.se,  obtusely  serrate,  glabrous ;  fertile 
ament  cylindrical,  about  aa  long  as  the  leaves ;  scales  half  'd-clefl,  lobes  ovate- 
oblong,  middle  one  rather  longest ;  nut  orbicular,  conspicuously  margined. — A 
beautiful  siirub  inhabiting  tiio  mountainous  districts  of  N.  and  N.  W.  States,  N. 
to  Hudson's  Bay.  Height  2  to  of  Lvs.  about  9''  by  6  or  7",  very  regularly 
toothed.     Aments  of  both  kinds  7  to  9".     (B.  glandulo.sa  Mx.) 

7.  B  nana  L.  Tiny  Birch.  Shrub,  low,  trailing,  smooth ;  lvs.  orbicular,  crenate, 
reticulated  beneath ;  scaks  of  the  $  ament  deeply  3-parted ;  seeds  orbicular,  nearly 
wingless. — Tliis  miniature  tree  is  found  on  the  sammits  of  Mt.  Clinton,  Mt.  Frank- 
lin, Ac,  of  the  White  Mts.  It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  foot  in  height,  often  Ijiit  a 
few  inches,  the  branches  few  and  straggling,  the  lvs.  ^  to  §'  diam.,  smooth  both 
sides  pale  and  distinctly  reticulate  beneath,  and  on  petioles  1  to  2'' long.  (B.  Littel- 
iana  Tuckerman.) 

3.  AL'NUS,  Tourn.  Alder.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  frt>ni  Celtic 
al,  near,  Ian,  the  river  bank.)  ^  Aments  cylindric,  droMpiii"^,  the 
bracts  with  5  bractioles  beneath ;  calyx  4-parted ;  stamens  4,  anthers 
2-celled.  ?  Aments  ovoid,  bracts  cuneate,  truncate,  fleshy,  2-flowercHl ; 
calyx  of  4  scales  adnate  below  to  the  bracts,  all  persistent  and  woody 
in  fruit ;  fruit  compressed,  wingless  or  winged.  Shrubs  arising  frwn 
large  and  strong  roots.  Buds  pedunculate.  Lvs.  plicate  in  vernation, 
$  Aments  panicled.     (Fig.  111.) 

%  Fruit  wingless,    Nos.  1,  2.  §§  Fruit  broadly  winged,    (Alnaster,  Spach.)    No.  8. 

1  A.  iucdna  Willd.  Speckled  Alder.  Black  Alder.  Lvs.  eubmembranoua, 
oblong,  acutish,  obtuse  at  bane  or  cordate,  ni;irgin  .'^nniewhat  lobea^  sharply  ser- 
rate, glaucourS-pubescent  beneath;    veins  hirsute,  their  axils  naked;  itip.  oblong' 


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Orobk  121.— MYRICAGE^. 


lanceolate ;  fertile  amonts  oval. — Not  uncommon  along  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis. 
and  Can.  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  readily  distinguishable  by  the  form  and 
pubescence  of  the  leaves.     (A.  glauca  Mx.) 

2  A.  aerrulikta  Willd.  Smooth  Alder.  Lvs  obovaie,  acuminate,  doubly  serru- 
late, smooth  beneath,  except  tlie  veins  and  tlieir  axils ;  stip.  eUipticai,  obtuxe. — A 
well  known  shrub  growing  in  clumps,  and  forming  thickets  on  the  borders  of 
ponds  and  rivers,  and  in  swampa  Stems  numerous,  rather  straight,  10 — 15f  in 
height.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long  and  }  as  wide,  strongly  veined  ;  petioles  ^ — J'  long. 
Aments  2 — 3'  long,  slender,  pendulous,  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches; 
fertile  ones  short,  thick,  dark  brown,  persistent,  several  together  a  little  below  the 
sterile  one.     Mar.,  Api\     (A.  rubra  Tuckerman.) 

3  A.  viridis  DC.  Mountain  Alder  Lvs.  oval,  acute,  obtusish  at  base,  doubly 
serrate,  clothed  with  a  soft  viscid  pubescence,  or  subglabrous,  villous  on  the  veins 
and  axils  beneath ;  stip.  broadly  ovate ;  fertile  aments  on  long  peduncles,  oval. — 
High  mountain  stream's,  X.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  Can.  An  elegant  shrub,  3 — 4f  high. 
Leaves  varying  to  broad-ovate,  rarely  cordate,  nearly  smooth  in  the  alpine  state, 
otherwise  softly  pubescent  and  sprinkled  with  resinous  particles.  Apr.  (A. 
crispa  Mx.) 

Order  CXXI.     MYRICACE^     Galeworts. 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  resinous-dotted,  often  fragrant  leaves,  with  the  flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  achlaraydeous,  both  kinds  in  scaly  aments.  $  Stameyis  2 
to  8.  $  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  1  erect  ovule;  stigmas  2,  filiform.  Fruit  dry  or  dm- 
paceous,  indehiscent.     Seed  with  no  albumen. 

Gertfrn  3,  apecies  20,  found  in  the  temperate  parts  of  N.  America,  in  India  and  S.  Africa,  and 
one  speeios  in  Kiirope.  Sweet  Fern  ii  highly  aromatic  and  aatringent.  The  fruit  of  tlio  i<Ji,/- 
lerry  bush  yields  wax  abundantly. 

1.  MYRFCA,  L.  Candleberry  Myrtle.  (Gr.  fxvpi^(jd^  to  perfume, 
The  name  anciently  designated  the  Tamarind  tree.)  Flowers  I  ?  . — 
Aments  ^  cylindrical,  ?  small,  o void-capitate.  $,  Stamens  4  to  6, 
short,  erect,  anthers  large,  4-valved.  $  Ovary  1  to  each  bract,  with  3 
scales  at  its  base,  superior;  styles  2,  spreading  ;  stigmas  2,  acute ;  drupe 
1-celled,  1-seeded,  covered  with  wax  or  resinous  dots.  Stip.  very  fuga- 
cious or  0. 

1  M.  G^le  L.  Sweet  GtALE.  Dutch  Myrtle.  Lvs.  clustered,  cuneate-lanceolate, 
obtuse  and  serrate  above,  margin  very  entire  and  slightly  revolute  below,  tapering 
to  a  very  short  petiole;  sterile  aments  clustered,  of  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  ciliato 
scales ;  fr.  dotted  m  an  oblong,  dense,  amentaceous  head. — A  branching  shrub, 
3 — 4f  high,  on  the  inundated  borders  of  ponds  and  mountain  lakes.  Can.  to  Car. 
Loaves  dark  green,  paler  beneath  with  a  strong  midvein,  9 — 18"  by  4 — 6' ,  entire 
J  the  '""^th.  ^  and  ?  aments  on  separate  plants,  the  former  terminal,  at)out  1' 
in  length,  the  Intter  axillary  and  much  shorter.  Fruit  and  leaves  when  cruslied. 
with  a  pungent,  spicy  odor.     May. 

2  M.  cerffera  L.  Bayberry.  "Wax  Myrtle.  Lvs.  glabrous,  cuneaie-obhng, 
rather  acute  or  obtuse,  distinctly  petiolato,  margin  entire  or  remotely  undulate- 
dentate  above;  aments  cotemporary  with  the  leaves,  scattered,  naked,  the  f, 
larger,  with  lax,  roundish  scales;  fr.  spherical,  distinct,  clustered,  covered  with 
wax, — Tills  interesting  ami  useful  siirub  is  found  in  dry  woods  or  in  open  lieids, 
Nova  Scotia  to  Flor.,  W.  a  Lake  Erie.  Height  2 — 8f,  covered  witli  a  grayish 
bark.  Very  branching  w  h  numerous  dry  looking  leaves,  18  to  30"  by  G  to  9". 
Aments  6  to  9"  long.  Diupe  IJ"  long,  covered  with  white  wax, — the  bayberry 
tallow  of  commerce.     May. 

3  M.  Carolinensis  L.  Lvs.  larger,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  cuneate-elliptkal,  acute, 
with  about  4  acute  teeth  near  the  apex,  potiolate ;  ^  aments  solitary  or  several  in 
the  axils  of  the  old  leaves;  ?  naked,  with  rounded,  acuminate  scales. — Swamps, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Shrub  4  to  8f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  1  to  2',  petiole  1'  or  leea 


Obdeh  122.— SALIC  ACE.E. 


6$i 


i  Amenta  as  long  as  the  pe^^ioles,    9  much   Bhorter.     Fruit  large,  globular. 
(Pursh.     Our  specimens  in  flower.)     Mar.,  Apr. 

2.  COMPTO'NIA,  Soland.  Sweet  Fern.  (In  honor  of  ffenrp 
Cotupton,  Lord  Bishop  of  London.)  Flowers  8  ,  $  Anaent  cylindric  ; 
bract  reniform-cordate,  acuminate ;  calyx-scale  2-parted ;  stamens  3, 
forked,  each  bearing  2  half  anthers.  ?  Ament  ovate ;  calyx-scales  6, 
longer  than  the  bract ;  styles  2 ;  nut  ovoid,  1-celled. — Low  shrubs. 
Lvs.  long  and  narrow,  pinnatifid-lobed,  with  small  stipules,  strongly  aro- 
matic. 

C.  asplenifdlia  Ait.  Lvs.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  alternately  sinuate-pinnatlHd- 
— A  shrub  2f  high,  common  in  dry  woods  and  hills,  Can.  to  Md.  (Shriver)  and 
Wis.  (Lapham).  The  main  stem  is  covered  witli  a  rusty  brown  bark  which  be- 
comes reddish  in  the  branclus,  and  white  downy  in  the  young  shoots.  Lvs.  nu- 
merous, on  short  peduncles,  o  to  4'  by  6",  divided  nearly  to  the  midvein  into  nu- 
merous rounded  lobes  so  as  to  .esemble  those  of  the  Spleeuwort.  Stip.  in  pairs, 
acuminate.  Barren  flowers  h\  erect,  cylindric  catkins,  terminal  and  lateral.  Fer- 
tile fls.  in  a  dense,  rounded  burr  or  head,  situated  below  the  barren  one.  Fr.  a 
small,  ovate,  brown,  1 -colled  nut.     May. 

Order  CXXIL— SALICACE.E.     Willoworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  or  persistent  stipules. 

Flowers  $  S ,  both  kinds  in  aments,  one  under  each  bract  of  the  ament.     Calyx 

none  or  cup-form  and  entire.     Ovary  1  to  2  celled,  with  2  short  styles.     Fruit  a 

capsule,   2-valved,   oo-soeded.      Seeds  with  a  coma,  and  no  albumen.      Illust.    in 

figs.  47,  a;  81,  98,  266,  267,  26«,  269,  465. 

Genera  9,  gpeciea  220,  chiefly  natives  of  tlic  nortlicrn  tempemto  and  frigid  zones,  one  species, 
Salix  arctica,  extending  farther  nurtli  tlian  any  utiier  Icnown  woody  plant. 

Properties. — The  bark  is  astringent  and  tonic,  possessing  the  febrifuiial  properties  of  the  sul- 
pliate  of  qiiinia.  Tlio  wood  is  oinploycd  for  various  economical  purposes.  Sfjveral  of  the  Wil- 
lows and  Poplars  aro  much  admired  as  shade  trees. 

1.  SA^LIX,  Tourn.  Willow.  Osier.  (Celtic  sal^  near,  and  lis,  water ; 
alluding  to  their  usual  locality.)  Aments  cylindric,  bracts  imbricated, 
entire,  1-flowered,  each  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  base.  S  Calyx 
0 ;  sta.  2 — 7.  ?  Calyx  0  ;  ova.  ovoid-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  stig.  2, 
mostly  bifid  ;  caps.  1-celled,  2  valved,  valves  acuminate,  finally  revolute 
at  summit ;  seeds  numerous,  minute,  comous. — Trees,  shrubs  and  under- 
shrubs.  Lvs.  usually  narrow  and  elongated,  usually  with  conspicuous 
stipules.     Aments  terminal  and  lateral. 

5  Aments  sessile,  expanding  before  tlie  leaves  in  early  spring.    Stamens  2.    Ovaries 
clothed  witli  wool,  silk  or  down.    Shrubs  or  small  trees.     (•) 

♦  Ovaries  pedicellate.    Leaves  subentire,  grayisli-downy,  rugous,  margins  subrev- 

oiute.     Upland  grayish  shrubs.    Aments  small  Nos.  1 — 3 

*  Ovaries  pedicellate.    Leaves  serrulate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  be- 

neath.   Ainents  large,  very  hairy.    Slirubs  8  to  16f Nos.  4 — « 

♦  Ovaries  pedicellate.      Leaves   serrate,  graylsli-silky  beneath,  drying    black. 

Ainents  with  2  or  3  bracts  at  base Nos.  7,  8 

•  Ovaries  sessile.    Leaves  subentire,  not  drying  black Nos.  »,  1ft 

I  Aments  more  or  less  pedunculate,  expanding  with  the  leaves  in  late  spring.  Ovaries 

mostly  glabrous.     (♦). 

•  Ovaries  clothed  with  silk  or  clown  and  pedlcellnto.    Stamens  2.    (a) 

a  Leaves  downy  both  sides.    Ovary  long-beaked.    Shrub  erect No.  11 

a  Leaves  glabrous  when  mature.    Shrubs  low,  mostlyalpine,  spreading..  Nos.  12—14 

*  Ovaries  glabrous.    Shr-ibs  olpine,  low,  creeping  or  ascending Nos.  15~1T 

•  Ovaries  glabrous.    Shrubs  erect,  or  trees,  8  to  60f  high,    (a) 

a  Ovaries  pedicellate.    Scales  greenish-yellow,  deciduous,    (b) 

b  Stamens  mostly  2,  sometimes  8.    Leaves  glaucous  beneath Nos.  16, 19 

b  Stamens  mostly  .*>  (4  to  6).   Leaves  green  on  both  sides ^os.  20,  'il 

a  Ovaries  pedicellate.    Scales  dark  or  black,  persistent,    (b) 

b  Leaves  cordate  or  at  least  truncate  at  tne  base,  4  to  16f  high Nos.  28,  23 

b  Lea.'es  acute  or  tapering  at  base.    Shrubs  6  to  lOf  high Nos.  24,  '^5 

a  Ovaries  sessile.    Stoment  2.    Tree*  of  the  largest  size . . . .' Nos.  10,  ii7 


% 


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«52 


Order  122.— SALICAOE^. 


1  S.  trlstis  Ait  Saoe  "Willow.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  cuneate 
at  base,  entire  or  remutoly  undulate-tootbed,  margin  subrevolute,  apex  acuto  or 
obtqsisb ;  stip.  minute,  narrow-lanceolate,  caducous ;  ameni3  very  small ;  scales  or- 
bicular-oblong,  hairy  at  the  margin ;  ova.  with  grayish,  silky  pubesceuce ;  sty. 
short. — Sandy  or  dry  fields,  borders  of  woods,  pastures,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Car. 
A  small,  downy  shrub,  with  a  profusion  of  naked  aments.  Leaves  at  length  nu- 
merous, often  crowded  and  rosulate  at  the  endsof  tho  branches,  1 — 2'  long,  taper- 
ing from  above  the  middle  to  a  very  short  petiole,  the  margin  often  rovolute^ 
under  surface  glaucous,  often  pubescent.  Varies  with  the  twigs  and  the  dimin- 
ished lvs.  grayish  white. 

^  S.  Muhlenberghi^na  Barratt.  Lvs.  oblanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  glabrous 
above,  pubescent  and  7iot  rugous  beneath ;  young  branches  sinootli ;  siip.  lunate, 
subdentate ;  aments  precocious,  diandrous ;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse,  villous ;  ova. 
pedicellate,  lanceolate,  sili<y ;  sly.  long,  bilid ;  stig.  2-lobed. — A  shrub  in  dry 
soils,  N.,  Mid.  and  W.  States,  4 — 8f  high,  with  brown  twigs.  On  tlie  ends  of 
these,  cone-like  excrescences  are  often  produced  by  the  punctures  of  insects, 
Atnents,  covered  with  very  hairy  scales,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  April 
(S.  humilis  Marshall  ?     S.  conifera  Muhl.) 

3  S.  Candida  Willd.  White  Willow.  TjVS.  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolatf.. 
very  long,  obscurely  serrulate  at  the  summit,  pubescent  above,  hoary-tomeiitou  j 
beneath,  revoluto  on  tho  margin ;  stip.  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  aments 
cylinilric ;  scales  obovato,  obtuse,  very  long,  hairy ;  stig.  2-lobod. — A  beautiful 
species  in  shady  woods,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Stems  4 — 6f  high.  Loaves  8 — 12' 
by  1 — 2'.  Catkins  dense,  white  with  dense  wool.  Styles  and  stigmas  dark  red, 
^  in  length.     Apr.,  May. 

4  S.  discolor  Muhl,  Branches  pubescent  when  young,  brownish  or  greenish; 
lvs.  oblong  or  obovato-oblong,  acuto  or  rather  acuminate,  remotely  serrulate- 
toothed,  pubescent  when  young,  glaucous  beneath;  stip.  lunate,  entire,  or  with 
obtVrse  tetih ;  a7n<;?ite  oblong-cylindric,  *ji^-y,  erect;  scales  very  hairy,  oblanceolate, 
acute ;  ovaries  on  short  pedicels,  densely  silky. — Shrub  or  small  tree,  7  to  IGf 
high,  in  wet  places,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  Car.  Lvs.  2  to  6'  long,  finally  glabrous, 
tlio  stipules  usually  conspicuously  tootlied  at  basj.  Aments  1' to  18"  in  flower, 
tlie  fertile  at  length  2'  or  more.     Sterile  dense,  silky  white. 

5  S.  eriocephala  Mx.  Woolly-headed  Swamp  Willow.  Branchlets  very  pu- 
besuont,  brown  or  purplish ;  lvs.  lanceolate-elliptic  or  oblong,  cuneate  at  baso, 
entire  or  remotely  serrulate  above,  under  surface  glaucous  or  ferruginous,  bolii 
surfiices  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  the  upper  surface  green  and  nearly 
smooth ;  sti}).  semicordate,  with  sharp  serratures,  aments  oval-oblong,  densely  vil- 
lous;  scales  obovate,  obtuse. — ,V  small  tree,  putting  forth  its  largo  and  exceedingly 
woolly  catkins  in  Apr.     Grows  in  swamps,  N.  Eng. 

6  S.  sensitiva  Barratt.  Fuost  or  Tender  Willow.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base,  finely  serrate  at  the  apex,  and  more  di^i- 
tantly  and  strongly  serrate  towards  tho  base,  glabrous  and  rather  thin  ;  stip.  sub- 
fakate,  serrate ;  $  aments  rather  lax ;  scales  rather  lax,  lightly  clothed  with  grayish 
black  hairs. — A  small  tree  about  15f  high,  found  in  various  parts  of  N.  Eng.,  &c. 
The  aments  and  twigs  are  frequently  destroyed  by  f  ost  at  fiuwering  time,  being 
thinly  protected  with  hairs.  Lvs.  smooth,  3  to  5'  by  IJ  to  2'.  Amenta  1^' 
long. 

7  S.  sericea  Marsh.  Gray  Willow.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate, 
smooth  above,  silky  beneath;  stip.  ovate-oblong,  denticulate,  deflected,  decidiious; 
scales  oblong,  hairy,  black  at  the  tip,  rather  longer  than  the  pedicel  of  the  oblong, 
silky  ovary ;  stig.  sessile,  obtuse. — A  sLmb  6  to  8f  higii,  in  inundated  meadows, 
N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Va.  Branches  purplish,  long  and  slender,  very  tough,  ex- 
cept at  tho  base,  where  they  are  very  b/ittlo.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  J  to  1'.  $  Amenta 
very  abundant,  ^'  long.     (S.  grisea  Willd.) 

8  S.  petiolSris  Smith.  Lo.ng-stalkkd  Greex  Osier,  Ia's.  lanceolate,  serrate, 
acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  silky  at  base,  mostly  inequilateral:  stip.  lu- 
nate, dentate ;  aments  appearing  before  tho  leaves ;  scales  lax,  obovate,  obtuse, 
hairy,  black,  shorter  than  the  pedicel  of  the  ovuid-acumdnate,  silky  ovary ;  stigma 
2-hbed,  short-styled. — Low  grounds,  banks  of  streams,  Coon,  to  111.  and  S.  Oar. 


Ordkk  122.— SALIC  ACEiE. 


653 


I 


Shnib  or  small  tree,  4  to  15f  higli,  with  long,  slender,  smooth,  purple  or  yel- 
lowish green  twigs,  tough  and  elastic,  used  in  basket  making,  (l:^  rosmarini- 
folia  Ph.) 

/3.  FUSCATA.     Lv8.  obovatc-lanceolate,  acute ;  aments  of  a  leaden  hue  from  tha 
tliinuer  hairs. 

9  S.  viminSlis  L.  Basket  Osier.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  acuminate, 
iubeutire,  silky-canesceat  btneath ;  stip.  minute  ;  branches  virgate ;  aments  preco- 
cious ;  scales  roundish,  very  hairy ;  filaments  distinct ;  ova.  sessile,  ovoid ;  sty. 
filiform;  stig.  undivided,  acute. — Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  rivers.  Sts.  10  to 
12f  liigh,  with  long,  straight,  slender,  and  Hexible  brandies.  Lvs.  often  a  foot  in 
length,  narrow,  covered  with  a  snow-white  pubescence  beneath.  Aments  very 
hairy.     May.     §  Eur. 

10  S.  purpurea  L.  Purple  "Willow.  Lvs.  partly  opposite,  obovate-lanreolate, 
serrulate  above,  very  smooth,  narrowed  at  the  base,  aments  cylindrical,  with  loaly 
bracts  at  base ;  scales  orbicular,  black;  filaments  united  into  1,  with  2  anthers; 
ovary  sessile,  ovate-elliptic ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.  emarginate. — Low  grounds, 
river  bank.s,  and  cultivated  like  tho  last  for  basket-making.  Shrub  6  to  lOf 
high.  Twigs  very  long,  slender  and  tough,  covered  witli  a  smooth,  olive-colored 
bark. 

11  S.  roBtr^ta  Richardson.  Branches  erect,  straight,  pubescent,  at  length 
smootli;  lvs.  hioaxll  or  obovatc-lanceolate,  acute,  subentire,  at  length  coriaceous, 
smooth  above,  glaucous-pubescent  beneath ;  stip.  semicordate,  dentate ;  aments 
short,  cylindric,  dense,  the  fertile  ones  becoming  very  long  and  loose ;  scales  ob- 
long, membranous,  hairy  at  the  apex;  ova.  narrow-lanceolate,  silky,  hng-acumi- 
nale,  on  very  long  pedicels ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.  lobed,  the  lobes  bifid  or  entire. 
— iShrub  or  small  tree  8 — lOf  high.  Bark  of  tho  trunk  dark-colored,  of  tho 
branches  yellow. 

12  S.  longifolia  Muhl.  Long-leaved  Willow.  Z,iw.  linear,  acuminate  at  each 
end,  ebngatcd,  retnotely  toothed,  smooth,  nearly  of  the  same  color  on  both  sides ; 
stip.  lamtolate,  dentate;  uintnts  tomentous,  pedunculate;  sta.  2;  scales  flat,  re- 
tuse ;  ovary  short-stalked ;  fil.  bearded  at  base,  twice  longer  than  tho  scales. — 
Kiver  banks  from  the  Conn,  and  Ohio  to  Oregon  and  Brit.  Am.  It  possesses  a 
remarkable  power  of  rooting,  extending  itself  and  binding  the  loose  sands  to- 
gether.    Stems  about  2f  high,  with  brown  branches  and  white  branchlets. 

13  S.  phylicifdlia  L.  Mountain  Willow.  Lvs.  ovate  or  lanceolate,  remotely 
repand-serrate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  stip.  semicordate,  oblique  at  apex; 
arniMts  bracteate,  S  sessile;  caps,  pedicellate,  conical-elongated,  somewhat  silky; 
sty.  long. — White  Mts.  A.  handsome,  low  shrub,  spreading,  with  broad-ellipticiU, 
very  smooth  leaves,  the  margins  repand-serrate. 

14  S.  rdpena  L.  Creeping  Willow.  Low,  creeping ;  lvs.  ohovate  or  lance-olo- 
vate,  acutish  or  bluntly  acuminate,  obscurely  crtnaie-toolhed,  glabious  and  shining 
above,  silky-pubescent^  at  length  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath,  reticulate  both 
fides ;  stip.  oblong,  very  caduroui ;  aments  short,  few-flowered,  very  silky ;  stam. 
2  ;  ovary  silky,  pedicellate. — Alpine  summits  White  Mts.  and  northward.  Sts.  a 
fjw  inches  above  ground.  Lvs.  8  to  12'  by  4  to  6  ',  petioles  3  to  i",  clothed 
with  silky  pubescence  when  young,  very  smooth  when  old. 

15  S.  pedicill^ris  Ph.  Lvs.  elliptic-oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  rather  obtuse 
at  base,  entire,  both  sides  glabrous,  beneath  slightly  glaucous  and  reticulato 
veiued;  amenta  pedunculate:  caps,  ovate-conic,  glabrous,  long-pedicellate;  scales 
tihort,  obtuse,  a  little  hairy  ;  sty.  very  short ;  lobes  of  tho  stigma  cleft;. — Mountain 
swamps,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  A  low  and  elegant  shrub,  with  rather  a  virgate 
habit,  remarkable  for  its  entire  smoothness.  On  mountains  it  is  more  straggling, 
Lvs.  light,  yellowish  green,  1  to  2'  long,  very  entire.     {S.  myrtilloides  Tucker.) 

16.  S.  Uva-iirsi  Ph.  Lvs.  elliptical  or  obovate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  glandtdar- 
denticulate,  smooth  above,  glaucous-sraoothish  beneath,  eilky-villoua  when  young; 
aments  pedunculate,  cylindric,  dense ;  caps,  ovate-conic,  briefly  pedicellate,  glabrous; 
reaies  obovate,  black,  silky;  stam.  one;  stig.  bifid,  lobes  at  length  cleft. — White 
Mta.  N,  H.     A  low  orpiostrate  shrub.     Lvs.  3  to  5"  by  2  to  3",    Aments  6  ". 

17  S.  herb^cea  L.  Herb  Willow.  Arctic  Willow.  Dwt.rf;  lvs.  orbicular 
cordait,  serrate,  glabrouu,  veiny ;  amenta  fow-tlowered,  beaaile  ;  scalea  small,  glaii- 


If  I 


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654 


Order  122.— SALICACE^. 


rous;  ovaries  sessile,  lanceolate,  glabrous ;  style  short;  stig.  lobes  bifid. — On  the 
alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  to  Lab.  and  the  Arc.  Islands.  An  in- 
teresting  little  shrub,  the  smallest  of  its  tribe.  Stem  ascending,  1 — 2'  high. 
Leaves  about  3'  diameter,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides.  Stipules  wanting. 
Roots  long,  creeping,  branching.     Jn.,  Jl. 

18  S.  fragflis  L.  Crack  Willow.  Bedford  Willow.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
glabrous,  whole  margin  serrate,  acuminate,  petioles  glandular ;  stip.  eemicordate, 
pointed,  dentate ;  ova.  on  short  pedicels,  oblong-ovoid,  glabrous  ;  stig.  bifid,  longer 
than  the  styles ;  scales  oblong,  a:)out  equaUug  tlie  ovaries,  pubescent,  ciliate;  <5 
with  an  abortive  ovary. — A  tali  tree,  60  or  80f  high,  native  in  Great  Britain.  It 
has  a  bushy  head,  with  numerous  oblique,  irregular  branches.  The  twigs  break 
off  at  base  by  a  sliglit  touch.  The  wood  is  of  a  salmon-color.  (S.  Russelliana 
£m.)    §  iiur. 

19  S.  decfpiens  Tloffm,  Branches  smooth,  highly  polished ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  glab- 
rou.s,  serrate,  acuminate,  floral  ones  often  obovate  and  recurved,  petioles  somewhat 
glandular;  stip.  small,  semi-ovate,  acute,  dentate,  often  0;  ova.  pedicellate,  glab- 
rous, acuminate ;  sty.  longer  than  the  2-clefl  stigma. — A  small,  elegant  tree,  re- 
markable for  the  polished,  light,  reddish-brown  twigs,  appearing  as  if  varnisiied. 
The  young  twigs  stained  with  crimson.  It  is  often  set  in  rows  fbr  ornament  and 
shade.     §  Eur. 

20  S.  nigra  Marshall.  Black  Willow.  Lvs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  attenu- 
ate at  each  end,  serrulate,  smooth  and  green  on  botii  sides,  petiole  and  midvein 
above tomentous ;  stip.  dentate,  cadticous;  aments  erect,  cylindric,  villous;  scales 
oblong,  very  villous ;  fil.  3  to  6  (generally  5),  bearded  at  base ;  ova.  pedicellate, 
ovoid,  smooth  ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.  bifid. — A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  15 
to  20f  high,  on  the  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Fla.  and  Ark.  Branches  very  brittle 
at  base,  palo  yellow.  The  trunk  has  a  blackish  bark.  Lvs.  narrow,  4  to  8'  long. 
Sterile  aments  3'  long. 

J3.  FALCATA.     Lvs.  long  and  more  or  less  falcate.     (S.  Purshiana  Spr.     S.  fal- 
cata  Ph.) 

21  S.  Idcida  Muhl.  Shining  Willow.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  long-pointed,  rounded 
at  base,  smooth  and  shining;  stip.  oblong,  serrate;  stam.  3  to  5,  mostly  5;  scales 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate  and  smooth  at  the  tip,  hairy  at  the  imse  ;  ovaries  lan- 
ceolate-subulate, smooth. ;  style  bifid ;  stigmas  obtuse. — A  small  and  beautiful  tree, 
common  in  N.  Eng.,  Middle  States,  Mich,  and  British  Am.  Trunk  12 — 15f  high, 
3 — 4'  diam.  Branches  smooth,  dark,  shining  green.  Leaves  broad  and  glossy, 
dark  green  above,  tapering  to  a  long  point.     May. 

22  S.  cordSta  Muhl.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  base, 
smootli;  stip.  large,  roundish-ovate, _/Sfteiy  serrate;  stam.  sometimes  3  ;  scales  lan- 
ceolate, woolly,  black,  twice  shorter  than  the  pedicel  of  the  lanceolate,  smootli 
ovary ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.  bifid. — An  elegant  shrub,  6  to  8f  high,  in  swamps 
throuii;hout  the  Mid.  States.  Branches  green  and  smooth,  with  light-green  lvs. 
an  inch  wide  and  3'  long.  Aments  an  inch  long,  accompanying  the  leaves  in 
Apr.  and  May.     (S.  Torreyana  Barratt.) 

23  S.  rigida  Muhl.  Stiff-leaved  Willow.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, subcordate,  rigid,  smooth,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lowest  serratures  elongated, 
petioles  villous ;  stip.  very  large,  reniforra-ovate,  obtuse,  glandular-serrate ;  am- 
ents triandrous;  scales  lanceolate,  woolly,  black,  a  tiiird  shorter  than  the  pedi- 
cel of  the  lanceolate,  smooth  ovary;  sty.  very  short;  stig.  2-parted. — A  small 
tree,  10  to  15f  high,  growing  in  swamps.  Branches  green,  red  towards  the  end, 
the  younger  ones  pubescent.     Much  used  in  basket-making.     Apr.,  May. 

24  S.  myricoidea  Muhl.  Gale-leaved  Willow.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  with  2  glands  at  base,  obtusely  serrate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  stip.  ovate, 
acute,  glandular-serrate;  omen te  villous,  black;  ova.  on  long  pedicels,  glabrous; 
sty.  bifid ;  stig.  bifid. — Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Va.  A  small  shrub,  with  green 
branches,  tlie  branchlets  purple,  smooth.  Lvs.  at  length  thick  and  coriaceous, 
the  serratures  each  tipped  with  a  gland.     Apr. 

25  S.  angUBtilta  Ph.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  very  long,  gradually  attenuated  ai 
base,  very  glabrous,  serrulate,  nearly  the  same  color  both  sides ;  stip.  semi-cordate ; 
aments  erect,  somewhat  glabrous ;  ova.  pedicellate,  ovoid,  glabrous  sty.  bifid  ;  stig. 


•E 


MM 


Obder  122.— SALICACEyE. 


655 


2-lobed. — Banks  of  Btreams  from  the  Conn,  to  the  Miss.    An  excellent  osier, 
with  very  long  and  slender  twigs,  long  and  narrow  leaves. 

26  S.  vitellina  L.  Yellow  Willow.  Golden  Osier.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  aci,- 
niinate,  with  thickened  serratures,  smooth  above,  paler  and  somewhat  silky  bi;- 
neath ;  slip.  0  ;  aments  cylindric ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent  outside  ;  ova. 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth ;  stig.  subsessile,  2-lobed. — This  willow  was  pro- 
bably introduced,  but  is  now  very  common  by  roadsides,  &c.  It  is  a  treo  of 
moderate  height,  with  shining  yellow  branches.     May. 

l3.  OERULEA.     Lvs.  with  a  bluish  hue,  nearly  or  qtiite  smooth  beneath. — Oa 
river  banks. 

27  S.  Babyl6nica  L.  Weeping  Willow.  (Fig.  47,  c).  Branches  pendulous; 
lvs.  linear-lanceolaie,  acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath ;  slip,  roundish,  oblique, 
acuminate;  ova.  sessile,  ovate,  smooth. — A  large  tree  of  rapid  growth  and  of  a 
most  graceful  and  elegant  form,  cultivated  until  nearly  naturalized.  Only  the  9 
plant  has  yet  been  recognized  in  the  U.  S.  §  Eur. — ji.  annularis,  the  curled 
willow,  with  tiie  leaves  regularly  recurved  into  rings  or  coils,  is  a  cultivated 
variety. — The  long,  slender  branchlcts  very  naturally  indicate  the  English  name 
of  the  tree  and  give  it  a  place  in  the  church-yard  to  "  weep"  over  the  remains  of 
the  departed.  The  Latin  name  was  happily  suggested  to  Linuieus  by  tiie  I37th 
Psalm: 

"  By  the  rivers  of  Babylon  there  wo  sat  down ; 
Yen,  we  wopt,  wlu'n  \vo  reniomberrd  Zion. 
We  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  wiUaw^  in  the  midst  thereof." 

2.  POP'ULUS,  Tourn.  Poplar.  Aspen.  (Lat.  popi(hi,s,  the  people ; 
being  often  planted  along  the  public  ways.)  Aments  cylindric  ;  bracts 
lacerately  fringed ;  calyx  an  oblique,  disk-like  cup,  its  margin  entire; 
$  Stamens  8  to  30.  $  Ova.  superior;  style  very  short,  bifid;  stigma 
large,  2-lobed ;  capsule  2-valved,  2-cclled. — Trees  of  large  dimensions. 
AVood  soft  and  liirht.  Buds  varnished  with  a  fra":rant  resin.  Lvs.  broad, 
|)etiolo3  long,  often  compressed  vertically,  and  glandular.  Aments  lat- 
eral, expanding  before  the  lvs. 

♦  Branchlets  winacd  or  angular.    Leaves  ovate-cordate,  acuminate Nos.  1,  2 

*  Br.inchlcts  terete. — Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  short  ucuuiinale No.  8 

— Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse  or  acute Nos.  4,  5 

— Leaves  ovate,  acuminate.    Stamens  20  to  50  ? Nos.  6,  7 

— Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  smooth Nos.  8,  9 

— Leaves  lobed,  white-tomentous  beneath No.  10 

1  P.  anguldta  Ait.  Water  Popl.^r,  Western  Cotton  Tree.  Branches  acutely 
angular  or  winged;  lvs.  ovate-deltoid,  subcordate,  uncinate-serrate,  acuminate, 
glabrous,  younger  ones  broadly  cordate. — A  tree  of  noble  dimensions,  growing 
along  the  rivers  of  the  S.  and  W.  States.  Trunk  40  to  80f  high,  1  to  3f  diam., 
bearing  a  broad  summit,  with  coarse  branches  and  branchlets.  Lvs.  on  adult 
trees  2  to  3'  long,  about  the  same  width,  truncate  at  base,  on  younger  shoots 
they  are  2  or  3  times  larger,  with  a  cordate  base.  Petioles  longer  than  the  lvs. 
Branchlets  remarkably  thick,  greenish,  spotted  with  white,  striate.  Buds  short- 
ovoid,  green,  not  coated  with  resin.     Timber  not  valuable.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  P.  monilffera  Ait.  Neck-lace  Poplar.  Cotton-wood.  Branchlets  angular, 
becoming  terete;  lvs.  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate-dentate,  smooth, 
teeth  incurved,  ciliate,  base  nearly  entire  and  subcordate ;  scales  of  tlie  ament 
lacerate-fringed,  not  hairy ;  stigmas  3  or  4,  very  large. — A  large  tree,  (30  to  80f 
high,  in  woods  along  rivers  and  lakes.  Western  Vt.  to  IH .  t,ad  La.  Trunk  cylin- 
dric, straight,  1  to  3f  diam.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  conspifiuously  acuminate,  nearly 
as  wide  as  long,  on  petioles  of  nearly  equal  length.  lertile  aments  recurved  or 
pendulous,  at  length  4  to  8'  long  and  the  capsules  remote.  Buds  varnished  ad  La 
the  other  species.     Apr.     (P.  laavigata  Wi^ld.) 

3  P.  tremuloides  Mx.  American  Aspen.  Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  pubescent  at  the  margin ;  bracts  of  the  ament  3  or  4- 
cleft,  margin  silky-fringed. — Abundant  in  N.  Eng.  and  in  the  Mid.  States,  growing 
in  woods  and  open  lands.  St.  25  to  40f  in  height,  with  a  diam.  of  8  to  12'.  Bark 
greeniali,  smooth,  except  on  the  tiunks  of  the  oldest  trees.     Lvs.  small  (2  to  2^' 


ii; 
SB ' 


V  H 


I 

rl 

m 


■.■I 


.    ■     1 


!:  ;    ;| 
X"'    I 


■Mn 


M 


W 


r\ 


Km  I , 

if  ,it 


656 


Order  123.— SAURURACEiE. 


long  and  of  equal  or  greater  width),  dark  green,  petioles  2  to  3'  long  and  laterally 
comprcsaed,  so  tliat  they  can  scarcely  remain  at  rest  in  any  position,  and  are 
thrown  into  excessive  agitation  by  the  slightest^  breeze.  The  trembhng  of  tlie 
•  "  aspen  leaf"  is  proverbial.  Amenta  plumed  with  silken  hairs,  about  2'  long, 
pendulous.     Apr. 

4  P.  grandident^ta  Mx.  Large  Poplar.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  acute,  with 
large,  unequal,  sinuate  teeth,  smooth,  villous  when  young;  bracts  fan-shaped,  5-cleft 
and  silky-fringed. — Woods  and  groves,  Can.  and  Nor.  U.  S.  not  uncommon. 
St,  40f  high,  with  a  diam.  of  If,  straight,  covered  with  a  smooth,  greenish  bark. 
Branches  distant,  coarse  and  crooked,  clothed  with  leaves  only  at  their  ex- 
tremities, with  terete  twigs.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  clothed 
witli  thick  white  down  in  spring,  but  becoraiug  perfectly  smooth.  Aments  3  to 
4'  long,  all  the  parts  hairy,  the  sterile  longer  than  tho  fertile.  Stam.  about  12, 
as  in  the  preceding  species.     May. 

5  P.  heterophyila  L.  Cotton  Tree.  Branches  terete;  lvs.  roundish-ovate, 
obtuse,  uncinately  serrate,  cordate  at  base,  t/ie  small  auriculate  lobes  over-closed, 
white-tomentous  when  young,  at  lengtii  nearly  smooth ;  ovaries  with  a  long  pedicel 
and  conspicuous  style. — Swamps,  N.  Eng.  (rare)  to  III.  and  La.  A  tree  40  to  60f 
high,  trunk  1  to  2f  diam.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  with  small  teeth,  blunt  or  never 
acuminate  at  aper,  and  the  base  lobes  often  so  overlapping  as  to  conceal  the 
insertion  of  the  petiole.     Apr.,  May. 

5  P.  balsamifera  L.  Balsam  Poplar.  Tacamehao.  Branches  terete;  lvs.  ovate, 
acuminate,  with  close-pressed  serratures,  white  and  reticulate-veiny  beneath, 
glabrous  both  sides ;  bracts  of  tho  ament  dilated,  laciniate-fringed,  slightly  hairy ; 
stam.  40  to  50. — Swamps  and  river  banks.  Me.  to  Penn..  N.  Y.,  Can.  and  the  N . 
W.  coast.  A  large  tree,  40  to  80f  high,  trunk  1  to  2f  diam.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long. 
Sterile  aments  2  to  3'  long,  fertile  at  length  4  to  6'.  Stam.  purple.  Buds  in  spring 
covered  with  nn  aromatic  resin  which  may  be  separated  in  boiling  water. 

7  P.  cdndicans  Ait.  Balu  op  Gilead.  (Fig.  268,  269).  Branches  terete,  lvs. 
ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  closely  and  unequally  serrate,  whitish  and  reticulate- 
veined  bi  ueath,  petiole  hirsute;  bracts  of  the  ament  oval,  laciniate-fringed;  stam. 
about  20. — A  tine  tree  of  strong  and  peculiar  fragrance,  often  cultivated,  rarely 
growing  wild.  Can.  and  the  Northern  U.  S.  Height  30  to  50f,  with  a  pyramidal 
head  of  dense  ample  foliage.  Lvs.  4  to  6  long,  at  length  smooth  and  dark  green 
above.  Sterile  aments  2  to  3'  long,  fertile  4  to  6.  Buds  filled  throughout  with 
fragrant  resin. 

8  P.  nigra  L.  /?.  betulifolia  Torr.  Black  Poplar.  Young  branches  pubes- 
cent ;  lvs.  delioid-rhoinliic,  conspicuously  acuminate,  finely  crenate-serrate,  smooth 
both  sides;  aments  without  hairs. — Trees  30  to  40f  high,  planted  at  Hoboken, 
N.  J.  and  perhaps  in  Penn.     f  Eur.     (P.  betulifolia  Ph.     P.  Hudsonica  Mx.) 

9  P.  dilat^ta  Ait.  Lombard y  Poplar.  Lvs.  smooth,  acuminate,  deltoid, 
serrate,  the  breadth  equaling  or  exceeding  the  length ;  trunk  lobed  and  sulcate. — 
Early  brought  to  this  country,  and  has  been  planted  about  many  a  dwelling  and 
in  village  streets.  Its  rapid  growth  is  the  only  commendable  quality  it  possesses, 
while  the  huge  worms  by  which  it  is  often  infested  render  it  a  nuisance. 
f  Italy 

10  P.  dlba  L.  Abele.  Silyer-leaf  Poplar.  Lvs.  cordate,  broad-ovate, 
lobed  and  toothed,  acuminate,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  very  white-downy 
beneath ;  fertile  amenta  ovate ;  stig.  4. — A  highly  ornamental,  cultivated  tree. 
Nothing  can  be  more  striking  than  the  contrast  between  the  upper  and  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves,     f  Eur. 

Order  CXXIII.     SAURURACE^.     Saururads. 

Eierbs  with  jointed  stems,  alternate,  entire  leaves  furnished  with  stipules.  Flow- 
ers in  spikes,  perfect,  naked,  having  neither  corolla  nor  calyx.  Stamens  definite. 
Ovaries  3  to  6,  more  or  less  united.  Seeds  ascending.  Embryo  enclosed  in  a  sac 
(amnion),  outside  of  hard,  mealy  albumen.     Fig.  264. 


tin 


Order  125.— POUOSTEMIACE^.  65*J 

(ftnera  4,  »pecte'>  7.  natives  of  China  and  North  America,  growing  In  inarsh«s  and  pools. 
Properties    Unimportttut. 

SAURU'RUS,  L.  Lizard-tail.  (Gr.  aavpa,  a  lizard,  ovpd,  a  tail; 
alluding  to  the  form  of  the  inflorescence.)  Inflorescence  an  anient  or 
spike  of  1 -flowered  scales ;  stamens  6,  7,  8  or  more  ;  anthers  adnate  to 
the  filaments;  ovaries  4;  berries  4,  1-seeded. —  21  St.  angular.  Lvs. 
cordate,  acuminate,  petiolate. 

S.  c^muus  Willd. — Common  in  marshes,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  1 J  to  2f  high,  weak, 
furrowed.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  long  and  half  as  wide,  smooth  atid  glaucous,  with  promi- 
nent veins  beneath  ftnd  on  petioles  1  to  2'  long.  Spikes  slender,  drooping  at 
summit,  longer  than  the  leaf.  Scales  tubular,  cleft  above,  white.  Fls.  very  small 
and  numerous,  sessile,  consisting  only  of  the  long  stamens,  and  the  ovaries  with 
their  recurved  stigmas.     Jl,  Aug. 


Ki 


Ik 


Order  CXXIV.     CAIMTRICIIACE^.     Starwort. 

Herbs  aquatic,  small,  with  opposite,  simple,  entire  leaves.  Flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary, very  minute,  polygamous,  achlamydeous,  with  2  colored  bracts.  Stamen  1, 
rarely  2  ;  filament  slender ;  anthers  1-celled,  2-valved,  reuiforra.  Ovary  4-celled, 
4-lobed ;  ovules  solitary.  Styles  2 ;  stigmas  simple  points.  Fruit  l-celled,  4-st'eded, 
iiidehisoent.     Seeds  peltate,  albuuiinous. 

Genus  1,  species  6,  growing  in  stagnant  waters,  both  of  Europe  and  America. 

CALLIT'RICHE,  L.  (Gr.  KaXo^,  beautiful,  OqI^,  rpixog,  hair;  allud- 
ing to  the  slender  stems.)     Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order.—- <!) 

1  C.  v^rna  L.  Floating ;  lvs.  obovate-spatulate,  3-nerved,  the  lower  more  narrow 
or  linear ;  fls.  subses.silo ;  bracts  2,  longer  than  the  ovary ;  i'r.  obtusely  margined, 
obcordate. — A  little  aquatic,  common  in  pools  and  ditches.  Sts.  numerous,  slen- 
der, consisting  of  2  tubes,  8  to  12  to  20'  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water. 
Lvs.  4  to  6"  long,  with  the  tapering  base,  ^  to  2"  wide,  the  floating  broadest. 
The  fls.  solitar}',  rarely  2  in  the  axil,  the  outer  a  stamen  only.  Bracts  white.  Sta- 
men posterio-.  yellow,  styles  2,  filifbrm,  anterior.  Caps.  ^"  long,  suboval.  Apr. 
— Jl.     (C  intermedia  Willd.     C.  heterophylla  Ph.     C.  aquatica  I3w.) 

2  C.  autumn^lis  L.  Floating;  lvs.  all  linear,  l-nerved,  or  the  highest  linear- 
spatulate ;  fls.  subsessile  ;  bracts  slwrter  than  the  ovary  or  none ;  fr.  oval,  acutely 
margined. — In  similar  situations  with  the  first,  S.  States,  less  common.  Sts.  1  to 
2f  long.  Lvs.  5  to  7"  long,  often  bifid,  a  few  of  the  highest  3-veined.  May — 
Sept.     (C.  linearis  Pb.) 

3  C.  terr^Btris  Raf.  Sts.  short,  diffuse,  prostrate ;  lvs.  very  small,  oblong,  all 
similar ,  fls.  sessile,  2-bracted ;  fruit  broader  than  long,  deeply  obcordate,  2-winged 
on  the  margins. — A  much  smaller  species,  on  the  muddy  borders  of  ponds,  cover- 
ing the  surface.  Sts.  1  to  2'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2"  long.  Fr.  J"  long.  Jn. — Aug. 
(C.  brevifolia  Ph.     C.  platycarpa  Kutz.) 

Order  CXXV.     PODOSTEMIACE^.     Threadfoots. 

Herbs  aquatic  with  the  habit  of  seaweeds,  with  alternate,  dissected  leaves,  with 

flowers  minute,  perfect,  naked  or  with  3  sepals,  stamens  1  or  many,  h3'pogjTious. 

Ovary  compound,  2  to  3-celled,  with  as  many  stigmas,  and  numerous  ovules.    Fruit 

a  many-seeded  capsule,  ribbed  and  somewhat  pedicelled.     Albumen  none. 

Genera  20,  species  100.  frequent  in  S.  America  and  E.  India.  1  only  in  N.  America.  They  all 
prow  in  running  water,  attached  to  stones  lilie  the  following  species. 

PODOSTE'MUM,  L.  C.  Rich.  Threadpoot.  River  AVeed.  (Gr. 
novg,  TTodbg,  a  foot,  ar^fiiov  ;  the  stamens  being  apparently  on  a  com- 
mon foot-stalk,)     Stamens  2,  with  the  filaments  united  below  ;  ovary 

43 


;.!:' 


»!'l 


',      ■  :i| 


,1 


658 


Ordbb   126.— CERATOPHYLLACE^. 


obloiig-ovoid ;    stigmas   2,   sessile    recurved ;    capsule    2-celled ;    seeds 
minute. — Small,  submersed  herbs,  adhering  to  stones  and  pebbles. 

P.  ceratophyUum  Mx.  Lvs.  dichotomously  dissected ;  63.  solitary,  axillary.^ 
Mid.  W.  aud  S.  States,  in  shallow  streams.  St.  a  few  inches  long,  usually  desti- 
tute of  roots  and  attn/»hed  to  stones  by  lateral,  flesliy  processes.  Lvs.  numerous, 
olive-green,  alternate,  coriaceous,  divided  into  many  long,  linear-setaceous  seg- 
ments. Fls.  OP.  short,  thick  peduncles,  the  2  stamens  and  styles  at  length  burst- 
ing  through  th3  lacerated  calyx.    Jl.    (Lacis  ceratophylla  Bougard.) 


! 


Order  CXXVl.     CERATOPIIYLLACE.E. '  IIornworts. 

Eerha  aquatic,   with  verticillate,   dichotomously  dissected  leaves.     Flowers  mo, 

■oecious,  sessile,  axillary,  minute,  with  neither  corolla  nor  calyx.     Involucre  8  to  12- 

deft.     S  Anthers  (12  to  24)  sessile.     $  A  simple,  1 -celled  ovary.    Seeti  suspended, 

orthotropous,  emlryo  with  2  pairs  of  cotyledons. 

Gen  tin  1  "Illy,  with  6  i  •necief,  in  the  streiims  and  pools  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
Propertien — Unimportant. 

CERATOPHYL'LUVH,  L.     IIornwort.     (Gr.  KbQaq,  a  horn,  <f>vXXov, 

a  leaf;  alluding  to  the  horn-like  divisions  of  the  leaves.)     Character 

the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 

C.  dem^rsum  L.  Lvs.  6  to  8  in  a  whorl,  doubly  dichotomous,  dentate-spines- 
c«nt  on  the  back ;  fls.  axillary ;  fr.  3-spined.—  H.  Au  aquatic  weed  in  ditches,  etc., 
N.  Y.  to  Va.,  "W.  to  111.  St.  floating  or  prostrate,  8  to  16'  long,  filiform,  with 
numerous  whorls  of  leaves.  These  are  dichotomously  divided  into  2  or  more 
narrow,  stiff  segments.  Fls.  minute,  axillary,  sessile,  with  sessiia  anthers.  Fr. 
an  oblong,  beaked  capsule,  with  1  seed.    Jl. — Sept. 


m 

^mn''' 

•  ^ 

j^plt!^!", 

^SH 

Bsi^t    'iii') 

;i 

W|!;; 

f  la 

Ba^'  ^1*^ 

EH 

l^tBPfil^  u " 

W 

BJiSjn--?,: 

I  m 

^fefe; 

fl 

K| 

|| 

M 

i  M 

^^Mf 

FIG.  692.  T6.\us  Cana(16nais— naked  se*d«. 


Ohueu  127.— (JON  if 


Class  II. 


/A^^'"     LIBRARY.       ^/i 
JUL  2i^  1902 


Exogenous  plants  with  chiefly  parallel-veined  leaves,  always 
diclinous,  with  the  flowers  very  incomplete.  Pistils  none,  or 
represented  by  open  scales.  Ovules  axillary  or  naked,  fertilized 
\)y  the  direct  application  of  the  pollen,  becoming  at  maturity 
naked  seeds,  destitute  of  a  true  j)ericarp.  Cotyledons  often 
more  than  2.     This  Class  constitutes  the 

Cohort  4.    CONOIDEiE. 


^H  !• 


Order  CXXVII.     CONIFERS.     Conifers. 

Trees  or  shrubs  mostly  evergreen,  aboundiiig  witli  a  resinous  juice.  Leaves  scnt- 
tered  or  fascicled,  acerons,  linear  or  lanceolate,  parallel-veined.  Flowers  nioncecious 
or  dioecious,  achlamydeous,  in  arncnts  or  cones.  $  Stamens  1,  or  several  ut  ited. 
9  Ovary,  style  and  stigma  wanting.  OvxUes  1  or  several  at  tlie  base  of  tlio  car- 
pellary  scale.  Fruit  a  strobile  (cone),  woody  with  the  scales  distinct,  or  buccato 
with  the  scales  fleshy  and  coherent.  Illusl.  in  i'igs.  4G,  S.  87,  152,  15:5,  367,  449, 
46S,  579. 

Genera  20,  uperies  110,  nntivcs  of  nil  cllmntes,  but  inoist  abtindnnt  in  tlio  tcmpornto  zoni's, 
those  of  the  southern,  however,  very  different  from  the  pines,  spruces,  litrclies  uml  cedars  of  tlin 
northern. 

J'ropertieH.— Few  orders  can  be  named,  which  are  ;if  more  importance  to  mnnlvind,  wlietlior  in 
reference  to  their  invaluable  timberor  their  resinous  secretions.  Turpentine,  tar,  pitch  and  resin, 
!\re  the  product  of  the  pines.  Burirundy  pitch  is  yielded  by  Plnus  .sylvestris  of  Kurope  ;  Veiu- 
ti!in  turpentine,  by  the  Larix  ;  oil  of  Savin  by  Juniperus  8al)ina  of  Kurope,  etc.  In  stature  the 
Coniferw  are  the  loftiest  of  all  trees.  Pi n us  strobus,  arises  often  200f.  Aruucaria  iuibricata  ul 
Chiii  250f,  and  Sequoya  gigantea  of  California  4U0f. 

SUBORDERS   AND  GENERA. 

I.  ARIETINE..E.     9  Scales  many,  each  subtended  by  a  bract,  with  2  inverted  ovules 
(their  ndcropyle  turned  downwards)  at  the  base  inside.    Seeds  winged.  (♦) 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  fasciculate  in  clusters  of  2  to  5 Pinus.  I 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  separate,  scattered Akiks.  2 

*  Leaves  deciduous,  many  in  the  fascicles  on  short  lateral  branclilcts Lakix.  3 

II,  CTPRESSINE^E.     9  Scales  few,  bractless,  each  with  2  to  8  erect  ovules.  (*) 

*  Flowers  monoecious.    Fruit  a  woody  cone  opening  at  maturity,  (a) 

a  Leaves  evergreen,  sc.ile-like.    Cone-scales  oblong,  loose,  flattish,  2-ovuled Thuja.  4 

a  Leaves  evergreen,  scale-lilve  or  subulate.    Cone-scales  peltate,  angular Uppebssus.  5 

i'  a  Leaves  deciduous,  linear,  2-rowed.     Cone-scales  peltate,  angular Taxodii'm.  C 

*  Flowers  dioecious.    Fruit  a  fleshy  cone,  tho  scales  consolidated,  berry-like.  .Junihekus.  T 

1.  PrNUS,  L.  Pine.  (Celtic  pin  or  pc%  a  rock  or  crag  ;  from  the 
locality  of  many  species.)  Flowers  monoecious.  $  Aments  chistered, 
terminal;  stamens  oo,  with  2  cells  and  a  scale-like  connective;  pollen 
grains  triple.  ?  Aments  conical  or  cylindric,  the  carpellary  scales 
bracted,  each  bearing  on  its  base  within  2  inverted  ovules ;  strobile  com- 
posed of  tlie  imbricated  hardened  scales  which  are  often  thickened  or 
awned  at  the  tip;  seeds  nut-like,  winged ;  cotyledons  3  to  12,  linear. — 
Trees  with  evergreen,  acerous  Ivs.  in  fascicles  of  2  to  5,  each  fascicle 
subtended  and  invested  by  a  membranous  scale  or  leaf.     (Fig.  152.) 


I,  ? 

i  •;'  til 


H 


:i»    i      il 


?. 


'H 


660 


Order  127.— CONIFERS. 


r  \ 


h  ':■ 


I  Leovoa  fhscicleil  in  5s.    Cone  Acitle.i  nut  tliickoneil  nt  the  end,  nnnrmed Nn.  ^ 

I  l^eiive.t  in  8s.    (.'one  scaIch  nt  tli(>  end  tliicl(en<'<l  unil  |>ricl<lj  or  spiny Not*.  2—4 

§  Lcuvtitt  lu  28  (rarely  38). — Si-alts  at  llio  enii  tiiicl(one<i  and  spiny No*.  8 — 7 

— Scaler  at  tlie  end  tliicliened,  but  unarmed Nos.  8,  9 

1  P.  atrdbus  L.  White  Pine.  "Weymouth  Pine.  Lvh.  in  5s,  slender,  with 
very  short  aheatht) ;  cone.s  solitary,  cyliiidrio,  loose,  pendant  longer  than  the  Ivs. — 
A  most  majestic  and  useful  forest  tree.  Can.,  N.  Kng.  to  Penn.  and  Wis.  The 
trunk  is  perfectly  straight,  covered  with  a  comparatively  smooth  bark,  and,  in 
some  instances,  5 — 7f  in  diameter,  and  80  to  lOOf  in  lieight  without  a  limb ;  then, 
sending  out  a  few  brandies,  it  forms  a  tufted  head  far  above  the  surrounding 
forest.  Brandies  wliorled  only  in  the  young  trees.  Leaves  about  4'  long,  nume- 
rous, 8len<ler,  of  a  bhiish  green,  forming  an  extremely  soft  and  delicate  foliage. 
Wood  soft,  fine-grained,  easily  wrought,  very  durable,  used  in  immense  quantities 
in  architecture.  The  large  trunks  are  in  particular  sought  for  the  masts  of  ships. 
May. 

2  P.  paltistris  Lamb.  Lono-leaved  or  Broom  Pine.  Lvs.  in  3s.  very  long, 
crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  with  elongated,  ragged,  hulf-persistf.nt  sheaths  ; 
cone  subcylindrical,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves;  scales  tipped  willi  small,  recurved 
spines. — N.  Car.  to  Pla.,  very  abundant  and  valuable.  The  trunk  is  15  to  20  diam., 
arising  with  a  slight  diminution  40  or  50f  to  the  branches,  thence  20  to  40f  to 
tlie  summit.  Burk  slightly  furrov/ed.  Lvs.  dark  green,  10  to  15' in  Icngtli.  Buda 
very  long,  whitish.  Sterile  aments  violet  colored,  2'  long.  Cone  8  to  10'  long. 
Sds.  with  a  thin  white  testa.  Timber  strong,  compact,  resinous  and  durable, 
used  at  tiie  south  in  vast  quantities.  The  young  trees  look  like  brooms  The  old 
are  festooned  with  the  long  moss.  Thoy  yidd  nearly  all  the  turpentint'  and  resin 
of  couuncrco.     As  fuel  it  burns  with  fragrance,  splendor  and  heat. 

3  P.  Tadda  L.  Loblolly  Pine.  Old-field  Pine.  Lvs.  in  3s,  long,  light  green, 
with  long,  subentire  sheaths;  cones  oblong-ovoid,  dcflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
the  scales  tipped  with  a  short  infUxed  spine. — Abundant  in  pine  woods  and  sandy 
fields  as  a  second  grovvtli,  Va.  to  Fla.  A  tall  tree,  50  to  80  or  even  lOOf  high, 
with  a  wide-.spreading  summit.  Bark  thick  and  very  rugged.  Lvs.  6  to  10'  long, 
rigid,  sheatlis  blackish,  6  '  long.  Sterile  aments  1'  long,  densely  clustered,  light- 
reddish.  Cones  3  to  5'  long. — Less  valuable  for  turpentine  or  timber  tliau  P. 
palustris,  but  equally  excellent  as  fuel  and  light. 

ji.  seuotin.v.  Pond  Pixe.  Cone  ovoid,  thick  (as  largo  as  a  goose  egg),  pol- 
ished and  shining,  nearly  unarmed.     Tree  smaller. 

4  P.  rigida  Miller.  Pitch  Pine.  Lvs.  in  3.s,  rigid,  with  short  sheaths;  cone.<» 
pyraniidal-ovoid,  clustered;  scales  with  short,  thick,  refkxtd  spines. — Common  in 
barren,  sandy  plains,  which  it  often  exclusively  occupies.  It  is  of  moderate  height 
at  the  north'(25  to  301),  but  attains  a  great  height  (40  to  70f)  in  the  S.  States. 
Tlie  trunk,  wliich  is  seldom  straight,  is  covered  with  a  very  thick  and  rough  bark 
cleft  with  deep  furrows.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  long.  Cones  usually  several  togetlier,  2 
to  3'  long.  Tlie  wood  is  heavy  with  resin,  is  used  in  architecture  lor  flooring, 
and  in  ship-building,  and  is  excellent  as  fuel  for  steam  engines. 

5  P.  mitis  Mx.  Yellow  Pine.  Spruce  Pine.  Lvs.  in  pairs  (sometimes  iu 
3s),  slender,  channeled,  with  elongated  sheatlis,  scattered  all  over  the  hranchlets; 
cones  not  generally  clustered,  oblong-ovoid,  half  the  lengtli  of  the  shortish  lvs. ; 
scales  with  a  short,  weak,  slightly  incurved  prickle. — Widely  diffused  throughout 
the  country.  A  tree  of  slow  growth,  30  to  50  to  80f  high.  Bark  rough,  broken 
into  broad  plates.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  to  7',  bluish  green,  'a  3s  on  young  tiees  or  the 
more  vigorous  shoots.  Cones  18  to  30  "  long,  rugged  with  the  projecting  point 
of  the  scales.  Timber  close-grained,  moderately  resinous,  used  in  immense  qutin- 
tities  for  all  kinds  of  architecture. 

(3.  ?  p.\UPERA.  Bark  smoother  than  the  pines  in  general,  the  branches  resem- 
bling those  of  the  beech ;  lvs.  short,  (3  to  4')  and  thinly  scattered ;  cones 
smaller  than  a  hen's  egg,  with  minute,  straightish  spines ;  barren  aments 
6"  long.— Vn.  {Mr.  E.  Jfears)  to  Ga.     Tree  40— 50f  high. 

6  P.  piingens  Mx.  Southern  Mountain  Pine.  Lvs.  in  pairs,  short,  rigid,  acute, 
somewhat  channeled,  rough-edged;  sheaths  very  short;  cones  ovoid,  longer  than 
the  leaves;  scales  tipped  with  a  long,  recurved  and  hooked  spine. — Lookout  Mt.  I 
Tenn.  and  Table  Mt.,  Grandfather  Mt.  &c.,  N.  Car.  and  Va.     Tree  w  ith  rough 


Oruir  127.— CONIFEIliE. 


001 


and  Boaly  hark,  gnarlwd  spreading  branches.  20  to  30f  high.  Lvfl.  18  to  30  long, 
cones  flniilly  2  to  3  bong,  the  spine?  fully  3''  long,  the  points  hooked.  In  the 
young  cones  the  apine»  are  projecting,  with  the  points  hooked.  Bniueldets  bluish 
red.     Resembles  the  next. 

7  P.  fnops  Ait.  Jersey  or  Scrub  Pine.  Lva.  in  pairs,  rather  short,  obtwie,  riifitl, 
cliannelod  above,  terete  beneath,  margins  obscurely  serrulate;  rones  rieurved, 
ovoid-oblong,  as  long  lui  the  leaven ;  scales  eonjpact,  obtuse  at  base,  with  a  strmjht, 
subulate  prickle. — A  tree  15 — 2iifhigli,  on  barrens  in  the  Middle  States.  Hramlies 
straggling,  and,  with  the  trunk,  covered  with  a  rough,  blackish  bark.  Itriiuc  hleta 
glaucous.     Leaves  1 — 2'  long.     Tho  wood  abounds  in  resin.     May. 

8  P.  rosindsa  Ait.  Norway  Pine.  Red  Pixe.  Lvs.  in  pairs,  channeled  elon- 
gated, with  elongated  sheaths ;  cones  ovoid-eonie,  rounded  at  the  bnse,  subsolitarv, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  lvs. ;  scales  without  spines,  dilated  in  tho  niitkile. — It 
abounds  in  the  northern  parts  of  tho  U.  8.  and  in  Canada,  attaining  the  lieiglit 
of  80fJ  with  a  trunk  of  2f  in  diameter,  very  straight  and  uniform.  Bark  smoother, 
and  of  a  clearer  red  t'.ian  other  pines.  Leaves  chietiy  collected  towards  the  ends 
of  tho  branches,  always  in  pairs,  6 — 8'  in  length,  the  sheatlis  6  to  12".  Timber 
lino-grained,  resinous,  stronj;  and  durable.     May.     (P.  rubra,  Mx.) 

9  P.  Banksi^na  Lambert.  Scrub  Pine.  Lvs.  in  pairs,  rigid,  curved,  short, 
acute,  terete  upon  the  b.u-k  and  channeled  above,  margins  somewhat  scabrous ; 
cones  ovate-acuminate,  recurved,  tortuous,  longer  t?iaH  the  lvs.,  scales  without 
spines,  obtuse,  smooth. — A  small  tree,  with  long,  spreading,  flexit)le  brandies, 
abounding  in  barrens,  in  Me.  to  Wis.  and  liritish  America.  Leaves  about  an  inch 
in  length.  Cones  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  usually  in  pairs.  Apr.,  ilay. 
(P.  ruprestris  Mx.) 

2.  A^BIES,  Tourn.  Spruce,  Fir.  $  Aments  axillary,  cliistorod  to- 
wards tho  ends  of  the  branches  ;  $  scales  of  tlie  cone  thin,  liat,  not 
thickened  nor  spine-pointed  at  the  end  ;  seeds  with  a  persistent  wino; ; 
cotyledons  3  to  9. — Trees  with  evergreen,  solitary,  scattered  lvs.  never 
sheathed  at  base.     (Fig.  46,  S.) 

S  Cones  erect,  hrnets  conspicuous  with  tho  scdles.    Leaves  flnt,  whitened  beneath.. .  .\os.  1,  2 

§  (.'ones  pendant,  bracts  inconspicuous. — Scales  roiiniled  and  entire  at  tip No >.:-(,  4 

—Scales  eroded  or  dentate  at  tip Nos.  6,  li 

1  A.  balsaxnea  Marshall  Fir  Balsam.  Lvs.  linear,  fiat,  obtuse,  glaucous-silvery 
beneath  ;  cones  cyliudric,  large  (3  to  4'  long);  s-cales  broad,  compact;  bracts obovute, 
mucronate,  slightly  jyrojecting. — A  beautiful  evergreen,  common  in  humid  tbi  ests  of 
tho  northern  U.  S.  and  Can.  Branches  nearly  horizontal,  gradually  becoming 
shorter  upwards,  forming  a  regularly  pyramidal  head.  The  lvs.  are  little  longer 
than  those  of  tho  hemlock  (8  to  10"  long)  spirally  arranged,  bright  green  above, 
silvery  white  beneath.  Cones  1'  thick,  bluish  purple  when  growing.  Bark 
emootb,  abounding  in  reservoirs  tilled  with  a  resin  or  balsam  which  is  considered 
a  valuable  medicine.     May.     (Pinus,  L.  Picea  Mx.) 

2  A.  Fr^aerl  Ph.  Double  Fir  Balsam.  Lvs.  flat,  glaucous  beneath,  linear, 
often  emarginato,  subsecuud,  erect  above;  cone  ovoid-oblong,  erect,  very  small', 
bracts  elongated,  rejlexed,  oblong-cuneate,  emarginate,  briefly  mucronate,  incisely 
toothed. — Smaller  tree  than  the  last,  much  resembling  it  in  habit,  in  Mts.  N.  Kng. 
to  Car.  Lvs.  3"  long,  and  much  crowded.  Cones  I  to  2'  long  when  mature,  sin- 
gularly distinguished  by  tho  long-pointed,  violet-colored,  refiexed  bracts.  Sterile 
aments  terminal     May. — A  highly  ornamented  shade  tree. 

3  A.  Cdnad6nsiB  Mx.  Hemlock.  Lvs.  linear,  flat,  obscurely  denticulate,  glaucous 
beneath,  in  2  rows ;  cones  ovoid,  terminal,  scarcely  longer  than  the  kaves ;  scales 
rounded,  entire. — A  well  known  evergreen  inhabitant  of  rocky,  mountainous 
woods  Brit.  Am.  to  Car.  and  Wis.,  commonly  attaining  the  height  of  70 — 80t'.  The 
trunk  is  large  in  proportion,  straight,  covered  with  a  rough  bark.  Branches  brit- 
tle and  nearly  horizontal,  with  pubescent  twigs.  Leaves  6 — 8  '  in  length,  less 
than  1"  wide,  arranged  in  2  opposite  rows.  Cones  very  small.  Wood  soft, 
elastic,  of  a  coarse,  loose  texture,  not  much  valued  for  timber.  Tho  bark  is  ex- 
tensively used  in  tanning.     May.     (Pinus,  L.) 

4  A.  dlba  Mx.     White  or  Single  Spruce.    Lvs.  4-sided,  incurved;  cones  lax, 


>*"■■  j'j 


062 


Obdbb  127.— conifers. 


PI  : 


pendulous,  suhcylindric,  with  enHro,  broadly  obovate,  somewhat  2-lobed  scales. — 
Very  abundant  in  humid  and  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Wis.  Heighf  50f. 
Trunk  1  to  2f  diara.  at  tiie  base,  regularly  diminishing  upwards.  Lower  branches 
longest,  tlie  others  becoming  gradually  shorter  upwards.  Lvs.  \  to  f '  long,  placed 
on  all  sides  of  the  branches.  Cones  small.  The  timber  is  useful  in  the  i'ramea  of 
buildings,  Ac.  May.  (Pinus,  Ait.) 
5  A.  nigra  Mx.  Black  or  Double  Spruci:.  Lvs.  4-c«rnered,  scattered,  straight 
erect:  cones  ovoid,  ptndulotis;  scales  Q\\vp\\<ia\-ohova.iQ,erosely  dentate  at  the  edge,  erect- 
— Abounds  in  the  tlie  northern  U.  S.  and  Can.,  wliere  dark,  mountain  forests,  are 
often  wholly  composed  of  it.  It  is  a  large  tree,  70 — 80f  high,  with  a  straight 
trunk  and  a  lofty  pyramidal  head.  The  leaves  thickly  cover  the  branches,  dark 
green,  little  more  tlian  \'  in  length.  Cones  1 — 2'  long.  Timber  ligiit,  strong, 
elastic,  much  used  in  architecture.  That  s:ilutary  beverage,  spruce  beer,  is  made 
from  the  young  branches.     May.     (Pinus  L.) 

6  A.  excelsa  DC.  Norway  Spruce.  Branches  pendulous;  lvs.  elongated, 
somewhat  2-ranked;  cones  lonn,  cylindrical,  pendulous;  scales  broad,  witli  a 
diijhlhj  projecting  and  2-ioothed  apex. — Parks  and  shrubberies.  A  tall  stately 
evergreen  with  dense  and  dark  green  foliage.  Lvs.  about  1'  long,  crowded. 
Cones  very  siiowy,  and  elegant,  5  to  8'  long,  more  than  1'  diam. — It  grows  luxu- 
riantly, and  is  a  tiner  tree  than  any  of  our  native  species,     f  N.  Eur. 

3.  LA'RIX,  Tourn.  Larch.  Tamarack.  Aments  scattered  all 
over  the  branches,  bud-liko  ;  S  anthers  2-celled,  cells  opening  length- 
wise, with  simple  pollen  grains  ;  $  cones  erect,  oval  or  roundish,  scales 
colored,  persistent ;  seeds  with  a  proper  wing. — Lvs.  deciduous,  acerous, 
soft,  scattered,  and  in  axillary,  many-leaved  fascicles. 

I  L.  Americana  Mx.  Lvs.  filiform,  very  slender ;  cones  ovoid,  inclining  upwards 
even  when  the  branches  are  pendulou-s;  scales  few,  thin  ami  infitxed  on,  the  mar- 
gin; bracts  elliptical,  often  hollowed  at  the  sides,  abruptly  acuminate  with  a 
slender  point. — A  beautiful  tree,  often  seen  in  siirubberies,  and  thinly  interspersed 
in  forests.  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Wis.  It  is  remarkably  distinguished  from  the  pinea 
by  its  deciduous  leaves,  the  branches  being  bare  nearly  half  the  year.  The  tree 
arises  80 — lOOf,  with  a  straight  and  slender  trunk  and  horizontal  branches. 
Lca\es  1 — 2'  long,  collected  in  bunches  of  12 — 20  on  the  sides  of  the  branches. 
Cones  deep  purple,  6  to  10"  long.  Wood  most  valuable  being  very  heavy,  strong 
and  durable.     Apr.,  May. 

/i.  PENDULA.  Branciies  slender  and  drooping. — A  beautiful  variety.  (P.  pen- 
dula  Ait.) 

2  L.  Europeba  DC.  Wuite  Larch.  Lvs.  flatfish,  filiform-linoar ;  cones  ob- 
long, scales  slightly  reflexed  on  the  margin. — Rarely  cultivated.  Tree  nmch  re- 
sembling No.  1,  of  more  rapid  growth,  60  to  80f  high.  Lvs.  L  to  2'  long,  cones 
about  1'.     f  Eur. 

4.  THU'JA,  Tourn.  Arbou  Vit.*:.  (Or.  0i;6J,  to  saorifice ;  the 
wood  is  fragrant  in  burning  and  was  used  in  sacrifice.)     Flowers  8  . — 

^  In  an  iuibricateii  anient ;  anther  cells  4  on  each  scale-like  connectile  ; 

$  flowers  in  a  cone,  scales  few,  each  bearing  2  erect  ovules  at  the  base 
inside  ;  seed  winged  ;  integument  membranous  ;  cotyledons  2. — Trees 
or  shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  scale-like,  imbricate  and  appressed  to  the 
anoipital  branehlets. 

1  T  occident^lis  L.  Branehlets  spreading;  lvs.  imbricate  in  4  rows,  rhom- 
boid-ovate, tuberculate  on  the  back;  cones  oblong,  the  inner  scales  truncated  and  gib- 
bous below  the  lip. — This  tree  is  often  called  white  cedar,  and  from  its  resemblance 
might  easily  be  mistaken  for  the  Cupressus  thyoides.  It  abounds  in  the  northern 
U.  S.  and  Can.  on  the  rocky  borders  of  streams  and  lakes,  and  in  swamps.  It 
has  a  crooked  trunk,  rapidly  diminishing  in  size  upwards,  throwing  out  branches 
from  base  to  summit.  The  evergreen  foliage  consists  of  branehlets  much  more 
flat  and  broad  than  those  of  the  White  Cedar.  Cones  terminal,  consisting  of  a 
few  long,  loose  scales.     Wood  very  light,  sell  and  durable.     May. 


mm 


Order  127.— CONIFERS. 


6GJ 


2  T.  orientalis  L.  Branche3  erect ;  Ivs.  slightly  furrowed  in  the  middle, 
cone.^  erect,  roundish  or  ohovoid ;  scales  acute,  recurved  or  spreading  at  the.  points. — 
Cultivated  siirubs  or  small  trees  much  branched.  The  tiattened,  tan-shaped  rami- 
fications vertical,  not  horizontal  as  in  the  other,     f  China. 

5.  CUPRES'SUS,  Tourn.  Cvpress.  (From  the  lalo  of  Crjprus, 
where  the  Cypress  is  very  abundant.)  Flowers  8  . —  6  in  an  ovoid 
anient ;  anthers  4,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  peltate  scales  ;  9  in  a 
strobile  (cone) ;  scales  peltate,  bearing  4  to  8,  erect  (orthotropous) 
ovulus  at  base  inside  ;  seed  angular,  compressed  ;  integurnetits  mem- 
branous ;  cotyledons  2  or  3. — Trees  with  evergreen,  flat,  s<piamous,  im- 
bricated Ivs.     Fertile  aments  becoming  indurated  cones. 

C  thyoides  Mx.  White  Cedar.  Branclilots  compressed;  Ivs.  imbricate  in  4 
rows,  ovate,  tuberculate  at  base;  cones  spherical. — N.  Eiig.  (from  Wincliendou 
Mass.)  to  Ga.  W.  to  0.  It  usually  occurs  in  swumps,  which  it  densely  and  ex- 
clusively occupies.  Height  40 — 60f.  The  leaves  consist  of  short,  minute,  ever- 
green scales,  covering  the  finely  divided  branchlets,  in  4  imbricated  row.s,  and 
each  one  furnished  with  a  minute  gland  or  tubercle  on  tlie  back.  The  wood  is 
white,  fine-grained,  and  wonderfully  light,  soft,  and  durable.  Used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  sliinglos,  pails,  fences,  &c.  Posts  made  of  this  cedar  it  is  said  will 
last  50  years.     May. 

6.  TAXO'DIUM,  Richard.     Bald  Cypress.     (Gr.   rd^og,   the  yew, 

EK^oc,  form  ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  foliage.)  Flowers  8  . —  S 
Auients  in  terminal,  panicled  spikes ;  stamens  few,  scale-like,  peltate, 
bearing  2  to  5  anther  cells.  $  Cones  sessile  in  pairs,  roundish,  placed 
below  the  sterile  ;  scales  numerous,  bearing  2  ovules  at  the  base,  becom- 
ing thick,  angular,  peltate  2-seeded  in  fruit ;  cotylendos  6  to  9. — Trees 
with  deciduous,  linear  Ivs.  arranged  in  2  rows. 

T.  dfstychum  Rich.  Lvs.  distychous ;  flat,  deciiluous  with  the  slender  branchlets. 
— One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the  forest,  native  of  N.  J.  to  Mex.  It  grows  in 
wet  soils,  forming  what  is  called  tho  cypress  or  cedar  swamps  of  the  S.  States. 
The  trunk  arises  to  the  height  of  125f,  with  a  circumference  of  25  to  40f,  above 
tlio  conical  base,  usually  of  smaller  dimensions.  The  enormous  roots  produce 
large,  conical  excrescences  covered  with  bark  but  leafless,  1  to  3f  high.  The 
heiid  is  wide-spread  and  often  depressed.  Foliage  light  green  and  open.  Cones 
1'  diain.,  composed  of  the  indurated,  combined  scales.  Timber  light,  tine-grained 
anil  durable,  f 

7.  JUNIP'ERUS,  L.     Juniper.     (Celtic,  jnncprus,  rough  or  rude.) 

Flowers  S  ?,  rarely  8. —  $  Anient  ovate;  scales  \erticillate,  peltate, 
eai'h  with  4  to  7  anther  cells  at  base.  $  Ament  globous  ;  scales  few, 
united  at  base,  concave  ;  ovules  1,  rarely  more,  at  the  base  of  each 
scaU' ;  berry  formed  of  the  enlarged,  fleshy  scales  containing  2 — 3  bony 
seeds  ;  cotyledons  2. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  mostly  acerous, 
opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3. 

1  J.  commCinis  L.  Common  Juniper.  (Fig.  153.)  Lvs.  ternate,  spreading,  sub- 
ulate, mwronate,  longer  than  the  berry. — Can.  to  N.  J.  and  Wis.  A  shrub,  with 
numerous,  prostrate  branches,  growing  in  dry  woods  and  hills,  often  arising  in  a 
slender  pyramid,  6 — 8f  high  (rarely  arboreous  Robbins).  Leaves  arranged  in 
whorls  of '3,  5 — 8"  long,  acerost. -lanceolate,  ending  in  a  sharp,  bristly  [)oint,  chan- 
neled and  glaucous  on  tho  midvein  above,  keeled  and  green  below.  Barren  flow- 
ers in  small,  axillary  aments  or  cones ;  fertile  ones  on  a  distinct  shrub,  small,  iixil- 
lary,  sessile.  Berries  roundish,  oblong,  dark  blue,  ripening  tho  second  year  from 
the  flower.  They  are  then  sweetish,  with  a  tase  of  turpentine.  In  medicine  they 
are  diurotic  and  cordial.     May. 

2  J.  Virginiana.  Red  Cepar.  Upper  lvs.  imlrricate  in  A-rows,  ovaie-la7iceolate, 
pungently  acute,  uj^pressed,  older  ones  acerous,  cuspidate,  spreading ;  trunk  arbore- 


S 


US' 


'      11 


I* 


I 

Hi 


fa 


v4 


664 


Order  128.— TAXACE^. 


ous. — Found  throughout  the  U.  S.,  but  chiefly  in  the  maritime  parts,  growini?  in 
dry,  rocky  plac«s.  It  is  a  tree  of  middle  size,  sending  out  numerous,  horizontal 
branches.  Leaves  dark  green,  the  younger  ones  small,  ovate  acute,  scule-like, 
overlying  each  other  in  4  rows,  upon  the  subdivided  branchlets ;  the  older  ones 
6''  long.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  the  staminato  in  oblong,  terminal  aments,  3" 
long;  the  fertile  on  separate  trees,  producing  small,  bluish  berries  covered  with  a 
white  powder.  Wood  reddish,  vtry  light,  durable,  used  in  making  drawing  pen- 
cils, etc.     Apr.,  May. 

l3.  PROSTRATA.     Lvs.  ovate,  submucronate,  glandular  in  the  middle,  appressed ; 

berries  tubercular ;  at.  prostrate,  creeping. — A  shrub,  on  gravelly  shores,  with 

creeping  branches  4 — 8f  long. 

Order  CXXVIII.     TAXACE^.     Yews. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  narrow,  parallel-veined  or  broad  fork-veined  loaves,  and  the 
flowers  diclinous,  achlaniydeous,  surrounded  with  imbricated  bracts.  5  Floieers 
sovcral  together,  each  consisting  of  one  or  several  coherent  anthers.  $  Flowers 
solitary  or  clustered,  each  consisting  of  a  single  naked  ovule,  terminal  or  a.xillary. 
Fruit  a  solitary  seed  usually  surrounded  at  base  by  a  flesliy  cupule.     Fig.  421. 

Oenera  9,  ftpecies  50,  generally  natives  of  the  teinpenito  regions. 

1.  TAX'US,  Toiirn.  Yew.  (Gr.  rd^ov,  an  arrow ;  arrows  were 
formerly  poisoned  with  the  juico  of  the  Yew  tree.)  Flowers  ^  $  or 
6  ,  axillary,  surrounded  with  numerous  seales.  $  Ameiits  globular, 
composed  of  8  to  10  stamens;  anthers  peltate,  0  to  8-celIed,  cells  de- 
hiscent beneath.  ?  Flowers  solitary,  consisting  of  a  single  ovule,  be- 
coming in  fruit  a  seed  nearly  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  cupule. — Trees  or 
shrubs,  with  evergreen,  linear,  alternate  lvs. 

1.  T.  Canadensis  L.  Dwarf  Yew.  Ground  Hemlock.  (Fig.  421.)  Sfirub 
low  or  prostrate ;  lvs.  linear,  mucrvuate,  2-ranked,  revolute  on  tiie  margin ;  sterile 
ament  globous  ;  drupes  dtpressed-glolous,  open  at  top  —  A  small  evergreen  shrub 
with  the  general  aspect  of  a  dwarf  hemlock  spruce  (Finns  Canadensis).  It  grows 
on  thin  rocky  soils  in  shady  places,  2  to  3f  high.  Can.  to  Penu.  and  Ky.  Lvs. 
nearly  an  incli  long,  arranged  in  2  opposite  rows  on  the  sides  of  the  branchlets. 
Starainate  flowers  in  small,  roundish,  axillary  iieads.  Drupes  coralline-red,  eon- 
cave  or  open  at  the  summit,  displaying  the  top  of  the  black  seed.     May. 

2  T.  bacc^ta  L.  English  Yew.  Tree  of  low  stature,  attaining  a  great  si/e; 
lvs.  linear  and  spatulate-linear,  imbricated  all  around  the  ymmy  hranrhkt'i,  finally 
spreading  and  distichous ;  fr.  oblong-oval  or  somewhat  bell-shaped,  open  at  the 
top. — Trees  attaining  great  age  in  England,  with  short,  huge  trunks  and  wide- 
spread branches,  f 

2.  TORRE'YA,  Arnott.  (Dedicated  to  Frof.  John  Torre!/,  of  New 
York.) — Flowers  8  . —  S  Aments  oblong,  many-flowered,  bracts  at  base 
imbricated  in  4  rows ;  stamen  a  pedicellate  scale,  bearing  several  an- 
ther cells  at  base.  $  Ament  ovoid,  l-flowered,  consisting  of  a  solitary 
ovule  surrounded  with  bracts ;  fruit  oblong-ovate,  a  nut-like  seed  en- 
closed in  a  thick,  fibro-fleshy  testa. — Small  evergreen  trees,  with  spread- 
ing branches  and  2-ranked,  linear  lvs. 

T.  tazifdlia  Am. — Along  the  Chattahoochee,  Mid.  Fla.,  and  cultivated  at  Quincy 
(by  Judge  Dupont).  Tree  15  to  30f  high.  Branches  ramifying  distichously  and 
liorizontally.  Lvs.  dark  green,  shining,  very  acute,  mucronate-pungen*^,  margins 
revolute,  18"  long.     Drupe  near  1'  long,  with  a  brittle  epicarp. 

3.  SALISBU^RIA  adiantifolia  Smith,  is  occasionally  seen  in 
gardens  and  shrubberies,  called  Jinyko.,  in  Japan.  It  is  remarkably 
distinguished  by  its  broad,  fan-shaped,  fork-veined  petiolate  lvs.  It  be- 
comes a  tree  40  to  80f  in  height,     f  Japan. 


Okder  129.— CYC  adages 


665 


Order  CXXIX.     CYCADACE^>.     Cycades. 

Trp.es  of  low  stature,  simple  trunks  with  *^he  nitomoJes  undeveloped  and  the  sur- 
face scarred  with  the  fallen  leaves  which  were  pinnate,  parallel-veined,  circinate. 
Floivers  dioecious,  in  cones,   $  anther  covering  the  under  sur'ace  of  the  conuectivu 
9  Scalts  peltate,  scale-like  or  leaf-Uke.  bearing  naked  ovules  dorsal  or  marginal. 

Genera  7.  upei-iej^  46,  chiefly  *fop'?al-    Tho  Cycades  form  tlie  connocting  link  between  the 
E»o(.'ens  iinil  the  Oryptogauiia. 

CYXAS  revoluta,  a  palm-liko  plant,  representing  tliis  order  endures 
the  winters  of  the  far  South,  and  is  frequent  in  the  greenliouses  of  the 
North.  Its  long,  pinnate  leaves  are  all  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
short,  abrupt  trunk  which  is  tesselated  all  over  with  leaf-scars. 


FIG.  09«.— 1.  Branch  of  Thuja  occidentalis,  with  strobiles.  2.  A  magnified  branchlet  with 
a  zone  of  iiitiiuiinato  flowers.  3.  A  carpellary  scale  with  the  two  winged  seeds.  4.  A  vertical 
tranverso  section  of  one  of  tho  seeds,  showing  the  embryo,  Ac.  6.  The  imiiiaturo,  erect  ovules. 
6.  One  of  the  ovules  enlarged,  showing  the  micropyle  at  top.  7.  Branch  of  Abies  Americann. 
8.  Scale,  with  the  bract  9.  Scale  with  immature  ovules.  10.  Scale  with  ripe  seeds.  11.  A  pair 
of  leaves  of  Pinus  resinosa.  12.  Anther  of  Pintis  sylvestris.  13.  Scale  of  the  cone,  with  th« 
ovules  turned  downward.  14,  Staminate  scale  of  Cupressus,  with  pollen.  16.  Fertile  scale,  with 
many  erect  ovules. 


mm 


C6S 


Order  i;tO.— PALMACE^. 


tl 

kr 


Province,  ENDOGENS, 

Or  Monocotyledons.  Phaenogamous  Plants  having  a  stem 
without  the  distinction  of  bark,  wood  and  pith,  composed  of 
thread-like  bundles  of  trachenchyma  imbedded  irregularly  in 
the  general  cellular  mass,  the  newest  interior,  not  forming  layers 
in  growth.  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined.  Flowers  very  gener- 
ally 3-merous.  Embryo  with  one  cotyledon,  rarely  with  2  alter- 
nate and  unequal. 

Class  III.  PETALIFERiE.  Plants  of  the  endogenous  struc- 
ture, the  flowers  normal  and  complete  with  a  whorled  pe- 
rianth, or  the  perianth  wanting — in  either  case  destitute  of 
glumes. 

Cohort  5,  SPADICIFLOR^.  Endogens  with  flowers  hav- 
ing no  perianth  or  a  scaly  one,  and  borne  on  a  thickened 
rachis  (spadix)  which  is  usually  enveloped  in  a  spathe. 

Order  CXXX.     PALMACE.E.     Palms. 

Trees  or  shrvhs  chiefly  with  unbranched  trunks  growing  by  the  terminal  bud. 
Leaves  large,  plaited,  on  sheathing  petioles,  collected  in  one  terminal  cluster.  Flow- 
ers perfect  or  polygamous,  on  a  branching  spiidix  bursting  from  a  spathe.  Perianth 
double,  3-merou.s,  hexandrous,  ovaries  (and  styles)  .3,  distinct  or  commonly  united 
into  1,  each  1-ovuled.  Fruit  fleshy,  1 — 3-seeded,  embryo  minute,  superficially 
imbedded  in  albuinen.     Fig.  47,  d,  o. 

Genera  73,  apecies  500?  of  noble  aspect  nnd  most  interestini!  attributes.  They  are  chiefly 
tropical,  u  lew  advancing  into  the  wai-inor  parts  of  tlie  Temperate  Zone. 

Tiie  properties  and  uses  of  the  Palms  are  of  tiio  higtiest  importance  and  variety.  From  the 
drupes  of  several  African  P.'ilins,  and  from  the  Cocoa  Nut,  oU  is  obtained.  Otiiei-  .species  secrete 
iciixfvom  their  leaves.  Starch  is  obtained  abundantly  from  the  Sago  Palm  (Sagus  liumphii) 
and  many  other  species.  Even  sugar,  and  alcoholic  liquors,  are  made  from  the  .juice  of  the 
unopened  spathe  of  Sasjuorus  .saccharifcr,  Mauritiii  vinifer,  &c.  The  bud  of  the  Cabbage  Palm 
(Areca  (deracea)  Is  boiled  and  eaten  as  a  vegetable.  Among  tUei/riiitit,  are  enumerated  the  date, 
from  Phoenix  ductylifera,  and  the  cocoa-nut,  frotn  Attaica  funifera.  «fcc. 

GENERA. 

•  Flowers  all  perfect.    Ovaries  and '^♦yles  united  into  1.     Berry  single Sabal.  1 

*  Flowers  perfect  and  staniinate.    Ovaries  and  styles  distinct.    Drupes  3 Cua.mjerops.  2 

1.  SA^BAL,  Atlanson.  Palmetto.  Fls.  perfect,  sessile,  outer  pe- 
rianth (culyx)  cup-like,  3-clcft  or  3-toothed,  inner  of  3  subdistinct,  ob- 
long sepals ;  stam.  6  ;  fil.  subulate,  their  broad  bases  contiguous  or 
connate,  anth.  ovate-cordate ;  ovaries  3,  soon  united  into  1  ;  style  3- 
angled ;  fruit  a  single  globular  or  3-lobed,  3  (rarely  1  or  2)-seeded 
dryish  berry. — Caudex  procumbent  or  erect,  covered  by  the  persistent 
bases  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  palmately  many-cleft,  segm.  implicate,  2 
cleft  at  apex,  spadix  branching,  sheathed  with  many  spathe-like  bracts. 
Fls.  small,  white  or  greenish. 
1  S.  Palmetto  Loddig.     Palmetto.     Caudex  erect,  arborescent;  Ivs.  coriaceous, 

glaucous-green,  lamina  fan-siiaped,  segments  numerous,  implicate,  united  to  near 

the  ensiform  summits ;  petioles  broad,  compressed,  nearly  the  length  of  the  lamina ; 

Bpadix  flexuous,  glnbrons,  much  shorter  than  the  loaves ;  spathe  double  •.  style 


OlWER    131.— ARACEiE. 


667 


li 


thick,  obtuse  ;  berry  globu^  ir. — "Woods  along  the  coast,  Ga.  and  Fla.  (scarce  N. 
to  thf  Capo  Fear  R.).  One  specimen  in  the  street,  front  of  the  P.  0.,  Charleston. 
Caudex  20  to  50f  high,  usually  enlarged  upwards,  and  ragged  above  with  the 
split  bases  of  the  old  leaf-stalks.  The  majestic  leaves  are  all  terminal,  trom  1  bud, 
and  6  to  lOf  long.  Spadix  from  the  same  bud,  which  in  early  spring  is  tender 
and  nutritious  like  the  c  ibbage.  The  use  of  the  leaves  in  hat-work,  &c.,  is  well 
known.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Charaajrops,  Mx.) 

2  S.  Adinaoni  Ciuernsent.  Dwauf  P.\lmetto.  Caudex  prostrate ;  Ivs.  rigid, 
gliiucous ;  petioles  shorter,  naked ;  spadix  strict,  glabrous,  branchlets  remote-flow- 
er ;  «<yfe  <AicA,  o6/Mse,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  petals ;  berry  deprcssed-globous. 
— lu  low,  sandy  swamps,  along  the  coast,  Neuse  river  to  the  Apalachicola,  &c., 
often  in  wide  patches.  Spadix  slender,  about  as  high  (3  to  4f)  as  the  leaves.  A 
compound  branch  issues  from  each  alternato  sheath.  Fls.  numerous,  \\"  long, 
calyx  half  as  long.     Berry  bluish  black,  3"  diam.     Jn. — Aug.     (S.  pumila  Walt.) 

3  S.  serruldta  R.  &  S.  Caudex  creeping ;  petioles  aculeate-serrate ;  lamina  flabel- 
iform,  lO-l'i-cleft;  spadix  thick,  tlexuous,  branchlets  densely  grey  is!  i  pubescent; 
style  very  slender,  subulate ;  berry  oblong-ovoid. — Flat  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to 
Fla.,  common.  The  prostrate  rhizomes  attain  a  diam.  of  4  to  6',  creeping  many 
feet.  Leaves  2  or  3f,  in  dense  masses,  affording  nice  shelter  tor  rattlesnakes  I 
Sheaths  of  the  spadix  long  (2 — 3'),  loose.  Fls.  rather  close  on  the  branchlets, 
2^  '  long,  calyx  ^  as  long,  stylo  single,  tapering  to  a  setaceous  point.  Berry  dark 
blue,  5'   diam.     Jl.,  Aug. 

[3.  MiNiM.\,    Every  way  smaller ;  Ivs.  about  7-clefl. — E.  Fla.    (S.  min.  Nutt.) 

2.  CHAM^^ROPS,  L.  Blue  Palmetto.  (Gr.^ajtm/, oh  the  ground, 
pwi/^,  a  bush.)  Fls.  polygamo-dioecious,  sessile  or  short  pecliccllate; 
calyx  3-partcd,  cor.  (inner  perianth)  3-petalcd,  valvate  in  bud  ;  stani.  6 
or  9  ;  fil.  connate  at  base,  anth.  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  cordate ;  ova- 
ries 3,  distinct,  stigmas  3,  sessile,  subulate,  berries  3,  or  by  abtjrtion 
fewer,  1-seeded. — Palms  aoaulescent.  Lvs.  palmately  many-cleft,  segm. 
split  at  apex  with  no  intervening  threads.  Petioles  aculeate  at  base 
and  edge.     Spadix  dense-tlowered,  fls.  yellowish. 

C.  H^Btriz  Fraser.  Caudex  low,  making  offsets  at  base ;  petioles  spiny  ia 
the  axils;  spadix  vcy  short;  drupes  ovoid,  apex  oblique,  rather  large,  iiinsute. — 
In  clayey  soils  around  Savannah,  to  Fla.  Caudex  creeping,  becoming  several 
inches  in  diam.  In  the  axils  of  the  sheathing  leaf-stalk  is  a  thick,  matted,  brown, 
canvas-like  stipule,  and  rigid,  sharp,  needle-shaped  spines  3  to  6'  long.  Spadix 
enclosed  in  the  radical  sheaths,  bearing  a  dense  mass  of  hairy,  browu  drupes  G" 
in  length.     Jn. — Aug. 


;  ' 


■    •^1 


1 


i 


Order  CXXXI.     ARACE^E.     Argids. 

Herbs  with  a  creeping  rhizome  or  corm,  and  an  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  with  tlie 
leaves  simple  or  compound,  often  veiny,  and  the  flowers  mostly  diclinous  and  naked. 
Inflorescence  a  spadix,  dense-flowered,  naked  or 
mostly  surrounded  with  a  large  spathe.  Perianth 
none,  or  of  4  to  6  scales.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
with  ovate-extrorse  anthers.  Ovary  free,  stigma 
sessile.  Fruit  baccate  or  dry,  seeds  albuminous, 
embryo  axial.     Fig.  91,  201. 

Oenerd  46,  xpecien  240.  abundant  In  tropical  regions,  moro 
rare  in  tempi^rate,  one  only,  Calla  palutttris,  cvtendlnji  to  the 
Dortliurn  frigid  zone. 

J'ronerties.  An  acrid,  volatile  principle  pervades  the 
order,  which  is,  in  some  instances,  so  concentrated  as  to 
become  poittonous.  The  conns  and  rhizoiiias  ulioiind  also  in 
Btarcl),  which  in  some  cases  when  the  volatile  acridity  i»  ex- 
pelled in  drying  or  cooking,  is  edible  and  nutrioious,  as  in 
Oolocasiiw  Ac. 

Fig.  709.  Calla  palustris,  Its  spathe^  spadix  and  flowers. 
6,  One  of  the  flowers,  cnsisflng  of  an  ovary  surrounded  by 
six  (itameiki.    o,  Cru^>8  ..actluu  uf  the  ovary. 


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i/jil' 


668 


Order  131.— ARACEiE. 


GENERA. 

J  Spiwlix  enveloppd  In  a  spathe.  (*) 

♦  Flowers  uovcring  only  the  base  of  the  spadix.     Perianth  0 Aris.s.va.  1 

♦  Flowers  covering  tbo  whole  spadix,  and  (a) 

a  Monuecious.    Perianth  0.    Berry  1 -seeded.    Spathe  convolute Prltandra.  2 

a  Montecious.    Per.  0.   Berry  8  to  6-seeded.    Spathe  larjje,  revolute,  white.  Richaruia.  3 

a  Perfect. — Perianth  0.     Spathe  open,  white 0 ali.a.  4 

— Perianth  regular.    Spathe  shell-form,  purplish Stmplooarpits.  5 

$  Spadix  naked,  having  no  spathe, — terminal,  yellow Okostium.  6 

— lateral;  scape  leaf-like Acokus.  T 

1.  ARIS^^MA,  Martius.  Dragon-root.  Indian  Turnip,  [apov, 
arum,  a///ia,  a  sijjfii.)  Spathe  convolute  at  base,  limb  arched  or  some- 
what plain ;  .spadi-x  covered  with  flowers  below,  naked  and  elongated 
above  ;  flowers  diclinous,  achlamydeous ;  $  above  the  fertile,  each  flower 
coiisistiui^  of  4  or  more  stamens  with  anthers  opening  at  top ;  ?  ovary 
1-celled;  stigmas  depressed;  ovules  2  to  6,  orthotropous,  erect  from  the 
base  of  the  cell;  berry  red,  1  or  few-seeded. —  21  Scape  arising  from  a 
a  corm  or  tuberous  rhizome,  sheathed  with  petioles  of  the  radical, 
veiny  Ivs.      (Arum,  L.) 

1  A.  triph^Uum  L.  Jaok-in-the-pulpit.  Acaulescent;  Ivs.  trifoliate,  mostly 
in  pairs,  le.iflets  oval,  acuminate ;  spadix  clavate,  obtuse;  spathe  ovate,  acuminate, 
flat  and  inflected  above. — A  curious  and  well  known  inhabitant  of  wet  woodlands, 
Can.  to  Ga.  W.  to  the  Miss.  The  stem  is  a  rugous,  fleshj',  subterraneous  corm 
giving  off  radicles  in  a  circle  from  the  edge.  Scape  8 — 12'  high,  erect,  round, 
embraced  at  the  base  by  the  long  sheaths  of  the  petioles.  Leaflets,  2 — 7'  long, 
^  as  wide.  Spatiie  green  without,  usually  variegated  witiiin  with  stripes  of  dark 
purple  alternating  with  pale  green.  Spadix  much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  vary- 
ing from  green  to  dark  purple.  Fruit  a  bunch  of  bright  scarlet  berries.  The 
corm  loses  its  fiercely  acrid  principle  by  drying,  and  is  then  valued  as  a  carmina- 
tive, &c.     Apr.,  Jn.     (Arum,  atrorubens  Ait.) 

2  A.  quin^tuin.  Acaulescent ;  Ivs.  with  very  long  sheaths,  in  pairs  one  or  both 
quinate;  Ifts.  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole  or 
sessile ;  spadix  long  and  slender,  nearly  inclosed  in  the  ovate-lanceolate  spathe, 
wiiicli  is  briefly  inflected  at  the  pointed  apex ;  berry  1  to  2-3eeded. — Ga.  and  S. 
Car.  (Curtis.)  Scape  1  to  2f  higii.  Lvs.  with  long  petioles  and  still  longer  sheaths. 
Lfts.  5  to  10'  long,  spathe  3  to  5'  (Arum  quinatum  Nutt.) — Perhaps  identical  with 
A.  pentaphyllum  (Schott.)  of  India. 

fi.  OBTUSO-QUiNATUM.     Lfls.  rounded-obtuse,  mucronate,  abruptly  narrowed  to 
a  long  petiolule. — Georgia  (Feay,  Pond). 

3  A.  Drac6ntium  Schott.  Green  Dragon.  Acaulescent ;  If  mostly  solitary, 
pi'date;  lfts.  7  to  11,  oblo.ig-lauceolato ;  spadix  subulate,  lo.iger  than  the  convo- 
hue,  oblong  spathe. — Less  common  in  N.  Eng.  than  the  former  species,  found  in 
wet  places,  banks  of  streams,  U.  S.  Stem  a  flesiiy,  subterraneous  corm.  Scape 
slender,  10  to  2f  high.  Leaf  on  an  erect,  sheathing  petiole,  which  is  dichotomous 
above,  each  half  bearing  2 — 4  leaflets  with  an  odd  one  at  the  fork.  Leaflets  6  to 
8'  long,  one-third  as  wide.  Spathe  green,  1 — 2'  long,  rolled  into  a  tube  at  base. 
Spadix  slender,  with  its  long,  tapering  point  much  exserted.  Fruit  a  bunch  of 
red  berries.     Jn.,  Jl.    (Arum  Dracontium  L.) 

2.  PELT'ANDRA,  Raf.  (Gr.  ttkAtt/,  a  shield  or  target,  dvdpeg.) 
Spathe  convolute ;  spadix  covered  with  flowers,  staminate  above,  pistil- 
late below;  perianth  0;  anthers  8  to  12,  attached  to  the  margin  of  a 
peltate,  oblong,  connectile,  and  opening  by  a  terminal  pore;  berry  1- 
celled,  1  to  3-seeded. —  21   Rt.  fibrous.     Lvs.  sagittate. 

1  P.  Virgfnica  Raf.  Acaulescent ;  lvs.  oblong,  hastate-sagittate,  acute  at  apex, 
the  lobes  obtuse;  apathe  elongcUed,  incurved,  green,  wavy  on  the  margin;  spadix 
covered  with  stamiuate  flowers  the  greater  part  of  its  length. — A  smootii,  dark 
green  plant,  in  wot  grounds,  N.  Y.  and  Ma.  to  Car.     Leaves  radical,  numerous, 


iF' 


Order  131.— ARACE.-E. 


609 


8 — 12  long,  ^  as  wide,  on  petioloa  as  long  as  the  scapen.  Scapes  many  from  the 
same  root,  8 — 15'  long.  Spaiho  closely  involving  the  f^padix,  grei-n,  ;{  to  5'  long, 
lanceolate,  wavy  on  the  margin.  Spadi.^  slender,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the 
fspathe,  its  compact  stamens  6-sided.  Fr.  a  cluster  of  green  berries  inclosed  in 
the  base  of  the  spathe  after  the  upper  part  of  both  spathe  and  spadix  has  decaved. 
Jn.  (Arum,  L.  Calla,  Bw.  Lecontiii,  Cooper,  Rensaeheria,  Beck,  Caladium, 
Lindl.) 

2  P.  glatkca  Feay  (M  S.).  Acaulescent;  Ivs,  ovate- Iiastato,  acute  or  short-acu- 
minate, lobes  broad  and  obtuse  at  end ;  scape  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  spathe  invol- 
ute, entire,  gradually  evolved  and  widened  above,  acuminate,  ivhite,  spadix  much 
shorter;  berries  red,  1 -seeded. — Maritime  parts  of  S.  Oar.  and  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond.) 
A  smooth,  glaucous  plant  with  1  to  3  radical  Ivs.,  and  one  or  more  slender  scapes 
12  to  20'  liigh.  Lv3.  5  to  7'  long,  with  large  baso  lobes,  and  a  vein  running 
close  to  the  margin.  Spathe  about  3'  long,  spadix  about  2'.  Fruit  smaller  than 
in  Xo.  1.  Seeds  without  albumen,  aa  in  that  species.  May,  Jn.  (Caladium 
glaucum  Ell.) 

3.  RICHAR'DIA,  Kth.  Egyptian  Call.v.  Spathe  involute  at  baso, 
spreading,  maresccnt;  spadix  covered  with  flowers,  fertile  below,  stain- 
inate  above ;  anthers  co,  free,  sessile,  2-celled,  on  a  broad  connectile ; 
ovaries  incompletely  3-celled,  intermixed  with  sterile  filamerits;  berry 
few-seeded,  seeds  suspended. —  21  Herb  with  a  thick  rhizome,  tall,  erect, 
radical  leaf-stalks,  and  scapes  with  a  large,  white  spathe. 

R.  .Sjthiopica.  A  fine,  showy  plant  of  the  green-house  and  parlors.  Lvs. 
2  to  41'  liigli,  hastate-cordate,  thick,  smootli,  on  sheathing  petioles.  Scape  rather 
taller,  bearing  a  cylindrio  spadix  within  tlio  large,  involved,  milk-w!ito  spathe. 
f  Capo  Good  Hope. 

4.  CAL'LA,  L.  (Probably  altered  from  KaXor,  beautiful.)  Spathe 
ovate,  spreading,  persistent,  colored ;  spadix  covered  with  flowers  with 
no  perianth ;  filaments  slender,  with  2-celied  anthers,  encircling  each 
ovary;  ovary  1-celled,  5  or  6-ovuled,  the  upper  often  abortive;  berry 
red,  depressed,  few-seeded. —  21  An  aquatic  lierb  with  a  prostrate, 
creeping  rhizome,  cordate  Ivs.  and  a  broad  white,  open  spathe. 

C.  paluBtria  L. — An  interesting  plant  in  shallow  waters,  Penn.  to  N.  Eng.,  Wis. 
and  Brit.  Am.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  cu.spidato,  long-petioled,  smooth 
and  entire.  Scape  thick,  4  to  6'  high.  Spathe  clasping  at  the  base,  recurved, 
with  a  twisted  cusp,  mueli  longer  tlian  the  oblong,  cylindrio  spadi.x.  Jl. — The 
rhizome  is  acrid,  but  Linnaeus  tells  us  that  the  Laplanders  extract  a  wholesome 
breadstuff  from  it. 

5.  SYMPLOCAR'PUS,  Salisb.  (Gr.  aviinXoKrj,  connection,  Kapnoc, 
fruit.)  Spathe  shell-form,  ventricous  ;  spadix  oval,  covered  with  perfect 
flowers ;  perianth  deeply  4-parted,  segments  cucuUate,  cuneate,  trun- 
cate, persistent,  becoming  thick  and  spongy  ;  berries  globous,  1-seeded, 
imbedded  in  the  spadix,  and  with  the  fleshy  perianth  forming  a  kind 
of  sorosis;  seed  without  albumen. —  21  Aquatic,  acaulescent  herbs. 

S.  fo^tidus  Nutt.  Skunk  Cabbage.  Lvs.  cordate-oval,  acute ;  spadix  subglob- 
ous,  preceding  the  leaves. — A  common  plant.  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  Mid.  and  W.  States, 
growing  in  swamps,  meadows  and  ditches,  renowned  for  its  odor,  which  is 
scarcely  less  offensive  thaa  that  of  the  animal  whose  name  it  bears.  Early  in 
spring,  the  swelling  spathe  is  seen  emerging  first  from  the  ground  or  water,  more 
or  less  covered  with  purplish  spots,  its  edges  partly  infolded,  and  its  point  in- 
curved. It  incloses  the  spadix,  which  is  oval,  covered  with  flowers  of  a  dull 
purple.  The  leaves,  which  arise  afler  the  flowers,  are  of  a  bright  green, 
numerous,  becoming  very  large  (often  20'  by  12).  (Potho.s  foetida  Mx.  Ictodot, 
Bw.) 


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670 


Okdeh  132.— LKMXACE^. 


6.  ORON'TIUM,  L.  Golden  Club.  (Name  of  doubtful  origin.) 
Sp»the  none  ;  spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  perfect  flowers ;  perianth 
4  to  6-8epaled  ;  stamens  4  to  6  ;  ovary  few  ;  stigma  ses.«iie  ;  fruit,  a  dry 
berry  or  utricle,  seed  without  albumen. —  2i  Acaulescent,  aquatic.  Fls. 
yellow  at  the  summit  of  the  scape,  which  thickens  upwards  into  the 
spadix. 

O.  aqudticum. — Tbia  interesting  plant  is  a  native  of  inundated  baiks  and  pools, 
U.  S.  Lvs.  lanceoJate,  6  to  9'  by  2  to  3',  smooth,  of  a  deep  jj^^en.  velvef-lik© 
surface  above,  paler  beneath,  on  long,  radical  petioles.  Scape  thick  aud  terete, 
about  a  foot  in  length,  closely  invested  by  a  short  sheath  at  base,  and  ending  iu 
a  spadix  of  a  rich  yellow  color,  covered  with  small,  perfect,  yellow  fls.  of  an 
offensive  odor — the  upper  ones  often  tetramerous.     May. 

7.  ACO^RUS,  L.  Sweet  Flag.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  and  /top?/,  the 
pupil  of  the  eye  ;  supposed  to  cure  maladies  of  the  eye.)  Spadix  cylin- 
dric, covered  with  flowers,  and  issuing  from  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape ; 
perianth  6-sepaled ;  stainens  6,  linear  ;  ovary  free  ;  stigma  sessile,  min- 
ute ;  fruit  dry,  3-celled,  many-seeded. —  21  Herbs  with  a  fleshy,  aroma- 
tic rhizome.     Lvs.  radical,  ensiform,  as  well  as  the  scape. 

A.  cdlaznuB  L.  Summit  of  the  scape  above  the  spadix  very  long  and  leaf-like. — 
Grows  in  wet  soils  throughout  the  U.  States.  The  thick,  prostrate,  creeping 
rhizome  is  highly  valued  for  its  aromatic  flavor,  its  warm  and  pungent  taste.  The 
long,  sword-shaped  leaves  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  ridge  running  their 
whole  length.  The  cylindrical  spadix  is  about  3'  long  and  3"  diam.,  covered 
with  small,  green  flowers.     Jn.,  Jl. 


m 

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k 


Order  CXXXII.     LEMNACE^.     Duckmeats. 

Herbs  minute,  stemless,  floating  free  upon  the  water,  aud  consisting  of  a  leaf-like 

frond,  or  a  tuft  of  leaves,  with  one  or  more  fibrous  roots.     Flowers  bursting  from 

the  substance  of  the  frond,  or  axillary,  inclosed  in  a  spathe,  the  sterile  consisting  of 

1  or  2  stamens,  the  fertile  of  a  1-celled  ovary.     Fruit  a  utricle,  with  1  or  more  seeds. 

Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.     Fig.  602. 

Genera  4,  upecieit  20,  little  aquatics,  widely  diffused.    They  are  regarded  as  reduced  aroids, 
and  among  the  simplest  of  PhenogauiouH  plants. 

1.  LEM'NA,  L.  Duck-meat.  (Perhaps  altered  from  A^'jU^^a,  a 
scale.)  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  the  same  spathe,  the  former  2  col- 
lateral stamens,  the  latter  a  simple,  carinate  ovary,  with  a  style  and 
stigma. — (D  Herbs,  consisting  of  a  frond  (stem  and  leaf  confounded), 
sending  down  from  the  under  surface  roots  which  hang  loosely  in  the 
water,  and  producing  from  the  margins  the  spathaceous  flowers.  (Th« 
following  sections  are  regarded  as  genera  by  Schleiden.) 

§  LEMNA,  Schleiden.  Fils.  flliforin.  Ovule  solitary.  Frond  with  a  single  root. .  ..Nog.  1 — 3 
$  TELMATOPHACE,  Schl.  Fils.  dilated  in  the  middle.  Ovs.  2  to  7.  Fronds  1-rooted.  .No.  4 
§  SPIRODELA,  Schl.    Fils.  narrowed  below.     Ovules  2.    Frond  many-rooted No.  5 

1  L.  triaulca  L.  Ivy-leaved  Duck-meat.  Fronds  eliiptic-kmceolate,  thin,  ser- 
rate at  one  extremity  and  caudate  at  the  other ;  roots  solitary. — Floating  in  ponds 
and  pools  of  clear  water.  Fronds  nearly  ^'  in  length,  diaphanous,  with  a  tail-like 
appendage  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  the  new  ones  issuing  in  a  cruciate  manner 
from  lateral  fissures  in  the  margin  of  the  old.  Root  a  solitary  fiber,  ending  in  a 
sheath.  Flowers  very  minute.  Utricle  sitting  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fi-ond. 
June — Sept. 

S  L.  minor  L.  Fronds  thickish,  roundish  or  obovate,  several  conjoined ;  root  soli- 
tary.— This  little  floating  plant  occurs  in  dense  patches  on  the  surface  of  stagnant 
waters.     The  leaves,  properly  fronds,  adhere  2 — 3  together,  2"  in  length,  rather 


Order  133.— TYPHACE^. 


671 


thick,  and  convex  below.     Root  undivided,  sheathed  at  the  end.     Flowers  mi- 
nute from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  fronds,  near  the  base.     Jn. — Sept 

3  L.  perpusilla  Torr.  Smallest  Dock-meat.  Fronds  obovate,  thin;  rt.  soli- 
tary; seed  erect. — Ponds  on  Staten  Island.  Fronds  1"  or  more  long,  grouped 
or  single,  bright  green.  Stamens  with  filiform  filaments,  maturing  in  succession. 
Ovary  obliquely  acuminate,  with  a  short  style.  Sd.  striate,  erect  in  the  ovary. 
Aug.  (Torrey). 

4  L.  gibba  L.  Fronds  obovate,  hemispherical  beneath,  nearly  plain  above ;  root 
solitary. — Floating  on  tiie  surface  of  stagnant  waters,  N.  York.  Fronds  about  a 
line  in  length,  pellucid  and  re^icutated  beneath.  Filaments  recurved  as  iu  ilie 
other  species.     Fruit  roundish,  indehisceut,  1  to  7-soeded.     Jn.,  Ji. 

5  Tj.  polyrhiza  L.  Fronds  broafl-ovate,  a  little  convex  beneath,  rts.  numerous. 
— Floating  in  stagnant  waters.  Fronds  resembling  tlax-seed,  but  larger  (2  to  4' 
long),  scattered  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  of  a  firm,  but  succulent  texture,  be- 
coming purplish.  Rts.  in  thick  bundles  of  8  to  1 0  black  fibers  from  the  under 
surface  of  tlie  fronds.  All  these  species  are  eaten  by  ducks  aL.d  other  aquatic 
birds.    Jn. — Sept. 

2.  PIS'TIA,  L.  (Gr.  moTbg,  drinking.)  Spathc  tubular  at  base, 
connate  wiih  the  spadix,  limb  open,  ligulate,  cueullate  above;  S  anth- 
ers 3  to  8,  adnate  to  the  thick  summit  of  the  spadix,  subglobous,  open- 
ing transversely  ;  $  ovary  1,  at  the  base  of  the  spadix,  l-celled,  oo- 
ovuled,  becoming  a  berry  in  fruit. — Floating  herbs,  consisting  of  rosniate 
tufts  of  little,  veined,  entire  Ivs.,  sending  out  filiform  stolons.  Spadix 
axillary,  on  a  short  scape. 

P.  Stratictes  L.  Lvs.  roundish-obcordate,  margin  undulate,  veins  lamelliform, 
confluent  into  a  truncate  area  at  base.  In  tlie  var.  spathulata  (P.  spathulata 
Mx.)  the  leaves  are  ratlier  obovate  than  obcordate,  and  abruptly  contracted  into 
a  short  petiole. — 'Xi  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Curtis),  in  stagnant  wateis.  Spatlw 
white.     May. 


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Order  CXXXIII.     TYPIIACEiE.     Tvphads. 

Herbs  growing  in  marshes  and  ditches,  with  rigid,  ensiform,  sessile  leaves. 
Flowers  monoecious,  arranged  on  a  spadix  or  ia  heads,  with  no  spathe.  Ptrianth 
of  a  few  scales,  or  a  tuft  of  hairs,  or  0.  Stamens  1  to  4,  with  long,  slender  fila- 
ments. Ovary  with  1  pendulous  ovule.  Seed  albuminous,  with  an  axial  embryo. 
Fig.  457. 

Genera  2,  species  13,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  world. 

I.  TY'PHA.  L.  (Gr.  Tv^of,  a  marsh ;  where  all  the  species  grow.) 
Spadix  of  flowers  long,  cylindric,  dense  ;  <$  s-tamens  about  3  together, 
united  into  a  common  filament ;  ?  flowers  below  the  sterile  ;  ovary 
pedicelhvte,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  hair-like  pappus. — Root  2C .  Spa- 
dix ten  linal,  the  upper  staminate,  the  lower  pistillate.  Fls.  very 
numerous. 

T.  latifdlia  (and  angustifolia  Linn.)  Cat-tail.      Reed   Mace.      Lvs.   ensiform, 
concave  within  near  the  base ;  sterile  and  fertile  spikes  close  togetiier,  or  a  little 
remote. — A  common,  smooth,  tall  inhabitant  of  the  water,  in  muddy  pools  and 
ditches,  U.  S.,  Can.     St«m  3  to  5f,  round  and  smooth,  leafy  Ijelow.     Spikes  termi- 
nal, 6  to  10',  brown,  composed  of  slender,  downy  flowers,  packed  solid.     Tlie  up- 
per portion  is  slender,  composed  of  the  sterile  flowers.     Leaves  somewhat  sword- 
Bhaped,  erect,  2 — 4f  and  nearly  1'  wide.     They  are  called  flags,  and  usefiil  for 
weaving  the  seats  of  chairs,  &c.     July. 
/8.  ANOUSTiroLiA.     Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  a  little  remote  (J — 2'). — Found  in 
the  same  situations  with  the  former.     A  well  marked  variety,  but  differing 
only  in  the  more  slender  habit,  and  less  complete  development  of  its  parts. 


ill- 


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I. . 


li 

u 


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«72 


Ordkr  134.— NAIADACE^. 


2.  SPAR'GANUM,  L.  Burr  Reed.  (Gr.  andpyavov,  a  band  or  fil- 
let ;  in  leterence  to  the  long,  ribbon-like  leaves.)  Spadices  man;-,  glob- 
ous,  the  lower  fertile,  the  upper  consisting  of  numerous  stauiens  with 
scales  intermixed ;  filaments  slender ;  anthers  oblong-linear,  2-cellcd  ; 
$  pistils  numerous,  sessile,  each  surrounded  by  3  or  6  scales,  which 
represent  a  perianth  ;  stigma  ligulate,  unilateral,  fruit  nut-like,  sessile, 
1-seeded. —  4  Aquatic  herbs.  St.  leafy,  simple  or  branched.  Lvs. 
long,  linear,  sheathing  at  base. 

§  Stiffinjis  indstly  2.    Stems  of  tlio  infloreseonco  brnnehing.     Erect No.  I 

§  Stigmas  always  single.     Stem  simple.— Erect,     lleails  large  (half  itieli  <ijam.) No.  i 

— Flouting  or  erect.    Heads  small Nos.  8,  4 

1  S.  ramdsum  Iluds.  Lvs.  triangular  at  base,  their  sides  concave ;  common 
flower-stalks  branched;  stig.  2,  huear. — Grows  iu  pools  and  ditches,  where  it  is 
conspicuous  among  other  reedy  plants  for  its  globular  burrs  of  flowers.  Stem 
1 — 2f  high,  flexuous,  round,  with  a  few  branches  above.  Leaves  ^ — 2f  long, 
4 — 8'  wide,  linear,  arising  above  the  stem,  triangular  towards  the  base,  and 
sword-form  upwards,  tapering,  but  obtuse.  Heads  of  flowers  light  green ;  fertile 
ones  2 — 5,  G  '  diam.,  the  lowest  generally  raised  on  a  short,  axillary  stalk;  sterile 
ones  above,  more  numerous,  smaller,  sessile.     Aug. 

2  S.  simplex  Smith.  Lower  lvs.  equal  with,  or  exceeding  the  ntem,  which  is 
nearly  simple,  floral  ones  concave  at  base  and  erect ;  stig.  always  simple,  ovate- 
oblong,  oblique,  scarcely  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  style. — Ponds  and 
lakes.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  simple  or  divided  at  base.  Leaves  mostly  radical, 
1 — 2Jf  by  3",  carinate  at  base.  Fertile  heads  sessile,  generally  3,  6  to  8"  diam., 
below  the  several  barren  ones,  with  the  simple  styles  conspicuous.  Aug.  (S- 
Americanum  Nutt.) 

3  S.  nutans  L.  Lvs.  floating,  flat ;  common  flower-stalk  simple ;  stig.  ovate,  very 
short ;  head  t/  sterile  fls.  subsolitary ;  fruit  beaked  and  stipitate. — Lakes  and  pools, 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem  long  and  slender,  and,  witli  the  leaves,  floating  upon 
the  surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  thin  and  pellucid.  Heads  of  fertile  flowers 
axillary,  generally  2,  small,  mostly  sessile.     Sterile  cluster  terminal.     Aug. 

4  S.  angustifdlium  Mx.  Slender,  weak,  simple,  erect  or  floating;  lvs.  narrowly 
linear,  shorter  than  the  stem  when  erect,  elongated  when  floating ;  heads  very 
small,  axillary,  the  lower  pedunculate ;  stigma  single,  short ;  fr.  scarcely  beaked, 
sessile. — N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Can.,  pools  and  streams.  Sts.  1  to  2f  long,  lvs.  1  to  3  to 
9  or  more,  obtuse.     Hds.  scarce  a  fourth  of  an  inch  diam. 

Order  CXXXIV.     NAIADACE.E.     Naiads. 

Water  plants  with  jointed  stems,  and  sheathing  stipules,  or  sheathing  petioles. 
Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous,  naked  or  with  a  2  to  4-parled  perianth.  Stamens  defi- 
nite. Ovaries  free,  sessile,  1-ovuled.  Stigma  simple,  often  sessile.  Fruit  indehis- 
•ent.     Seed  without  albumen,  with  a  straight  or  curved  embryo. 

Genera  9,  epeciva&i,  in  waters  and  marshes,  salt  or  fresh  in  all  count,  les. 


Mr- 


GENERA. 

*  Flowers  axillary,  sessilo,  the  staminate  reduced  to  a  single  stamen  (a). 

a  Fertile  flowers  reduced  to  a  single  pistil,  with  2  or  'i  stiguias.     Lv.s.  opposite.  .Na.tas.    1 
a  Fertile  tlowers  with  about  4  pisUls  in  u  cup,  with  as  many  .stigmas. ...     Zanicuellia.     2 

•  Flowers  s|)adaeeuus,  or  2  to  20,  sessile  on  a  sp.idix  or  spike  (b). 

b  Flowers  moncecious,  seated  in  2  rows  on  the  side  of  a  linea<,  flat  spadix Zostera.    3 

b  Flowers  perfect,  niiked,  2  to  6,  4-merous ;  fruit  raised  on  slender  stipes Kuppia.    4 

b  Flowers  perfect ;  perianth  4-sepaled  ;  atam.  4.    Pistils  and  achenia  4.. Putahooeton.    5 

1.  NA^JAS.  L.  Water  Nymph.  (Gr.  vaw,  to  flow;  hence  Naif,  or 
NaMec,  Nymph  of  the  waters;  from  the  habitat.)  Flowers  a.xillary, 
Bcssilc,  solitaiy,  the  ^  reduced  to  a  single  stamen ;  filament  slender, 


Ordkr  134.— NAIADACE^. 


673 


often  elongated,  anther  4-valved,  valves  spreading ;  $  perianth  0  ; 
style  short,  stigmas  2  or  3,  subulate ;  fruit  a  little  1-seeded,  drupe-like 
nut. — Herbs  entirely  submersed,  with  opposite  Ivs.     Fls.  niimite. 

N.  fl^zilis  Rostk.  St.  fllifonn,  csespitous,  dichotoraously  brancliint,';  Ivs.  opposite 
or  fiwciculato  in  3.«,  4s  or  68,  at  tUe  nodes,  linear,  obscurely  denticulate,  spreadiup, 
1 -veined. — A  slender  plant.  Can.  to  N.  J.  and  W.  States,  consistinj?  of  tufta  of 
thread-liko  knotted  sterna  6  to  12'  lonj?.  Lvs.  |  to  1'  long,  +"  wide,  sessile  and 
slieatlnng  at  base.  Flowers  solitary,  sessile,  axillary,  very  small,  the  fertile  ones 
consisting  of  an  oblong  ovary  tipped  witli  a  liliforin  style,  with  2  to  3  stigmad  at 
summit.     Aug.     (N.  Canadensis  Mx.     Fluviatilis,  Pers.) 

fi.  PR.\on.i8.     St.  and  lvs.  rather  rigid,  the  latter  mostly  opposite  and  recurved 
(Caulinia  fragilis  Willd.) 

2.  ZANNICHEL'LIA,  Micheli.  Horn  Pondweed.  (In  honor  of  Zan- 
nichelU  an  eminent  botanist  of  Venice.)  Flowers  axillary,  usually  both 
kinds  together ;  ^  stamen  1;  filament  elongated;  ?  calyx  iiionophyl- 
lous ;  corolla  0  ;  ovaries  4  or  more,  each  with  a  single  style  and  stigma, 
and  becoming  in  fruit  an  oblong,  incurved,  subsessile  achenium. — \^ 
Submersed,  slender,  branched,  with  entire,  linear,  scatteicd  leaves. 

Z.  paluBtris  L.  St.  filiform,  floating ;  lvs.  opposite,  linear ;  anth.  4-celled ;  stig. 
entire ;  ach.  toothed  on  the  back. — In  pools  and  ditches,  N.  States.  St.  round, 
smooth,  I  to  2f  long,  branching,  leafy.  Lvs.  grass-like,  2  to  3'  long,  sessile. 
Flowers  issuing  from  axillary  bracts,  small,  2  together,  a  sterile  and  a  fertile,  the 
former  consisting  of  a  single,  naked,  erect,  yellowish-brown  stamen,  the  latter  of 
4  to  6  ovaries  which  are  free  from  the  inflated,  1-sided,  2  to  3-toothed  calyx.  Jl., 
Aug. 

3.  ZOS'TERA,  L.  Sea  Wrack.  (Gr.  (^wffTTjp,  a  girdle ;  alluding  to 
its  ribbon-like  leaves.)  Spadix  linear,  bearing  the  diclinous  flowers  in 
2  rows  on  one  side ;  perianth  0 ;  $,  anther  ovoid,  sessile,  opening 
lengthwise  with  confervoid  pollen  ,  pistils  alternating  with  the  stamens  : 
style  bifid  ;  utricle  1-seeded. —  U  Maritime  herbs.  Stip.  united  into  a 
sheath. 

Z.  marina  L.  St.  trailing,  throwing  out  tufts  of  fibrous  roots  at  tlie  joints ; 
branches  floating,  simple;  lvs.  alternate,  linear,  entire,  sheathing  at  base,  1 — 
several  feet  in  length ;  receptacle  or  spadix  linear,  flat,  pale  green,  2'  long,  issuing 
from  a  cleft  in  the  base  of  the  leaf,  covered  in  front  with  a  double  series  of  naked 
flov/ers. —  1i  Aquatic,  growing  in  the  sea  on  sandy  banks  and  shallows  (Maine  to 
Ga.),  and  is  thence  washed  upon  the  shore  by  the  waves,  \iike  other  sea-weeds, 
it  is  gathered  for  manure.     Aug. 

4.  RUP'PIA,  L.  Ditch-grass.  (In  honor  of  Ruppi,  a  German 
botanist.)  Flowers  ^  ,  2  togetlier  on  a  spadix  or  spike  arising  from  the 
sheathing  base  of  the  leaves ;  perianth  0  ;  stamens  4,  each  a  1-celled, 
sessile  anther;  ovaries  4,  pedicellate,  becoming  in  fruit  4  dry  drupes  or 
achenia. —  4  Herb  slender,  branching,  submersed  except  the  flowers. 

R.  maritima  L.  A  grass-like  plant,  salt  water  bays  and  ditches  along  the  coast. 
Stems  several  feet  long,  filiform,  branched,  floating.  Leaves  1 — 2f  long,  linear  and 
setaceous,  with  iuflated  sheaths  at  base,  all  immersed.  The  common  peduncle  is 
contorted  and  piral,  and  by  winding  and  unwinding  bears  the  spadix  of  naked, 
green  flowers  on  lue  surface  of  the  water  as  it  rises  or  falls.    July. 

5.  POTAMOGETON,  Toum.  (Gr.  rrorajttdc  a  river,  ye/Twv,  near.) 
Flowers  ^  ,  on  a  spadix  or  spike  arising  from  a  .spathe ;  calyx  4-sepaled ; 
anthers  4,  alternate  with  the  sepals  ;  ovaries  4  ;  achenia  4,  sessile  flat- 
ted on  one  or  two  sides ;  seeds  curved  or  coiled. — Mostly  2i ,  aquatic 


I 


:  V 


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074 


Order  134.— XAIADACEiE. 


and  submersed,  only  the  flowers  arisini^  above  the  surface  of  the  water, 
Spatlix  (or  8[)ike)  pedunculate,  3 — lU-tlowered.  Lvs.  stipulate,  par- 
allel-veined, lower  alternate,  the  upper  mostly  opposite.  Fls.  small, 
greenish. 

I  Leaves  of  two  kinds  ;  tlic  floatins,  oval-olllpticnl,  coriaceous  petlolate,  stipules  free 
from  till!  pctioli-,  uoniiittu;  subiiifrseil  leiivi's  lliiii,  (•) 

*  Flouting  leaves  broader  than  the  suhiiiersed  ones,  (a) 

a  Leaves  nil  C4iii»'pi(Miously  stipulate Nos.  1,  2 

a  Leaves  (tlie  sul)iiiersed  one.s)  almost  destitute  jrstipuies Nos.  8,  4 

*  Floating  leaves  sniullur  than  the  ample  submorsed  onus No.  i 

I  Leaves  <>f  one  kinci  only,  all  );M\vins{  berieatli  tlie  water's  6Ui't'u<Je.  (*) 

•  Stipules  entirely  free  from  tlic  petiole  or  leaf,  (a) 

a  Leaves  laneeolate,  petioliito  or  merely  seHsile Nos.  6,  7 

a  Leaves  oval  or  oblon«,  broad  iind  claspiiiv;  at  base Nos.  S  9 

a  Loaves  linear, — Stems  eviilently  com|(resscd  mureor  less Nos.  10,  11 

—Stems  terete,  very  slender Nos.  12,  1!J 

*  Sti[iules  united  with  tlio  bheatbing  base  of  the  leaf Nos.  14,  15 

1  P.  natans  L.  Buoad-le.wed  Pond-wekd.  Floating  lvs.  coriaceous,  oblong, 
or  elliptio-ovato,  acute  or  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  on  loug  petioles,  submersed 
ones  linear-lanceolate,  nieinl)ratious,  olongated,  attenuated  to  petioles  at  base, 
lowest  reduced  to  mere  petioles ;  stipules  connate,  distinct  from  the  petiole, 
elongated ;  spikes  rather  dense,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  fruit  somewhat 
semi-globous,  roughish,  more  or  less  carinato  at  the  back. — A  very  common 
species,  in  .slow  waters  or  ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  St.  slender,  1  to  3f  long,  ac- 
cording to  the  depth  of  the  water,  branched.  Upper  lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  about 
half  as  wide;  petiolt3S  2  to  8',  submersed.     Spike  1  to  2'  long.     Jl,  Aug. 

2  P.  heteroph^UuB  Schreb.  Floating  lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  5  to  7-veined. 
tapering  to  the  petioles,  scarcely  coriiiceous,  submersed  lvs.  long,  narrowly  linear, 
membranous,  acute,  1-veined,  slightly  tapering  to  the  sessile  base ;  stip.  nearly 
distinct,  resembling  tiie  Iv.s. ;  spikes  dense,  ou  thickened  peduncles;  fr.  com- 
pressed, suborbicular. — Ponds  and  slow  waters,  frequent.  St.  round,  slender  or 
filiform,  often  branched.  Lower  lvs.  3  to  6'  by  1^",  remote,  upper  about  2  to  3' 
by  J'.     Spikes  1'  long,  peduncles  2  to  4'.     (P.  Claytonia  Tuckerman.) 

3  P.  diveraif61iu8  Bart.  St.  filiform,  branching ;  upper  lvs.  oval  or  lance-oval, 
5-veined,  on  short  petioles,  lower  ones  submerged,  sessile,  filiform,  alternate,  often 
densely  fascicled,  not  at  all  reticulated,  obtuse. — Con)mon  in  pools  and  ditehea 
A  very  slender  and  delicate  species,  only  the  upper  lvs.  arising  to  the  surface. 
These  are  6  to  10"  by  2  to  4",  acute  at  each  end,  on  hair-like  petioles  3  to  6"  long. 
Spadices  dense,  short,  5  to  6-fiowered.  JL  (P.  setaceum  Ph.) — Varies  with  the 
leaves  nearly  all  of  either  kind. 

4  P.  h^bridus  Mx.  Floating  lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  coriaceous,  scarcely  veined, 
longer  than  tlieir  petioles ;  submersed  lvs.  long-linear,  thin,  sessile ;  stipules  above 
equaling  the  petioles,  tliose  of  the  submersed  lvs.  very  short  or  wanting ;  spikes 
cylindrie,  dense,  on  short,  thickened  j.i  L  ;  fruit  keeled  on  the  back,  seed  coiled 
into  a  ring. — Pools  and  slow  waters,  S.  ?  and  W,  States.  Sts.  mostly  simple,  very 
slender,  1  to  3f  long.  Lower  lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  alternate,  upper  opposite,  1  to  18". 
Spike  about  1'.     A  handsome  species. 

£  P.  flditans  Roth.  Floating  lvs.  opposite,  oval-lanceolato,  coriaceous,  acute  at 
each  end,  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  submersed  lvs.  larger  than  the  floating,  lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  short-acuminate,  strongly  veined,  wavy,  thin,  not  shining,  faintly 
reticulated ;  stip.  large,  connate ;  ped.  thickened,  cylindrie. — In  clear,  deep 
waters,  N.  New  Eng.  and  Can.  Sta.  simple  or  branched,  several  feet  long.  Sub- 
mersed lvs.  5  to  7'  long,  a  th'rd  as  wide,  tlie  floating  2  to  3'  long.  Stip.  2  to  3' 
long.     Spikes  2'  long,  rather  dense-flowered.     Aug. 

6  P.  lucens  L.  Lvs.  shining,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  flat,  large,  the  short 
petioles  continuing  in  a  thick  midvein ;  spikes  long,  cylindrie,  many-flowered ; 
ped.  thickened  upward;  fr.  slightly  keeled. —  U  Caa,  N.  Eng,,  &c.  Rivers  and 
lakes.  Distinguished  for  its  large  leaves  which  are  very  pellucid,  and,  when  dry, 
sliininr  above,  conspicuously  cross-veined,  3  to  6'  long,  an  inch  or  more  wide, 
each  with  a  lanceolate,  double  stipule  above  its  base.  Spadix  2'  long,  of  nu- 
merous green  flowers,  on  a  peduncle  2  or  3  times  aa  long,  thick  and  enlarged  up- 
wards.   Ju. 


Order  134.— NAIADACEiE. 


67S 


7  P.  obrCltus.  Lv8.  linear-lanceolate,  sossilo,  rather  acute,  only  the  iiiiJvein  con- 
spiciioiis.  alternate,  approximate,  the  lower  stip.  waiUiu>< ;  spikes  lon^^,  peduncu- 
late;  peil.  not  enlar^jreil  upwaris;  acii.  intiated,  niarf^ined  on  the  back,  beak  in- 
curved, both  .widert  conspicuously  utnbilicate. — A  remarkable  species,  first  found 
at  Lyndon.  Vt.,  since  seen  southward  to  (ra.;  in  slow  waters.  St.  round,  slender, 
emipie.  Lvs.  uniform,  3  to  4'  by  4  to  G  ',  taperiniiT  to  the  slightly  claspinir  base, 
the  two  upper  opiKJsitc  Spike  dense,  1\'  loug,  p'd  3  .  Seed  coiled  into  a  ring 
ua  siiown  by  the  pits  of  tlio  fruit. 

8  P.  praelongua  Wolfg.  Lvs.  ol)U)ng  or  ovate,  obtuse,  many-vein"d,  with  three 
stronger  vein.*),  all  reticulately  comiected.  ba.so  ainplexicml :  ped.  very  long;  spike 
cyhndrical,  many-flowered;  fr.  ventricou.'s,  lunate,  acrutely  carinate  on  the  back. — 
Ponds  and  rivers,  Nortliern  States  and  Can.  Tlio  plant  is  wholly  subn)ersed, 
sending  up  its  spike  to  tlie  surface  on  a  very  long  stalk.  Wo  have  gathered  it  Ui 
Niagara  river,  growing  in  depths  of  G  or  8f.     July,  Aug. 

9  P  perfolicktus  L.  Lvs.  cordate,  clasping  the  stem,  uniform,  all  immersed ; 
spikes  terminal;  lis.  alternate ;  fruit  not  keeled. — A  common  spei-ies  growing  in 
ponds  and  slow  waters,  wholly  below  the  surface  except  the  purplish  flower.-". 
Stem  diciiotomous,  very  leaf\-,  G — 10'  long.  Leaves  alternate,  apparently  per- 
foliate near  the  base,  l.V'  long,  i^  as  wide,  obtuse,  pellucid.  Spadix  on  a  short 
peduncle  (1 — 2'),  fe .v-flc vvered.     Jl. 

10  P.  paucifldrus  Pursh.  St.  dichotomous,  slightly  eompros.sed,  filiform;  lvs 
linear,  alternate,  sessile;  fis.  few  in  the  spike,  ped.  short;  fruit  distinctly  crested 
on  the  back. — A  delicate  species,  in  rivers.  &c.  Leaves  numerous,  obtuse,  taper- 
ing to  the  stipulate  base,  2 — 3'  long,  a  lino  wide,  3-veined,  of  a  bright  gretn 
color.  Peduncle  an  inch  long,  terminal,  bearing  3 — 5  greenish  fis.  above  thu 
water,  but  ripening  the  seeds  below.     (P.  grainineum  Mx.) 

11  P.  compressuB  L.  St.  compressed,  ancipital,  flexuous ;  lvs.  broad-linear,  ob- 
tuse; spike  short,  peduncle  elongated. — A  very  distinct  species  in  ponds  and. 
rivers.  Stem  1 — 2f  long,  branching,  weak,  flattened,  green,  with  sheathing 
Btipules  above  the  nodes.  Leaves  3 — 1'  in  length,  2'  wide,  closely  sessile,  re- 
mote, the  margins  perfectly  parallel,  ending  in  an  abrupt  point.  Spadix  terminal, 
i — r  long,  on  a  peduncle  1 — 2'  long,  and  bearing  5 — 25  flowers.  Jl.  (P.  zos- 
teiilblium  Schum.) 

12  P.  pusillus  L.  St.  filiform,  flexuous,  branched;  lvs.  linear-subulate,  mem- 
branaceous, very  acute,  sessile,  not  narrower  than  the  stipules,  spikes  capitate, 
few-flowered ;  fr.  ovoid-compressed,  umbilicato  each  side. — Shallow  waters,  N. 
Eng.  to  Ohio  and  Can.  A  very  delicate  species,  wholly  subn»ersed.  Leaves  1 
— 2'  by  ^",  a  little  longer  than  the  Intemodes.  Spikes  3 — 5-flowered,  the  pe- 
duncles i'  long.     Fruit  with  sharp  pits,  aa  in  P.  obrutus,  and  rather  inflated. 

13  P.  Tuckerm^ni  Robbins  ?  St  filiform,  with  capillary  branches ;  lvs.  few,  all 
capillary  and  confervoid,  with  minute,  membranous  stipules ;  spikes  f  w  (6  to  9)- 
flowered,  oblong,  on  a  long,  filiform  peduncle,  which  is  slightly  thicker  than  the 
stem  ;  (fruit  immature). — In  clear  water,  Uxbridge,  Mass.  (Ricard)  (White  Mts., 
Alleghany  Mts.  Tuckerman  ?  in  (Iray's  Manual.)  An  exceedingly  delicate  species. 
Tlie  loaves  taper  to  the  fineness  of  cobwebs.  Spike  4 '  long,  the  ped.  about  5' 
long. 

14  P.  pectinatUB  (and  P.  marinus  L.)  St  slender,  branched,  striate,  flexuous  ; 
lvs.  numerous  and  fascicled  in  the  axils,  long,  narrowly  linear,  acuminate,  on 
sheathing  stipules :  spikes  cylindrical,  the  lower  fis.  remote ;  ped.  filiform,  long. 
—Plant 
W.  to  Wis. 

perceptible.     Fruit  largo,  purplish,  rough,    a  little  compressed,  neither  earinate, 
nor  umbilicate.     Jn. 

15  P.  Robbfnaii  Oakes.  Lva.  lance-linear,  approximate,  sheathing  the  stem 
with  the  adnate  stipules,  lamina  auriculate  at  base,  margin  minutely  ciliate-ser- 
rulate;  spikes  oblong,  small  and  few-flowered;  ped.  shorter  than  the  leaves. — 
First  discovered  by  Dr.  Robbins  in  Pondicherry  Pond,  Jefferson,  N.  H.  Since 
found  in  many  other  ponds  in  N.  H.,  Mass.  W.  to  Ohio.  St  long,  branched, 
almost  wholly  enclosed  in  the  sheaths.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  2  to  3",  very  acute,  some- 
what crowded. 


■15  — I ;    ~i -J 1    -  ■■ —    -      '     I 

submersed  in  deep  water,  bushy  and  very  leafy,  N.  Eng.  ?  Middle  States! 
Vis.  (Lapham  ?)    Leaves  4 — 7'  by  (less  than)  1'  ,  thin,  tlie  midvein  scarcely 


1  ■'■ 


Ifli 


676 


OBiiSR  135.— ALISMACEiU. 


f! 


!r: 


ii 


)',: 


Cohort  6,  FLORIDE^. 

Endogenous  plants  with  the  Flowers  usually  perfect  and 
complete,  the  perianth  double,  3-parted,  the  outer  often,  and 
sometimes  both,  green. 

Order  CXXXV.     ALISMACE^.     Water  Plantains. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  parallel-veined,  petiolate  leaves  and  branching  peduncles. 
Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious,  with  a  regular  double  perianth.  Sepals  3,  green ; 
petals  3,  colored  or  green ;  stamens  hypogynous.  Ovaries  3  or  more,  separating 
into  as  many  1 -seeded  aclienia. 

Genera  9,  xpeciea  70,  distributed  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  more  common  in  temperate 
climates.  One  species  of  Sagittaria  is  cultivaterl  for  food  in  Oliinu  (S.  (sinensis).  (Our  speciuieus 
were  revised  by  Dr.  Engelman.) 

SUBORDERS  AXD   GENERA. 

I.  ALISME.^.  Petals  white,  with  a  green  calyx. 
Embryo  curved.      Leaves   mostly   with    a 

.    lamina,  (a)  jSt!im6.         Ai.isma.  1. 

a  Fls.  all  perfect.  J  Stam.  9.— 24.  Et  iiin.  2. 
a  Fls.  diclinous.  Stam.  oo... Sag ittaria.        » 

II.  JUNCAGINE.^.  Petal8greenl8h,llketliesepals. 
Embryo  straight.  Leaves  never  expanded 
to  a  lamina,  (b) 

b  Anthers  oval.    Lvs.  radical. ..TRiGLOfiiiN.  4 
b  Anth.  linear.   Lvs.  cauline.SciiEucii2.hiiA.  5 

FIG.  712.  Inflorescence  of  s  Sagittaria,  leaf 
and  flowers,  a.  One  of  the  pistils  enlarged.  &,  Tlio  pi.s- 
til  of  Alisma  cut  open,  showing  the  seed  and  curved  eni- 
brjo. 

1.  ALIS'MA,  L.  Water  Plantain. 
(Celtic  alis,  water  ?)  Flowers  ^  ;  sepals 
3,  persistent ;  petals  3,  aestivation  involute ;  stamens  6 ;  ovaries  and 
styles  numerous,  arranged  in  a  circle,  forming  as  many  flattened  afh- 
enia. — 11  Acaulescent,  marsh  herbs,  with  mostly  expanded  leaves,  and 
with  panicled  flowers. 

A.  plantSgo  L.  Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate  or  oval,  subcordatc,  abruptly  acuminate  ■, 
scape  many-flowered;  fls.  verticillate  in  the  panicle;  carpels  15  to  20,  ribbed  on 
the  back,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular  whoil. — A  common,  smootli,  handsome 
inhabitant  of  pools  and  ditches.  Lvs.  resembling  those  of  the  common  plantain, 
with  about  5  veins  running  from  end  to  end,  connected  by  cross  veinlets.  Peti- 
oles 8 — 12'  long.  Panicle  a  scape,  1 — 2f  high,  with  numerous,  small,  rose-while 
flowers.     Jl.,  Aug.     (A.  triviaUs  and  parviflora  Ph.) 

2.  ECHINODO'RUS,  Richard,  Engclm.  (Gr.  ixlvo^,  the  sea-urchin, 
dopog,  a  sack  ;  alluding  to  the  head  of  carpels  bristly  with  the  persistent 
styles.) — Flowers  ^;  sepals  3,  persistent;  petals  3,  aestivation  imbri- 
cate ;  stam.  6 — oo;  ovaries  and  styles  oo,  imbricattsd  in  a  head,  form- 
ing as  many  flattened,  beaked  achenia. — Scape  creeping  or  erect,  flow- 
rs  verticillate. 

1  B.  radicana  Engelm.  Leaves  ample,  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate,  about  t-veincd,  on 
long  petioles ;  scape  prostrate,  runuing  and  rooting  at  the  proliferous  joints ;  fla 


f! 


Order  135.— ALISMAOEiE 


t'l 


clustered  at  the  nodes,  on  long  pedicels;  stain.  18 — 24;  Iteads  of  carpels  ovoid, 
acheuia  sliort-beaked,  very  numerous  (100 — 200). —  U  Swaiups,  W.  111.  (EiigeU 
mann  in  Gray's  Manual)  S.  to  Ga  (Mettauer)  and  La.  (Hale).  Lvs.  o — 12  by 
3 — 7',  strongly  heart-shaped.  Scapes  several,  2 — 4f  long,  producing  roots  and 
small  leaves  as  well  as  flowers  at  the  upper  joints.  Flowers  white,  much  resem- 
bling those  of  Sagittaria.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Alisma,  Nutt.) 

2  B.  rOBtratuB  Eugelm.  Leaves  ovate,  rather  acute,  cordate,  about  ^-veined,  the 
later  ones  oblong,  all  long-petioled ;  scapes  erect,  much  exceeding  tlie  leaves, 
sharply  angled;  stam.  12;  heads  of  carpels  globular;  acli.  numerous  (100),  strongly 
ribbed  and  beaked. — 'Xi  Kiver  swamps.  111.  near  St.  Louis  (Engelm.)  S.  to  Aik. 
Much  smaller  than  tlie  preceding.  Lvs.  1 — 3'  long,  petioles  2 — 4'.  Scapes  1 — 3£ 
Flowers  about  half  as  large  as  in  Sagittajia.     (Alisma,  Nutt.) 

3  E.  panrulUB  Engelm.  Dwarf;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  very  acute,  tapering  to  a 
petiole  of  equal  length;  scapes  erect,  3 — 6-flowered;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit; 
stam.  9;  heads  of  carpels  depressed-globular:  ach.  about  20,  beakless. —  Ij  Muddy 
shores,  111.,  Mo.  to  Mich.  (Engelm.).  Plant  a  few  inches  (1 — 3  or  4 )  high,  often 
stoloniferous.  Leaves,  excluding  petiole,  less  than  1'  long.  Fls.  about  3' 
diameter. 

3.  SAGITTARIA,  L.  Arrow-head.  (Lat.  saqitta,  an  arrow  ;  from 
the  peculiar  form  of  the  leaf.) — Flowers  8  ,  rarely  $  S  ,  sepals  3  ;  pet- 
als larger,  colored,  aestivation  imbricate ;  stam.  oo  ;  ovaries  very  nu- 
merous, crowded  into  a  head,  forming  in  fruit  as  many  flat,  maigined, 
beaked  achenia. — Acaulescent  marsh  herbs,  with  a  milky  juice.  Lvs. 
commonly  arrow-shaped,  often  lanceolate,  linear,  or  even  reduced  to 
mere  petioles.  Scapes  with  fls.  in  whorls  of  3s,  the  lower  perfect. 
Petals  white. 

§  Lower  (fertile)  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  upper  (sterile)  ones Nos.  1,  2 

§  P^crtilc  pedicels  us  long  as  the  sterile,  (a) 

a  Filaments  longer  than  the  antliers.    Lvs.  not  sagittate No.  3 

a  Filaments  very  short. — Leaves  lanceolate  an<l  linear,  mostly Nos.  4 — 6 

— Leaveii  uval-obtuse,  sagittate  at  base So.  7 

1  S.  varidbilis  Engelm.  Lvs.  generally  sagittate;  scape  12-angled,  «/)joe?' ^5. 
sterile,  on  pedicels  but  twice  longer  than  those  of  the  lower  fertile  fls. ;  fll.  glabrous, 
longer  than  tlie  anthers;  ach,  obovate,  with  a  conspicuous,  averted  beak. — A  curious 
aquatic,  conspicuous  among  the  Rushes  and  Sedges  of  sluggish  waters,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Lvs.  3  to  10',  the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  lamina,  petioles  much  longer. 
Scape  10'  to  2f,  siinple  or  branched,  3  of  the  angles  prominent.  Fls.  mostly  in  3s, 
with  ovate,  slender-pointed  bracts,  often  dioecious.  Petals  roundisli,  sliowy, 
wholly  white.  JL,  Aug.  The  leaves  are  exceedingly  variable.  (S.  sagittifolia, 
Ed.  1,  &c.,  nee.  L.,  from  which  it  differs,  according  to  Dr.  Engelmann,  in  the  char- 
acters emphasized  above.) 
rd.  OBTUSA.     Lvs.  large,  broadly  ovate,  sagittate,  apex  obtase;  fls.  dioecious. — 

A  large  form,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States.     (S.  obtusa  Willd.) 
y.  LATIFOLIA.     Lvs.  large,  broad-ovate,  acute,  witli  ovate,  acuminate  lobes. 
6.  GRACILIS.     Lvs.  linear,  with  linear,  long,  acute,  spreading  lobes. 
£.  PUBESCENS.     Plant  pubescent  in  all  its  parts;  h's.  and  their  lobes  ovate. 
3  S.  heteroph;$rlla  Ph.     Zi'S.  smooth,  Z/near-Zawceo/wte,  rarely  some  of  tliem  ellip- 
tical and  sagittate ;  scape  simple,  veak ;  bracts  roundish,  obtuse ;  upptr  lis.  .sterile, 
on  long  pedicels,  the  lowest  whorl  fertile,  almost  sessile ;  fll.  very  short ;  ach.  nar- 
rowly obovate,  long-beaked.~ Muddy  shores,  common  S.  and  W.     Leaves  almost 
as  variable  as  in  No.  1,  but  the  other  marks  are  very  distinctive.   Stalks  If  to  sev- 
eral, a'.'cording  to  the  depth  of  water.     Blades  6  to  10'  in  length.     P'ls.  large,  12 
to  IG  "  iiara.,  white.     July. 

/3.  R.^  w.     Plant  ratlicr  rigid  in  habit,  erect ;  lvs.  narrowly  lanceolr.te ;  acute 

at  apex,  acute  or  obtusish  at  base. — Lake  shores.     (S.  rigida  Ph.) 
y.  ANQ  JBTiFOLiA.     Lvs.  nearly  linear,  delicate,  often  floating  as  well  as  the 
weak,  elongated  scape. 
3  S.  lancifdlia  L.,  Mx.     Lvs.  lance-oblong,  acutish,  feather-veined,  loti^r-tapcr- 
ing  at  base  to  a  very  long  petiole;  scape  tall,  branched;  fls.  in  Lis,  all  lung-pedi- 


t-  J 


i 


-   J'' 


J 


H 


m 


678 


Obdkb  136.— ALISMACE.B. 


h 


m 


collate;  bracts  broad-ovate,  short-pointed;  fiL  hairy,  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  ach. 
obovale-falcate. — River  swamps,  Conn.  ?  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale).  Stalks  stout, 
3tor  more,  according  to  the  depth  of  water.  Leaves  thick  and  leathery,  8  to  I4'j 
the  veins  diverging  from  the  midvein,  crossed  by  the  veiulets.  Fls.  white,  showy. 
(S.  lalcuta  Ph.) 
,3.  f  Very  slender,  erect,  with  nearly  linear  leaves ;  bracts  and  sep.  scabrous. — 
Lii.  to  Tex. 

4  S.  graminea  Mx.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  varying  to  linear,  rarely  sagittate; 
scape  erect,  slender,  longer  tlian  the  leaves ;  lower  wiiorls  fertile;  ail  the  pedicels 
slender,  equal ;  filamenta  short  as  tlie  anthers ;  ach.  beakkss. — In  shallow  water 
or  mud,  common.  Lvs.  commonly  very  narrow,  attenuate-pointed,  4  to  12'  or 
more.  Scape  5  to  20  in  height,  tlie  pedicels  1'  or  less.  Flowers  small,  8  or  9' 
diam.,  wliite;  stam.  few.  The  forms  with  lance-ovate  leaves  constitute  a  well 
marked  variety.     (S.  si.nplex,  Ed.  2.) 

5  S.  pusilla  Nutt.  Petioles  (leaves  f)  short,  linear,  ohttise,  summits  only  folia- 
ceous;  scapo  simple,  slioricr  than  tiio  leaves;  fls.  few,  fertile  one  solitary,  deflexed ; 
fitam.  mostly  7. — A  diminutive  species  on  muddy  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Leaves  rarely 
subulate,  an  incli  or  two  long,  less  than  a  line  wide.  Scape  2 — 4'  high.  Flowers 
4 — 7,  liie  lowest  one  only  fertile.     Aug. 

6  S.  nutans  Mx.  Lvs.  floating,  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-veined,  tapering  to  the 
base,  lower  ones  subcordato ;  scape  simple,  few-flowered ;  lower  ped.  elongated. 
In  water,  Penu.  (Muhlenberg)  to  Car.  Scape  mostly  erect,  3 — 6'  long.  Leaves 
1 — 2  long.     Flowers  few,  smaU,  the  upper  sterile  (Elliot). 

7  S.  uliginosa  Engelm.  Lvs.  oval-sagittate,  rounded-obtuse,  lobes  triangular; 
scapi'S  several,  as  fcill  (6 — 10)  as  the  lvs ;  lis.  in  pairs,  the  lower  pair  (fertile)  ou 
tliiek  pedicels,  longer  than  tlie  upper;  bracts  obtuse;  ach.  broad-obovate,  long- 
pointed. — St.  Louis,  perhaps  not  within  our  limits. 

4.  TRIGLOXHIN,  L.  Arrow  Grass.  (Gr.  rpig,  three,  yXo^x'ig,  a 
corner ;  on  account  of  the  3-angled  fruit.)  Sepals  and  petals  concave, 
deciduous,  the  former  inserted  a  little  below  tlie  latter ;  stamens  6,  very 
short ;  anthers  large,  extrorse ;  ovaries  1-ovnlcd  ;  stigmas  adnate  ;  fruit 
clavate,  composed  of  3 — 6  united,  indehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels. —  2f  Lvs. 
grass-like,  all  radical. 

1  T.  marftimum  L.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  grooved,  of  6  united  carpels ;  scape  longer 
than  the  leaves. — A  rush-like  plant  in  salt  marshes  and  ditches  on  the  sea-coast, 
and  at  Salina,  N. Y.,  also  lake  shores,  N.  Y.,Wi8.  Lvs.  linear,  semi-cylindric,  smooth, 
thick,  6 — 12'  long,  less  than  a  hne  wide.  Scape  obtusely  angled,  simple,  9 — 18' 
long,  bearing  a  long  raceme  of  30 — iO  green  flowers  on  pedicels  1 — 2"  long. 
Fruit  separating  into  ti  hnear  carpels,  each  containing  a  linear  seed.  The  plant 
has  a  sweetisli  taste,  and  cattle  are  fond  of  it.     July.    (T.  elatum.   Nutt.) 

t  T.  paluBtre  L.     Fruit  nearlj  linear,  of  3  united  carpels ;  scape  scarcely  longe 
than  the  leaves. — In  marshes,   Salina,  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arc.  Am.      Leaves  very  nu 
merous,  fleshy,  smooth,  very  narrow.     Scape  ,6 — 12'  high,  ending  in  a  raceme 
with  rather  remote,  very  small,  green  flowers  on  pedicels  2 — 3  "  long.     The  oien- 
der  fruit  is  attenuated  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  grooved  and  margined,  consisting 
of  3  very  slender  carpels.     July. 

5.  SCHEUCHZE'RIA,  L.  (To  the  Scheuchzem,  two  brothers,  distin- 
guished  botanists.)  Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  acute,  persistent ;  sta.  6, 
with  linear  anthers ;  stigmas  sessile,  lateral ;  ovaries  1 — 2-ovuled ;  cap- 
Miles  inflated,  compressed,  2-valved,  1 — 2-«eeded. —  2f  Lvs.  cauline,  lin- 
ear, sheathing  at  base. 

S.  paliisttiB  L.  A  nish-like  plant,  m  swamps,  Vt.,  Penn.,  to  HI.  Root-stock 
horizunta',  fleshy.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  simple,  angular.  Leaves  semi-cylin- 
dric, 4 — ti'  long,  in  the  barren  shoots  much  longer,  sheathing  at  base.  Raceme 
terminal,  5 — 8-flowered.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  on  short  pedicels,  each  axil- 
lary to  a  bract.     Stamens  large,  exsi  rtod,  erect.    Jaue,  July. 


Order  136.— HYDROCHARIDACE^ 


t}79 


Order  CXXXVI.     HYDROCHARIDACE.E.     Frogbits. 

Jquafic  herbs  with  parallel-veined  leaves  and  diclinous  fla.  on  a  slender-stalked 

spadix.     Perianth  regular,  3  to  6-parted,  the  inner  segments  petaloid.     Stamens  3 

to  12.     Ovary  adherent  to  the  perianth,  1  to  9-celled,  witli  3.  G  or  9  large  stigmas. 

Fruit  dry  or  succulent,  many-seeded,  indehisent.     Seeds  without  albumen. 

Genera  12.  xpevien  20.  native  of  fresh  water  in  Europe,  N.  America,  E.  Indies  and  N.  Ilulland. 
They  appear  to  possess  no  active  properties. 

1.  LIMNO^BIUM,  Richard.  Frogs-bit.  (Gr.  Xi\Lvr\,  a  lake-.,  /3/o?, 
life.)  Flowers  monoecious,  arising  from  subsessile  spathes ;  ^  spatlio. 
1-leavetl,  about  3-flowered,  calyx  3-sepaled,  corolla  3-petaIed,  petals  ob- 
long-linear ;  stamens  G  to  12,  monadelphous ;  $  spathe  2-leaved,  1 
flowered ;  calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the  t ;  stamens  6,  vsubulate  rudiments  ; 
ovary  C  or  9-celled,  becoming  a  oo-seeded  berry. —  2(  Herb  acanlescent, 
in  stagnant  waters,  multiplying  by  stolons,  and  with  floating  Ivs.  Fls. 
showy,  white,  the  ^   on  long  stalks. 

L.  Spongia  Rich. — In  Braddock's  Bay,  L.  Ontario  (Sartwell) ;  scarce  at  the  north, 
common  in  the  south,  E.  Ky.  I  to  Ga.  (Feay  and  La.  (Hale).  Lvs  on  long  pe- 
tioles, roundish,  obtuse  or  broadly  acute,  often  cordate,  1'  to  18'  diam.  Ped.  of 
the  sterile  fls.  slender,  about  3'  long,  of  the  fertile,  thick,  about  I'  long,  both 
kinds  either  together  on  the  same  stalk  or  on  different  stalks  which  are  connected 
by  the  ptolDiis  (^Dr.  Feay).  Tlie  leaves  beneath  are  pt.rplish  and  sponj/j/  with  largo 
cells.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Ilydrocharis,  Bosc.     H.  cordifolia  Nutt.) 

2.  ANACH'ARIS,  Richard.  Ditch  Moss.  (Gr.  dv,  an  indefinite  par- 
ticle, «\;apff,  uncomely.)  Flowers  polygamous,  solitary,  from  a  tubular, 
bifid,  axillary  spathe ;  perianth  6-parted,  colored ;  ^  minute,  with  9 
oval,  nt'511  ly  sessile  anthers ;  $  perianth  excessively  produced  into  a 
filiform  tube  above  the  ovary,  limb  6-pai-ted,  stamens  3  to  6,  often  abor- 
tive ;  style  capillary  ;  adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  perianth  ;  stigmas  3, 
large;  fruit few-se(!ded.  2^  Snuvll  aquatic  herbs,  with  submersed  pellu- 
cid oi>posile  or  verticillate  lvs. 

A.  CanadeiiSJa  Planchon.  Lvs.  verticillate  in  Ss  and  4s,  lanceolate,  oblong  or 
linear  sun  ulale ;  stig.  2-lobed. — Resembling  a  coarse  moss,  in  still  waters  and 
bogs.  St.  filiform,  diffusely  dichotomous,  very  leafy.  Lvs.  3  to  6''  by  (less  than) 
1",  thin  and  diaphanous,  sef^sile,  obtuse.  Fls.  minute,  of  a  dingy  white,  the  slen- 
der, hair-like  tube  2  f^  10'  long,  according  to  tiie  depth  of  the  waters.  Stigmas 
recurved  between  the  segments,  crested  with  glandular  hairs.  Aug.  (Udora, 
Nutt.) 

3.  VALLISNE'RIA,  Michcli.  Eel-grass.  (In  honor  of  Anthony 
Vollisncr,  a  French  botanist.)  Flowers  $  $  ;  spathe  ovate,  2  to  4- 
parted.  $  Spadix  covered  with  minute  flowers,  enclosed  in  a  3-parted 
spathe;  corolla  0.  $  Spathe  bifid,  1 -flowered  ;  perianth  elongatetl , 
sepals  linear  ;  stigmas  3,  ovate,  bifid  ;  fruit  elongated,  cylindrical,  many- 
seeded. —  U  Submersed.  Lvs.  all  radical,  grass-like.  Scape  spiral, 
Tcry  long. 

V.  spiralis  L.  Lvs.  linear,  obtuse,  serrulate  at  the  end,  tapering  at  the  base, 
floating. — A  curious  plant,  in  slow  movhig  or  stagnant  waters,  U.  S.  Leaves 
linear,  1 — 2f  long,  about  |'  wide,  the  edges  thinner  than  the  middle.  Scapes 
several,  of  the  sterile  plants  short,  of  the  fertile  plants  very  tortuous,  2 — 4f  long 
nhen  extended,  thread-like,  thickened  at  the  top,  bearing  each  a  single,  white 
flower  at  or  near  the  purlace.  Sepals  and  petals  crowning  tl^e  (1')  long,  narrow, 
incHirved  ovary,  which,  is  half  concealed  in  the  spathe,  ,;\,  Aug.  (V.  Amer* 
k>tiaa  Mx.) 


Ij  ' 


■i    I 


1 1 


G80 


Order  138.— ORCHIDACEiE. 


■«  f 


' 


Order  CXXXVII.     BURMANNIACE/h). 


I 


b. 


Small  annual  herbs  ,viih  slender,  scaly  or  naked  stems  and  scale  (ike,  tufted  leavea 

flowers  perfect,  with  a  tubular,  6-toothed  perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Stamens 

3,  opposite  the  smaller  teeth  (petals),  introrse,  or  6  and  extrorse.     Capsule  1  or  3- 

celled,  seeds  numerous,  miuute,  loose  in  a  membranous  testa. 

Genera  7,  xpecieH  SO,  in  wet,  grassy  places  in  the  warm  parts  of  Asia,  Africa  and  America 
They  are  said  tu  be  bitter  and  astringent. 

1.  APTE'RIA,  Nutt.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  nrepov,  a  wing.)  Perianth 
bell-tubular,  tube  longer  than  the  slender  teeth,  marescent ;  teeth  alter- 
nately narrower  ;  capsule  globular,  wingless,  1 -celled,  valves  opening 
first  at  base ;  placentae  parietal  ;  seeds  innumerable,  oblong,  very  min- 
ute.— (P  Herbs  apparently  leafless. 

A.  set^cea  Nutt.  Erect,  very  slender,  with  remote,  subulate  scales,  and  divid- 
ing above  into  2  racemes ;  fls.  distant,  pedicellate. — Moist,  shady  woods,  Fla. 
and  La.  (Hale).  St.  4  to  6f  high.  Raceme  often  simple.  Coralla  3  to  4''  long, 
purplish. 

2.  BURMAN'NIA,  L.  (Dedicated  to  one  Burmann,  a  German  bota- 
nist.) Perianth  tube  scarcely  produced  above  the  ovary,  often  3-winged 
below,  limb  with  3  inner  teeth  much  shorter ;  capsule  prismatic,  often 
3-winged,  cells  3,  with  a  thick  placentae  in  the  axis;  seeds  numerous. — 
(D  Leafless. 

1  B.  bifldra  L.  St.  capillary,  simple,  with  scarcely  perceptible  bracts,  and  1  or  2, 
rarely  more,  small  light  blue  flowers  at  top,  the  angles  of  the  tube  conspicuously 
winged. — Grassy  swamps  in  the  lower  districts,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  2  to  3' 
high.     Fls.  2  to  3"  long.     Oct.,  Nov. 

2  B.  capitilta  L.  St.  setaceous,  furnished  with  a  few  subulate  bracts,  simple, 
erect,  bearing  at  top  a  dense  cluster  of  white  fls. ;  ov&ry  and  fruit  scarcely  winged.— 
Upper  districts  of  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Bachman),  less  common  and  with  smaller  fla. 
than  in  the  last.     St.  6  to  8'  high,    Sept. 


Order  CXXXVIII.     ORCHIDACE^.    Orchids. 


11 


Herbs  perennial,  with  fleshy  roots,  simple,  entire,  parallel  veined  leaves.  Flowers 
very  irregular,  with  an  adherent,  ringent  perianth  of  6  parts.  Sepals  3,  usually 
colored,  odd  one  uppermost  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary.  Petals  3,  usually  colored, 
odd  one  lowest  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary.  Lip  (labeUum,  "  e  odd  petal)  diverse 
in  form,  often  lobed,  frequently  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  3,  gynandrous  (consoli- 
dated with  the  style),  2  of  them  or  more,  rarely  1  of  them,  abortive  or  obsolete,  the 
pollen  powdery,  or  coherent  in  waxy  masses.  Ovary  inferior,  1 -celled,  with  3  pari- 
etal placentae  and  innumerable  ovules.  Fruit  capsular,  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous 
and  very  minute.     lUust.  in  Figs.  29,  37,  b,  57,  85,  200,  327,  366. 

Gentva  894,  upecift  8000?  They  are  among  the  most  interestiniar  and  curious  plants,  almost  al- 
ways reiruirliable  for  tlie  grotesque  form  of  their  tortuous  roots  and  stems,  and  the  fragrance, 
brilliancy  and  odd  structure  of  tlie  flowers. 

The  Orchids  are  natives  of  nearly  every  part  of  the  world.  In  the  tropics  multitudes  of 
them  are  epiphytes,  growing  on  living  trees  or  decaying  timber. 

This  order  is  remarkable  lor  those  qualities  only  which  please  the  eve.  They  not  only  excel 
in  beauty  and  delicacy,  but  often  closely  imitivte  objects  of  the  animal  kingdom,  as  bees,  tiles, 
iipiuers,  doves,  swans,  pelicans,  &c ,  especially  those  of  the  tropical  regions.  Many  of  its  species 
are  cultivated  for  ornament,  but  few  of  them  possess  either  active  or  useful  properties.  The 
$(ilep  of  commerce  is  a  nutritive,  muciloginftus  substance  afforded  by  the  roots  of  some  Asiatic 
Orchis,  The  aromatic  vanilla,  used  to  flower  ohooolat*,  &o.,  U  the  fruit  of  the  West  Indian 
Vanilla  clavieulata. 


Order  138.— OHCHIDACEiE. 


681 


TRIBES  AND   OBKILRA. 

I  CYPRIPEDIEjE.  Anthers  2,  fertile,  the  Srd  a  petal-liko  appendaKe   ivor  tlio 

stigma.    Lip  a  lui'jie,  intliite'l  »pui'less  back Cypbipkdiiim  t 

§  OPIIUYDE^,  Jec.  Anther  only  1,  teriiiiiiitl  «r  ilorsul  uti  the  stigma.     (*) 

♦  Liji  produced  behind  i!ito  a  spur  wliich  is  free  from  the  ovary,    (a) 

a  Anther  erect,  terminal ;  poUinia  i,  granular,  pe;!icel!ate  and  attached  to  as 
many  glands  on  the  stif^ina,  which  glanils  are  (b) 

b  concealed  in  ai)ouch  (Flowers  large,  rose-colored,  lip  entire)    in -Orcuib.    9 

b  naked  and  close  tojrether  (Flowers  small,  lip  entire  or  toothed)   in...GvMNADEMA,    3 
b  naked  and  widely  separated  (Lip  entire  or  lohed,  o-  cleft  or  fringed.)  Pl.\tantukra.     4 

a  Anther  bent  over  the  end  of  the  stigma  like  a  lid.     Pollinia  4 Tipulakia.    5 

•  Lip  not  produced  into  a  spur  behind,  or  the  spur  is  adnate  to  the  ovary,    (c) 

C  Lip  a  large,  inflated  sack  with  2  spr.r-like  points  below  tlie  ape.x Calypso.    6 

C  Lip  not  saccate.     Plants  brown,  leafless,  or  with  radical  leaf,    (d) 

d  Lip  hooded,  i.  e.,  its  margins  involute.     Pollinia  8.  Fls.  expanding.. . .  .Blf.tia.    7 
d  Lip  concave,  sessile,  often  with  an  adnate  spur.     Pollinia  4  ..("oram.okiiizka.    S 
d  Lip  concave,  raised  on  a  claw.  Pollinia  4.  Plant  with  1  late  leaf. . .  Aplkctkum.    9 
C  Lip  not  saccate.     Plants  green  and  with  leaves,     (e) 

e  Lip  flat.    Flowers  obscure,  in  racemes  nearly  bructless.    (f ) 

f  Lip  entire,  dilated  ;  Column  minute.    (Leaf  1.) Mycbostylis.  10 

f  Lip  sagittate  or  cordate.    Colunm  lengthened.    Leaves  2 Lippaeis.  11 

f  Lip  2-l(!bed  or  cleft  at  apex.    Lvs.  2,  cauline  opposite Listera,  12 

e  Lip  channeled,  recurve<l.     Fls.  wliitish,  in  bracted  spikes,     (g) 

g  Se|ials  reflexed.     Lip  arched  and  recurved,  3-lobed Ceanicmis.  13 

g  Sepals  erect. — Lip  ascending,  embracing  the  column Spibanthks.  14 

— Lip  gibbous  beneath,  pointed  at  apex (}oodvkea.  li 

e  Lip  bearded  or  3-lobed.    Stamen  lid-like.    Flowers  showy,    (h) 

h  Flowers  several,  purple,  with  a  bearded  lii>  posterior Calopogon.  1(j 

h  Flowers  with  the  lip  anterior  (as  in  the  order  generally),    (k) 

k  Column  free  from  the  lip,  clavate.    Fls.  purplish Pooonia.  IT 

k  Colunm  adherent  to  the  tij*  below,     Fls.  purple Aretiitsa.  IS 

k  Column  adherent  to  the  lip.  Fls.  yellow.  On  trees Epidenueum.  !!♦ 

1.  CYPRIPE'DIUM,  L.  Lady's  Slipper.  {Gr.  Kvnpig^  Venus. 
rroSiov,  a  slipper ;  from  the  slipper-like  form  of  the  lip.)  The  2  lower 
sepals  united  into  1  segment,  or  rarely  distinct ;  petals  spreading ;  lip 
inflated,  saccate,  obtuse ;  column  terminated  by  a  petaloid  lobe  (i)arren 
stamen)  and  bearing  a  2-celled  anther  under  each  wing. — Us.  large, 
very  showy,  distinguished  for  the  large,  inflated  lower  petal  or  lip  ;  lvs. 
largo,  plaited,  veined. 

§  Sepals  2,  the  lower  compound  of  2  united  either  wholly  or  near  the  tip.    (♦) 

*  Stem  leafy. — Flowers  I  to  S,  mostly  but  1,  yellow Nos.  1,  2 

— Flowers  solitary  or  several,  white  or  rose-colored Nos.  3,  4 

*  Stem  a  leafless  scape,  2-leaved  at  base.     Flower  rose-colored No.  .% 

§  Sepals  3,  the  2  lower  entirely  distinct No.  0 

1  C.  pubescens  Swartz.  Large  Yellow  Ladies  Slipper.  St.  leafy,  Iva. 
broad-lanceolate,  acuminate;  sepals  lanceolate;  lip  shorter  tliau  the  linear,  twisttd 
petals,  compressed  laterally,  convex  both  above  and  below ;  sterile  stamen  triangular, 
acute  ;  plant  pubescent. — Woods  and  meadows,  Can.  to  Wis.,  S.  to  Ga.  Sts.  usu- 
ally several  from  the  same  root.  If  or  more  high.  Lvs.  3  to  G'  by  2  to  3,  many- 
veined,  clasping  at  base.  Flower  mostly  solitary.  Segm.  4,  greenish  with 
purple  stripes  and  spots,  the  lower  bifid,  composed  of  2  united  sepals,  the  lateral 
2  to  3'  by  3",  wavy  and  twisted.  Lip  ?nocc(Win-shapedi  briglit-yellow,  spotted 
inside,  with  a  roundish  aperture.     May,  Jn. 

2  C.  parvifl6nim  Salish,  Smaller  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper.  St.  leafy ;  lvs.  lar- 
ct'olute-acuminate  •,  sep.  ovate  or  lance-ovate ;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals,  compressed 
from  above  and  boneath ;  sterile  stamen  triangular,  acute ;  plant  pubescent. — In 
low  woods  and  prairies,  Can.  to  Wis.  and  Ga.  (Miss  Wynian).  More  conamon 
westward.  Plant  8  to  12'  high,  rarely  taller,  very  leafy.  Flower  a  third  smallef 
than  in  No.  1.  Petals  1  to  18' ,  twisted  or  not.  Upper  sep.  broadest.  Lip  evi- 
dently flattened  on  the  u[)pcr  side,  convex  laterally,  dull  yellow.     May,  Ju. 


i 

'i  !  I 

;  ill 

i    1 

\   ;W| 

[iili 

11 


s 


I 


682 


Oedeu  138.— ORGIIIDACE^. 


3  C.  cdndidum  Willd.  St.  leafv;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  fl.  terminal,  soli- 
tary ;  Sep.  elliplic-laaiceolate,  acuminate,  lower  scarcely  bilid  at  apex ;  petal 
lance-linear,  longer  than  the  laterally  compressed  white  Up ;  sterile  stamtiis  lainceo' 
late,  obtuse. — Border  of  woods,  prairies,  Penn.  to  luU.  (Pluinmer),  Wis.  and  Can. 
St  about  If  high,  simpls.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  H',  slieatliing  the  stem.  Ovary  pedi- 
cellate. Lip  I' m  length  Petals  and  sepals  nearly  2'.  May. — Well  distinguished 
by  its  sterile  stamens  as  by  its  color. 

4  C.  spectdbile  Sw.  St.  leafy ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  lobe  of  the 
column  elliptic-cordate,  obtuse ;  sep.  broad-ovate,  obtuse ;  lip  longer  tiian  the 
petals,  cleft  before. — A  tall,  superb  species,  found  in  swamps,  Can.  to  Ky.  and 
Car.  Stem  thick,  2  feet  or  more  high,  hairy.  Leaves  6 — 10'  by  2 — 4 ,  veined, 
plaited,  hnry.  Flowers  2 — 3  on  each  plant,  very  large.  Lip  white,  striped  with 
purple,  2'  long,  1  k  broad ;  upper  segment  largest,  lower  one  smaller,  composed  of 
2  sepals  completely  uiiitoil.     Jl. 

5  C.  acaMe  Ait.  Scapo  leafless,  1-flowered;  lvs.  2,  radical,  elliptic-oblong,  rather 
acute ;  lobe  of  the  column  roundish-rhomboidal,  acuminate,  detiexed  ;  pet.  lance- 
olate ;  lip  longer  than  the  petals,  cleft  before. — A  beautiful  plant,  in  dark  wocxls. 
Car.  to  Arc.  Am.  Leaves  large,  plaited  and  downy.  Scape  10 — 14'  higli,  with  a 
single  lanceolate  bract  at  the  bas'j  of  the  large,  solitary  flower.  Sepals  .y  long, 
the  two  lower  completely  united  into  a  broad  lanceolate  one  beutath  the  lip. 
Petals  lateral,  wavy.  Lip  2'  by  1',  purple,  forming  the  most  showy  part  of  the 
flower.     May,  Jn.     (C.  humile  Sw.  ?) 

6  C.  arietinum  Ait.  Ram's  Head.  St.  leafy;  Iva.  elliptical,  striato-veined; 
Sep.  3,  distinct  (the  2  lower  not  united),  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  oblong-ovate, 
acuminate;  2  lateral  pet.  linear;  lip  as  long  as  the  petal,  saccate,  obcouie. — In 
damp  woods,  Can.,  Me.,  Vt.  (Dr.  Phelps)  to  N.  Y.  and  Wis.?  Stems  usually 
clustered,  flexuous,  8 — 12  high,  lower  part  sheathed.  Leaves  3 — 5,  2 — 3  by 
^ — 1',  sessile,  amplexicaul.  Flower  mostly  solitary,  with  a  leafy  bract  at  base. 
Segments  about  equal  in  length,  the  upper  one  as  broad  as  the  other  4  together. 
The  singular  form  of  the  lip  readily  suggests  tlie  name  of  this  curious  plant.  May. 

2.  OR'CHIS,  L.  (Gr.  opxi^i  the  ancient  name.)  Flower  ringont, 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  some  of  them  ascending  and  arching  over  the 
column  ;  lip  turned  downwards,  ])roduce(l  at  base  beneath  into  a  spur 
vehich  is  distinct  from  the  twisted  ovary ;  stamen  1,  anther  2-cell(Hl ; 
pollinia  2,  one  in  each  cell,  composed  of  numerous  waxy  grains  im- 
plicated in  a  cobweb  tissue;  pedicellate  and  attached  to  2  glands  of  the 
stigma  which  are  contained  in  one  common  little  pouch.  Fls.  several, 
large,  bright-colored,  in  a  spike  or  raceme. 

O.  spectabilis  L.  Lvs.  2,  nearly  as  long  as  the  BCape ;  lip  obovate,  undi- 
vided, creuate,  retuse ;  segments  of  the  perianth  straight,  the  lateral  ones  longer ; 
spur  clavato,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  bracts  longer  than  the  flower. — This  pretty 
little  plant  is  found  in  shady  woods  and  thickets,  among  rocks,  etc.,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  Root  fasciculate.  Leaves  few,  radical,  ovate,  3 — 6'  long,  J  to  |  iis  wide. 
Scape  4 — 6'  high,  acutely  angled,  with  a  lanceolate,  acute  bract  and  3 — 5  large, 
showy  flowers.  Segments  of  the  perianth  purple,  ovate-lanceolate.  Lip  and 
epur  white  or  whitish,  each  about  8"  long.     May,  Jn. 

3.  GYMNADE^NIA,  R.  Brown.     Orchis.    (Gr.  yvfivog,  naked,  dd/jv, 

gland.)     Anther-cells    parallel  or  converging   below ;    glands   of   tht 

stigma  to  which  the  pollinia  are  attached  naked.    Otherwise  as  in  Orchis. 

1  Q.  nivea.  St.  very  slender,  lowest  leaf  long,  linear,  acute,  the  others  (6  to  12) 
very  much  smaller,  subulate,  bract-like ;  fls.  20  to  30,  small,  in  an  oblong-cylin- 
dric  spike ;  lip  (white)  vblong,  crenulate  or  wavy,  longer  than  the  petals,  produced 
behind  into  a  filiform  spur  which  is  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  ovary ;  column 
very  short ;  pollinia  at  length  naked. — Ga.  (Pond)  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale).  Root 
fibrous,  producing  tuberous  corms.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  leaf  6  to  8'  long,  3  to  4 ' 
wide.  Fls.  white,  very  delicate,  rather  smaller  than  in  Nos.  2  and  3.  (Orcliia 
nivea  Baldw.) 


Order  138.— ORCHIDACE^. 


683 


2  G.  tridentelta  Lindl.  St.  slender ;  lowest  leaf  linear-ohlong  or  ohlarffolut'',  ob- 
tuse, the  others  3  or  4,  very  small  and  bract-like;  Hs.  7  to  12,  sessilo,  in  a  short, 
open  spike ;  sep,  obtuse,  erect-spreading ;  lip  a  little  longer,  truiicate  and  'i-ioothed 
at  the  apex,  produced  behind  into  a  slender,  often  clavellate  spur  whicli  is  longer 
than  the  ovary. — In  damp  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Root  a  few  thick  tibcrs.  St 
12  to  18'  high,  leaf  about  G',  bracts  1'  and  less.  Spike  often  as  wide  as  long, 
with  small,  greenish-white  fls.  Spur  4  or  5  "  long,  usually  curved.  Jii..  Jl.  (U. 
txidentata  Willd.) 

/3.  CLAVELLATA  has  the  fls.  more  diverging  and  the  spur  conspicuously  club- 
shaped. — South. 

3  O.  Integra  (N.)  St.  flexuous,  leafy ;  hwer  ks.  narrow-lanceolate,  acute,  upper 
gradually  smaller ;  spiko  densi-ly  many-tlowered ;  lip  (ycUoiv)  ovate,  crenuUite  or 
somewhat  wavy,  longer  than  the  broad-ovate,  obtuse  sepals,  shorter  than  the  sub- 
ulate spur. — Swamps,  in  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.  lit.  of  thickened 
fibres.  St.  12  to  15'  high"  with  Ivs.  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes.  Spike 
globular  or  oblong,  with  30  to  50  small,  orange-colored  fls.  Sop.  about  1'  long, 
spur  nearl>  3",  lip  2".     Jn.,  Jl.     (0.  flava  and  nigra  Nut  t.) 

4.  PLATAN'THERA,  Richard.  Orchis.  (Gr.  rrAa.  »'f,  broad,  a»'0;/pa, 
anther.)  Anther  cells  diverging  l>elow,  and  the  two  glands  to  which 
the  pedicellate  pollinia  are  attached  widely  separated.  Otherwise  as  in 
Orchis.  (Platanthcra  and  Gymnadenia  are  separated  from  Orchis  by 
characters  purely  artificial,  and  should  be  reunited  with  it.) 

*  Leaf  only  one.    Flowers  greenish-wliite.    Lip  entire  or  .S-lobed Xos.  1,  2 

*  Loaves  only  two,  roiin<lisli,  lavjto.     Klowcrs  jrreonish.     Lip  entire Xos.  8,  4 

*  Leaves  several,  ulotliin;;  tlie  stem  more  or  less,  (a) 

a  Lip  uniliviiled  and  entire,  neitlier  fringed,  lolied,  nor  tootlied,  whiti.-ili Nos.  .">,  6 

a  Lij)  undivided,— but  3-tootlied,  not  fringetl.     Flowers  yellowish '. Nos.  7,  8 

— but  frinscd.     Floweisbright  yellow  or  wiiiie N'os.  y — 1 1 

a  Lip  8-parted, — segments  tringed.     Fb-wors 'white  or  greenisli Nos.  12,  13 

— segments  fringed.    Flowers  purple Nos.  14,  15 

— .segments  merely  tootlie(l,  terminal  one  '2-lobed.     Fls.  purple Nn.  16 

— segments  entire,  long,  linear-setaceous.     Whitish  Nos.  IT,  13 

1  P.  obtusata  Lindl,  Lf.  solitarj',  oblong-obovate,  obtuse;  st.  bearing  the  li'iif 
near  its  base ;  epike  loose ;  upper  sep,  broadest ;  pet.  subtriangular ;  lip  linear, 
entire,  with  2  tubercles  at  base,  as  long  as  the  arcuate,  acute  spur. — P'ound  iii 
muddy  ponds  and  ditches,  N.  II.  (Storrs),  N.  to  Lab.  Stem  slender,  anuular, 
6 — 8'  high,  terminating  in  a  tiiin  spike  of  about  a  dozen  small,  greenisli-whito 
flowers.  Leaf  tapering  at  base,  usually  obtuse  at  the  summit,  2 — 3'  in  lengtli, 
and  1  in  breadth,  issuing  with  the  stem  from  2 — 3  radical,  sheathiug  bracts.    July. 

2  P.  rotundifdlia  Lindl.  Lf.  solitary,  roundish-ovate ;  scape  naked  ;  .si)ike  few- 
flowered  ;  bracts  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  sep.  and  pet.  obtuse  :  lip  W-lohed, 
laterallobes  subfalrate,  middle  one  obcordate;  spur  as  long  as  the  lip. — Ct.,  Penn, 
(Eaton),  Can,  Scape  near  a  foot  high,  slender,  without  a  bract.  Lt-af  2 — 4'  long, 
\  as  wide,  spotted,  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  about  a  dozen,  of  a  grei-nish- 
white,  remarkable  for  their  broad,  3  (almost  4)-lobed,  pendent  lip.    (0.  rotund.  Ph.) 

3  P.  orbiculata  Lindl.  Lvs.  2,  radical,  suborbicular,  rather  flesliy  ;  scape  bracts- 
ate;  upper  sep  orlncular,  lateral  ones  ovate ;  lip  linear-subspatulate,  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals ;  spur  arcuate,  compressed,  clavate,  twice  as  lung  as  the  ovary. 
— A  remarkable  plant,  not  uncommon  in  old  woods  and  in  tiiickets,  Penn.  to 
Can.  and  W.  States.  Leaves  lying  flat  upon  the  ground,  3 — 6'  diam.,  ratlier  in- 
clining to  oval  or  ovate  with  the  apex  acute.  Scape  1 — 2f  high,  sheatiied  with  a 
few  bracts,  bearing  a  raceme  of  numerous,  greenish-white  flowers.  Lip  9  to  12" 
by  1"  or  narrower.     Spur  IJ — 2'  long.     Jl.    (0.  orbiculata  Ph.) 

4  P.  H6okeri  Lindl.  Lvs.  2,  radical,  suborbicular  or  suboval,  fleshy;  scape 
naked ;  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  tiie  flowers ;  upper  bejiat  ovate,  erect, 
lateral  ones  deflexed  and  meeting  behind;  pet.  acute,  lip  lanceolate,  projecting; 
acuminate,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals ;  spur  subulate,  arcuate,  about  twice 
longer  than  the  ovary. — Woods,  Can.,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  (Lapham),  rare.  Resem- 
bles 0.  orbiculata,  but  is  very  distinct.  Scape  8 — 12'  high,  without  a  bract  be- 
low the  flowers.     Leaves  4—5'  long,  nearly  or  quite  as  wide.     Flowers  12— 18, 


I 


i 


41 


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li 


^.A 


684 


Ordkb  138.— ORCHIDACE^. 


m  1 


m 


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I  Ij 


in  a  straij^ht  raceme,  yellowish-green,  the  spur  9 — 12"  in  length.     Jn.,  Jl-     (Q 
ilookeriaua,  2d  Edit.) 

5  P.  hyperbdrea  Lindl.  St.  leafy  ;  Ivs.  very  erect,  acute,  lanceolate ;  spike  elon- 
gated, niauy-fiowered ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  flower; 
Sep.  dfflexed ;  petals  and  lip  linear,  obtuse,  suhequal,  tlie  latter  somewhat  lanceolate, 
and  about  as  long  aa  tlio  pendulous,  obtuse  spur. — A  tall,  leafy,  variable  species, 
in  mountainous  woods  and  open  meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Midi,  and  Can.  Stems  thick, 
1  to  ;}  or  even  4f  high.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  4  to  T  by  1  to  IJ'.  Flowers  greenish 
in  shades,  nearly  wliite  in  open  situations,  forming  a  long,  more  or  less  dense 
si)ike.  Jl. — A  coarser  plant  tlian  the  next,  wliich  it  often  approaches  in  the  more 
slender  variety  Huronexsis. 

6  P.  dilat^ta  Lindl.  St.  slender;  lvs.  lance-linear  and  linear,  acute;  spike  many- 
flowered,  virgato ;  bracts  lance-linear,  about  as  long  as  tljo  flowers ;  upper  sepal 
ovate,  obtuse,  tiie  lateral  narrower  and  spreading;  lip  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  dilated 
and  rhomboid  at  base,  about  equaling  tlie  petals,  and  a  little  shorter  than  the  ob- 
tuse, incurved  spur,  which  is  longer  than  the  ovary. — Swamps,  N.  States  (rare) 
and  Can.  More  slender  and  delicate  than  tlio  last,  10'  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  often 
narrow  and  grass-like  6  to  10'  long.  Fls.  10  to  50,  pure  white,  varying  to  green- 
ish.    Spur  about  4  '  long.     Jl.     (0.  dilatata  Ph.) 

7  P.  bracteata  Torr.  St.  leafy ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones  acute ;  spike  lax ; 
bracts  2  to  3  times  as  long  as  the  flowers;  sep.  connivent,  ovate;  petals  linear, 
eroct ;  Up  linear-cuneaie,  truncate,  Z-toolhed  at  the  end,  the  middle  toolh  small  or 
obsolete ;  spur  short,  inflated,  obtuse. — A  small,  green-flowered  orchis,  in  shades. 
St.  6  to  9'  high.  Lvs.  about  3,  18  to  30"  by  6  to  12",  upper  Iracts  as  short  as 
tlio  flower.  Spikes  2  to  3'  long,  Fls.  yellowish-green.  Lip  as  long  as  the  ovary, 
3  times  as  long  as  the  sack-like  spur.  Can.  to  Va.,  W.  to  111.  Jl.,  Aug.  (Peri- 
stylus  Lindl.) 

8  P.  ildva  Gray.  St.  leafy,  lower  lvs.  oblong,  acute,  upper  lancedate,  acuminate; 
spike  rather  dense,  cylindric ;  bracts  longer  than  the  fls, ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  with  a 
tooth  each  side  at  base ;  palate  with  one  tuberculate  tooth ;  spur  filiform,  ratlier 
sliorter  than  tlie  sessile  ovary. — In  alluvial  soils.  North  and  South.  St.  flexuous, 
12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  about  3,  witli  long  siieaths,  3  to  6  or  7'  by  \  to  2',  tapering 
to  an  acute  summit.  Fls.  in  a  long,  tliin  spike.  Sep.  sliort,  ovate,  green.  Petals 
yellowish,  drying  brownish.  Upper  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  flowers,  lower 
one  2  or  3  times  as  long.  The  tubercle  of  tiie  lip  is  a  remarkable  character.  Jn. 
(0.  flava  L.     0.  herbiole  and  fuscescens  Ph.     0.  bidentata  Ell.) 

9  P,  cristata  Lindl.  Crested  Orchis.  Slender,  lower  lvs.  lance-linear,  very 
acute,  the  upper  gradually  reduced,  linear,  acuminate ;  spike  oblong,  densely 
CC-tlowered;  sep.  and  pet.  roundish  (1  to  2"  long),  the  latter  crenate;  lip  oblong, 
pinnately  fimbriate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spur  which  is  half  as  long  as  the  slender- 
beaked  ovary. — Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La,  A  delicate,  yellow  Orchis,  18'  to 
2f  higli,  Lvs.  6  to  10'  long.  Fls.  quite  small,  the  sop,  and  pet,  scarcely  more 
than  1"  long,  spur  2  to  3  ".     Jn.,  Jl. 

10  P.  ciliaris  Lindl.  Yellow  Fringed  Orchis,  Lower  lvs,  lanceolate ;  spike 
oblong,  dense,  with  numerous  large  fls. ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  lip.  ob- 
long-lanceolate, deeply  fringe-ciliate,  twice  longer  tiian  the  linear,  notched  petals; 
spur  longer  than  tlie  slender-beaked  ovary. — Delicately  beautiful,  with  bright  orange- 
colored  fls.,  in  swamps.  Can.  and  U.  S.,  not  common,  St.  about  2f  higli.  Lvs. 
sheathing  at  base ;  lower  ones  3  to  5'  long,  rapidly  diminishing  upwards.  Sep. 
roundish,  obtuse,  concave.  Petals  linear,  very  small,  incised  at  the  summit ;  the 
lip  narrow,  lanceolate,  conspicuously  fringed,  4"  long.  Spur  1  in  length.  Jl., 
Aug. 

11  P.  Blepharigldttis  Lindl.  White  Fringed  Orchis.  Lower  lvs.  lanceolate, 
channeled;  spike  oblong,  dense;  bracts  linear,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  white 
flowers;  petals  epatulate,  dentate  at  apex;  Up  lanceolate,  ciliate,  as  long  as  tlie 
upper  sepal ,  spur  much  longer  than  the  long-beaked  ovary — In  swamps,  N.  Y. 
to  Car.,  resembing  the  last  species,  but  distinguished,  at  least,  by  the  color  of  its 
fls.  which  are  of  a  pure  wliiie.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Flowera  fewer  than  in  tho 
last.  Sepals  roundish-oblong,  lateral  reflexed.  Lip  fHnged  ia  the  middle,  2"  long. 
Jn.,  Jl. 


Order  138.— ORCHIDACE^. 


685 


12  P.  Idcera  Gray.  Ragged  Orchis.  Lower  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  tipper  ones 
narrow,  ac'umiiiiite ;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers ;  sep.  retvse;  pet.  emaryoiate ; 
lip  3-parted,  segments  cuneate,  capillaceous-multifid ;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  at 
long  as  the  ovary. — Swamps  and  meadows,  Can.  to  Car.  Stem  1 — 21"  high,  smooth, 
slender.  Leaves  few,  3 — 6'  by  ^  to  1 ',  mostly  acute.  Flower  numerous,  in  a 
loiig,  loose  spike,  of  a  greenish-white,  not  showy.  Sepals  ovate.  Petals  oblong- 
liiiear,  entire,  lip  reflexed,  very  deeply  laciniate.  Readily  distingiushed  from  the 
following  by  its  more  slender  habit,  greenish  flowers,  and  the  entire  (not  fringed) 
petals.     July. 

13  P.  leucophsba  N.  White-flowered  Prairie  Orchis.  St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  lance- 
olate, tapering  to  a  narrow,  obtuse  point,  channeled;  bracti  shorter  than  the 
ovaries ;  rac.  oblong .  sep.  roundish-oblong,  acutish ;  lateral  petals  obovote,  denti- 
culate ;  lip  3-parted,  flabelliform,  segments  deeply  fimbriate ;  spur  subulate-clavute, 
curved,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary. — Wet  prairies,  W.  States.  Stem  1 — ;{f  high. 
Leaves  2 — 6'  long.  Raceme  about  12-flowered.  Sepals  and  spur  yellowish, 
petals  white.     Ovary  curved,  1'  long. 

14  P.  Psycodes  Gray.  Purple  Fringed  Orchis.  Lower  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
diminishing  upwards ;  lip  3-parted,  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals,  the  segments 
cuneiform,  ciliate-fimbriato ;  lateral  pet.  ovate,  erose-crenulate  or  slightly  fringed, 
spur  filiform,  elavate,  longer  than  the  ovary,  common  in  meadows.  Can.  to  Ga., 
W.  to  Wis.  Stem  IJ — 2^{  high,  smooth,  slender.  Leaves  3 — 6'  long.  Flow- 
ers showy,  numerous,  in  a  terminal,  cylindric  spike,  light  purple.  Lip  some- 
what longer  than  the  petals,  its  3  spreading  segments  very  veiny  and  sparingly 
bristle-cletl.  Spur  an  inch  in  length.  Jl.  (0.  flmbriata  Ph.  Bw.  0.  incisa  & 
fissa  Muhl.) 

15  P.  Bigeldvii.  Large  Fringed  Orchis.  Lower  Ivs.  oblong,  oval,  obtuse, 
upper  ones  very  narrow ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  rac.  oblong ;  lip  depen- 
dent, twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  3-parted,  the  segments  fan-shaped  and  fimbriate, 
the  middle  one  largest,  with  connivent  fimbriaj;  lateral  pet.  fimbriate;  spur  as- 
cending, elavate,  longer  than  the  ovary. — A  superb  plant,  considered  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  genus,  in  wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Penn.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  thick, 
hollow,  with  several  sheathing  bracts  at  base.  Leaves  2  or  I?  principal  ones,  4 — 7' 
by  1 — 2',  upper  ones  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long.  Flowers  [  irple,  in  a  terminal 
raceme,  3 — 6'  long.  Middle  segm.  of  the  lip  nearly  semicircular,  twice  as  long  aa 
the  lateral  ones.     June.     (P.  flmbriata  Lindl.  O.  grandiflora  Bw.) 

16  P.  peraincena  Gray.  St.  tall,  leafy;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear;  bracts 
nearly  equaling  the  ovary ;  sep.  roundish-ovate ;  lateral  petals  denticulate ;  lip  3- 
partod,  divisions  cuneifo  m,  dentate,  middle  one  2-lobed ;  spur  flliform,  elavate  at 
end,  curved,  longer  than  the  ovary. — A  large  and  showy  species  in  marshy  grounds, 
Penn.  to  Ind.  and  southward.  Stem  slightly  winged.  Leaves  4 — 6'  long.  Fls. 
violet-purple,  large,  20 — 50,  in  a  terminal  spike.  Ovary  1',  and  spur  IJ'  long. 
June,  July.     (P.  flssa  Lindl.) 

17  P.  Michauxii.  St.  very  leafy;  lower  Ivs.  elliptic-oval,  acute,  upper  much  re- 
duced, lanceolate:  spike  few-flowered,  loose;  lip  3-parted  into  long  linear  setaceous 

-  segments ;  petals  2-parted,  lower  division  linear-setaceous ;  spur  near  twice  longer 
than  the  ovary. — Pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Chapman)  and  La.  (Hale).  Plant 
12  to  16'  high.  Lvs.  about  3'  by  1'.  Spur  filiform,  clavellato  at  end,  near  2'  long. 
Fls.  rather  distant,  white.     Aug. — Oct. 

18  P.  rdpens.  St.  very  leafy,  from  a  creeping  rhizome;  lvs.  all  linear-lanceolate, 
elongated,  loiver  Irracts  longer  than  the  flowers ;  spike  closely  many-flowered ;  lip  3- 
parted  into  setaceous  segments;  petals  2-parted,  lower  segment  setaceous;  spur 
recurved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary. — Borders  of  ponds  in  pine  barrens,  S. 
Car.,  Ga.  to  La.  (Hale.)  Strikingly  similar  to  the  last,  yet  strikingly  distinct, 
12'  to  18'  high.  Flowers  greenish  yellow,  about  half  as  large,  spur  about  half  an 
inoh  long,  filiform.    Lvs.  5  to  8'  long,  tapering  to  a  very  acute  point.    Aug.,  Sept; 

19  ?  P.  quercicola.  Root  epiphytic,  creeping ;  lvs.  all  cauline,  lance-ovate,  acute, 
rounded  at  base ;  petioles  sheathing  the  stem ;  spike  dense,  few  or  many-fiowered ; 
fls.  small,  riugeut,  sep.  and  pet.  ovate,  obtuse ;  lip  spatulate,  free  from  the  column, 
slightly  recurved ;  spur  saccate,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  lip,  half  as  long  as  the 
ovary. — Chiefly  growing  in  the  rough  bark  of  oaks,  Fla.  (Chapman)  to  La.  (Hftle). 


,M 


!! 


w 


If 

I 


■:1 


C86 


Ordbr  138.— OUCIIIDACKJE. 


4  > 

: 
1 


■ 


n 


1: 


Plant  3  to  10'  high  with  2  to  20  flowers.  Lvs.  6  to  18"  long,  thin,  the  sheath 
hnlf  scarious.  Sep.  about  1^"  long. — Habit  quite  unlike  any  of  the  foregoing 
species.    (It  is  Goody^ra  quercicola  Lindl,  and  to  be  transferred.) 

5.  TIPULA^RIA,  Nutt.  (T/pw/a,  the  crane-fly  ;  from  the  fancied  r-v 
semblance  of  the  flowers.)  Sepals  spatulate,  spreading ;  petals  lance- 
linear,  lip  sessile,  d-lobed,  middle  lobe  linear,  much  the  longest ;  spur 
filiform,  very  long;  column  wingless,  free;  anther  operculate,  persist- 
ent ;  pollinia  4,  parallel. — Corms  several,  connected  by  a  thick  fiber. 
Lf.  solitary.     Fls.  without  bracts. 

1  T.  discolor  Nutt.  A  slender,  green-flowered  plant,  resembling  a  Corallorhiza, 
growing  in  pine  woods,  Vt.,  Mid.  States  to  Ga.  Rare  northward.  Lf.  petiolatc, 
ovate,  plaited,  smooth,  and  longitudinally  veined  2  to  3'  long.  Scape  10  to  16' 
high,  bearing  a  raceme  of  many  small,  greenish,  nodding  fls.  Spur  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  tho  ovary.     Manner  of  growth  similar  to  that  of  Aplectrum.     Jl. 

6.  CALYP'SO,  Salisb.  (Named  for  the  goddess  Calypso^  from 
Ka^vrTTO),  to  conceal.)  Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  ascending,  secund ; 
lip  inflated,  large,  2-pointed  or  spurred  beneath  near  the  end ;  column 
petaloid  ;  pollinia  4. — Scape  1-flowered,  1-leafed,  arising  from  a  corm. 

C.  bore^lis  Salisb.  A  beautiful  and  interesting  plant,  in  cold  mossy  bogs,  Vt.,  N. 
N.  Y.,  Can.,  but  very  rare.  Scape  6  to  8'  high,  bearing  a  single  largo  flower  at 
top  and  sheathed  with  several  bracts.  Lf.  broad-ovate,  smooth  veined,  1  to  2' 
long.  Fl.  near  the  size  of  Cypripedium,  variegated  with  purple  and  yellow,  the 
lip  its  most  conspicuous  part,  bearing  2  projecting  points  beneath  the  apex.     May. 

7.  BLETIA,  Ruiz  et  Pav.  (Named  for  Luis  Blet,  a  Spanish  bot- 
anist.) Petals  and  sepals  distinct,  nearly  equal ;  lip  sessile,  cucullate 
by  its  induplicate  side-lobes,  spurless  (in  our  species) ;  column  free ; 
pollinia  8,  in  pairs,  waxy,  each  pair  pedicellate.— Sts.  or  scapes  simple, 
arising  from  globular  corms  and  bearing  a  raceme  or  head  of  showy  fls. 

1  B.  aph^Ua  Nutt.  Leafless;  scape  tall,  terete,  bearing  3  to  6  short,  sheathing 
remote  bracts ;  raceme  long,  loose,  with  ovate,  acute,  spreading  bractlets ;  fls.  many, 
much  longer  than  their  pedicels  ;  lip  divaricately  veined ;  spur  none. — Car.  to  Ky., 
Fla.  and  La.  A  singular  plant,  in  the  borders  of  swamps,  15  to  30'  high,  the 
thick  stem  tapering  above.  Sheaths  about  half  an  inch  long.  Sep.  (brownish 
purple)  and  pet.  (yellowish  brown)  8''  long.  Lip  3-lobed,  with  5  broad  plaits  or 
folds.     Aug.,  Sept 

2  B.  vereciinda  H.  K.  Lvs.  all  radical,  broadly  lanceolate,  plaited  and  promi- 
nently veined ;  scape ;  scape  tall,  bearing  a  many-flowered  raceme ;  petals  con- 
nivent ;  lip  with  divaricate  veins  and  folds,  the  side-lobes  narrowed  towards  the 
apex ;  the  middle  crispate,  emarginate,  broader  than  long ;  spur  none. — Ga.  and 
Fla.  (Pursh.).  Common  in  the  W.  Indies.  Scape  2  to  3f  high.  Fls.  purple, 
large  and  showy.     Jn.,  Jl. 

8.  CORALLORHFZA,  Brown.  Coral-root.  (Gr.  KopdXXiov,  coral, 
p/^o,  root ;  its  branched  roots  much  resemble  coral.)  Sepals  and  petals 
nearly  equal,  converging ;  lip  produced  behind ;  spur  short  and  adnatc 
to  the  ovary,  or  none ;  column  free ;  pollinia  4,  oblique  (not  parallel), 
free. — Plants  leafless,  simple,  of  a  brown  color,  arising  from  coralline 
roots,  sheathed  with  bracts  and  bearing  a  raceme. 

*  Spur  conspicuously  prominent,  but  adnate.    Lip  8-lobed No.  1 

♦  Spur  wholly  obliterated. — Lip  crenulate,  wavy,  not  at  all  lobcd No.  2 

— Lip  entire,  slightly  toothed  near  the  base Nos.  8,  4 

1  C.  multifldra  Nutt.  Scape  many-flowered ;  lip  cuneate-oval,  spotted ;  3-parted, 
the  middle  lobe  recurved,  lateral  ones  short  and  ear-like ;  spur  conspicuous,  adnate ; 
caps,  elliptic-obovoid,  pendulous. — In  woods,  growing  on  the  roots  of  trees,  N. 
i£ng.  and  Mid.  States.     Root  corallina     Scape  10  to  15'  high,  leafless,  brownish* 


V,_-^ 


Order  138.— ORCUIDACE.E. 


68T 


purple,  sheathcHl  with  a  few  bracta.  Fls.  larger  than  in  the  other  species,  16  to 
20,  erect,  spreading,  in  a  long  racomo.  Lip  showy,  ;i  to  4"  long,  white,  sprinkled 
with  purple  spots.  Spur  yellowish,  conspicuous,  but  short  and  adnato  to  the 
ovary.     Jl. 

2  C.  odontorhlza  Nutt.  Lip  undivided,  oval,  obtuse,  crenulate,  spotted ;  snur 
none ;  capsule  oblong  or  subglobous. — A  singular  plant,  witli  no  loaves  or  «<reen 
herbage,  inhabiting  old  woods,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Tbe  root  is  a  coUecl.oii  of 
small,  fleshy  tubers,  articulated  and  branched  mucii  like  coral.  Scapo  9 — 14'  high, 
rather  fleshy,  striate,  smooth,  invested  with  a  few  long,  purplisli-brown  sheaths. 
Flowers  10 — 20,  in  a  long  spike,  of  a  browniah-greoii.  Lip  white,  generally  with 
purple  spots.     Capsule.s  large,  reflexed,  strongly  ribbed.     Jl.,  A.ug. 

3  C.  inndta  R.  Brown.  Scape  few-flowered ;  lip  oblong,  angularly  2-toothed  towands 
the  base,  spotless,  deflexed  above ;  spur  none  or  obsolete ;  caps,  elliptic-obovoid, 
reflexed. — Rich  damp  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.,  rare.  Scapo  not  bulbous  at 
base,  5  to  8'  high.     Fls.  5  to  10,  dull  purple,  with  a  white  lip.     May,  Jn. 

4  C.  Macr^i  Gray.  Scape  many-flowered ;  fls.  large,  on  very  short  pedicels ;  lip 
oval,  obtuse,  ^-nerved,  entire  above,  obscurely  auricled  at  base;  spur  none. — "Canada, 
along  the  great  Lakes."  Also?  Northern  N.  H.  Plant  10  to  16  high.  Sep.  and 
and  pet.  6"  long.  Caps,  reflexed,  oval,  6"  long. — Our  specimens  from  Nor.  N.  H. 
are  18'  high,  20-flowered,  agreeing  with  Dr.  Gray's  description  as  far  as  wo  can 
judge  by  tho/r«j<. 

9.  APLECTRUM,  Nutt.  Adam  and  Eve.  Putty-root.  (Gr.  a, 
nXiJKrpov,  a  spur ;  the  lip  being  without  a  spur.)  Sepals  and  petals 
distinct,  nearly  equal,  converging ;  lip  unguiciilatc,  3-lobed,  obtuse, 
middle  lobe  crenulate,  palate  ridged ;  spur  none ;  column  free,  anther  a 
little  below  the  apex  ;  poUinia  4,  oblique,  lenticular  ! — Scape  and 
raceme  as  in  Corallorhiza,  but  arising  from  a  globous  conn  after  tho 
single,  large,  coriaceous,  biennial  leaf. 

A.  hyemale  Nutt.  A  fine  plant  in  woods,  Can.  to  Fla.,  rare.  Rather  frequent 
westward.  The  corms  aro  near  1'  thick,  composed  of  strongly  glutinous  matter, 
and  connected  by  a  thick  fiber.  A  new  corm  is  produced  annually,  in  advance 
of  tho  old,  which  dries  up  tho  second  or  third  year.  Leaf  elliptic  or  ovate,  3  to  5' 
long,  many-veined,  twice  longer  than  the  petiole,  arising  late  in  tho  season  from 
the  new  corm,  remaining  through  tho  winter,  until  the  scape  (12  to  18'  high) 
arises  by  its  side.  Sheaths  brownish,  2  or  3.  Perianth  brownish,  6"  long. 
Caps,  pendulous,  1'  long.     May. 

10.  MICROS'TYLIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  fxiKpo^,  little,  arvkog,  style ;  alluding 
to  the  slender  column.)  Sepals  spreading,  distinct ;  petals  filiform  or 
linear,  spreading;  lip  sessile,  concave,  spreading,  hastate  or  bidentate  at 
base,  not  tubercled ;  column  minute,  with  2  teeth  or  lobes  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  polliuia  4,  loose,  cohering  by  pairs  in  each  cell. — Erect  from  tube- 
rous bulbs,  with  1  or  2  Ivs.  and  small,  racemed  fls. 

1  M.  ophiogloBSOides  Nutt.  Lf.  solitary,  ovate,  amplexicaul;  st.  S-angled; 
vac.  short,  obtuse;  pedicels  much  longer  tlian  the  flowers. — A  small  plant,  in  woods, 
&c.  Can.  and  N.  States.  Stem  5 — 9'  high,  with  a  single  leaf  a  little  below  the 
middle.  The  leaf  is  rather  acute,  smooth,  ovate  or  oval,  about  2'  in  length,  1  in 
width.  At  the  base  of  the  stem  is  an  abrupt  sheath.  Fls.  whitish,  minute,  nu- 
merous, in  a  terminal  raceme  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  dense  at  top,  oftea 
abortive.     Pedicels  about  4"  long.    Jn.     (Malaxis,  Mx.) 

2  M.  monoph^Uus  Lindl.  Lf.  solitary,  ovate,  sheathing  at  base ;  rac.  elongated, 
many-flowered,  pedicels  about  as  long  a^s  the  flowers;  bracts  minute;  sep.  acute^ 
spreading ;  lateral  petals  reflexed,  linear ;  Kp  triaagular-hastate,  cucullate,  acumf 
inate  with  a  recurved  point. — Cold  mountain  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  rara 
Stem  2  to  6'  high,  3-angled,  with  a  subspicate  raceme  of  20  to  40  small,  greenish 
fls.    Jl.    (Malaxis,  Willd.     Ophrys,  L.) 


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I 


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11 


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C88 


Ordbr  138.— ORCIIIDACE.E. 


11.  LIP'ARIS,  Rich.  TwAY-BLADK.  (Gf.  XiTTapo^,  clcgaiit,  shining; 
a  tonn  characturistic  uf  the  leaves.)  Supals  and  petals  distinct,  sub- 
linear,  spreading  or  deflexed ;  lip  spreading,  tlat,  ascending,  often  exte- 
terior;  column  winged;  pollinia  4,  parallel  with  each  other,  without 
pedicels  or  glands. — Erect  from  tuberous  bulbs,  with  about  2  Ivs.  and 
a  racenie. 

1  L.  lilifdlia  Rich.  Lvs.  2,  ovate-lanceolate;  scape  triangular;  petals  filiform, 
retlexed;  lip  lanje,  wedge-obovate,  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the  broad  end. — DaiDp 
woods,  Can,  to  Car.  "W.  to  Wis.  Lvs.  radical,  3  to  4'-  loiij^:,  rather  acute,  tapering 
into  a  shoatliiug  base.  Scape  abuut  6'  high.  Fls.  lU  to  20,  in  a  terminal,  rattier 
showy  raceme.  Pedicels  near  an  inch  in  lengtli.  Tiio  3  sepals  greenish-whitL', 
linear,  2  upper  petals  capillary,  yeliowisli-white.  Lip  G"  long,  4  '  wide,  purple- 
translucent.     Jn.     (Malaxis  lilifolia.     S\v.) 

2  L.  LcBsdlii  Rich.  Lvs.  2,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  few- 
flowered  racemes ;  scape  angular ;  lip  oblong,  mncronate  incurved,  wary ;  sep.  and 
pet.  linear,  subcqual. — About  half  as  large  as  the  preceding,  in  moist  meadows 
and  fields,  Can.  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and  "Wis.  Lvs.  2  to  .J  long,  about  1'  wide, 
obtuse  or  acute,  sheathing  at  base.  Scape  o  to  5'  high.  Fls.  about  G,  apprcssed 
to  the  rachis,  in  a  thin  raceme.  Pedicels  about  2  ia  length.  Lip  2"  long.  SepaU 
and  pet.  gret'iiish-whito.  Ovaries  clavato,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.  Jn.  (Malaxii 
Corroanu  liart.) 

12.  LIS'TERA,  R.  Brown.  Tway-dlade.  (Named  for  Dr.  Martin 
Lister,  an  English  naturalist.)  Sepals  and  petals  somewhat  equal, 
spreading  or  reflexed;  lip  usually  pendulous,  2-lol)ed,  or  2-cleft;  column 
wingless,  the  beak  rounded;  anther  dorsal,  ovate ;  pollen  powdery. — 
St.  2-leaved  above  the  middle,  with  a  raceme.     Lvs.  opposite. 

1  L.  cordata  R.  Brown.  Lvs.  roundish,  subcordate,  acute;  rac.  few-floT 
pedicels  tiie  length  of  the  ovary;  lip  linear,  2-toothed  at  base,  deeply  biflo 
divaricate,  linear  segments ;  column  very  sliort. — Root  fibrous.  St.  4  to  8'  high, 
furrowed.  Lvs.  8  to  10"  diam.,  sessile,  about  halfway  up  the  stem.  Fls.  minute, 
greenish-purple,  10  to  15,  in  a  short  raceme.  A  delicate  little  plant,  in  woods 
and  sphagnous  swamps,  among  mountains,  Ac,  N.  States,  and  Brit.  Am.  Jl., 
Aug. 

2  L.  convallarioides  Hook.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate;  rac.  few-flowered,  loose, 
pubescent;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate;  lip.  cuneate-spatulate,  twice  as  long  aa  the 
sepals,  2-toothed  at  base,  with  2  roundish  lobes  and  an  intermediate  minute  one 
at  the  apex ;  column  elongated. — Car.  to  Arc.  Am.  Root  fibrous.  St.  very  slen- 
der, 5  to  10'  high,  sheathed  with  a  few  bracts,  bearing  the  2  lvs.  above  the  mid- 
dle. Lvs.  1'  or  more  long,  nearly  as  wide.  Fls.  small,  the  broad,  obcordate  lip 
about  4"  long,  purplish.     May. 

3  L.  pub^scens  Nutt.  St.  pubescent,  leafless ;  lvs.  all  radical,  ovate,  acute ;  fls. 
in  a  raceme ;  lip  2-lobed,  the  other  segments  connivent,  about  as  long  as  the  lip ; 
caps,  clavate. — Pine  barrens.  Car.  and  (ia.  Fls.  greenish-white.  Jn.,  Jl. — We  have 
seen  no  specimen.     Is  it  a  Cranichis  ? 

♦  L.  auatralis  Lindl.  Lvs.  ovate;  fls.  minute,  puberulent,  on  pedicels  twice 
longer  than  the  ovary,  in  a  loose,  slender  raceme ;  lip  Unear,  clefi;  into  2  linear- 
8etaceou.s  segments,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  sepaJa. — Swamps,  N.  Jer.  to  Gu. 
May,  Jn. 

13.  CRAN'ICHIS,  Swartz.  (Gr.  /rpaVor,  a  helmet  ?) — Sepals  spread- 
ing or  retlexed ;  lip  narrow,  entire,  arched ;  column  straight,  bearing 
the  anther  on  the  back,  parallel  with  the  style ;  pollen  farinaceous. — 
Lvs.  nearly  radical.  St.  bracted,  bearing  a  slender  spike.  Fls.  obliquely 
cernuous. 

C.  multlfldra  EIL  St.  slender,  with  a  few  Bheathing  bracts,  pubescent  above ;  Its. 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  on  short,  sheathing  petioles  near  the  base ;  spike  many- 
flowered,  rather  loose;  sep.  pubescent,  laiiceolate,  mostly  rcfiexed;  petals  liuear, 


Ordeu  138.— orchid  AC  k.*:. 


680 


the 


cotinivent  and  curved  upwards,  lip  recurved  almost  to  a  Iialf  circle,  chaj»ncled,  its 
biise  einbracinjf  tlio  column. — Saudy  soils,  8.  (in.  Fia.  to  La.  (Dcscritted  from  an 
imperfect  specimen  resembling  a  Spiraiithes.)  St.  10  to  '20'  hi>,'li.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long.     Periautli  scirco  6  "  long,  greeuisii-white.     Sept.,  Out. 

14.  SPIRANTHES,  Rich.  Ladies'  Tresses.  (dr.  anFlpnv, 
wreath  ;  sc.  tho  twisted  spike.)  Periantli  ringent;  lower  sepals  ol>li»]u 
and  including  the  base  of  the  lip;  upper  sepal  connivent  with  ' 
petals;  lip  oblong,  channeled,  parallel  with  the  column,  and  with  callous 
processes  at  base;  colnnin  curved,  stigma  ovate,  rostrate,  becomini; 
bidentato  at  apex;  anther  dorsal;  pollinia  2,  each  2-lol)ed,  powdery. — 
St.  scape-like,  bearing  numy  white  tls.  in  an  oblique,  spiral  row. 

♦  Spike  with  the  rachis  twistoil,  ivinl  tiic  thiwcrs  in  one  inoilcratoly  twJMtcd  row Nom.  1,  '2 

*  Spiku  with  the  rucliib  Ktiuight  but  thu  Uuwui'd  iu  a  (Icnsu  spiral  nil  urouml Noij. ;{,  4 

1  L.  gracilis  Bigelow.  Slevpku  L apies'  Tressks.  Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate  or  oh- 
lanctolate,  fugacious;  scape  with  remote  alicaMis;  (la.  in  a  single  row,  winch  is 
moderately  spiral ;  lip  oblong-spatulate,  crcnulate-wavy  at  tiie  recurved  tip,  tlie 
callosities  distinct ;  plant  nearly  glabrous. — A  yery  delicate  i)lant,  not  uncomniun 
in  old  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Scape  very  slender,  8  to  12'  liigli.  Lvs.  clnsc  on 
the  ground,  1  to  2'  long,  contracted  to  a  petiole,  usually  witiiering  bclbro  tlio 
flowers  appear.  Fls.  wliite,  fragrant.  Rachis  twisted  moro  than  tlio  row  of 
flowers,  but  in  tho  opposite  direction.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  L.  t6rtili8  Ph.  Tall,  slender;  lvs.  mostly  at  base;  long  and  linear ;  tho  caulino 
distant  and  sheathing;  bract-like;  fls.  in  a  single  row,  moderately  Iwi.sted,  una 
twisted  rachis;  perianth  oIongiK.d  (5');  Z;;)  oblong,  cmntt},  piunaiily  lobe</,  lobes 
crenulato;  platd  more  or  less  jiubescent  above. — tirassy  plains,  Car.  to  Ala.  and 
Fla.  St.  2  toiif  high,  stouter  than  in  S.  gracilis.  Lvs.  G  to  10'  long,  2  to  5  "  wide. 
Spike  3  to  5'  long.     Jn.  Jl. 

3  S.  cernua  Rich.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  elongated,  tho  caulino  gradually 
smaller;  spike  dense-flowered,  thick,  oblong,  tho  flowers  oblique  and  cernuous ; 
lip  oblong,  obtuse,  wavy  and  crenulato,  recurved,  longer  than  the  petals ;  plant 
pubescent  above. — Can.  and  U.  S.,  common  in  meadows,  &c.  St.  9  to  18'  or  more, 
somewhat  leafy,  Lvs.  3  to  6  to  10'  long,  3  to  6"  wide.  Spike  1  to  3'  long.  Fls. 
Uirge  for  the  genus,  fragrant.     Perianth  i  to  6"  long,  cream-white.     Aug. — Oct. 

4  S.  latifblia  Torn  Lvs.  nearly  radical,  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  3  to  5-veined ; 
St.  with  2  or  3  sheathing  bracts;  fls.  (small  3  to  4)  in  an  oblong,  dense  spiko 
which  is  somewhat  twisted ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  crenulate-crisped  on  the  margin. 
about  ^-veined,  callosities  adn.ate ;  plant  quite  glabrous. — In  moist  grounds,  Cj^., 
to  Penn.  A  low  plant,  often  concealed  in  tiie  grass,  4  to  8'  high.  Lvs.  3  or 
more,  2  to  4'  long,  often  obtusish.  Fls,  rather  larger  than  in  No.  1,  white,  tho 
lip  yellowish,  with  green  lines.     Jn.,  Jl. 

15.  GOODYE'RA,  R.  Br.  Rattlesnake  Plantain.  (Named  for 
John  Goodycr,  an  obscure  English  botanist.)  Perianth  r'Mgent ;  calyx 
intiated,  upper  sepals  with  tho  petals  vaulted,  the  two  lower  sepals 
placed  beneath  and  including  the  saccate,  entire  lip,  which  is  without 
callosities  and  abruptly  acuminate  and  retiexcd  at  apex;  anther  ou  the 
back  of  the  free  column  ;  pollinia  2,  composed  of  angular  grains. — 
Bracted  scapes  arising  from  creeping  rhizomes,  Avith  radical,  ovate  lvs. 
and  a  downy  spike  of  small  white  fls. 

1  G.  rep^na  R.  Br,  Lvs,  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurelj'-  reticulated  with  white,  lip 
ovate,  with  an  oblong,  obtuse  acumination;  column  acutely  2-horned  at  the  sum- 
mit; spike  secund  or  slightly  twisted,  minutely  pubescent.  Rocky  mountain 
woods,  Can.  to  Car.  St.  slender,  5  to  8'  high,  bearing  a  spike  2  to  3'  long.  Lva. 
9  to  12"  in  length,  curiously  netted  with  white  lines,  but  less  so  than  the  next 
(which  is  scarcely  distinct  from  this).    Jl.,  Aug. 

2  O.  pub^BCena  R.  Br.     Lvs.  ovate,  and  conspicuously  reticulate  with  white; 

44 


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Ordbb  138.— ORCHIDACEuE. 


lip  roundish -ovate,  with  a  narrow,  abrupt,  recurved  point ;  column  rounded  and 
obscurely  2 -toothed  at  apex;  spike  dense,  with  the  fls.  spirally  arranged,  pubes- 
cent.— Woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  with  its  several  Ivs.  radical  and  singularly  mottled 
with  white  and  dark  green.  St.  6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  contracted  into 
a  short,  winged  petiole.  Spike  2  to  4'  long.  Perianth  greenish,  about  2  "  long, 
nearly  as  wide. — Jn.,  Jl. 

16.  CALOFO^GON,  Brown.  Grass  Pink.  (Gr.  KaXog^  beautiful, 
irwywv,  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  lip.)  Sepals  and  petals  simi- 
lar, distinct ;  lip  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flowers  (the  ovary  not  twisted 
as  in  other  Orchids),  unguiculate  bearded ;  column  free,  winged  at  the 
summit;  pollen  angular. — Corm  bearing  a  grass-like  If.,  a  naked  scape 
with  several  showy  fls. 

C.  pulch^Uua  Br.  Lf.  radical,  linear-ensiform,  veined ;  scape  few-flowered ;  lip 
erect,  narrowed  at  base,  with  an  expanded  border  and  a  concave,  crested  disk. — 
A  beautiful  plant,  in  swamps  and  damp  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Scape  slender, 
10  to  20'  liigh,  with  a  long  leaf  (8  to  12'  by  f )  slieathing  its  base.  Fls.  3  to  8, 
large,  purple,  remarkable  for  their  apparently  inverted  position ;  lip  expanded  at 
apex,  spatulate,  crested  with  white,  orange  and  purple  clavate  hairs,  and  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  flower,  while  the  column  is  below!  Jn.,  Jl.  (Cymbidium 
Willd.) 

17.  POGO^NIA,  Juss.  (Gr.  TTwywv,  beard;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded 
lip.)  Perianth  irregular,  sepals  and  petals  distinct ;  lip  sessile  or  un- 
guiculate, cucullate,  bearded  inside;  column  wingless,  elongated,  free; 
poUinia  2,  farinaceous. — Habit  various.     Lvs.  1  or  more.     Fls.  purple. 

5  Sepals  about  equal,  and  Blmiiar  to  the  petals,  light  purple.    Lip  .scarcely  lobed Nos.  1,  '2 

I  Sei)al8  much  longer  than,  and  unlike  the  petals,  dark  brown.    Lip  3-lobed No*.  :i,  4 

1  P.  opbioglossoides  Br.  Rt.  fibrous ;  St.  furnished  with  an  oval-lanceolate  kaj 
and  a  foliaceous  bract  near  the  single  flower ;  sep.  and  pet.  about  equal ;  Up.  fim- 
briate.— An  interesting  plant,  much  taller  than  the  bulbous  Arethusa,  found  in 
swamps  and  muddy  shores.  Can.,  N.  Eug.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  The  stem  is  very 
slender  9 — IG'  high,  with  2  remote  leaves,  the  one  placed  about  midway,  2 — 3' 
long,  lanceolate,  acute,  sheathing  at  tlio  base;  the  otlier  (a  bract)  much  smaller, 
situated  near  tlie  flower.  Flower  large,  nodding,  pale  purple.  Lip  long  as  petals 
and  sepals  (J')     Juno.     (Arotli'i.sa  L.) 

2  P.  verticill4ta  Nutt.  Lvs.  5,  lance-oval  verticillate ;  fl.  solitary,  the  3  outer 
petals  very  long,  linear,  inner  ones  nearly  thrice  shorter,  lanceolate,  obtuse ;  lip  3- 
lobed,  the  middle  lobes  undulate. — Swamps,  Can.  to  Ga.  (Mr.  Wm.  Jones),  common. 
Stem  8 — 12'  high,  with  a  whorl  of  leaves  near  the  top  and  a  flower  1 — 2'  above  it. 
Leaves  1  J'  long,  +  as  wide,  i^bruptly  acuminate.  The  liower  is  remarkable  for 
'tg  serials  being  above  2'  long,  very  narrow,  and  of  a  greenish-brown  color.  Lip 
crested  in  the  middle,     July.     (Arethusa  Willd.) 

3  P.  pendula  Lindl.  Three-birds.  Rt.  tuberous ;  st.  leafy,  about  ^-flowered  at 
the  top;  lvs.  clasping,  ovate,  alternate ;  fls.  axillary  nodding;  lip.  entire,  scabrous, 
not  bearded ;  fr.  pendulous. — A  small,  delicate  plant,  in  swamps.  Mid.  and  W. 
and  S.  States.  St.  scarcely  6'  high,  shghtly  angled,  with  about  3  fls.  which  with 
the  ovary  are  1'  long.  Tiie  fruit  often  resembles  3  little  birds.  Lvs.  3  to  6,  4  to  8" 
long,  purplish.  Fls.  light  purple,  the  segments  of  the  perianth  equal,  converging, 
and  rather  longer  than  the  lip.     Aug.     (Triphora  Nutt.) 

4  P.  divaric^ta  R.  Br.  Lvs.  2,  one  of  them  in  the  middle  of  the  stem,  lanceolate- 
linear,  subfalcate,  the  other  terminal,  bract-like,  at  the  base  of  tlio  single,  large, 
flower;  sep.  narrow,  wide-spread,  recnrved  at  apex,  one  third  longer  than  the  Ian' 
ceolate,  a-,uminate  petals;  lip  spatulate,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  rounded,  cuspidate; 
lateral  lobes  somewliat  mvoluto. — A  lino,  sliowy  plant,  near  2f  high,  iu  grassy 
swamps,  Va.  to  Fin.  ard  La.  Lf  2  to  4'  by  3  to  6  ",  rather  oblong  than  lance- 
shaped,  tlio  bract  scarce  ';  alf  as  large.  Petals  1'  long,  pink,  sep.  18",  brownish- 
purple.    Lip  grocn,  witl'  purple  veins.     Apr.,  May. 

18.  ARETHU^SA,  Gronov.      (Arethusaj  a  nymph  of  Diana,  trans 


Order  139.— MARANTACE^. 


601 


formed  to  a  fountain.)  Perianth  somewhat  ringcnt;  sepals  and  petals 
cohering  at  the  base ;  lip  spurless,  adnate  to  the  column  at  base,  de- 
flected at  the  end,  and  bearded  inside  ;  poUinia  4,  angular. — St.  low, 
sheathed,  1 -flowered,  arising  from  a  corm  or  bulb  imbedded  in  moss. 

A.  bulbdsa  L.  This  beautiful  and  interesting  plant  is  found  in  wet  meadows  and 
swamps,  Can.  to  Va.  W.  to  Wis.  Stem  6 — 12'  high,  invested  with  about  3  long, 
loose  sheaths,  with  lanceolate  points,  the  upper  ones  rarely  at  length  produced 
into  a  short  linear-spatulate  leaf.  At  the  top  is  a  single,  large,  fragrant  flower  ot 
a  nch  purple  color.  At  the  base  of  the  flower  is  a  small  spathe  of  2  unequal 
bracts.    June. 

19.  EPIDEN'DRUM,  Swartz.  Trbb  Orchis.  (Gr.  em,  upon,  6ev- 
rfpov,  a  tree.)  Sepals  and  petals  spreading;  lip  united  with  the  col- 
umn and  forming  a  tube  which  is  sometimes  decurrent  on  the  ovary  ; 
anther  terminal,  opercular ;  poUinia  4,  separated  by  complete,  persistent 
partitions,  and  each  narrowed  at  base  into  a  reflexed,  elastic  pedicel. 
— Epiphytic  plants,  vegetating  in  air  and  the  scanty  soil  lodged  in  tlie 
bark  of  trees.   Sts.  few-leaved  at  base,  naked  and  many-flowered  above. 

E.  conopaeum  H.  K.  Sts.  tufted,  2-leaved  simple;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acute  or  mucronate,  sessile ;  fls.  3  to  7,  spieate,  erect,  yellow ;  lip  3-lobcd, 
middle  lobe  obcordato,  spreading  as  well  as  the  narrow-linear,  obtuse  petals. — 
Giiiefly  on  the  Magnolia  grandiflora,  in  damp  woods,  low  country,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  farther  West.  Root  an  entangled  mass  of  thick  fibers.  Sts.  in  clusters,  5  to 
8'  high.  Lvs.  1'  to  18''  long.  Fls.  expanding  5  or  6",  tinged  with  purple. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

Order   CXXXIX.     MARANTAOE.^.     Arroworts. 

Herbs  with  a  creeping  rhizome,  sheathing  petioles,  and  ample  leaves,  with  par- 
allel veins  diverging  from  the  midvein.  Fls.  with  spathaceotis  bracts.  Perianth 
adherent,  irregular,  of  3  circles,  each  of  3  parts,  the  inner  often  abortive.  Stamens 
3,  petaloid,  2  sterile,  tho  3d  fertile,  lateral,  with  only  half  an  anther.  Ovary  infe- 
rior, 1  to  3-cclled.     Seeds  albuminous,  embryo  not  in  a  sac  (vitellus). 

Geneva  6,  ftpecie/i  166,  chiefly  found  In  tbe  tinriles.  They  are  remnrkable,  as  an  order,  for  the 
ntiundanco  of  pure  starch  contained  in  tho  rhi.  ines  of  many  species,  constituting  the  genuine 
iirroAV  root  of  conunerco.  This  is  cl.iofly  obtained  from  Maranta  arnncfinaceu  and  nobilis.  E, 
Indies,  and  M.  ramoninnimd,  W.  Indies.    Isomc  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

1,,  THA^LIA,  L.  (Named  for  Jokn  Thalius,  a  German  physician  and 
author.)  Flowers  contained  in  a  2-lcaved,  glume-like  spathe ;  calyx  3- 
sepaled,  small,  concave,  lance-ovate ;  corolla  6-partcd,  the  3  outer  seg- 
ments equal,  3  inner  very  unequal ;  stamen  2-parted,  the  outer  segment 
petaloid,  inner  slender,  bearing  the  1-ccl'ed,  ovate  (half)  anther ;  stylo 
short,  twisted,  with  a  large,  lip-shaped  stigma;  fruit  capsular,  thin,  with 
1  or  2  large  seeds;  embryo  recurved. —  2(  Lvs.  with  long  sheaths. 
Scape  paniculate. 

T.  dealb^ta  Roscoo.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  and  revolute  at  apex,  rounded 
at  base,  petiole  distinct,  much  shorter  than  its  sheath ;  scape  and  panicle  pow- 
dered; spathe  of  2  very  unequal  lvs.,  2-flovered,  but  usuaJly  l-fruited,  pilous; 
pericarp  membranous,  inclosing  1  large,  farinaceous  seed,  in  which  tho  slender 
embryo  lies  distinct,  bent  double. — A  tall,  elegant  plant,  in  marsli>?s,  S.  Car.  (Cur- 
tis) to  Fla.  Abundant  in  the  Chattahoochee  R.  near  Apalae)ncola,  Scape  slender. 
3  to  6  to  7f  I  high,  bearing  a  large,  forking  panicle,  with  several  laiico-linear,  de- 
ciduous bracts.  Lvs.  9  to  14'  by  4  to  8',  often  subcordato.  Fls.  purple,  half  con- 
cealed in  the  bracts. 

2.  CANNA,  L.  Indian  Shot.  (Derivation  doubtful.)  Calyx  of  3 
sepals,  persistent  on  the  fruit;  corolla  6-i)arted,  with  unequal  segments, 


I 


692  Order  140.— AMARYLLIDACE^. 

the  outer  often  reflexed ;  stamen  petaloid,  2-lobed,  the  upper  lobe  bear- 
ing tlie  1-celled  (half)  anther  on  its  margin ;  style  petaloid,  fleshy,  stigma 
obtuse;  capsule  muricate,  3-celled ;  seeds  globular. —  2^  Handsome, 
evergreen  herbs,  with  largo  Ivs.  and  showy  panicles,  or  spikes. 

§  GORYTHIUM*  (Gr.  {Kopvq)  KopvBog,  with  a  helmet.)  Tube 
of  the  corolla  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  with  the  outer  segment  spirally 
attached y  and  reflexed,  inner  segment  and  the  stamen  dilated  and  coroni- 
form  ;  anther  wholly  adnate. 

1  C.  fidccida  Roscoo.  Glabrous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  to  a  long, 
sheathing  base;  fls.  spicate,  2-bracted;  sep.  erect,  lance-linear;  cor.  tube  more 
tlian  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals-,  limbot  tlie  inner  petals  spreading,  flaccid,  wavy, 
yellow,  the  outer  lance-linear,  reflexed ;  stigma  obliquely  dilated  above,  termina- 
ting the  corolla  tube. — A  fine  plant,  around  ponds,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  and  Fla.  Stem 
3f  high.  Lvs.  near  2f  long  (including  tiio  narrow  base),  2  to  4'  wide.  Fls.  about 
4'  long.  Caps,  oval,  12  to  16'  long. — This  plant,  with  its  congeners,  might  per- 
haps constitute  a  now  genus. 

§  CANNA  proper.  Corolla  tube  short  or  none,  segments  erect  or 
sjTi'eading  above,  the  inner  not  coroniform  ;  anther  free  above. 

2  C.  Indica  Rose.  Glabrous;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  abrupt  at  base;  cor.  tube 
scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals ;  segm.  strap-shaped  or  spatulate,  subequal,  inner 
erect. — Often  cultivated.  Lvs.  large,  smooth  and  glossy,  the  lamina  more  than 
If  long.     Fls.  near  2'  long,  red  and  yellow,     f  W.  Indies. 

Order  CXL.     AMARYLLIDACE^.     Amaryllids. 

Herbs  perennial,  chiefly  bulbous,  with  linear  leaves  not  scurfy  nor  woolly.  FloiU' 
em  showy,  mostly  regular  and  on  scapes,  with  an  adherent,  6-parted  perianth.  Sta- 
mens  6,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  styles  united  into  1.  Fruit  a  3-celkd 
capsule  or  berry.     Seeds  1  to  00,  with  fleshy  albumen.     Figs.  315,  342,  395,  396. 

Geneva  68,  species  400,  chiefly  tropical  plants,  most  abundant  in  Brazil  and  S.  Africa.  Very 
fV'Nv  iiro  found  in  our  climate. 

J'ropertifiK  A  few  of  tlio  Amaryllids  possess  poisonous  properties,  which  is  very  rare 
ariiont;  the  Endogens.  The  Hottentots  are  said  to  poison  their  arrows  by  dipping  them  in  tlio 
viscid  Juice  of  the  bulbs  of  Iln'iiianthus  to.xicarius.  The  bulbs  of  Narcissus  poeticus,  and  of  other 
species,  are  emetic,  ""'ic  fermented  juice  of  the  Agave  forma  the  intoxicating^u^gMe  of  the  Mex- 
ieiius.    Many  are  highly  ornamental  in  cultivation. 

GENERA. 

§  Perianth  bearing  a  crown  on  the  summit  of  its  tube.  (•) 

•  Crown  a  thin  membrane  connecting  the  stamens Pancratium.       1 

•  Crown  a  firm  cup  containing  the  stamens Nakcisbcs.  2 

§  Perianth  destitute  of  a  crown.  (••) 

♦*  Segments  united  into  a  tube  above  the  ovary.    Stamens  porigynous.  (a) 

a  Flowers  solitaiy,  tube  of  the  perianth  straight,  ereci ZKi'irvitANTiirs.  3 

a  Flowers  many,  lube  of  the  perianth  straight Ahavk.  4 

a  Flowers  many,  tube  of  the  perianth  curved Polyanthes.  6 

*•  Segments  distinct  down  to  the  ovary.    Flowers  nodding,  (b) 

b  Perianth  irregular.    Stamens  declined  and  curved Sprekeua.  6 

b  Perianth  regular. — Sepals  (all  white)  'arger  than  petals Galanthus.  7 

— Sepals  (green-tipped)  as  largo  as  petals Leucojum.  8 

— Sepals  and  petals  equal,  yellow II vi'oxm.  9 

i.  PANCRATIUM,  L.  (Gr.  Trdv,  all,  Kparvg,  powerful;  the  name 
was  first  applied  to  the  medicinal  squill.)  Tube  of  the  perianth  pro- 
duced above  the  ovary,  long  and  slender,  dilated  in  the  throat,  limb 
regular,  6-parted ;  stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  throat,  their  bases  con- 
nected by  an  ample  membrane  forming  a  broad,  funnel-shaped  corona; 
anthers  linear,  versatile ;  capsule  3-valved,  oo-seedcd. — Bulbs  tunicated, 
bearing  long  lvs.  and  a  scapo  wilh  a  bractcd  umbel  of  showy  fls. 


i   1 


Order  140.— AMARYLLIDACE^. 


693 


1  P.  rotdtum  L.  Scapes  2 — 6-flowered;  Ivs.  long,  strap-shaped,  obtuse;  ovary 
•ovate-triangular;  sep.  and  i)et.  linear,  as  long  as  the  tube;  crown  broad-funnel- 
shaped  or  top-shaped,  the  margin  12-toothed,  alternate  teeth  stameniferous  sta- 
mens and  declined  style  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepala;  anthers  yellow. — Marshes 
and  low  grounds,  along  streams,  throughout  the  S.  States.  Bulb  white,  an  incli 
or  more  in  diam.  Scape  18'  to  2f  high.  Fls.  usually  but  2,  white.  Perianth  and 
tube  about  3'  long,  the  crown  about  18"  broad,  very  thin  and  often  torn.  Apr. 
May.     (P.  Mexicanum  L.     Hymenocallis  Herbt.) 

2  P.  corondrium  Le  Conte.  Scape  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse ; 
petals  linear,  tiirice  longer  than  the  crown,  which  is  large,  funnel-shaped,  \8-angled, 
or  having  2  angular  teeth  between  the  stamens,  and  often  a  jagged  sinus  between 
the  teeth;  stam.  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  with  long  (6  to  8  "),  linear,  yellow 
anthers. — River  swamps,  along  the  coast,  Car.,  Ga.  (Pursh)  to  La.  (Mr.  R.  (ireen). 
Scapes  and  Ivs.  2  or  3f  long.     Fls.  white.     Style  much  longer  than  the  stamens. 

3  P.  maritimum  L.  Scape  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  linear,  strap-shaped,  glaucous, 
longer  than  the  scape  ;  perianth  funnel-shaped,  segm.  lance-linear,  spreading  above, 
longer  than  the  crown ;  crmon  funnel-shapnd,  its  base  adherent  to  the  segments,  its 
margin  with  Q  pairs  (12)  o/ prominent  teeth,  alternating  with  the  stamens,  which 
are  borne  in  the  sinuses.  River  swamps,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Walter,  Catesby)  and  west- 
ward (Le  Conte).  Not  lately  seen?  Scape  18' to  2f  high.  Fls.  very  fragrant, 
evanescent.     (P.  occidentalis  Le  Conte  ?)   Eur. 

2.  NARCIS'SUS,  L.  (Gr.  vdpKrj,  stupor ;  from  the  effects  produced 
by  the  smell  of  some  of  the  species.)  Perianth  regular,  6-parted, 
bearing  on  its  throat  a  cup  or  bell-form  crown  (corsisting  of  a  whorl  of 
united  sterile  stamens) ;  fertile  stamens  6,  inserted  within  the  tube  and 
concealed  within  the  crown. — A  genus  of  well  known,  much  cultivated 
flowers,  many  of  them  very  fragrant  and  beautiful.  They  have  bulbous 
roots,  ensiform  leaves,  and  usually  yellow  fls.,  with  a  long,  compressed 
spathe,  opening  on  one  side  and  deciduous. 

5  Crown  longer  than  the  tnbo  of  the  perianth No.  1 

§  Crown  Bhorter  shan  tho  tube  of  the  i»eriantb, — its  border  crenate Nos.  2,  3 

— its  border  entire No.  4 

1  N.  Pseudo-Narcissus  L.  Daffodil.  Scape  2-cdged,  straight,  striated ;  seg- 
ments sulphur  color ;  corona  with  a  .serrate-crenato  orifice,  and  as  long  as  the  pe- 
tals.— Gardens.  Root  bulbous.  Leaves  linear,  a  foot  long,  striate,  veined.  Sctipo 
a  foot  high,  bearing  at  the  top  a  single,  very  large  flower,  with  a  very  long  cup 
or  corona.     April,  May.     f  Eur.     (Ajax,  Haworth.) 

2  N.  Jonquflla  L.  Jonquils.  Scape  1 — 3-flowered;  segments  reflexed,  spatu- 
lato;  cup  (corona)  much  shorter  than  the  segments,  saucer-shaped,  ipreadiiig,  cre- 
nate. — Gardens.  Scapo  a  foot  high,  round,  slender,  bearing  at  tho  summit  a  few 
flowers  of  a  ricii  yellow,  and  very  fragrant.  May,  Jn.  f  Spain.  (Queltia  Her- 
bert.) 

3  N.  posticus  L.  Poet's  Narcissus.  Scapo  l-flowercd;  segments  imbricate 
at  base,  rellexed;  corona  expanded,  fiat,  rotatt,  erenulate;  3  anth.  shorter  than  the 
tube. — Gardens.  Scapo  about  a  foot  higli,  leaves  of  the  same  lengtli.  It  bears  a 
single  flower,  which  is  mostly  wliite,  but  having  the  crown  singularly  adorned 
with  circles  of  crimson,  white  and  yellow.    Jn.     \  S.  Europo. 

4  N.  Taz^tta  L.  Spatho  many-flowered ;  corona  campannlute,  truncate,  shorter 
than  the  petals ;  Ivs.  flat. — Gardens.  Root  a  largo  bulb.  Leaves  smooth,  sword- 
shaped.  Scape  nuked,  striate,  afoot  high,  with  10 — 12  flower-s.  (^Jorolla  whit(>, 
cup  a  strong  yellow,  not  fragrant.     April,  May.     f  Spain.     (Hermiono  Herbert.) 

3.  ZEPHYRAN'THUS,  Herbert.  Amaryllis.  Atamasco  Lily. 
(Ze^vpo^",  tho  west  wind,  avOo<;.)  Perianth  superior,  tubular  at  base, 
runnel-form,  witli  a  6-parted,  regular  limb,  which  spreads  above ;  sta- 
mens 6,  inserted  in  the  throat,  or  one  of  them  lower  down,  filaments 
.slender ;  anther  versatile  ;   style  filiform,  somewhat  declined ;  stigma 


694 


Order  140.— AMARYLLIDACE-*. 


'1^ 


S-fid ;  seeds  Qo,  2  rows  in  each  sell,  black. — ^Bulb  tunicated,  sending  up 
a  scape  v;ith  linear  Ivs.  Spathc  1-leaved.  Fls.  erect,  showy  and  beau- 
tiful.    Fig.  316. 

Z.  AtamiBCO  Herbt.  Spathe  2-clefl,  acute;  flowers  solitary,  pediceled;  cor. 
campanulate,  suberect,  with  the  segm.  equally  spreading  above ;  filaments  much 
exceeding  thfl  tube,  but  shorter  than  the  segments. — An  attractive  flower,  in  wet 
day  soils,  Va,  to  Fla.  Lva.  linear,  a  foot  long.  Scape  round,  6  to  12'  high. 
Spathe  a  little  colored,  bifid  at  the  summit.  Flower  large,  white  and  pink.  Se- 
pals lanceolate,  3  to  3 J'  long  (including  the  1'  tube).  March  (S.),  May  (N.) 
(Amaryllis  L.). 

4.  AGA^VE,  L.  (Gr.  ayavog,  admirable.)  Perianth  tubular-funnel- 
form,  aJherent  to  the  ovary,  6-parted ;  stamens  6,  exserted ;  anthers 
linear,  soon  versatile ;  capsule  coriaceous,  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled, 
many-seeded. — A  splendid  American  genus.  Root  sometimes  ligneous. 
Stem  herbaceous.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  thick  and  rigid,  channeled, 
often  spiny.     Scape  many-flowered. 

1  A.  Virginica  L.  False  Aloe.  Acaulescent,  herbaceous ;  lvs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, tioshy,  glabrous,  with  cartilaginous  serratures  on  the  margin ;  scape  simple, 
glabrous,  with  leaf-like  scales  and  sessile,  tubular  flowers. — Rocky  banks,  Penn. 
to  Ga.  Root  premorse,  tuberous.  Scape  4  to  6f  high,  terete,  glabrous,  loosely 
spicate  above.  Radical  le-'.yes  long,  acute.  Flowers  1'  long,  greenish-yellow, 
very  fragrant,  tube  longer  than  the  subulate  segments.  Anth.  long  exserted. 
Capsule  roundisli,  obscurely  3-angled,  3-furrowed.     Sept.  f 

2  A.  Americana  L.  American  Aloe.  Century  Plant.  Acaulescent; 
lvs.  spinous-dentate,  lanceolate,  coriaceous  and  fleshy;  scape  branched,  lofty  and 
arborescent ;  coi:  tube  contracted  in  the  middle ;  pedicel  as  long  as  the  corolla. — 
The  largest  of  all  herbaceous  plants,  native  of  tropical  America,  often  cultivated. 
It  is  a  popular  notion  that  it  flowers  but  once  in  a  hundred  years,  but  it  is  known 
to  flower  much  oltener,  according  to  the  culture  it  receives.  Leaves  radical, 
thick,  3 — 6  or  8f  long,  4 — 12'  wide.  The  scape  arises  from  the  center  of  the 
leaves  to  the  height  of  15  to  25f,  bearing  a  pyramidal  panicle  of  innumerable  yel- 
low flowers.     Tliere  is  a  variety  with  striped  leaves,  f 

5.  POLYAN'THES,  L.  Tuberose.  (Gr.  noXvg,  many,  avdeg.) 
Perianth  superior,  funnel-form,  with  a  long,  curved  tube ;  filaments  in- 
serted into  the  throat,  included  ;  ovary  at  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  the 
Kr.mniit  free. — Rt.  an  upright  rhizome,  thick,  producing  tubers  above. 
St.  terete,  solid,  simple,  oo-flowered. 

P.  tuberdsa  L.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate ;  petals  oblong. — A  green-house  plant. 
Sts.  bulbous  at  base  with  tuberous  branches.  Scape  scaly,  2  to  3f  high,  with  al- 
ternate, large,  white,  regular  fls.  of  a  delicious  fragrance,  which  is  most  powerful 
at  evening.     Aug.,  Sept.     f  Ceylon. 

6.  SPREKE^LIA,  Endl.  JacobeaLily.  Perianth  adherent  6-leavcd, 
subbiiabiatc  and  spreading  above ;  inner  segm.  narrower ;  stam.  6,  in- 
serted on  the  ovary,  unequal,  and  with  the  style  declined,  but  bending 
up  at  apex. — Bulbous.     Scape  fistulous,  1 -flowered.     Lvs.  linear. 

8.  formosfsBima  Herbt.  Lvs.  radical ;  fs.  nodding,  very  ringent,  tube 
fringed ;  sta.  included  in  the  involute  lower  .segments. — A  splendid  flower,  grown 
in  light,  loamy  sol).  Leaves  tliick,  oblong,  narrow.  Scape  a  foot  high.  Spathe 
rod,  disclosing  a  single  largo  flower  of  a  flue  dark  rod  color.     Jn. — Aug. 

7.  GAL  AN  THUS,  L.  Snow-drop.  (Gr.  yaAa,  milk,  avOog-,  from 
the  color.)  Perianth  superior,  segments  distinct,  the  3  inner  shorter, 
notched  or  lobed  ;  stamens  0,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  ovary,  erect, 
included  ;  style  straiglit,  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  stigma  entire  ;  cap- 


Ordsb  Ul.— bbomeuage^. 


695 


sule  3-celled,  loculicidal,  oo-seeded. — Bulb  tunicated,  acrid.  Scape  3- 
edged,  solid.  Spathe  1-leaved.  Fla.  white,  pendulous.  Caps,  matur- 
ing under  ground. 

O.  nivalis.  Bnow-drop.  Lvs.  linear,  radical,  keeled,  acute ;  scape  1 -flowered. 
— Native  of  the  Alps,  well  known  in  gardens,  flowering  early  in  spring.  It  is  a 
small  plant,  half  a  foot  high,  arising  from  a  perennial  bulb,  bearing  a  single,  large, 
nodding  flower,  white  as  snow.  Stem  usually  furnished  with  2  long,  narrow 
leaves  towards  the  top. 

8.  LEUCO^JUM,  L.  Snow-flakk.  (Gr.  AevKOf,  white,  ?ov,  violet.) 
Perianth  superior,  segments  distinct,  subequal,  often  thickened  at  the 
apex ;  stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  tip  of  the  ovary,  included  ;  style 
erect,  thickened  upwards;  stigma  entire,  obtuse;  capsule  fleshy,  3- 
valved,  loculicidal,  Qo-seeded. — Bulb  tunicated.  Scape  2-edged,  fistu- 
lous.    Lvs.  few.     Spathe  1-leaved.     Fls.  pendulous. 

1  L.  aBBtivum  L.  Lvs.  linear,  a  little  shorter  than  tho  scape ;  spathe  many 
(4  to8)-flowered;  caps,  pyriform,  with  numerous  black  seeds  in  each  cell. — Gar- 
dens, very  pretty.  Lvs.  6  or  more,  of  a  rich  green,  long,  channeled,  sheathing. 
Scape  6  to  10'  high,  sharply  2-angled,  bearing  at  top  an  umbel  of  pedicellate  nod- 
ding fls.  issuing  from  a  spathe.  Sep.  pure  white,  6  to  8"  long,  tipped  with  a 
green  thickened  point.     May,  Jn.     f  Eur. 

2  T[i.  v^rnum  L.  Lvs.  linear  or  strap-shaped,  sheathing  at  base ;  scape  1  or 
2-flowered  ;  perianth  segm.  with  divergent  veins,  white,  marked  with  a  green  or 
yellow  tip;  seeds  7  in  eachceU,  straw-colored. — Gardens,  less  frequent  than  tlie 
other.     Mar.,  Apr.     f  Eur.     (L,  rinosn-.a,  Herbert.) 

9.  HYPOX'IS,  L.  Star-grass.  (Gr.  vrro,  under,  o^vf,  sharp ;  on 
account  of  the  pointed  base  of  the  fruit.)  Spathe  2-leaved  ;  perianth 
6-parted,  regular,  persistent ;  stamens  6 ;  capsule  elongated,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  indehiscent ;  seeds  numerous,  roundish,  with  a  black,  crus- 
taceous  integument. — Small,  bulbous,  grass-like  plants,  with  yellow  fls. 
Lvs.  radical,  linear. 

1  H.  er^cta  L.  Pilous ;  s<:r-^e  about  i-flozoe',ed,  shorter  than  tho  linear-lanceolate 
lvs. — In  woods  and  meadowss,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Lvs.  all  radical,  6  to  12'  by  3  to 
6",  very  acute.  Tho  slender,  hairy  scapes,  several  from  tlie  same  root,  arise  6  to 
8',  divided  at  top  into  a  sort  of  umbel  with  3  to  5  peduncles,  having  each  a  niiii- 
ute,  subulate  spathe  a.,  A\e  base.  Perianth  hairy  and  greenish  without,  yoUow 
within ;  segm.  oval,  rather  obtuse.     Ju. 

2  H.  filifdlia  Ell.  Sparingly  pilous ;  scape  l-flowered,  shorter  than  tho  filiform 
Ive. — In  dry,  sandy  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla.  Same  height  as  tho  other  species.  Lvs. 
8  to  12'  long,  thread-shaped,  but  channeled,  not  half  a  line  wide.  Fls.  rather 
large  (9  to  11"  diam.). 


I     .^  ;4 


! 


. 


i 


Order  CXLL     BROMELLVCEyE.     Bromeliads. 

Herbs,  chiefly  epiphytic,  with  persistent,  often  scurfy  leaves,  channeled  and  sheath- 
ing. Calyx  3-parted  or  3 -toothed,  often  green.  Corolla  3-petaled,  distinct,  imbri- 
cated, colored.  Stamens  6,  perigynous.  Style  single ;  ovary  3-celled,  with  numer- 
ous ovules.  Seeds  numerous,  embryo  at  the  base  of  mealy  albumen,  radicle  next 
the  hilum.     Fig.  37,  c. 

Genera  23,  species  170,  nearly  all  natives  of  tropical  America.  Among  them  is  Ananassa 
eativa,  tho  nine  apple,  very  abundant  in  the  Baliatnos,  which  delicious  fruit  coasista  of  tho  en- 
tire s|>iko  of  flowers,  with  oracts  and  steui  blended  Into  one  tlesliy  mass — a  sorosis.  Another 
useful  plant  Is  our  own  Tillandsin  usneorden — the  Spanish  moss  of  couuncrcc. 

TILLAND'SIA,  L.  Long  Moss.  (Named  for  Prof.  E.  TUlands, 
of  Abo,  author  of  Flora  Aboeusis.)     Perianth  double,  3  sepals  mem- 


696 


Order  142.— H^MODORACE^. 


branous,  convolute  into  a  tube,  3  petals  colored,  spreading  above 
stamens  scarcely  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  sepals ;  ovary  tree ; 
capsule  elongated,  the  3  valves  splitting  each  into  2  layers,  of  which 
the  outer  is  lueaibranous,  the  inner  cartilaginous ;  seeds  club-shaped, 
raised  on  comous  stipes. — Plants  grayish  with  scurf,  growing  on 
trees. 

1  T.  uaneoides  L.  Black  Moss.  Spwisu  Moss.  St.  filiform,  hianchmg, 
long,flexuous,  pendulous;  Ivs.  recurved,  lilitbnii(l  to  t'  long);  peduncle  1-ftowered. 
short. — Very  coiniuou  iu  tlio  low  country,  from  the  Dismal  yvvamp,  Ya.  to  Fla 
and  La.,  hauging  iu  long  dark  gray  tufts  aud  fe.stoon3  I'rom  every  tree.  It  is  col- 
lected, dried  and  beaten  until  the  bark  fulls  off,  when  tlie  black,  elastic,  tougli, 
tiiread-liko  stem  is  used  as  hair  iu  upholstery,  &c.  Flowers  May — Aug. — Very 
dilferent  m  habit  from  the  next. 

2  T.  Bartramii  Ell.  Stons  clustered,  erect,  simple,  enveloped  in  bract-like 
sheaths;  Ivs,  mostly  radical,  chauueled,  linear-subulate,  from  a  dilated,  half  clasp- 
ing base,  which  is  brown  anu  polished,  much  loivjer  than  the  stem, ;  tis.  2  to  4,  in 
a  hracted,  terminal  spike. — S\vam[)3,  Liberty  County,  Ga.  (Pond).  Root  a  dense 
mass  of  crowns  with  fibers,  "  on  the  bark  of  old  trees"  (Elliott).     Sts.  about  6' 

high,  and  with  the  Ivs.  (6  to  12  )  forming  dense  tufts.     Fls Capsule 

9"  long,  sessile,  enveloped  in  imbricated  bracts.      Inner  valves  dark  brown. 
Seed  stipe  clothed  with  a  long,  silky  coma.     Jn. 

3  T.  recurva  L.  Lvs.  subulate,  recurved;  srape  setaceous,  erect,  kmyer  than 
the  lvs.,  bearing  about  2  flowers  at  the  summit. — On  old  trees,  Ga.  and  Fla., 
Ibrming  tufts  covered  with  grayish  scales.  (Pursh.)  We  saw  specimens  of  thia 
species  iu  the  herbarium  of  Rev.  Dr.  Bacliman,  but  took  no  description. 

Order  CXLII.     II.EMODORACE^.     Bloodworts. 

Iferhs  perennial,  with  fibrous  roots,  equitant  or  rosulate  leaves,  and  iperfect  flowers. 
Perianth  regular,  6-partod,  scurfy  or  woolly  outside,  more  or  less  adherent.  Stam- 
ens 6,  or  3  aud  opposite  the  petals,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-eelled,  1-styled. 
Capsule  covered  witli  the  withered  perianth.     Seeds  with  cartilaginous  albumen. 

Genera  13,  species  .50,  sparingly  occurring  in  N.  America,  8.  Africa,  New  Holland,  &c.  The 
root  of  LarnnntheH  tiiictoria  abounds  iu  a  red  coloriiij^  matter.  One  of  the  must  intense  bitters 
known  is  Aletris  farinoia, 

GENERA. 

§  Ovary  wholly  adherent.     Stamens  3,  cxsertod.     Perianth  woolly  outside. ...  Lacnanthes.    1 
J  Ovary  half  free.     btamensC,  inclnded.— Corymbod  perianths  woolly  all  over. .  ..Loimuola.     2 

— liacemed  perianths  rugous-scurfy Aletkib.    8 

1.  LACHNAN'THES,  Elliott.  Ked-root.  (Gr.  Idxvoc:,  soft  hair, 
dvOog.)  Perianth  woolly  outside,  tube  adherent;  calyx  lobes  exterior, 
of  3  linear  sepals,  as  long  as  the  3  lance-oblong  petals ;  stamens  3, 
equaling  the  petals  and  opposite  to  them ;  filaments  and  filiform,  de- 
clined style  exserted ;  capsule  3-celled,  truncated,  many-seeded. — 
An  herb  with  red  ro  its,  equitant,  ensiform  lvs.,  and  a  dense,  woolly 
corymb. 

L.  tinctoria  Ell.  Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds,  R.  I.  (Olney)  to  Fla.  An  in- 
teresting plant,  with  rush-Hko  lvs.  St.  erect,  strict,  18  to  24'  high,  clothed  with 
white  wool  above.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  fleshy,  3  to  4  '  wide  and  nearly  as  high 
as  the  stem.  Cauline  lvs.  remote  and  bract-like.  Corymb  terminal,  compactly 
many-flowered.  Fls.  densely  clothed  with  wliito  wool  outside,  glabrous  and  yel- 
low within.  Anthers  bright  yellow,  at  length  rovolute.  Jl.,  Aug.  (Dilatris, 
Pursh.) — The  root  is  said  to  be  employed  in  dyeing. 

2.  LOPHTOLA,  Kcr.     Crest-flower.     (Gr.  X6(f)og,  a  crest;  allud- 
ing to  the  crested  petals.)     Perianth  half  superior,  6-cleft,  persistent, 


Ordbb  143.— IRIDACE^ 


697 


woolly  outside  and  inside  ;  petals  narrower  than  the  sepals,  somewhat 
interior ;  stamens  6,  filaments  naked,  anthtrs  erect ;  style  conical,  3- 
partible ;  stigma  simple ;  capsule  opening  at  the  sumn)it,  3-cellod, 
3-valved,  many-seeded. — An  herb  with  a  creepincf  root,  flexuous  stem, 
woolly  above,  and  a  loose  cormyb,  densely  clothed  with  soft,  white 
wool. 

L.  Americana.  Sandy  swamps,  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  ercct> 
hoary-tomentous  wlien  young.  Lvs.  glaucous,  narrowly  linear,  equitant,  glal)- 
rous,  tlie  lower  and  radical  long,  cauline  2  or  3,  shorter.  Corymb  finally  much 
expanded,  many  flowered.  Corolla  woolly  and  yellow  within,  scgraenia  reflexi'd, 
about  as  long  as  the  stamens.  Capsule  ovate,  dissepiments  arising  from  the  center 
of  each  valve.     Seeds  white.     Jl.,  Aug.     (L.  aurea  Ker.     Conostylis,  Ph.) 

3.  ALETRIS,  L.  Star-grass.  Colic-root.  (Gr.  aXerpi^,  a  mil- 
ler's wife  ;  because  of  the  mealy-looking  flowers.)  Perianth  6-cleft, 
tubular,  rugous  as  if  scurfy  or  mealy,  persistent ;  stamens  issuing  at  the 
top  of  the  tube,  style  3-sided,  3-partible ;  ovary  adherent  at  base  only  ; 
capsule  opening  at  top,  many-seeded. — Smooth  herbs,  very  bitter,  lvs. 
radical,  rosulate,  and  scape  many-flowered. 

1  A.  fariudsa  L.  Lvs.  broad-lanceolate;  Jls.  white,  oblong-tubular,  pedicelod; 
perianth  in  fruit  rugous  or  moaly  in  appearance. — Grows  in  low  grounds,  in  most 
of  the  States.  Root  premorso.  Scape  20 — 30'  high,  with  remote  scales  or  bracts, 
and  surrounded  at  base  with  a  circle  of  lanceolate,  sessile  leaves.  Those  are  3 — f 
long,  \  as  wide,  and  lie  flat  upon  the  ground.  Flowers  in  a  long,  thin  raceme. 
Perianth  white,  I'  long,  on  very  short  pedicels,  rugous  without,  when  old.  Me- 
dicinal.    July. 

2  A.  aillrea  "Walt.  Lvs.  lanceolate ;  Jls.  yellow,  subsessile ;  perianth  short,  tubular- 
campanulate,  finally  rugous  and  very  scabrous. — In  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to 
Fla.,  abundant.  Scarcely  different  from  the  preceding  except  in  color.  Scape 
2 — 3f  high,  with  rather  distant  yellow  flowers  in  the  spicato  raceme.  Lvs.  all 
radical,  2  to  3'  by  3 — i".    Jl.,  Aug. 


Order  CXLIII.     IRIDACE^.     Irids. 

Herbs  with  corms,  bulbs  or  rhizomes,  equitant,  2-ranked  leaves  and  spathaceous 
bracts.  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  segments  in  2  sets,  often  unequal  and 
convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the  petals,  anthers  extrorse.  Style  1^ 
eti<rmas  3,  often  petaloid.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-colled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  many,  with 
hard,  fleshy  albumen.     Figs.  76,  151,  425. 

Genera  62,  species  f^O,  chiefly  natives  of  tlio  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  of  tlio  middle  of  Europe 
or  N.  America. 

I'ropertiex. — More  remarkable  for  beauty  than  utUity.  Some  of  them  are  cathartic,  as  Iris 
tubfrosa.  The  aromatic  orris  root  is  tlie  dried  rliizomc  of  Irisflorentina  of  8.  Europe.  Sufrun 
oonsista  of  the  dried  orange-colored  stigmas  of  Crocus  sutivus. 

GENERA. 

§  Flowers  irregular,  somewhat  bilabiate,  nodding Gladiolus.  7 

§  Flowers  regular  and  equilateral,  mostly  erect.    (*) 

*  Sepals  Bimilar  to  the  petals  in  form,  size  and  position,    (a) 

a  Stamens  distinct.    Tube  very  long,  partly  under  ground Crocus.  6 

a  Stamens  distinct.    Tube  short  or  none  above  the  ovary Ixia.  5 

a  Stamens  monadelphous.    Flowers  small,  blue.    Plont  grass-like... Sisvuinciiium.  4 

•  Sepals  lorger  than  the  petals  and  otherwise  dissimilar,    (b) 

b  Stamens  monadelphous.    Petals  spreading,  panduriform Tioridia.  3 

b  Stamens  distinct,— stigmas  slender,  on  a  slender  style Nehastylis.  3 

— stigmas  petaloid,  on  a  very  short  style Ieu.  1 

1.  IRIS,  L.  Flower-de-Luce.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  signifying 
rainbow ;  on  account  of  the  varied  color  of  the  flowers.)     Sepals  8, 


1  <i 
If 


111 


i        & 


698 


Order  143.— IRIDAOB^. 


reflexed,  larger  than  the  3  erect  petals ;  statnens  distinct ;  style  short 
or  0 ;  stigums  petaloid,  covering  the  stamens. — Herbs  from  tuberous, 
horizontal  rhiZomes,  with  ensiform  Ivs.,  and  large  showy  fls. 

S  Stems  leafy,  tall  (1  to  3f  X  mostly  bearing  several  flowers.    (*) 

*  Sepals  and  petals  beardless.    Wild  plants  seldom  cultivated,    (a) 

a  Leaves  linear,  grass-like.    Ovary  and  ;;jod  2-gruoved  un  the  sides No.  1 

a  Leaves  sword-sliaped.    Flowers  blue.     Sepals  much  larger  than  petals..  .Nos.  2—4 
a  Leaves  8word-shai>ed.    Flowers  tawny  or  copper-colored,    Petals  reflexed ...  No.  5 

*  Sepals  or  perianth  bearded.    Cultivated  exotics,    (b) 

D  Stem  many -flowered.    Flowers  blue  or  whitish.    Sepals  and  petals  notched . .  No.  6 
b  Stem  many-flowered.    Flowers  deep  blue.    Spathes  also  colored. .  I   Oermamca.  t 

b  Stem  1-flowered,  flower  striped.    Petals  reflexed I.  Susiana.  t 

$  Stem  or  scape  low  (2  to  60  and  nearly  leafless,  mostly  1-flowered.    (♦♦) 

*♦  Sepals  beardless,  but  with  3  longitudinal  folrls  (crested) Nos.  7,  8 

♦*  Sepals  beardless,  and  also  crestless.    Flower  blue No.  9 

**  Seimls  bearded  ill  II  longitudinal  line.    Flowers  bright  blue No.  10 

1  I.  Virgfnica  L.  Boston  Iris.  St.  round,  slender,  few-flowered;  Ivs.  linear, 
long;  fls.  beardless;  ova.  triangular,  tho  side  doubly  grooved. — In  similar  situa'. 
tions  with  the  next,  readily  distinguished  by  its  very  slender  habit.  Mass.  to  N. 
J.  Rhizoma  fleshy.  Stem  smooth,  1 — 2"  in  diam.,  1 — 2f  high,  branching  at  top 
and  bearing  2 — 6  flowers.  Bracts  at  the  base  of  the  branches  withering.  Leaves 
few,  alternate,  grass-like,  6 — 10'  long,  amplexicaul.  Sepals  narrow,  yellow,  edged 
with  purple.     Petals  linear-lanceolate.     Jn.     (I.  prismatica  Ph.) 

2  I.  versicolor  L.  Common  Blue  Flag.  St  terete,  flexuous ;  Ivs.  onsiform ; 
fls.  beardless;  petals  as  long  (is  the  stigmas;  ova.  triangular,  with  concave  ndes  and 
roundish  angles. — Wet  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Rhizoma  large,  horizr  atal,  acrid. 
Stem  2 — 3f  high,  acute  on  one  side,  often  branched,  bearing  several  large,  showy 
flowers.  Leaves  a  foot  long,  ^ — 1'  wide,  erect,  sheathing  at  base.  Sepals  spatu- 
late,  purple,  the  claw  variegated  with  green,  yellow  and  white,  with  purple  lines. 
Petals  erect,  paler,  a  little  shorter  than  the  stigmas.  Style  short,  bearing  3-peta- 
loid  stigmas  which  are  bifid  at  the  end,  purple  or  violet,  concealing  tho  stamens 
beneath.     Anther  oblong ;  seeds  flat.     Jn. 

3  I.  hezSgoua  Walt.  Six-angled  Iris.  I/vs.  sword-shaped,  longer  than  the 
terete,  flexuous  stem ;  spathe  1-flowered ;  sep.  spatulate,  rounded  at  end,  crenu- 
late,  reflexed,  much  larger  than  the  oblong-spatulato  petals,  with  a  longitudinal, 
glandular-yellow  lino;  jilam.  dilated,  linear;  stig,  deeply  2-cleft;  ova.  with  3 
deeply  furrowed  angles,  caps.  6-angled. — Swamps  and  pools,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and 
Ala.,  frequent.  St.  2f  high.  FI3.  bright  blue,  the  sepals  variegated  with  purple, 
yellow  and  white.    Apr. — Jn. 

4  I.  trip^tala  Walt.  Three-petaled  Iris.  Lvs.  liaear-ensiform,  shoiier  than 
the  terete,  slender  stem;  spathe  lanceolate,  1-flowered;  sep.  longer  than  tube, 
beardless  and  nearly  crestless,  mai^y  times  longer  than  the  rudimentary,  3-toothed 
petals ;  stig.  2-toothed  near  the  base ;  caps,  obscurely  Wangled,  acuminate. — Ponds 
S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Bacliman).  Rare.  St.  about  2f  high,  from  a  creeping  rhizome. 
Fls.  purple.  The  petals  mere  rudiments,  much  shorter  than  the  stigmas.  Apr. 
May. 

5  I.  cfiprea  Ph.  St.  tall,  flexuous,  angled  on  one  side ;  lvs.  broad-ensiform,  aa 
long  as  the  stem ;  spathe  often  2-flovvered ;  sep  obovate,  emargiuate,  larger  than 
the  petals,  all  reflexed ;  stig.  linear,  dilated  al  base,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ; 
caps,  sharply  6-angled,  veutricous. — In  river  swamps,  Ga.  to  La.  (Hale).  Sts.  3f 
high,  4  to  10-flowered.  Perianth  tawny  (Elliott),  of  a  beautiful  copper  color 
veined  with  purple  (Pursh),  limb  spreading  3'.     Apr.,  May.  (Ell.),  Jl.  (Ph.) 

6  I.  sambucina  L.  Flower-de-Luce.  Fr.  Fleur-de-lis.  St.  many-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  segm.  of  the  perianth  emarginate,  outer  ones  flat ;  Iva. 
bent  inwards  at  the  point ;  spathe  membranaceous  at  the  apex ;  fls,  bearded, 
lower  ones  pedunculate ;  stig.  with  acute,  serrate  divisions. — Native  of  the  south 
of  Europe.  Common  in  gardens.  The  prevailing  color  of  the  flower  is  light 
blue,  often  fading  to  white.     May.  f 

7  I.  crist^ta  Ait.  Crested  Iris.  Lvs.  lanceolate-ensiform,  as  long  as  the  low, 
compressed  scape ;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  slender  (2'  long),  eaxeeding  the  spathe 
K  ifcc  segments;  ssp.  oblong,  obtuse,  entn-e,  each  with  a  triple,  ioavy,  tongitudinak 
vst  or  fold  instead  of  a  beard,  and  equaling  the  narrower  pecals;  ova.  acutely  3- 


''ill 


Obubk  143.— IRIDACEiE. 


6'J» 


angled.— Pine  barrens,  Mid.  Ga  and  S.  Oar.  (BachtnanV    St  and  Ivs.  3  ta  8 , 
higli.    Fls.  blue,  the  sepals  in  the  middle  yellow.     Feb.,  Mar. 

8  I.  lajustris  Nutt.  Northern  Lakb  Iris.  Lvs.  eusitbriu,  longer  than  Ute 
low,  compressed,  1-flowered  scapo ;  seg.  of  the  perianth  nearly  equal,  obtuse, 
emarginate,  the  sepals  scarcely  crested,  as  long  as  the  slender  tvhe ;  caps,  turbinate, 
3-sided,  margined. — Islands  of  Lake  Huron,  near  Mackinaw,  Nuttall.  Roots  ex- 
tensively creeping.  Leaves  2 — 5'  by  3 — t",  those  of  the  scape  bract-like.  Scape 
1  to  2'  high.     Fls.  pale  blue,  the  sepals  rather  broader.    Jn. 

9  I.  vema  L.  Vernal  iRia  Lvs.  linear-ensiforra,  rigid,  rather  longp"  than  the 
low,  1-flowered  scapo ;  tube  of  the  perianth  filiform  (2'  long),  about  oquaiing  the 
Icngtii  of  the  segm. ;  sep.  and  petals  nearly  equal,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  neither 
crested  nor  bearded,  stig.  deeply  bifid. — Hilly  woods  of  the  interior  S.  States.  St. 
or  scape  3  to  6'  high,  sheathed  with  colored  bracts.  Fls.  pale  blue,  the  sepals 
with  an  oblong,  or  orange  yellow,  spotted  stripe.     Mar.,  Apr. 

10  I.  pilmila  L.  Dwarf  Iris.  Scape  very  short  (3  to  6),  1-flowered;  spatho 
shorter  than  the  tube ;  sep.  reflexed,  narrower  than  the  erect  petals. — A  small 
species  from  Hungary,  cultivated  in  the  edgings  of  walks.  Lvs.  numerous, 
broad  ensiform,  suberect.     Fla.  large,  deep  purple,  appearing  in  early  spring.  \ 

2.  NEM4S'TYLIS,  Nutt.     (Gr.  v^fia,  thread,  arv^og,  stylo  )    Spatlie 

3-leavccl ;  perianth  segments  distinct  down  to  the  top  of  the  ovary,  the 

sepals  spreading,  larger  than  the  ascending,  concave  petals  ;  stamens  3, 

filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers ;  style  slender,  enlarged   and   3-cleft 

above  ;  capsule  oblong-cylindric. — Stem  very  slender,  with  linear-ensi- 

form  lvs.  from  a  bulb.     Spathe  2-flowered. 

N.  gemmifldra  Nutt.  Swamps  along  rivers.  La.  (Halo.)  A  pretty  flower  15  to 
20'  higli,  lvs.  same  length,  3  to  5"  wide,  tapering  at  each  end.  Fls.  on  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  spatho,  tlie  sepals  1'  long,  obovate-spatulate,  bluish-purple,  the 
azure  petals  about  half  as  large. 

3.  TIGRID'IA,  L.  Tiger- flower.  (Lat.  tigridis,  of  the  tiger;  sc. 
in  colors.)  Spathe  2-leaved ;  perianth  regular,  the  3  sepals  larger  than 
the  3  petids ;  stam.  monadelphous,  fil.  united  into  a  long  tube. — Bulbous. 

T.  pavdnia  L.  St.  simple,  floxuous;  lvs.  ensiform,  veined;  segm.  flat; 
petals  panduriform. — A  superb  plant  of  the  gardens.  St.  2f  higli,  erect,  terete, 
leafy,  branching.  Lvs.  erect,  a  foot  long.  Flowers  inodorous,  5  to  6'  broad,  yel- 
low, variegated  with  scarlet,  crimson  and  purple.  It  is  very  evanescent,  lasts  but 
a  few  hours,  but  a  new  one  appears  daily  for  several  weeks,     f  Mexico. 

4.  SISYRINCHIUM,  L.  Blue-eved  Grass.  (Gr.  avg,  a  hog,  and 
pvy%of,  a  snout ;  alluding  to  the  singular  spathe.)  Spathe  2-lcaved  ; 
segments  of  the  perianth  flat,  equal ;  stamens  monadelphous  ;  stigma 
3-cleft. —  li  Grass-like  plants,  with  compressed,  winged  or  ancipital 
scapes,  from  fibrous  roots. 

1  S.  Bennudianum  L.  Scape  simple,  winged ;  valves  of  the  spathe  unequal, 
the  longer  scarcely  equaling  the  flowers  ;  petals  mucronate. — A  delicate  little  plant, 
with  blue  flowers,  common  in  low  grass  lands.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  or  scape  10  to 
12'  high,  so  winged  as  to  resemble  the  loaves,  smooth  and  mostly  simple.  Lvs. 
linear,  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  sheathing  at  base.  Spathe  2  to  5-flowered,  the 
longer  valve  acuminate.  Fls.  purple  or  blue,  on  filiform  pedicels.  Sepals  a  little 
broader  than  the  petals,  spreading.     Cap.  globous.     Jn.,  Jl.     (S.  anceps.     Cav.) 

j3.  ALBA.     Flowers  white. — Wet  prairies,  &c. 

2  S.  mucrondtum  Mx.  Scape  simple,  filiform,  barely  2'edged ;  spatho  col- 
ored, outer  valve  longer  than  the  fls.,  ending  in  a  hng,  mucronate  point. — Mid.  States, 
W.  to  Iowa,  common  in  wet  prairies,  where  the  grass  is  not  luxuriant.  Lvs.  rad« 
ical,  a  line  wide.  Scape  6  to  10'  high,  narrowly  winged,  setaceously  slender. 
Spathe  3  to  4-flowered,  tinged  with  purple.  Fls.  smaller  than  in  the  preceding, 
of  a  fine  blue  color.    Jn. — Appears  very  distinct  from  the  other. 


1 


roo 


Order  144.— DIOSCOREACE.E. 


5.  IXIA,  L.  (Gr.  i$bg,  sticky ;  from  the  glutinous  juice.)  Spatho 
of  2  or  3  ovate,  short  bracts ;  petals  and  sepals  distinct  or  slightl)r 
united,  similar,  regular,  spreading,  tube  straight,  adherent ;  stamens  3  ; 
filaments  and  style  filiform,  straight,  often  connate ;  ovary  3-celled. — A 
large  genus,  chiefly  from  S.  Africa.     Lvs.  ensiform. 

1  I.  celestina  Bartram.  Lvs.  linear-subulate,  many  times  shorter  than  the  1- 
Howered  scape  (Liim.  Ell.). — Borders  of  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.  (Bartram) ;  rare. — 
Wo  have  a  single  flower  without  stem,  lvs.  or  fruit,  gathered  in  E.  I'la.  by  Pro£ 
Loomis,  and  sent  us  by  Dr.  Feay.  It  is  of  a  bright  purplish  blue,  spreading  2,y. 
Segm.  about  equal,  oval,  obtuse,  united  into  u  tube  4"  in  length.  Stameus  and 
stylo  apparently  distinct,  6"  long. 

2  I.  (PARDANTHUS)  Chinensia  L.  Lvs.  ensiform,  vertical,  sheathing  shorter 
than  the  tall,  terete,  flexuous  stem;  panicle  somewhat  dichotomous  and  corym- 
bous ;  perianth  broad-campanulate,  segm.  distinct  down  to  the  top  of  the  ovary, 
oblong,  twisting  after  flowering;  capsule  ovoid,  the  valves  deciduous,  seeds  black, 
roundish,  shining,  attached  to  the  central  column,  and  resembling  a  large  black- 
berry.— I'lentifully  naturalized  on  tho  bluffs  at  Merom,  Ind.  St.  3f  high.  Fls. 
orange,  spotted.     Jn.  f  § 

6.  CROXUS,  L.  (Named  from  the  youth  Crocus^  who  according  to 
Grecian  mythology,  was  changed  into  this  flower.)  Perianth  funnel- 
form,  the  segments  united  at  base  into  a  long  and  slender  tube  ;  stigma 
3-cleft,  convolute,  crested. — Spathe  radical,  1 — 2-leaved,  tliin,  transpa- 
rent. The  long  tube  of  the  flower  nearly  or  quite  sessile  upon  the 
bulb.  After  flowering,  the  ovary  arises  from  the  ground  by  the  growth 
of  the  scape,  to  ripen  its  seeds  in  the  sun. 

1  C.  sativuB  L.  Saffron.  Fall  Crocus.  Lvs.  linear,  revolute  at  tho  mar- 
gins ;  stig.  d-parted,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  refltxed.  Leaves  radical,  with  a  longi- 
tudinal, white  furrow  above.  Flower  with  a  long,  white  tube,  and  purple,  ellip- 
tical segments.  Stigmas  long,  emarginate,  oxsort,  of  a  deep  orange-color.  Ita 
virtues,  both  medicinal  and  coloring,  reside  chiefly  in  the  large  stigmas.  Sept. — 
A  variety,  perhaps  the  most  common,  has  yellow  perianths.     \  Asia. 

2  C.  v^rnuB  L.  SpRixa  Crocus.  Stig.  included  within  the  flower,  with  3 
short,  wedge-shaped  segments. — Scape  an  inch  or  two  high,  3-sided.  Flowers 
vary  in  color,  generally  purple,  often  yellow  or  white ;  tube  very  long,  slender, 
gradually  enlarged  upwards,  closed  at  the  mouth  with  a  circle  of  hairs,  limb  cam- 
panulato,  much  shorter  than  tho  tube.  Anth.  yellow,  sagittate.    Mar.,  Apr.  f  Eur. 

7.  GLADrOLUS,  L.  Corn-flag.  (Lat.  gladius,  a  sword  ;  in  refer- 
ence to  the  form  of  the  leaves.)  Spathe  2-leaved;  perianth  irregular, 
6-  parted,  somewhat  2-lipped  ;  stamens  3,  distinct,  ascending ;  stigmas  3, 
broader  al)ove ;  seeds  winged. — A  large  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  none 
native.     Fls.  showy. 

G.  communiB  L.  Spike  unilateral ;  upper  petal  the  (upper  lip)  covered  by 
the  lateral  bepals,  the  lower  sepals  largest ;  tube  longer  thau  th.e  ovary. — A  fina 
showy  flowerer  in  gardens.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  with  the  large,  rosy  purple  fls.  ai^ 
ranged  in  a  long,  somewhat  spiral  row  upon  it.  The  3  lower  segments  are  marked 
by  a  white  stripe.     Color  variable,     f  S.  Europe. 


Order  CXLIV.     DIOSCOREACE^E.     Yam  Roots. 

Plants  shrubby,  twining,  arising  from  the  tuberous  rhizomes,  with  broad  net-veined 
leaves.  Flowers  dioecious,  regular,  hexandrous,  tube  adherent,  limb  6-parted.  Ovary 
3-celled,  3  to  6-ovuled,  3 -styled.  6  Stamens  6,  perigynous.  Fruit  a  capsule  3  or 
(by  abortion)  1-celled,  or  a  berry.     Seeds  compressed,  albuminous. 


13 


Ordkr  U5.— SMlLACE.t:. 


701 


Genera  7,  upeciea  160.— The  only  remarkable  or  ii.^pful  product  of  this  order  is  TuniH.  nn 
Important  article  of  food  in  all  tropical  countries.  They  are  the  large,  mucllagliiotis,  sweetish 
tuburs  of  Dloscorea  sativa,  \.c. 

8.  DIOSCO'REA,  L.  Yam  Root.  (In  honor  of  IVlaciusDioscoriJes, 
a  (ircck  physician  and  florist  of  about  tlie  reign  of  Nero.)  Flowers  $ 
$  ;  styles  of  the  fertile  flowers  3  ;  cells  of  the  capsule  'i-seeded  ;  seeds 
membranaceously  margined. — Slender,  shrubby  climbers,  twining  with 
the  sun.  Lvs.  simple  and  palmately  veined  or  palmately  divided.  I'lsi. 
green,  inconspicuous,  in  axillary  spikes  or  i)Hnicles. 

1  D.  villdsa  L.  Wild  Yam.  Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  9 — U-veined, 
tlio  margin  entire  or  wavy,  lower  surface  downy  or  glabrous,  never  villous  ;  U[)j)or 
surface  glabrous ;  petioles  elongated,  the  lowest  somewhat  vert  icilla to  in  4s.  the 
next  subopposite,  the  middle  and  upper  alternate ;  5  plant  with  tiio  spikes  pani- 
culate, ?  witii  the  spikes  simple. — A  delicate  twining  vine,  in  thickets  and 
hedges,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  Stem  woolly,  reddish-brown,  1 — 2" 
diam.,  5 — 10 — 15f  long,  running  over  bushes  and  fences.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  ^ 
as  wide,  distinctly  cordate  and  acuminate.  Petiole?-  2 — 4'  long.  Peduneii'S  axil- 
lary. Ovaries  at  first  elliptic,  finally  almost  as  broad  as  long.  June,  July.  (D. 
quarternata  Pli.) 

2  D.  sativa  L.  Yam.  Lvs.  alternate,  roundish -ovate,  long-cuspidate,  sinu- 
ate-cordate, glabrous.  9  to  13-nerved,  outer  nerves  bilid,  transverse  veins  simple; 
St.  terete,  smooth ;  $  spikes  densely  paniculate ;  $  spikes  aggregate.  Var.  acu- 
LEATA,  stems  aculeate. — Native  of  E.  India.  This  species,  with  its  varieties,  is 
understood  to  be  that  which  is  known  as  the  Sweet  Yayn,  cultivated  in  la.  and 
ria.,  and  all  tropical  countries,  on  account  of  its  sweet  and  nutritious  tubers.  ^ 


W 


'*N' 


Order  CXLV.     SMILACE^E.     Sarsaparillas. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.  Leaves  reticulate-veined.  Flowers  dioecious 
or  monoecious.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  6-parted,  regular.  Stamens  6,  in- 
serted into  the  base  of  the  segments.  Anth.  1-celled  (2-laraellate).  Ovary  3-celled; 
cells  1  or  many-seeded.  Style  1  or  none.  Stiijmas  3.  Berry  roundish,  few  or 
many-seeded.     Seeds  orthotropous  albuminous.     Fig.  586. 

Getiertt  2,  sper/cs  120,  tliiiily  disseminated  through  ino.'st  countries.  The  diuretic  and  emul- 
oent  sarsai)arillas  arc  the  roots  of  several,  chietly  S.  Ainericau  sjjecies  of  .Sniiia.x. 

SMTLAX,  L.  Green  Brier.  Sarsaparilla.  (Gr.  afiiXr],  a  grater; 
from  its  prickly  stems.)  Flowers  $,  ?  ,  perianth  deciduous,  of  G  simi- 
lar, spreading,  sepaloid  segments;  $,  stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments and  shorter  than  they ;  anthers  adnate  ;  $  stamen  0,  or  sterile 
filaments;  stigmas  3,  sessile;  berry  globular,  1  to  3-cellcd,  1  to  6- 
seeded. —  ^4  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  climbing  by  stipular  tendrils,  often 
prickly.  Lvs.  entirt,  j)ctiolate,  palmately  veined.  Fls.  green  or  yellow- 
ish, in  axillary,  stalked  uml)cls.  (In  the  elaboration  of  this  genus  wc 
liave  been  greatly  aided  by  the  accurate  observations  of  Dr.  Feay,  of 
Savannah.) 

§  CopROSMANTiitJS.     Ilerbaccous  (unarmed).    Leaves  long-petioled.    Flowers  foetid.  (*) 

*  Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides.    Stems  climbing Nos.  14, 1.5 

*  Leaves  downy  or  hispid  on  the  veins  beneath.     Erect  or  climbing Nos.  12,  13 

§  Smii.ax  |)ropcr.     Shrubby,  armed  or  not.     Leaves  short-petioled,    Seeds  1  to  8.  (*) 

*  I'nbescent,  prostrate,  unarmed.    Leaves  cordate,  evergreen.  South No.  11 

*  Glabrous,  climbing.     Leaves  acute  at  ba.-ie.     I'etlunclo  shorter  than  petiole Nos.  9,  10 

*  Glabrous,  climbing.     Leaves  abriii)t  or  cordate  at  base,  (a) 

a  Leaves  pandurifortn  or  somewhat  contracted  in  the  middle Nos.  7,  8 

a  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  deciduous,  (b) 

b  Pl.ints  unarmed Nos.  5,  6 

b  Ph.nts  prickly. — Leaves  glaucous,  especially  beneath No.  4 

— Leaves  green  on  botli  sides Nos.  \—-i 

1  S.  rotundifdlia  L.    Common  Greex  Brier.     St.  terete  or  8ub-4-sided,  flex- 
uous,  aculeate,  ligneous,  climbi.ig ;  lvs.  ahort-petiolate,  round ish-ovaie,  5  to  7-veined, 


■     m 


702 


Orde»  145.— SMILACE^ 


glabrous,  round  or  subcordate  at  base ;  acuminate-cuspidate  at  apex ;  ped.  raany- 
flowered,  little  longer  thaji  the  pttiules ;  berries  black,  glaucous. — A  strong,  thorny 
vino,  extendiuj^  10  to  40f  in  hodgus  and  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  woody, 
smooth,  except  the  scattered  thorns  wliich  proceed  from  the  wood.  Branches 
<l-aiigled.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  \^  to  3',  cordate  or  tapering  at  ba-se.  Tendrils  strong, 
from  the  wings  of  the  petioles.  Fls.  small,  greenish,  in  sm&U,  axillary  umbels. 
Berries  round,  mo.stly  1-seuded.  Mar. — Jn. 
p.  c.vDUCA.  Smaller,  willi  ovate,  thin  lvs.  (S.  caduca  L.) 
) .  QUADHANOUiiABiS.     Branches  4-auglGd.     (S.  quadrangularis  Mulil.) 

2  S.  hfspida  Muhl.  St.  terete,  climbing,  hispid  below  with  weak,  slender  prickles, 
nearly  unarmed  above  ;  branchlets  quadrangular ;  lvs.  f^labroua,  green  both  sides, 
ovate,  subcordate,  cuspidate,  rough-edged,  5-veined,  thin,  deciduous;  ped.  twice  as 
louij  as  the  petioles ;  berries  black,  1  to  3-seeded. — Thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Midi,  and 
Can.  Climbing  8  to  ]2f.  Lvs.  2  to  3' lony,  rather  broadly  ovate.  Ped.  1' or 
more  in  length.     Umbels  4  to  6-flowered.     Jn. 

3  S.  Wdlteri  Ph.  St,  armed  or  unarmed,  with  angular  branches ;  lvs,  cordate- 
ovate,  ^-veined  (or  5-veined,  the  2  outer  inconspicuous),  glabrous ;  ped,  about  as 
long  as  the  petioles ;  berries  of  two  form?,  globular,  and  oblong-acuminate,  red,  1  to 
3-seeded. — Woods,  in  the  low  districts,  Va.  to  Fla.  Straggling  stems  climbing  in 
tliickots.  lvs.  deciduous,  largo  (3  to  5'  long),  more  or  less  cordate.  Fls.  fra- 
grant.    Apr. — Jn.     (S.  China  Walt.) 

♦  S.  glaiica  Walt.  False  Sarsapai?,illa.  St.  slightly  4-angled  and  aculeate 
above;  lvs.  ovate,  cuspidate,  5-veined,  edges  smooth  and  entire,  glaucous,  espe- 
cially beneath ;  ped.  twice  or  more  longer  tlian  the  petiole;  berries  black,  with  a 
bloom,  1 — 3-seeded. — Tiiickets,  L.  IsL  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ky.  Root  long,  slender. 
St.  stout,  somewliat  flexuous,  armed  with  a  few  scattered,  hooked  prickles.  Lvs. 
liiiaily  nearly  orbicular,  2  to  3'  diam.,  abruptly  contracted  at  each  end,  with  3 
strong  veins  and  2  lateral  smaller  ones.  Petioles  short,  margined  with  2  tendrils. 
Fls.  in  small,  thin  umbLJs,  yellowish-white.  Mar. — Jn.  (S.  Sarsaparilla  Ph.,  etc., 
uec  L.  S.  spinulosa  Torr.) 

5  S.  Pseudo-China  L.  St.  terete,  unarmed ;  cauline  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  ramial 
ovate-oblong,  all  5- veined,  on  short  petioles;  p'id,  flat,  nearly  as  long  as  thsleaves ; 
berries  black.  ? — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Cur.,  W.  to  Ohio.  Root  large,  tuberous. 
St.  purplish-brown,  very  smooth,  branching  and  climbing  by  tendrils  which  arise 
from  tlie  base  of  the  petioles.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  1  to  2',  slightly  hispid  on  the  veins 
beneath.     Ped.  2  to  3'  long.     May,  Jn. 

6  S.  sarsaparilla  L.  ?  St.  and  quadran^-  iar  branchlets  unarmed ;  lvs.  oblong- 
ovate,  tliin,  both  sides  green,  5-veined,  cuspidate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base; 
ped.  flat,  a  little  longer  than  the  petioles :  berries  large,  globular,  mostly  1 -seeded, 
bright  pink-red  when  fully  ripe. — River  banks,  N.  J.  ?  to  Ky.  and  La.  (Mr.  R. 
Green).  Rt.  with  long,  creeping  rhizomes.  Yines  with  tendrils.  Lvs.  large,  3 
to  6'  long,  half  as  wide,  deciduous.  Ripe  fruit  persistent  until  Spring.  Ped.  1  to 
2'  long.     Apr. — Jl. — This  is  regarded  in  La.  as  the  true  medicinal  Sarsaparilla. 

7  S.  tamnoides  L.  St.  terete,  branches  and  branchlets  4-angular,  flexuous,  acule- 
ate ;  lvs.  glabrous,  ovate  with  the  sides  more  or  less  concave,  varying  tu  hastate 
or  panduriform,  acuminate,  spinulous-scabrous  on  the  margin,  truncate  or  subcor- 
date at  base,  5  to  9-veined ;  ped.  2  to  3  times  longer  than  petiole ;  berries  spheri- 
cal, black,  1-seedcd. — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  111.  and  the  S.  States,  common, 
climbing  8  to  20f.  Lvs.  of  various  forms  on  dill'erent  stems  of  the  same  root, 
shining-green  both  sides,  tardily  deci  laous,  or  sometimes,  in  sheltered  situations, 
persistent  all  winter.  Mar.,  Apr. — Jn.  (S.  panduratus,  hastata,  Bonanox.  Ph. 
et  auct.) 

8  S.  maritima  Feay.  St.  armed ;  branches  angular,  flexuous,  unarmed;  lvs.  lan- 
ceolate, auricidate-hastate,  coriaceous,  5-nerved  at  base,  S-nerved  above,  cuspidate, 
glabrous,  edges  smooth  and  even ;  pod.  twice  longer  tlian  the  petiole,  or  shorter ; 
berries  large,  2  or  3-seeded,  red  before  maturity,  finally  black. — Sandy  bluffs  of 
the  salt-water  rivers  near  the  coast.  Savannah  and  southward.  Lvs.  rarely  some- 
what ovate.  Fls.  very  fragrant.  Jn.  (S.  Beyrichii  Kunth  ?  S.  ovata  Ph.  The 
latter  name,  although  the  earliest,  is  utterly  inappropriate.) 

9  S-  laurifdlia  L.     St.  aculeate,  terete,  branches  flexuous,  unarmed ;  lvs.  coria 


Orueb  146.— ROXBURGHIACEiE. 


7oy 


teous,  oval-lanceolate  or  oblong,  varying  to  linear,  3  to  5-vti7ied  {the  lateral  veins 
marginal),  cuspidato,  acute  at  baae,  evergreen ;  petioles  aud  ped.  short,  the  latter 
Boiuetinies  paiiicled;  berries  blaeiv,  1 -seeded. — N.  J.  to  Ga.  A  vigorous,  over- 
grcen  ciiniber,  asceudiug  trees  to  a  great  lieight.  St.  with  a  few  scattered  pric'l<le.s. 
LvB.  numerous,  very  thick  and  smooth,  2  to  4'  long,  often  more  abrupt  at  apex 
than  base.  Jn. — Aug. 
^0  B.  lanoeol^ta  L.  St.  aculeate  below,  terete,  branches  and  unarmed  braiuii- 
lets  subangular,  Ivs.  inenibranous,  lanctoUite  and  lance-ovate,  varying  to  ovate  (in 
the  S  plants),  5-veined,  acuminate-cuspidate,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiolo 
which  ia  twice  longer  than  the  very  short  peduncle  ;  berries  I  to  H-seeded,  red  until 
ripe  when  they  are  alno  perfectly  black.  —Damp  woods  coaatward,  Va  to  Fin.  .V 
stout  vine,  often  1'  diaiii.  and  40f  higii  on  trees.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  a  third  to 
two-thirds  as  wide,  pod.  1  to  5"  long,  10  to  20-fiowored.  Jn.,  Jl.  (S.  alba  I'h). 
Closely  related  to  No.  9. 

11  S.  ptimila  "Walt.  Unarmed,  low;  branchlots  terete,  pubescent;  lvs.  ovate, 
cordate,  acutish,  3  to  5-veincd,  shining  above,  soft  pubescent  beneath;  ped.  as 
long  as  the  petiole ;  berries  red,  1  to  3-seeded. — Sliady  ricli  soils,  S.  f'ar.  to  Fla, 
and  La.  Quite  different  in  habit  from  our  other  species.  St.  1  to  3f  long,  run- 
ning along  on  the  ground.  Lvs.  perennial,  becoming  firm,  2  or  3'  long,  varying 
from  oblong-ovate  to  roundi.sh-ovate,  always  cordate.  Ped.  6  to  8"  long,  with 
small,  white  flowers  and  berries  red  wiicn  ripe.     Oct.     (S.  pubera  Mx.) 

12  S.  herb^cea  L.  Cakrion  Floweh,  St.  herbaceous,  terete,  erect,  simple, 
glabrous;  lvs.  pubescent  beneath,  crowded  toward  the  summit,  ovate,  5  to  7-veined, 
cuspidate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  on  petioles  a  third  as  long ;  ped.  not 
twice  longer  than  the  petioles;  berries  red,  becoming  bluish-blac'c  when  fully  ripe, 
2  to  3-seeded. — Thickets  and  low  grounds.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  2  to  3f  high, 
without  tendrils.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  two-thirds  as  wide,  more  or  less  downy  be- 
neath. Ped.  2  to  3'  long,  with  an  umbel  of  8  to  16  yellowish-green  flowers  of  a 
sickening  odor.     Apr. — Jn. 

13  S.  lasioneiiron  Hook.  St.  terete,  climbing,  subsimple,  unarmed ;  lvs.  oblong, 
broadly -ovate,  cordate,  rounded  and  niucronato  at  apex,  7-veined,  glaucous  and 
hispid-pubescent  on  the  veinieis  beneath,  glabrous  and  green  above ;  ped.  a  little 
longer  than  the  petiole,  many-flowered  ;  tendrils  from  tlie  base  of  the  petioles. — • 
Thickets,  Ind.,  111.,  Wis.  and  Can.  Sts.  slender,  several  feet  long.  Ped.  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  which  are  often  5'  by  3',  beautifully  fringed  on  the  veins 
beneath. 

14  S.  peduncul^ris  MuhL  Tall  Carrion  Flower.  St.  herbaceous,  angtdar, 
tall,  striate,  inclining  or  leaning,  branclied ;  leaves  7  to  9-veined,  ovate,  acuminate, 
glabrous,  glaucous,  especially  beneath,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  the  lower 
subtriangular,  petioltis  a  third  as  long,  bearing  2  flliform  tendrils  at  base ;  ped. 
much  longer  than  the  leaves,  oc -flowered ;  berries  red,  at  last  blue  G-seeded. — 
Damp  thickets  and  meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  3  to  G  to  8f  long,  its  slender 
summit  nodding  or  climbing.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long.  Ped.  5  to  G'  long,  30  to  50- 
flowered,  greenish,  with  a  disgusting  odor.     May,  Jn. 

15  S.  tamnifolia  Mx.  St.  herbaceous,  terete,  climbing;  lvs.  long-petioled,  5- 
veined,  glabrous,  subtriangular-hastate,  cordate,  tapering  to  the  obtuse  apex,  liase 
lobes  rounded,  upper  lvs.  lanceolate ;  ped.  longer  than  the  petioles ;  (berries  bluish- 
black.  Dr.  Gray).— N.  J.  to  Car.    (Michaux.)    (S.  tamnoides  Ph.) 


*^! 


'% 


Order  CXLVI.    ROXBURGHIACELE. 

Shrubby  plants  with  twining  or  creeping  stems  and  many-veined,  netted  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect  with  a  4-parted,  petaloid,  persistent  perianth.  Stamens  4,  on  tha 
lowest  baso  of  the  segments.  Ovary  free,  oblique,  1-cclled.  Pericarp  follicular?  at 
length  2-valved.     Seeds  several,  costate,  fimbriate-arillate. 

A  smeJl  Order,  of  2  genera  (now  that  Croomia  is  added)  and  5  species,  Roxburghia 
grows  in  the  hotter  parts  of  E.  India. 

CROOM'IA,  Torr.     (In  honor  of  the  late  U.  B.  Croom  of  Florida.)-^ 


:;  i; :; 


!i 


•704 


Order  147.— TRILLIACE^. 


Periaiitli  of  4  oval  segments,  imbricated  in  2  rows  (2  interior) ;  stam. 
4,  opposite  the  segments,  slightly  perigynous,  anth.  introrsc,  innate, 
cells  diotinct;  ovary  1-celled,  with  4 — 6  suspended  ovules;  stigma  ses- 
sile ;  fruit  ovate,  "  seeds  1 — 3,  copiously  fringed  along  the  raphe  and 
funiculus  as  if  arillate,  and  ribbed  lengthwise  ;  embryo  monocotyledo- 
nons," —  H  Rhizome  slender,  creeping,  sending  up  annual  stems  with 
about  6  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  cordate  leaves,  and  a  few  small  whitish, 
axillary  flowers. 

C.  pauciflora  Torr. — S.  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond)  and  Fla.  (near  Quincey  !)  Stems  glab- 
rous, If  higli,  bearing  at  top  6  loaves  pedately  arrangod.  liVs.  :{ — 4'  long,  short 
acuminate,  thin,  7 — 9-veiiied,  pet.  1'  long.  Peduncles  capillary,  1'  long  Fls. 
few,  near  2'  wide  when  open.  Apr. — The  true  character  of  this  plant  as  roono- 
cotyledonous  was  lirst  demonstrated  by  Dr.  Gray. 


tit 


Order  CXLYII.     TRILLIACE^E.     Trilliads. 

Herbs  with  simple  stems,  tuberous  roots  and  verticillate,  net-veined  leaves. 
Flowers  terminal,  1  or  few,  perfect,  mostly  H-parted.  Calyx  herbaceous,  ecyroUn 
more  or  less  colored.  Stamens  6  to  10.  Ovary  free,  3  to  5 -celled,  bearing  in  fruit 
a  juiny,   oo-soeded  pod.     Figs.  35G,  53,  88. 

Geiifra4,  fipt'vienSO,  in  woodlands,  tcniperiito  parts  of  Europe,  Asia  and  N.  America.  The 
roots  of  some  species  are  eaietic. 

GENERA. 

S  Leaves  in  oao  whorl.     Se)  lis  green,  petals  colored Trillium.  1 

§  Loaves  in  two  whorls.    Sepals  and  jpotuls  alike  greenish Medeola.  2 

1.  TRIL'LIUM,  Miller.  Wake-robin.  (Lat.  triliv^  triple  ;  every  part 
being  in  3s.)  Perianth  deeply  G-parted,  in  2  ''stinct  series,  outer  of  3 
BCpals,  inner  of  3  colored  petals;  stamens  6,  nearly  equal,  anthers  longer 
than  the  filaments;  stigmas  sessile,  distinct  or  approximate;  berry  3- 
celled,  cells  many-seeded. —  2f  St.  simple.  Lvs.  3,  whorled  ai;  the 
top  of  the  stem,  reticulate-palmate  veined.  Fls.  solitary,  terminal.  Fr. 
purple 

5  Flowers  sessile,  petals  dark  purple,  erect Nos.  1,  2 

I  Flowers  on  a  i>e(Ii.ir:.;lo  raised  aoove  the  leaves.  (*) 

*  Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base.     Petals  thin,  delicate Nos.  3,  4 

*  Leaves  sessile,  rhoniboidal,  nearly  as  liroad  as  long.     Petals  thickisli Nos.  6,  6 

{  Flowers  on  a  peduncle  detlexed  beneath  the  leaves. — Style  scarcely  any No.s  7,  8 

—Style  1,  as  long  as  stignuv No.  9 

1  T.  Sessile  L.  Lvs.  rhombic-ovate,  or  suborbicular,  acute,  sessile,  spotted  ;  fl. 
closely  sessile,  erect;  sep.  erect,  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  acute;  pet.  linear- 
lanceolate,  purple,  a  third  longer  than  the  sepals;  anth.  long,  cre?t. — A  sniull 
species,  in  lertilo  soils.  Middle,  Western  and  Southern  States,  lliii/oina  horizon- 
tal, thick.  Sl(>ru  6 — 12'  high,  slender.  Loaves  rather  thick,  1^ — 3'  by  1 — 2', 
smooth  and  entire,  blotched  with  dark  purple.  Sep.  8  to  12"  long,  tlio  petals  nar- 
rower and  nmcii  longer,  dark  purple.     Apr.  May.     (T.  discolor  W'ray.) 

2  T.  recurvatum  Bef k.  Lvs.  ovate  or  obovate,  attenuated  to  a  petit-le,  acute ;  fl. 
closely  sessile ;  j)i:t.  lanceolate-ovate,  very  acute,  attenuate  at  base,  erect,  as  long 
as  the  recurred  se})als. — A  small  Trilliinn  quite  distinct,  althougii  allied  to  tlio  last, 
in  shady  woodn,  Wis.  to  I^a.  Stem  8 — 10  high,  rather  thick.  Leaves  2 — 2^'  by 
l.l — 2',  with  distinct,  siiort  petioles,  not  usually  spotted.  Petals  purple,  and  with 
the  green,  reliexed  sepals  about  1'  long.     May. 

8  T.  uivale  Rid<lell.  Snowy  Timm.ium.  St.  low;  lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  rather  ob- 
tuse, distinctly  and  abruptly  petiolate ;  U.  sJiort,  pedunculate,  erect;  pet. spatulate- 
obovate.  obtuse,  white,  one  third  longer  than  the  calyx. — The  smallest  species  here 
described,  in  stony  or  dry  flelds,  Ohio  to  Wis.     Stem  2 — 4'  higli,  from  a  thick. 


Order  147.— TltlLLIACE^. 


"70^ 


tuberous  root.  Leaves  8 — 18'  by  5 — 12  ",  petioles  2— 4  ",  about  equaling  the 
peduncle.  Sepals  green,  much  narrower  than  the  snowj  petals  which  are  about 
8  '  by  4  '.     Mar.,  Apr. 

4  T.  erythrocarpum  Mx.  Smiling  Wake-uobin.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate, 
rounded  at  base,  abruptly  potioled;  ped.  erect;  pet.  lanceolate-ovate,  recurved, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. — Cuu.  to  Ga.  A  beautiful  ttowcr,  adorning  our 
woods  in  May  and  June.  Stem  8 — 12'  high,  witlx  a  whorl  of  3  broad-ovate  leaves 
at  top.  These  are  3-veined,  rounded  at  base,  long  acuminate,  3 — 4  long,  ij  as 
wide,  petiole  2  —3"  long.  Flower  nearly  erect.  Petals  wavy  at  the  edges,  wiiite, 
finely  radiated  with  purple  lines  at  base.  The  root  is  con.sidered  medicinal.  (T. 
pictum  Ph.) 

3.  ci.EVKL.VNUicUM.     Sepals  leaf-like,  larger  than  the  petals  which  are  partly  or 
cliiefly  green. — Brunswick,  Mo.  (Hicard).     A  nietamorphosia 

5  T.  grandiflonim  Salisb.  Lvs.  hroadly  rhomboid-ovate,  subsessile,  abnr.ly 
acuiniiiMto;  ped.  incliucil;  fl.  suberect;  ^le/rtiv  viich  loiujer  than  the  calyx,  s:  a.u. 
late-obovate,  co\\i\\\'Qi\t  at  base. — Dan)p,  rocky  woods.  Mid.,  S.  and  W.  S  :ics, 
abundant.  St.  8  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  3  to  IV  diara.  Fia.  larger  than  in  any  o.  "iio 
preceding  species.  Petals  1^  to  2'  in  length,  broadest  wkkw  the  apex,  with  a  short, 
abrupt  acuiuination,  wiiite,  varying  to  rose-coloreil.     May. 

6  T.  erectum  L.  Bath  Flower.  St.  thick;  lvs.  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  ses- 
sile; ped.  inclining;,//,  noddiiuj ;  petals  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  longer,  but  i.'ii.^h 
broader  than  the  sepalti. — A  conspicuous  plant  in  woods,  of  fine  appearance,  but 
offensivo  odor.  At  tlio  top  of  tho  stem,  which  is  a  foot  iiiu:h,  is  a  whorl  of  3  leaves 
which  aro  3-veincd,  3 — 5'  long,  of  equal  width,  and  a  single,  nodding  flowfr,  ou 
a  nearly  erect  pe<luncle.  Petals  broad-ovito,  an  incii  long,  twice  as  wide  aa  the 
sepals  and  of  a  dusky  purple,  greenish  outside.     May.     (T.  atropurpureum  Curt,) 

d,  ALBUM.    Petals  white  or  cream-color. — Moro  conmion  "West  and  South. 

7  T.  pendulum  Muhl.  St.  slender;  lvs.  subsessile,  mnndish-rhonilioidal,  acumi. 
nate;  ped.  long,  liorizontal  or  dolicxed,  flower  pendulous  ;  petala  lance-ovate,  short- 
acuminate,  Jfa^,  not  recurved,  nearly  as  small  as  the  calyx  ;  stig.  as  long  as  the  an- 
thers, revoluto  at  end. — Woods,  Mid.,  \V.  and  S.  States.  A  largo  species,  with  a 
8' I'allish  flower.  St.  10  to  15'  higli.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  diam.,  similarly  pointed  at  each 
end.  Ped.  nearly  twice  tho  length  of  the  flower,  half  the  lengtli  of  the  leaves. 
Petals  white.  Apr. — Jn.  (T.  (icrnuum  Torr.  N.  Y.  Flo.) — I'eriiaps  runs  into 
T.  erectum,  but  is  very  distinct  from  tlie  next. 

8  T.  cernuum  L.  Duooi'incj  Trillium.  St.  tall,  slender ;  lvs.  thin,  ovale  or 
elliptic-diale,  iicmn'miiit^,  petiolide ;  ped.  deeurvod  boneatli  tho  leaves,  as  Ion-;- as 
the  flower;  petals  laiiceol(de,  channelnl,  undnlati',  rerurred,  longer  and  much  vvv'^r 
than  tlio  recurved  sepals  ;  stam.  recurved,  miicli  lonn'.T  than  the  stigmas. — Damp 
wootls,  N.  Em.'-.  ?  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  tho  up  country  of  (,!a.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs. 
3  to  6'  by  2  to  \  ,  distinctly  potioled.  Pen.  a  tiiird  as  long  as  tho  leaves.  Petals 
near  2'  long,  (ielicatc,  wliito  or  roseate.     Apr. — .In. 

9  T.  atyloBum.  Mt.  blender;  lvs,  olliplic-ovate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  short-petio- 
latc ;  ped.  shorter  than  tiie  tlow<T,  nodding  and  deilexed;  petals  lanee-obovate, 
obtuse  or  .■'hort  pointed,  undulate,  flat,  spreading,  nuich  exceeding  the  oblong, 
acuto  sepals;  ova.  produrjul  mto  a  style  \v\\\(i\\  is  as  long  as  the  stigmas;  .stain, 
elongated. — Wooos,  in  tlie  up  covmtry  of  N.  Gar.  (Miss  Carpenter)  to  tia.  (Mr. 
Jones).  A  small  plant  with  a  lurge  flower.  St.  8  to  10'  higli.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by 
20  to  30".     Petals  roseaf-,  15  to  18"  long.     Apr.— Jn.     (T.  Catesba-i  Ell.) 

2.  MEDE'OLA,  Gronov.  fxorAX  Cucumbeii-root.  (Named  after 
tho  fabulous  sorceress,  M<<h<i,  i<yt  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.) 
JVrianth  deej)ly  parted  into  6  petaloid,  revolut*;  sci^meiits  ;  stamens  G, 
with  slender  tilamcnts;  stigmas  3,  divaricate,  united  at  base;  berry  3- 
celled  ;  cells  3  to  6-seeded.  Stem  siinp'l^^,  arising  from  a  white,  tid)erous 
rhizome  (which  i^,  thought  to  rcstMiible  the  cucumber  in  Havor)  bearing 
2  whorls  of  lvs.  aiul  1  to  3  terminal  tls. 

M .  Virgiuica  L.  Nono  can  but  admire  tho  symmetry  of  its  form.  St.  erect,  1  to 
2f  high,  invested  with  loose,  cottony  wiy)l.     Lower  wliorl  near  the  uiiddi''  of  the 


^  it 


706 


Ordmr  148.— LILIACE^. 


stem,  consiating  of  6  to  8  wedge-lanceolate  Ivs.  (3  to  4'  by  9  to  12'') ;  the  other  at 
the  top,  of  about  3  ovate,  shorter  leaves.  Pis.  in  the  upper  whorl,  1,  2  or  3,  pen- 
dulous, with  greenish,  revolute  segments.  The  stigmas  are  very  long,  reflexed, 
dark  red.     Jl. 


Okder  CXLVTII.     LILIACE^.     Lilyworts. 

Herhs  with  bulbous  or  tuberous  stems,  parallel- 
veined,  sessile  leaves,  flowers  perfect,  regular, 
generally  large  and  richly  colored,  perianth  6 
(rarely  4)-parted,  uniformly  colored,  free  from  the 
ovary,  stamens  6  (rarely  4),  perigyuoua;  anthers 
introrse  (oxtrorse  in  Uvularia),  styles  wholly  or 
partly  united,  ovary  superior,  2  or  3-celled.  Fruii 
a  capsule,  loculicidal,  or  a  pulpy  berry.  Seeds 
few  or  many,  with  fleshy  albumen.  Illustr.  in 
figs   58,  60,  63,  108,  171,  254,  259,  400,  454. 

Genera  147,  species  1200,  cliidfly  natives  of  tempernto 
rcfriiiiis.  Thy  nowers  of  most  :ire  beautiful,  of  many 
brilluint,  and  of  some  truly  spleiuiiil. 

Properties. — The  order  abounds  in  a  bitter,  stimuliint 
princt|)le  and  also  in  mucliasc  Some  of  the  bulbous 
species  yield  a  nutritious  diet,  as  the  Asparagus,  Onion, 
Garlic.  The  well  known  active  medicine,  squills,  is  the 
bulb  of  Scillrt  maritima,  of  S.  Euroi)c.  The  various  kinds 
of  otficinal  aloes,  are  the  |)roduct  of  several  species  of 
Aloe.  The  powerful  astringent,  Dragon^s  blood,  is  th« 
concentrated  juice  of  Draciuna  Draco  of  the  Canary  Isles. 
(The  Tribe  I'vnlariii'  is  intermediate  between  Liliaceio 
and  Melanthacea*,  approaching  the  latter  by  its  mostly 
extrost-  anthers,  but  best  according  with  the  former  in  it* 
united  styles,  fruit,  and  in  habit.) 

FIG.  715.  Smilacina  boreulis.  0.  A  berry  cut  open, 
showircr  the  2  cells,  tfec. 

TRIBES    AND    UENER.-V. 

S  Plants  bulbous  at  the  base,  or  with  a  thick,  woody  caudo.x.  (*) 

*  Perianth  segments  united,  forming  a  tubular  flower,  (d) 

*  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube,  (t) 

t  Stem  (or  caudex)  leafy,  at  least  below,  few  or  many-flowered,  (b) 
t  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  bearing  a  solitary  flower,  (a) 
t  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  leafless,  many-flowered,  (c) 
I  Plant  with  a  rhizome,  creeper,  or  fibrous  roots.  (**) 

♦*  Stamens  declinate  and  curved-ascending.    Flowers  showy,  (e) 
*♦  Stamens  straight  and  equal  in  position,  (ft) 

tt  Perianth  segments  united  to  near  the  summit,  (f) 
tt  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube.  (}) 

:J:  Flowers  in  terminal,  lcivf«^ss  clu.sters,  snuiil,  whitish,  (g) 

X  Flowers  axillary,  or  terninial  and  subsolitary. — Leaves  filiform,  &c.  (h) 

— Leaves  ovate,  .fee.  (k)  <v 

(TRiBsTD'LIPE.iE.    Perianth  6-leaved.    Fruit  a  capsule.    Seed-coat  soft  and  pale.) 

a  Flowers  nodding EiiYTURONtnM.    1 

a  Flowers  erect Titlipa.    3 

b  Nectory  a  linear  groove  at  the  base  of  eacli  segtnent Lilium     3 

b  Nectary  a  roundish  cavity  at  the  base  of  each  se;."ncnt Fkitillaui  a.    4. 

b  Nectary  none.    Flowers  panicled, — Isirge.    Seeds  many Yuoca.    5 

— small.    Seeds  1  to  3 Nolina.    6 

(Tribi  ASPIIODELEiE.    Fruit  a  capsule.     Seed-coat  ci  ustaceous,  black.) 

C  Flowers  in  racemes,  blue  or  purple Scilla.     < 

0  Flowers  in  racemes  or  corymbs,  yellow  or  wliite OBwmiooALr.M.    8 

g  Flowers  in  umbels, -wUite  or  roseate.    Stam.n-  straight Alui'M.    9 

—blue.    Stamens  decllnftt.      urired Afc»PANTnrs.  U> 


Ordek  148.— LILIAOE^. 


707 


d  Perianth  limb  revoluto,  as  long  as  the  tube Htacinthus.  11 

d  Perianth  limb  spreading,  much  shorter  than  tube Muscaki.  IS 

e  Perianth  segments  distinct.    Base  of  the  stamens  vnlvo-liku Aspiiodelub.  18 

e  Perianth  segmenti  balf-united. — Stamens  perigynous Hembkocallis.  14 

—Stamens  hypogynous Funkia.  16 

(Tribe  CONVALLARINE^iE.    Rhizome.    Fruit  a  berry.     Seed-coat  thin,  pale.) 

f  Periiinth  tubular-oblong,  greenish.     Peduncles  axillary Polygon atum.  M 

f  Periantli  broad-campanulate,  white.    Raceme  leafless Convaliaria.  17 

g  Scape  leafless,  bearing  an  umbel.    Berry  2-celled  Ci.intonia.  IS 

g  Stem  leafy,  bearing  a  cluster. — Flowers  G-jmrted Smilacina.  19 

— Flowers  4-parted Majantiiemu.m.  20 

h  Stems  branching.     Flowers  small,  axillary.    Berry  red Aspakaous.  21 

(Tkibr  UVULAIlIEiE.    Root  fibrous.     Anthers  mostly  innate  and  opening  outwards.) 

k  B'ilaments  flat,  as  long  as  the  sagittate  anthers.     Berry  many-seeded. .  .SxKKPTOPiirs.  23 

k  Filaments  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  anthers.     Berry  3  to  C-seeded. .  .Pkosautes.  28 

k  Filaments  shorter  than  the  long,  linear  anthers.    Capsule  6  to  00-seeded . . Uvclauia.  24 

1.  ERYTHRO'NIUM,  L.  (Gr.  tpv^pog,  red;  the  color  of  some 
species.)  Perianth  campanulate,  segments  recurved,  the  3  inner  ones 
(ptt  '  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  attached  to  each  side  at  b;ise,  and 
a  grou  0  in  the  middle  ;  style  long  ;  capsule  somewhat  stipulate,  seeds 
ovate. —  21  Leaves  2,  subradical.  Scape  1-Howered.  FIs.  nodding, 
liliaceous. 

1  E.  Americ^um  Smith.  Yellow  ERYTunoxiUM.  (Scape  naked;  Iv.s.  spotted, 
lanceolate  and  involute  at  the  point ;  sffjments  ydloiv,  obloii<,f-lanceolato,  obtu.se, 
inner  ones  bidentaie  near  the  base;  sty.  clavate;  stij^.  undivideii. — A  beautiful  little 
plant,  among  the  earliest  of  our  vernal  flowers,  found  in  rich,  open  grounds,  or  in 
thin  woods,  U  P.  and  Can.  The  bulb  is  deep  in  the  ground.  Scape  slender,  8 — 
4'  high.  The  2  leaves  are  of  equal  len<i:th  (5'),  one  of  them  nearly  twice  as  wide 
as  the  other,  both  cloudi'd  with  brown  spots.  Flower  drooping,  yellow,  revolute 
in  the  sunshine.     May.     (M  Dens-canis  Mx.) 

2  E.  albidum  Nutt.  White  Erythuoxium.  Scape  naked;  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceo- 
late; serjmenta  of  lohite,  linear-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  inntr  outs  without  dentures 
at  base,  subunguiculate ;  stig.  3-cleft,  lobes  retlexed. — About  tlic  size  of  the  last, 
in  wet  meadows,  near  Albanj^  N.  Y.  (Storr,s)  to  "Wis.  (Lapham).  Leaves  without 
an  acumination,  tapering  lo  the  base,  of  equal  lonirth  including  the  petiole  (4 — 5'), 
one  of  them  twice  as  wide  as  the  other.  Scape  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves, 
bearing  a  single,  white,  nodding  flower.     Segments  1^'  long.     April,  May. 

3  E.  bracte^tum  Bw.  Scajje  bractfd ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  very  unequal;  segm. 
greenish-yelloir  —An  alpine  species,  found  in  Yt.,  Boott.  It  is  a  smaller  plant, 
distinguishable  the  inequality  of  the  loaves,  one  of  which  is  3  or  4  times  as 
large  as  the  otiur.  Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves,  wii!.  a  narrow,  lanceolate 
bract,  l.r  long,  a  little  below  the  flower.  Flower  greenish-yellow.  Segments 
about  9''  long,  giijbous  at  bjise.     Jn. 

2.  TU^LIPA,  Touru.  Tuup.  (Persian  thon/ihan,  a  turban  ;  allud- 
ing to  the  form  of  these  magnificent  tiuwei's.)  Perianth  canip.'uiulate  ; 
stamens  short,  subulate  :  anthers  broaU-lineai',  deeply  emarginate  at 
base;  Btyle  very  short ;  stigma  thi(k  ;  capsule  oblong,  triangiilar. —  21 
Herbs  acaulescent,  with  coateu  bulbs,  setJ^-ile  Ivs.,  and  a  simple  scapii 
bearing  a  solitary,  eri^ct  tlower. 

T.  Geftoenaua  i..  .'Inipi  1-ftowered,  smooth;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate;  Jis. 
erect,  serniuts  obtuse.  sm\x>th. — Named  for  Gesmr.  a  Zuricli  botanist,  its  varie- 
ties arc  adiess,  and  may  be  produced  V)y  lirst  planting  the  seed  iu  a  rich  soil, 
then  tniiisplanting  the  bulbs  into  a  poorer  soil.  Thus  ms  length  the  flowers  be- 
come broken  or  variegated  with  colors  in  that  exquisite  nauuer  so  much  admired. 
Uore  than  TOO  varieties  are  described  iu  florists'  cataioguea.  Apr.,  May,  Jn. 
^  From  Pnraia. 

3.  LILIUM,  L.     Lily.     (Gr.  Xipiov,  Celtic  li,  white ;  one  species 


'}  •: 


.\M 


i 


i-k 


708 


Order  148.— LILIACE^. 


is  the  emblem  of  purity.)  Perianth  cainpanulate,  segments  spreading 
above  or  recurved,  each  with  a  longitudinal  honey  gi  uove  within,  from 
the  middle  to  the  base  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  style,  anthers  versa- 
tile ;  capsule  subtriangular,  the  valves  connected  with  latticed  hairs ; 
seed?  2-rowed  in  each  cell. —  U  Herbs  with  bulbous  and  leafy  stems. 
Lvs.  sessile,  alternate  or  verticillate.     Fls.  terminal,  large  and  showy. 

S  Flowers  white,  ncxhling.     Plants  cultivated Nos.  8,  9 

jl  Flowers  orange-oolored  or  red,  spotted.  (*) 

♦  Leaf-axles  bearing  bulblets.     Leaves  scattered Nos.  (5.  7 

•  Leaf-asles  not  bulbiferous. — Flowers  erect,  segments  unguiculate Nos.  8  4 

— Flowers  nodding.— Lvs.  1-veined,  oblanceolato No.  5 

—Lvs.  3  to  6-veined,  lanceolate Nos.  1,  2 

1  L.  Canad^nse  L.  Yellow  Lily.  Lvs.  'i-veined,  mostly  verticillate,  lanceo- 
late, the  veins  hairy  beneath;  j7ed.  terminal,  elongated,  usually  by  3s;  ;?.  nodding, 
the  segments  spreading,  never  revolute. — Can.  and  U.  S.  A  plant  of  much  beauty, 
frequently  adorning  our  meadows  in  summer.  Bulb  scaly.  Stem  round,  2 — 4f 
Iiifj;li,  surrounded  by  several  remote  whorls,  each  consisting  of  4 — 6  leaves,  and 
often  a  few  scattered  ones  at  base.  Those  are  2 — 3'  by  \ — 1'.  Flowers  1 — 3, 
sometimes  7 — 20,  pendulous,  yellow,  or  orange-colored,  spotted  with  dark  purpl« 
inside.     July. 

2  L.  superbum  L.  Superb  Lily.  Turk's  Cap.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
3-veini'd,  glabrous,  lower  ones  verticillate,  upper  ones  scattered ;  Hs.  often  in  a 
pyramidal  raceme,  nodding,  segments  revolute. — Can.,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Few 
cultivated  plants  are  more  ornamental  than  this  inhabitant  of  prairies  and  mea- 
dows. Root  bearing  a  white,  squamous  bulb.  (Fig.  60.)  St.  erect,  round, 
straight,  4  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  4  to  9''.  Fls.  3  to  20  or  more,  of  a  bright 
urange  color  with  purple  spots.  Sep.  and  pet.  linear-lanceolate,  beautifully  and 
fully  revolute.     Very  distinct,  at  least  in  appearance  from  the  foregoing.     Jl. 

3  L.  Philadelphicum  L.  Piiila^belphia  Ltly.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
1-veined,  upper  verticilkue,  lower  generally  scattered ;  fls.  subsolitary,  campanu- 
late,  terminal,  erect;  pet.  and  sej  umce-ovate,  ol)tuse  or  barely  acute,  erect- 
spreading,  unguiculate. — Dry  paarures.  tields  and  barrens,  U.  S.  and  Can.  An 
elegant  and  showy  plant,  15  lo  20'  liiiih.  St.  terete,  smooth,  simple.  Lvs.  2  to 
3'  by  3  to  5",  sessile,  smooth,  ci>ilecte'i  into  1.  2  or  3,  or  more  whorls  of  3s  to  5s, 
with  the  lower  scattered.  Fls.  usually  solitar}',  rarely  2  to  4,  and  umbellate. 
Sep.  and  pet.  deep  orange  color,  spotted  at  base,  '21'  long,  standing  apart  on 
claws  about  6"  long.     Jn. 

4  L.  Catesbeei  Walt.  Catesby's  Lii.y.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  and  linear-acu- 
minate, all  scattered,  sep.  and  pet.  undulate,  Ivny-unguiculate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  long,  thickened  acuminattitn,  which  ts  rodtxed  aliove. — Damp  pine  bar- 
rens, Md.  to  Ky.  and  all  the  >S.  Stat«.-9.  St.  ii  to  3<"'  high,  smooth  and  polished, 
often  purple.  Lv.-<.  1  to  2'  (the  lower  3'),  by  1  to  4  '.  suberect,  spreading.  Sep. 
and  pet.  3  to  4  long,  the  claws  1'  or  more,  yellow,  the  lamina  scarlet,  spotted 
with  red  ai^d  purple      Jl.,  Aug. 

5  L.  Carolinianum  Mx.  Lvs.  l-veined,  oblaitcenlate,  or  spatulate,  acuminate, 
tapering  1 1,  a  slen< .»■!•,  sessile  ba*-,  in  whorls  of  about  5,  the  lower  scattered; 
tlower  morttly  sci!::„ii'v  nod(li:::r;  ttegm.  lancedinear,  recurved,  tapering  to  a  slender 
ucuinination.  n-^'t  n  viii'/ril .  style  curved  upvvards. — A  more  delicate  species 
than  thel»*t,  Is  ;..  3fhi.  ly  3-Howered.  Lvs.  IS"  to  3'  by  9  to  16",  mem- 
branous. Fls.  deep  yej_  \v,  spotted  with  purple,  the  segm.  strongly  recurved, 
but  not  revolute.     .11,  Aug. 

6  L.  bulbifertun  L.  OiANGE  Lily.  Lvs.  scattered.  3-veined ;  fls.  campanu- 
late,  eri'ct.  rough  within,  segm.  sessfjile. — Irardens.  St.  thick,  round,  4f  high, 
bearing  small,  roundish,  dark-colored  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the  loaves.  Fls.  large, 
orange-oolored,  resembling  in  form  tho«o  of  Z,.  candidum,  but  are  scabrous  within. 
Jl.     t  Italy. 

7  L.  tigrinum  Gawl.  Tioer-si-otted  Lily.  Lvs.  scattered,  sessile,  5- 
veined,  the  upper  cordate-ovate  ;  perianth  revolute,  papillous  inside. — Uardens, 
common  in  cultivation.  St.  6f  high,  with  a  pyramid  of  dark,  orange-colored, 
spotted  Us.     Axils  of  lvs.  bulbiferous.     Aug.    f  China. 


Order  148.— LILIACEJE. 


709 


8  L.  cdndidum  L.  White  Lily.  Lvs.  scattered,  graded,  lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;  jls.  several,  campauulate,  siaooth  inside. — Gardens.  It  has  a 
thick  stem,  4f  high,  supporting  a  raceme  of  very  large,  snowy-white  tts.,  which 
bave  long  been  regarded  as  the  very  perfection  of  whiteness  and  purity,  Jl. 
f  Levant.     Fig.  3. 

9  L.  Japdnicum  Thunb.  Lvs.  scattered,  lanceolate;  flower  solitary,  cam- 
panulate,  nodding. — Greenhouse.  A  noble  species,  requiring  careful  man- 
agement. Its  flower  is  large,  nodding,  terminal,  white,  on  a  stem  2f  high, 
•j-  China. 

4.  FRITILLA^RIA,  Tourn.  Chequered  Lily.  (Lat.  frifillus,  a 
chess-board ;  alluding  to  the  chequered  petals.)  Perianth  canipanu- 
late,  with  aljroad  base  and  nectariferous  cavity  above  the  claw  of  each 
segment ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  stigma  trifid  ;  capsule  coria- 
ceous, 3-celled,  septifragal. — Herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  simple,  leafy 
stems,  bearing  1  or  more  nodding  fls. 

1  F,  imperidlis  L.  Crown  Imperial.  Hoc.  comous,  naked  below;  lvs. 
entire. — Native  of  Persia.  A  fine,  showy  flower,  of  easy  culture.  Stem  thick, 
striate,  3f  high,  the  lower  part  invested  with  tlie  long,  narrow,  entire  leaves;  the 
upper  part  is  naked,  bearing  at  the  top  a  raceme  of  several  large,  red  or  yellow, 
nodding  flowers,  beneath  a  crown  formed  by  the  pairs  of  small,  narrow  leaves,  at 
the  base  of  each  pedicel.     May.     f  (Petilium,  Kunth.) 

2  P.  meleagris  L.  Lvs.  alternate,  linear,  channeled;  si.  1 -flowered. — 
Native  of  Britain.  Stem  a  foot  high,  with  alternate,  long,  very  narrow  leaves. 
The  flower,  which  is  usually  solitary,  is  large,  nodding,  and  beautifully  chequered 
with  purple ,and  pale  red  or  yellow.     May.  f 

5.  YUCCA,  L.  Bear's-grass.  Spanish  Daggers.  (The  Indian 
name.)  I*erianth  of  6  petaloid  segments,  withering-persistent,  the  in- 
ner broader;  stamens  6,  shorter  than  the  petals,  inserted  into  their 
base  ;  ovary  free  ;  stigmas  3,  sessile  ;  capsule  oblong,  obtusely  hexago- 
nal, 3-valved  at  apex,  3-celled,  cells  more  or  less  divided  by  a  false  dis- 
sepiment ;  seeds  numerous  and  2-rowed  in  each  cell. — Sts.  subterranean, 
or  arising  in  a  leafy  or  naked  caudex,  with  rigid,  linear,  or  sword- 
shaped,  perennial  lvs.,  and  a  terminal  panicle  of  showy,  white,  pedicel- 
late fls. 

§  Ciiudex  scarcely  arising  above  tlie  ground.    Leaf  margin  bearing  tbt'oads No.  1 

§    )audex  cunspicuuus,  trunli-like.    Leaves  entire  or  serrulate Nus.  2,  3 

1  Y".  filamentdsa  L.  Bear's-Thread.  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so ;  lvs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  rigidly  acute,  coriaceous,  *ht  margin  fllamentoup,  that  is,  bearing  long, 
thread-like  flbers ;  aegm.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  erect-sproading. — In  light  soils, 
S.  States,  and  oft;en  cultivated.  The  lvs.  are  nearly  erect,  1  to  2f  long,  I'  to  18" 
wide,  all  ilenscly  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  short  caudex,  which  is  at  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  or  a  few  inches  above  it.  Scape  5  to  8f  .high,  bearing  a  largo 
pyramidal  panicle  of  simple  racemes.     Fls.  cup-shaped,  segm.  15"  long.     Aug. 

13.  RECURViFoLiA.     Somewliat  caulescent ;  lvs.  lance-linear  or  linear,  recurved, 
rarely  somewhat  filamentous.     (Y.  recurvifolia  Salisb.  ?) 

2  Y.  gloridsa  L.  Caulescent,  caudex  some  3f  high ;  lvs.  erect,  lanceolate,  rigid, 
thiok,  subpllcate,  very  acute,  the  margins  very  entire ;  perianth  ovoid-campanu- 
late,  segm.  lanceolate. — Sandy  sea-coasts,  Car.  to  Fla^  Caude.v  half-shrubby, 
thick,  simple,  fleshy,  strongly  scaiTed  below  with  the  old  leaf-stalks.,  Lvs.  12  to 
18'  long,  2  to  3'  wide,  clustered  above.  Panicle  of  racemes  2  to  3f  long,  erect 
from  the  aummitof  the  caudex,  with  numerous  cup-ahuped,  white,  nodding  flowers. 
Jn.,  Jl.  t 

3  Y.  aloefdlia  Walt  Spanish  Daggers.  Caulescent;  caudex  some  lOf  high, 
often  branched,  naked  and  marked  with  leaf-scars  below ;  Iva.  densely  clustered 
above,  very  rigid,  thick,  strict,  deflexed  when  old,  lanceolate,  apex  spineacent, 


s 


m , 


710 


Obdeb  148.— LILIACE^. 


margin  rough-serrulate ;  segm  oblong,  acutish. — Thickets,  near  the  sea-coast,  S. 
Car.  to  Fla.  A  shrubby,  palm-liko  plant,  of  singular  and  forbidding  aspect  when 
not  in  flower.  Leaves  a  foot  or  more  long,  sharp  and  rigid  like  daggers.  Fls. 
white,  with  a  violet  base  and  violet  spots.     Jn. — Aug.     (Y.  Draconis  L.) 

6.  NOLFNA,  L.  C.  Rich.  (For  P.  C.  Nolin^  an  American  botan- 
ist.) Dioecio-polygamous  ;  perianth  (small)  of  6,  ovate,  spreadine;,  sub- 
equal  segments  ;  stamens  6,  shorter  than  the  perianth  ;  ovary  free,  3- 
cornered,  3-celIed ;  stigmas  3,  recurved,  with  a  very  short  style ;  cap- 
sule 3-winged,  3  (or  by  abortion  2  or  l)-seeded. — Root  bearing  a  coated 
bulb.  St.  scape-like,  branched  into  several  long,  simple,  nearly  bract- 
less  racemes  of  very  small,  white  fls, 

N.  Georgiana  Mx.  Dry  sand  hills,  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Mettauer).  Bulb  very 
large  (Elliott).  Scape  2  to  3f  liigh,  with  a  few  short  Ivs.  at  itii  base,  which  dimin- 
ish to  scales  upwards.  Root  Ivs.  linear,  1  to  2f  long,  numerous,  recurved,  their 
bases  much  dilated  and  imbricated.  Panicle  large.  Rfvj.  loose,  If  or  more  long. 
Pedicels  5  to  6"  long.     Perianth  spreading  3". 

7.  SCIL'LA,  L.  Squill.  Perianth  6-parted,  petals  and  sepals  simi- 
lar, spreading  (blue  or  purple)  ;  filaments  6,  subulate  or  filiform,  smooth, 
hypogynous;  style  filiform-clavellato ;  capsule  free,  3-celled,  3-valved, 
obtusely  3-angled  ;  cells  with  1  or  several  roundish,  black  seeds. — Bulb 
coated,  bearing  several  linear  Ivs.  and  a  scape  with  a  raceme. 

1  S.  escul^nta  Ker.  Quamash.  Lvs.  linear,  carinate,  flaccid  and  recurved, 
tapering  to  both  ends,  shorter  than  the  scape ;  bracts  solitary,  subulate,  scarious, 
longer  than  the  peuicels,  which  are  about  the  length  of  the  flowers ;  fil.  filiform  ; 
stig.  3-toothed. — Grassy,  wet  prairies,  along  the  rivers.  Wis.  to  Olno,  the  uplands 
of  Ga.,  and  westward.  Bulb  nutritious,  about  1'  diam.,  resembling  a  small 
onion.  Scape  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  nearly  as  long,  grass-like.  Rac.  2  to  3'  long. 
Pet.  and  sop.  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  6"  long.  Anth.  oblong,  yellow.  May. 
(Plialangium,  Nutt.  Camassia,  Lindl.  C.  Fraseri  Torr.) — Improves  by  cultiva- 
tion as  to  the  size  both  of  tlie  bulbs  and  flowers. 

2  S  praebracteata  Ilaw.  Squfll.  Lvs.  broad-linear,  longer  than  the 
scape ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  flowers  in  a  large  conical  panicle ;  perianth 
spreading,  persistent. — Bulb  large,  white.     Fls.  blue,     f  S.  Eur. 

8.  ORNITHOG'ALUM,  L.  Star-of-Bethlehem.  (Gr.  Opw^of,  of  a 
bird,  yaAa,  milk;  why  so-called  is  not  obvious.)  Perianth  deeply  6- 
parted,  regular,  persistent,  segments  many  (3  to  7)  veined,  spreading, 
(white,  green  or  yellow) ;  filaments  6,  dilated  at  base,  scarcely  perigy- 
nous,  ovary  free  ;  style  erect,  tapering  or  subtrilobate  ;  capsule  3-lobed, 
3-celled,  3-valved  above ;  seeds  few  or  many  in  each  cell,  shining, 
black. — Bulbous  plants,  scarcely  differing  from  Scilla  except  in  the 
eolor  ot  the  fls. 

1  O.  crdceum  Ell.  Yellow  Star-of-Bethlehem.  Lvs.  narrowly  linear,  radi- 
ical,  longer  ihan  the  slender  scape  which  bears  an  oblong  raceme  of  saffron-yellow 
flowers  at  top ;  bracts  scarious  a*  apex,  obtuse,  sheathing,  many  times  shorter 
than  tlie  slender  pedicel ;  segm.  liince-ovate,  obtuse,  3-veined,  erect  after  flower- 
ing, with  a  greenish-orange  stripe  on  tlie  back ;  sty.  and  stam.  subulate,  shorter 
than  the  segments. — Mid.  Ga.,  rare.  (On  Stone  Mt.,  16m.  from  Atlanta  I  Also 
at  Macon,  Dr.  Mettauer.)  Scape  10  to  20'  high,  almost  filiform.  Rac.  10  to  15- 
flowered.  Ped.  8  to  12"  long,  fls.  half  as  long.  Apr.,  May.  (Phalangium  Mx^ 
Nutt.) 

2  O.  umbell^tum  L.  "White  Star-of-Eethlehem.  Lvs.  linear,  channeled,  as 
long  as  the  scape,  emarginate ;  scape  bearing  a  few  white,  green-striped  jis.  in  a 
loose  corymb ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts ;  filaments  lanceolate-subulate. — 
Gardens,  and  naturalized  in  many  localities.  Scape  near  If  high.  Segm.  of  the 
star-like  perianth  beautiRilly  marked  with  a  longitudinal  stripe  on  the  outside.  May. 


Order  148.— LILIACE.E. 


711 


9.  AL'LIUM,  L.  Garlic.  Onion.  (Celtic  all,  hot  or  burning.) 
Flowers  in  a  dense  umbel,  with  a  membranous,  2-leaved  spathc  ;  peri- 
anth deeply  6-parted,  segments  mostly  spreading,  ovate,  the  3  inner 
somewhat  smaller ;  ovary  angular ;  stigma  acute  ;  capsule  3  lobed. — 
Strong-scented,  bulbous  plants.  Lvs.  mostly  radical.  Umbel  on  a 
scape. 

§  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  perishing  before  flowering.    Capsule  8-8eeded.    Native No.  1 

§  Leaves  flat,  linear.    Filaments  simple.    Ovary  crested  with  a  crown  of  6  lvs.  Native.  (♦) 

♦  Stamens  conspicuously  longer  than  the  seitals.     Umbel  notltling No.  2 

*  Stamens  equaling  the  sepals  in  length.    Umbels  with  bulblets  or  flowers Nos.  H,  4 

•  Stamens  evidently  shorter  than  tlio  sepals.    Umbels  with  flowers  only Nos.  f),  6 

§  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate  or  lance-linear.    Filaments  tricuspidate.  Cultivated Nos.  7,  S 

§  Leaves  terete  and  hollow. — Stem  leafy  half  way  up.    Filaments  tricuspidate No.  9 

— Scape  naked.    Filaments  not  tricuspidate Nos.  10 — 12 

1  A.  tTic6ccum  Ait.  Lance-leaved  Garlic.  Scape  terete ;  lvs.  lanceolate- 
oblong,  flat,  smooth ;  umbel  globous ;  ovule  and  seed  solitary  in  eaeli  cell  of  the 
3-celled  capsule. — if  A  strong-scented  plant,  common  in  damp  woods,  N.  H.  to 
Va.  and  Wis.  Bulb  oblong,  acuminate.  Lvs.  5  to  8'  long,  an  inch  or  more  wide, 
acute,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  all  witliering  and  disappearing  before  the  opening 
of  the  flowers.  Scape  a  foot  or  more  liigh,  beariug  a  thin,  2-leaved,  deciduous 
spathe  at  top,  with  an  umbel  of  10  to  12  white  fls.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  A.  cirnuum  Roth.  Nodding  Garlic.  Scape  angular ;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  very- 
long  ;  umbel  cernuous ;  stam.  simple,  much  longer  than  the  perianth. — Mid.  t^. 
and  W.  States.  This  is  our  handsomest  species.  Bulb  6  to  8'  diam.  Scape 
mostly  4-angled,  smooth,  slender,  15  to  24'  high,  mostly  recurved  at  top.  Umbel 
12  to  20- flowered.  Pedicels  1  to  8"  long.  Fls.  rose-colored.  Ova.  6-toothed, 
becoming  a  roundish,  3-seeded  capsule,     Jl. 

3  A.  stell^tum  Nutt,  Lvs.  radical,  linear,  about  equaling  the  nearly  terete 
scape ;  umbel  many-flowered,  erect  (when  in  flower,  nodding  before) ;  petals  ob- 
long-ovate, acute,  equaling  the  stamens ;  filam.  subulate,  simple ;  ova.  3-lobed, 
each  lobe  bearing  2-teeth,  or  2-crested  above ;  caps.  3-angled,  3-celled,  6-seedod. 
— Mo.,  111.  to  Can.  W.  Alow  species,  in  gravelly  soils.  Scapo  and  lvs.  10  to  15' 
high.     Pis.  roseate.     Bulb  oblong-ovate,  eatable. 

4  A.  Canad^nse  Kalm.  Scapo  terete ;  lvs.  linear ;  umbel  capitate,  bulbiferous  ; 
filam.  simple,  dilated  at  base. — y  In  woods.  Lvs.  radical,  §  as  long  as  the 
scape,  smooth,  nearly  flat  above.  Scape  1 2  to  18'  high,  round,  smooth,  bearing 
a  spathe  of  2  ovate,  acute  bracts  at  top,  with  a  liead  of  bulbs  and  flowers.  Tiio 
bulbs  are  .sessile,  each  furnished  with  a  bract  beneath,  and  among  them  are  a  few 
whitish  flowers  on  plender  pedicels.     Jn. 

5  A.  mut^bile  Mx.  Lvs.  linear-setaceous,  thin,  sheathing  at  base,  shorter  than 
the  terete  scape ;  umbel  many-flowered,  erect ;  spathe  3-leaved,  purplish ;  segm. 
ovate-lanceolate,  longer  tlian  the  stamens ;  filam.  simple ;  ova.  crested ;  caps. 
S-lobed,  3-seeded. — Damp  woods,  Ga.,  Fla.  and  Ala.  Common  nt  Montgomery. 
Bulb  small,  an  inch  or  two  in  the  ground,  clotiied  with  a  thick  net-work  of  fibers. 
Scape  12  to  20'  high,  strict.  Fls.  20  to  40,  white  or  rcseate.  Perianth  2"  long. 
Filam.  purple,  anth.  white.     Tastes  strong  of  garlic.     Mar. — May. 

€  A,  striatum  Jacq.  Scape  slender,  3-angled,  longer  than  the  linear,  striate  leaves 
which  are  sheathing  at  base;  spathe  of  2  ovate  bracts;  umbel  few  (3  to  1)-flow- 
ered,  segm.  ovate-lanceolate,  with  aid^ein  greenish  purple,  near  twice  longer  than 
the  stamens ;  fllam.  dilated  at  base  ;  caps,  downy,  perfecting,  2  or  3  seeds  in  each 
cell. — Woods  and  prairies,  111.  (Hall,  Lapham),  and  S.  States.  Scape  8  to  12' 
high.  Lvs.  1  to  3"  wide.  Pedicels  1  to  2 — 3'  long,  seldom  more  than  5  in  num- 
ber. Fls,  larger  than  in  our  other  wild  species,  spreaduig  about  10  ",  white. 
Mar. — May. 

7  A.  sativum  L,  Common  Garlic,  Bulb  compound  ;  st.  leafy  to  the  mid- 
dle ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate  ;  spathe  1-leaved,  long-acuminate ;  umbel  bulbiferous  ,• 
Btam.  tricuspidate. — Gardens.  The  bulb  is  composed  of  several  smaller  ones  sur- 
rounded by  a  common  membrane,  acrid  and  very  strong-scented.  St,  2f  high. 
Fla.  small,  white.     Used  in  seasoning  and  sometimes  in  medicine.     Jl.  X    Sicily. 

8  A.  p6rrum  L.     Leek.     St.  compressed,  leafy ;    lvs.  sheathing  at  base. 


V12 


Okueu  148.— LI  LI  AC  KVH 


chaxueled  and  keeled ;  umbel  of  fls.  globous ;  stam.  tricHspidate,  a  little  longer  than 
the  rough-keeled  sepals. — Gardens.  Rt.  bearing  a  scaly,  cylindrical  bulb.  Stem  2f 
liigl),  bearing  long,  linear,  alternate,  sheathing  Ivs.,  and  at  the  top  a  large  umbel, 
of  small  white  fis.     Jl.  f     Switzerland. 

9  A.  vine^le  L.  Chow  Garlic.  St.  slender,  with  a  few  leaves ;  caulino  Ivs. 
terete,  fistulous  ;  umbel  bulbiferous ;  sta.  exsert ;  fU.  alternately  tricuspidate,  tho 
middle  point  bearing  tho  anther. — If  Meadows,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Leaves 
S — 12'  long.  Scape  1 — 2f  higli,  bearing  a  spathe  of  2  small  bracts  at  top,  and 
an  umbel  of  flowers  with  whicli  bulbs  are  sometimes  intermixed.  Perianth  pur- 
ple.   June,  July.  § 

10  A.  schcenopr^sum  L.  Cives.  ^ape  somewhat  leafy  at  base,  equaling  the 
terete,  filiform,  fistulous  Ivs. ;  spathe  of  2  b.^'^ts.  nearly  as  long  as  the  capitate 
umbel ;  segm.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  iho  filam.  which  are  toothless 
and  dilated  at  base. — Lake  .shores.  Can.  Common  in  gardens,  growing  in  tufts. 
Bulbs  small.    Scape  less  than  If  high.     Umbel  1'  diam.     Fls.  purple.     Jl. 

11  A.  fistuldsum  L.  Wbu^sii  Onion.  Scape  leafy  at  base,  inflated  in  the 
midst;  Ivs.  fistulous  throughout,  terete,  about  the  length  of  the  scape;  umbel  dense, 
globular,  fruitful ;  sep.  acuminate,  with  a  green  keel ;  stam.  exserted,  with  simple 
filaments;  ova.  3-lobed,  green. — Gardens.  Scape  and  Ivs.  forming  dense  tufts, 
18'  high,     f  Asia. 

12  A.  Cepa  L.  Common  Onion.  (Scape  fistulous,  swelling  towards  the  bos* 
much  longer  than  the  terete,  fistulous  Ivs.— (E'  Gardens.  Bulb  compressed,  or 
round,  or  oblong  in  figure.  The  "^^ope,  which  appears  the  second  year,  is  3  to  4f 
high,  straight,  smooth,  stout,  bearing  at  top  a  large,  round  umbel  of  greenish- 
white  fls.     Universaljy  cultivated  for  the  kitchen. 

(3.  PROLiFERUM.     ToP  OxiON.     Umbels  bulbiferous  and  proliferous,  i.e.,  pro- 
ducing secondary  bulbs  and  plants  at  top,  with  few  flowers  or  none. 

10.  AGAPANTHUS,  L'llerit.  (Gr.  dyanri,  love,  dvOog  ;  a  flower  to 
be  loved.)  Perianth  funnel-forin,  regular,  6-parted  ;  stamens  6,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  tube,  curved  upwards ;  ovary  free ;  style  filiform, 
curved  at  the  end ;  stigma  entire  ;  capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled,  many- 
seeded. — Rt.  tuberous.  Lvs.  radical,  thick,  linear.  Scape  thick,  bear- 
ing an  umbel  with  a  2-leaved  involucre. 

A.  umbell^tuB  L'Her.  Lvs.  linear ;  umbel  many-flowered ;  pedicels  as  long 
as  the  perianth. — A  fine,  showy  plant  for  the  parlor  or  greenhouse,  easily  reared 
in  pots.  Scape  2f  or  more  hijii,  with  an  umbel  of  numerous  fls.  of  a  rich  blue, 
f  S.  Africa. 

il.  HYACINTHUS,  L.  Hyacinth.  (Hyacinthus  of  Grecian  fable, 
was  killed  by  Zephyrus,  2iiid  transformed  into  this  flower.)  Perianth 
tubular  campanulate,  regular,  6-cleft,  segments  spreading-recurved ; 
stamens  6,  adherent  to  the  tube,  free  at  ape.x  ;  ovary  free  ;  cells  of  the 
capsule  about  2-seeded. — Herbs  acaulescent,  from  a  coated  bulb.  Fls. 
racemed. 

H.  orientdlis  L.  Perianth  funnel-form,  half  6-cleft,  ventricous  at  the  base. — 
2^  A  well-known  flower,  long  prized  and  cultivated.  Lvs.  thick,  linear-lance- 
olate, 3  to  5'  long.  Scape  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  thick,  bearing  a  raceme  of 
numerous  blue  flowers  which  are  often  doiible.  Tho  tube  is  enlarged  at  base  by 
the  roundish  ovary  within  it.  Stam.  adherent  a  third  the  length  of  the  tube, 
deeply  included.  Segments  oblong,  obtuse,  recurved,  rather  shorter  than  the 
tube.     Mar.,  Apr.  f    Levant. — Varies  with  fls.  white,  pink,  red,  etc. 

12.  MUSCA^RI,  Tourn.  Grape  Hyacinth.  Perianth  tube  ventri- 
cous, ovoid  or  campanulate,  throat  constricted,  limb  of  6  very  short, 
obtuse,  spreading  segments,  sometimes  with  a  crown.  Otherwise  as  in 
Hyacinthus. 

1  M.  racemdsum  L.  Fls.  fragrant,  roundish-ovoid,  nodding-,  lvs.  linear, 
channeled,  arcuate-recurved,  flaccid. — Gardens.    Soape  terete,  4  to  6'  high,  shorter 


Obder  148.— LILIACE^. 


1U 


than  the  leaves.    Pis.  about  2"  long,  fragrant.     Tube  deep  blue,  limb  white, 
much  smaller,     f  Eur. — Varies  to  white.     (Bolryanthue  'C.) 

l3.  PLUMATiLis.     Rac.  changed  (by  cult.)  to  a  diffuse,  feathery,  sterile  panicle. 

2  M.  botryoides  L.  Fls.  inodorous,  subglobous,  nodding ;  Ivs.  linear-lan- 
ceolate, narrowed  below,  channeled,  erect. — Flortrers  nearly  a  month  later  thaft 
the  other,    f  Eur. — Varies  with  fls.  azure,  pale,  white,  roseate.    (Botryanthus  K.) 

3  M.  moBoh^tum  Willd.  Fls.  fragrant  (musk-like),  ovoid,  subinflated,  thront 
constricted  just  below  the  short,  spreading,  6-lobed  limb,  and  bearing  a  small  0- 
lobed  crown;  tube  persistent,  bluish  green  or  greenish  violet,  the  limb  yellowish; 
Ivs.  fleshy,  linear;  rac.  dense. — Gardens,     f  Asia. 

13.  ASPHOD'ELUS,  L.  Asphodel.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  a(f>akX(o,  to 
surpass ;  a  flower  not  surpassed  in  beauty.)  Perianth  6-parted,  spread- 
ing; stamens  6,  deelinate  and  upcurved,  their  bases  dilated  into  as 
many  valves  covering  the  free  ovary ;  capsule  globular,  3-celled,  cells 
2-seeded. —  2i  Rt.  fasciculate.  Lvs.  radical,  subulate.  St.  scape-like, 
erect. 

1  A.  IClteuB  L.  Yellow  Asphodel.  St.  simple,  leafy ;  lvs.  3-cornered. — A 
plant  of  easy  culture  and  rapid  increase.  St.  3f  high,  thickly  invested  with  .3-oor- 
nered,  hollow  leaves.  Fls.  yellow,  in  a  long  spike,  reaching  from  the  top  almost 
to  the  base  of  the  stem.     Jn.     f  Sicily. 

2  A.  ramdsuB  L.  "White  Asphodel.  «Si/.  naked,  branched;  ped.  alternate, 
longer  than  bract;  lvs.  ensiform,  carinate,  smooth. — Gardens.  Not  so  tall  as  the 
preceding,  but  with  larger,  white  fls.     Jn.    -f  S.  Eur. 

14.  HEMEROCAL'LIS,  L.  Day  Lily.  (Gr.  rjnepa^  a  day,  KaXXog, 
beauty.)  Perianth  funnel-shaped,  regular,  deciduous;  limb  6-parted, 
veined,  spreading;  stamens  6,  inserted  in  the  throat,  curved  upwards; 
ovary  free ;  style  slender,  curved  like  the  stamens  and  longer,  stigma 
entire  ;  capsule  with  3  few-seeded  cells. —  2i  Root  %sciculate.  St.  leafy, 
erect.  Lvs.  linear,  striate,  keeled.  Fls.  large,  xanthic,  solitary  or 
racemed. 

1  H.  fulva  L.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  carinate ;  pet.  obtuse,  wavy ;  veins  of  sep. 
branched. — Naturalized  in  some  parts  of  this  country.  A  well-known,  showy, 
border  flower.  Leaves  very  numerous,  mostly  radical,  an  inch  wide  and  a  foot  or 
more  long.  Scape  round,  thick,  naked,  smooth,  branching,  3f  high.  Flowers 
very  large,  liliaceous,  of  a  tawny  red.     Style  striate.     July.     •}■  Levant. 

2  H.  flava  L.  Lvs.  broad-linear,  carinate ;  segments  flat,  acute ;  veins  of  the 
sepals  undivided. — A  foot  high.  Flowers  a  bright  yellow,  much  smaller  than  those 
of  H.  fulva.     Scape  branching.     Jl.    f  Siberia. 

15.  FUN'KIA,  Spreng.  White  Day  Lily.  {¥ov  Henri/  Funk ,  a  Gor- 
man cryptogamist.)  Perianth  funnel  shaped,  deciduous;  stamens  6, 
hypogynous,  and  with  the  style  declinate-curved ;  capsule  3-celled, 
elongated,  3-angled ;  seeds  many,  2-rowed,  winged  at  end. —  21  Root 
fasciculate.  Lvs.  all  rad;<;al,  ovate  or  oblong,  petiolate.  Scape  racemed 
above.     Fls.  large,  cyanic. 

1  p.  ovata  Spr.  Lvs.  broad-ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate;  rac.  many-flow- 
ered ;  fls.  funnel-form,  soon  nodding ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  twice  longer  tlian 
the  pedicel. — Gardens.  Lvs.  large,  very  smooth,  veined,  on  long  petioles.  Seapo 
If  high.  Fls.  white.  Jn.  f  Japan.  (Hemerocallis  Jrponica  Thunb.) — Varies 
with  violet-colored  flowers. 

2  F.  Bubcord^ta  Spr.  Lvs.  ovate-cordate,  acuminate ;  rac.  few-flowered ;  fls. 
nodding,  with  a  very  long  tube ;  bracts  much  longer  than  the  pedicel. — Gardens. 
Fls.  white,  very  fragrant,     f  Japan. 

3  F.  albo-margindta  Hook.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  eleganily  margined  with 
white;  rac.  short,  with  remote,  deelinate  fls. ;  bracts  ovate,  all  equal,  twice  longer 


■I'i 


I  i 


i  s  i  W 


M' ' 


714 


Order  148.— LILIACE^ 


than  the  pedicels. — Gardens,  rare, 
lines,     f  Japan. 


Fla.  lilac,  variegated  with  white  and  purple 


16.  POLYGONATUM,  Toum.  True  Solomon's  Seal.  (Gr.  ttoXv^, 
many,  yovv,  knee;  from  the  many-jointed  rhizome.)  Perianth  tubular, 
limb  short,  6-lobed,  erect;  stamens  6,  inserted  near  and  above  the 
middle  of  the  tube,  included ;  ostwy  free,  3-celled,  cells  2  to  6-ovuled ; 
style  slender,  included;  berry  globular,  3  to  6-seeded. — 11  Rhizome 
liorizontal,  thick.  St.  erect  or  curving,  leafy  above.  FIs.  axillary,  pen- 
dent, greenish  white. 

P.  multifidrum  Desf.  St.  recurved,  smooth ;  Ivs.  distichous,  lanceolate,  amplexi- 
caul,  smooth  above;  peduncles  axillary,  1  to 4-fiovvered. —  if  In  woods,  frto  States 
and  Can.  Stem  1  to  3f  high,  most  recurved  in  the  tallest  plants.  Leaves  more 
or  less  clasping  at  base,  or  only  sessile  in  the  smallest  plants,  2\  to  6'  by  1  to  2^', 
veined,  smooth  and  glossy  above,  paler  and  generally  pubescent  beneath.  Pfdun- 
cles  filiform,  branching,  scarcely  a  fifth  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  5 — 8" 
long,  pendulous,  greenish,  sub-cylindric.  Berries  dark  blue  or  blackish  when 
ripe.    Apr. — Jn. 

a.  Lvs.  very  amplexicaul,   smooth  both  sides,   distinctly  veined ;    peduncles 

elongated,  the  lower  4-flowerod ;  fil.  puberulent. — In  rich  damp  soils.     This 

var.  is  common  to  Europe  I  and  America !     (P.  augustifolium  Ph.     P.  biflo- 

rum  Ell.) 

p.  PUB^SCENS.    Lvs.  pubescent  beneath,  glaucoiis,  sliglitly  clasping ;  st.  1  to  2f 

high ;  fls.  as  short  as  the  peduncles. — Common  in  N.  England. 
y.  oiGANTEi'M.  Tall,  green  and  glabrous  throughout;  lvs.  partly  clasping; 
ped.  2  to  G-flowered. — In  rieli  alluvion.  S'  to  7f  high.  (P.  caniculatum 
Ph.) 
6.  LATiFoLiUM.  Pubescent  above;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  upper  surface  glabrous, 
base  sessile  or  somewhat  pelioled. — Middle  States.  St.  2  to  4f  high.  (P. 
latifolium  Muhl.     P.  hirtum.  Ph.) 

17.  CONYALLA'RIA,  L.  Lily  of  the  Valley.  (Lf.;,.  conrallis,  a 
valley;  the  locality  of  some  species.)  Perianth  campanulate,  of  6  united 
segments,  lobes  of  the  limb  recurved;  stamens  6,  included,  perigynous; 
ovary  3-celled,  1-styled,  cells  4  to  6-ovuled;  berry  few-seeded. —  21 
Rhizome  creeping,  slender.  Lvs.  radical,  and  scape  very  smooth,  low, 
bearing  a  secund  raceme  of  white,  drooping  fls. 

C.  maj^lia  L.  An  elegant,  sweet-scented  plant,  native  of  mountain  woods,  "Va. 
to  Ga.,  also  of  Europe,  and  is,  or  deserves  to  be,  a  frequent  inljabitant  of  our  gar- 
dens. Lvs.  2,  seldom  3,  ovate-elliptical.  Scapo  6'  liigh,  with  the  small,  elegant 
flowers  depending  from  its  upper  half  in  a  single  rank.     May. 

18.  CLINTO'NIA,  Raf.  (In  honor  of  Gov.  De  Witt  Clinton,  of  N.  Y.) 
Perianth  campanulate,  of  6  equal,  distinct  segments ;  stamens  6,  hypo- 
gynous,  anthers  linear-oblong;  ovary  oblong,  2  (rarely  3)-celled ;  style 
olongated ;  berry  (blue)  2-celIed,  cells  2  to  10-seeded. —  21  Rhizome 
creeping.  Lvs.  all  radical,  few  (2  to  6),  broad.  Scape  naked,  bearing 
an  umbel. 

1  C.  bore^lis  Raf.  Northern  Clintonia.  Lvs.  broad-oval-lanceolate ;  fls.  2  to 
5  in  the  bractless  umbel,  cermwtts ;  berry -cells  many-seeded. — Mountainous  or  hilly 
wood,  Can.,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.,  W.  to  the  Miss.  Rhizome  creeping  to  some  extent. 
Lvs.  4  to  7'  long,  J  as  wide,  petiolate,  radical  or  nearly  so,  smooth  and  glossy, 
fringed  with  scattered  hairs.  Scape  erect,  round,  8  to  13'  high,  bearing  at  top  a 
beautiful  umbel  of  3  to  6,  yellowish-green,  nodding  fls.  Perianth  lilinceous,  of  6 
oblanceolate,  erect-spreading  segm.  Berries  of  a  rich  aiuothystine  blue.  (Con- 
vallaria  Poir.) 

2  C.  multifldra  Beck.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath ;  umbel  many 
(12  io  30yflowered,  bracied ;  fls.  erect  or  spreading  -,  berry  cells  2-seeded. — Woodsy 


Order  U^.— LILIAOK.K 


715 


Cbatauque  Co.,  N.  T.  ^Torrey)  to  Car.  aloug  tlie  AUeghaniea.  Lva.  6  to  9'  by  1 
to  2',  scarcely  acuminate,  striiu  .'.  Scape  8  to  10'  liigb,  pubescent.  Umbel  corytu- 
bous,  with  the  fls.  small  (4  to  5'  long),  white,  spotted  nith  purple  inaide,  odorouH. 
Jn.     (Convallaria  umbellata  Poir.) 

19.  SNILACI'NA,  Desf.  Solomon's  Seal.  (Lat.  diminutive  of 
smilax,  but  with  no  good  reason.)  Perianth  of  6  equal,  spreading 
segments  united  at  the  base ;  stamens  6,  slender,  perigynous,  anthers 
short ;  ovary  globous,  3-celled  (rarely  2-celled),  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell;  style  short,  thick;  berry  gibbons,  pulpy,  1  to  3-seedud. —  li  Rhi- 
zome creeping,  thick  or  slender.  St.  leafy,  bearing  a  terminal  cluster 
of  white  fls. 

S  Unceine  compounil.    Stamens  longer  thnn  the  perianth.    Ovulos  collateral No.  1 

S  Kuueine  simple.    Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth,    Ovules  one  above  the  other.  ..Nos.  2,  8 

1  S.  racemdsa  Desf.  Clustered  Solomon's  Seal.  St.  recurved;  jvs.  oval, 
acuminate,  subaesailo;  rac.  compound. — Copses,  coimnon,  Car.  and  IJ.  S.  Rhi- 
zome thick,  sweetish  to  the  taste.  Stem  18' — 2f  high,  downy,  ahvay.s  gracefully 
recurved  at  top.  Lvs.  4  to  C  long,  a  third  as  wide,  voiuod,  sharply  a.  uniitiate. 
minutely  downy.  Petioles  0  to  2"  long.  Fls.  very  many,  small,  white  in  all  their 
parts,  in  an  oval  panicle  of  racemes.  Berries  red,  dotted,  subpellucid,  as  large  asj 
peas.     Apr. — Jn.     (Convallaria,  L.) 

2  S.  stell^ta  Desf.  St.  erect;  lvs.  many,  lanceolate,  acute,  ampkxicaul ;  fls.  few, 
in  a  simple  raceme. — Along  rivers.  Can.  and  Northern  States,  W.  to  the  Miss. 
St.  10  to  20'  high,  round  and  smooth.  Lvs.  8  to  10,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath, 
4  to  6'  by  9  to  12",  tapering  gradually  to  the  apex.  Bis.  wliite,  about  8,  4'  diam. 
Segm.  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  twice  longer  than  the  stamens.  Berries  nearly  black. 
May,  Jn.     (Asteranthemura  Kunth.) 

3  S.  trifoli^ta  Desf.  Erect;  lvs.  3  or  4,  oval-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  ara- 
plexicaul ;  rac.  terminal,  simple. — A  delicate  little  species  in  mountain-.swampa, 
Can.,  N.  Eng.  (rare),  W.  to  Wis.  St.  3  to  5'  high,  pubescent,  angular.  Lvs.  2 
to  3^'  long,  a  fifth  to  a  third  as  wide,  somewhat  acuminate.  Fls.  4  to  10,  on 
pedicels  2  to  7"  long,  white.  Segm.  obtuse,  liually  reflexed,  a  third  longer  than 
the  stamens.  Ovary  often  but  2-celled,  with  2  stigmas.  Berry  2  or  3-seeded, 
dark  red.     May.     (Convallaria,  L.     Asteranthemura  Kuuth.) 

20.  MAJAN'THEMUM,  Mcench.  Two-leaved  Solomon's  Seal. 
(Gr.  Mala,  a  mountain  nymph,  dvOefiov,  a  flower.) .  Perianth  of  4  ovate, 
obtuse,  spreading  segments  united  at  base ;  stamens  4  ;  ovary  2-celled  ; 
otherwi  as  in  Smilacina. — Rhizome  creeping.  St.  bearing  2  or  3  lvs. 
^.  ''   ' .   ct    imple  terminal  raceme. 

M.  bliuxium  DC.  A  small  plant  frequent  upon  the  edges  of  woodlands,  Can.,  N. 
Eng.,  W.  to  Wis.  St.  angular,  about  6'  high.  Lvs.  2,  rarely  3,  about  2'  long,  ^ 
as  wide,  ovate,  distinctly  cordate,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  on  a  petiole.  Rac.  erect, 
an  inch  long,  consisting  of  12  to  20  white  fls.  Berry  small,  round,  and  when 
mature  pale  red,  si^eckled  with  deep  purple.     May. 

21.  ASPAR'AGUS,  L.      (The  ancient  Greek  name.)      Perianth   6- 
parted,  segments  erect,  slight  spreading  above  ;  stamens  6,  perigynous  ; 
style  very  short ;  stigmas  3  ;  berry  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded. —  2^    P' 
fibrous,  matted.     Sts.  with  very  narrow  lvs.  and  small  fls. 

A.  officinalis  L.  St.  herbaceous,  unarmed,  very  branching,  erect ;  lvs.  setace^yus, 
flexible,  fasciculate. — E^caped  from  gardens  and  naturalized  on  rocky  sliores.  St. 
2  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  filiform,  ^  to  1^  long,  pale  pea-green.  Fls.  axillary,  solitary 
or  in  pairs.  Berries  globous,  red.  It  ia  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  delicate  culi- 
nary vegetables,  was  no  less  praised  in  ancient  Rome,  by  Pliny,  Cato  and  other 
writers,  than  at  the  present  day.    Diuretic.    Jl.     §  Eur. 

22.  STREPTO'PUS,  Mx.  Twist-foot.  (Gr.  (7rpe0w,  to  turn,  ttov^, 
foot ;  a  twisted  footstalk  or  peduncle.)     Perianth   6-parted,  campanu- 


Ylfl 


Order  148.— LIUACE^. 


late  ;  segments  with  a  nectariferous  pore  at  the  base  of  each  ;  anthers 
longer  'na'  the  filaments  ;  stigma  very  short ;  berry  roundish,  3-celled ; 
seeds  few,  hilum  with  a  very  slender  raphe. —  2^  St.  branched.  Fis. 
axillary,  solitary,  generally  with  the  peduncle  distorted,  or  abruptly 
bent  near  the  middle. 

1  S.  rdseus  Mx.  Smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  margin  serrulate-ciliate ; 
under  surface  green  like  the  upper ;  pedicels  short,  gouerally  distorted  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  segments  spreading  at  apox ;  anth.  sfutrt,  2-horned ;  stig,  trijid. — Can.  to  Car. 
and  Tenn,  A  common  spmes,  native  of  woods.  Stem  a  foot  or  more  high, 
round,  dichotomously  branching.  Leaves  2 — 4  long,  ^  as  wide,  ending  in  a 
slender  point,  smooth,  but  conspicuously  edged  with  minute,  rough  hairs. 
Flowers  reddish,  spotted,  sus'^ended  beneath  the  branches,  one  Mnder  each 
loaf.     Jn. 

2  S.  amplescifdliuB  DC.  Smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  smooth  and  en- 
tire on  the  margin,  glauccmt  beneath ,  pedicels  solitary,  geniculate  and  distorted  in 
the  middle ;  sep.  long-acuminate,  reflexed ;  avJk.  sagittate,  acute-pointed,  entire; 
stig.  truncate. — Can.  and  Mid.  States.  Native  of  ivoods.  Stem  round,  dichofo- 
mous,  2f  high.  Leaves  2  to  3'  long,  \  as  wide,  very  smooth.  Peduncles  oppo- 
site the  leaf,  twisted  and  bent  downwards  each  with  a  bell-form,  drooping  flower 
gibbous  at  base,  of  a  pale  straw-color.  Fruit  oblong,  red,  many-seeded.  Jn.  (S. 
distortus  Mx.     Uvularia  L.) 

23.  PROSAR'TES,  Don.  (Gr.  rrpoaaprw^),  to  suspend ;  alluding  to 
the  pendulous  flowers.)  Perianth  as  in  Uvularia ;  stamens  6,  perigy- 
nous,  included,  with  long,  filiform  filaments;  ovary  3-celled,  with  2  sus- 

f>en(led  ovules  in  each  cell;  style  elongated,  trifid  ;  berry  roundish  ob- 
ong,  3  to  G-seeded. —  21  St.  erect,  with  divergent  branches,  scattered, 
sessile,  ovate,  thin,  pubescent  Ivs.  and  drooping,  terminal,  greenish- 
purple  fls. 

P.  lanugindsa  Don.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the 
clasping  base,  pubescent  beneath ;  pedicels  in  pairs ;  perianth  segm.  linear- 
lanceolate;  style  smooth. — Mts.  N.  Y,  to  Car.,  W.  to  Or.  St.  12  to  18'  high, 
2  or  3  times  forked  above.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  veined.  Pedicels  6  to  8''  long, 
downy.    Fls.  spreading-bell-shaped,  segm.  near  6"  long.     Berry  red.    May. 

24.  UVULA'RIA,  L.  Bell-wort.  (Lat.  uvula,  the  palate;  the 
flower  depends  like  that  organ.)  Perianth  connivent-campanulate,  de- 
ciduous, deeply  6-partcd ;  segments  linear-oblong,  acute,  erect,  with  a 
nectariferous  cavity  at  the  base  of  each  ;  filaments  very  short,  scarcely 
perigynous ;  anthers  linear,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ;  style  trifid ; 
capsule  3-celled ;  seeds  few,  w  ith  a  very  tumid  raphe. — Lvs.  alternate 
Fls.  solitary,  terminal,  becoming  axillary,  nodding. 


Leaves  perfoliate  near  the  base. 
Leaves  sessile  or  lialf-closping. 


Capsule  obovoid-triangtilar,  truncate Nos.  1,  2 

Capsule  ovoid  or  oval-tritinjiular ; .  .Nos.  3,  4 


1  U.  perfoliata  L.  Mealy  Bellwort.  Lvs.  perfoliate,  elliptical,  subacute; 
perianth  subeampanulate,  tuberculate-scabrotis  within,  segm.  acute ;  anths.  cuspidate  ; 
caps,  truncate. —  y  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  handsome,  smooih  plant,  in  woods.  Stem 
10 — 14'  high,  passing  through  the  perfoliate  leaves  near  their  bases,  and  dividin.- 
into  2  branches  at  top.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  5 — 1',  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at 
apex.  Flower  pale  j'ellow,  pendulous.  Segments  linear-lanceolate,  IJ'  long, 
twisted,  covered  within  with  sliining  grains.  Anthers  £' long.  May.  (U.  flava 
Smith.) 

2  IT.  grandifldra  Smith.  Lvs.  perfoliate,  elliptic-oblong,  acute ;  fl.  terminal,  soli- 
tary, pendulous ;  segments  acuminate,  smooth  within  and  without ;  anth.  obtuse. — 
U  Can.  and  U.  S.  Larger  than  either  of  the  foregoing.  In  woods.  Stem  12 — 
15  inches  high,  passing  through  the  perfoliate  leaves  near  their  bases,  dividing 
into  2  branches  at  top,  one  of  which  bears  the  large,  yellow,  pendulous  flower 


OfcnEB  149.— MKLANTHACEiB. 


Ill 


Leaves  ftlno^t  BCumHiate,  rounded  at  base.  Anthers  }'  long.  May. — Readil;^ 
di-stiii^uished  by  the  smooth  petula. 

U.  aessilifdlia  L.  Wild  Oats.  Lis.  sessile,  lance-oval,  glaucous  beneath  ;  caps. 
$tiped,  oi'u/-triaugnlar. — U  C"Q.  and  U.  S.  A  common  .speciea,  found  in  woods 
and  in  >^ra.ss  lands.  Stem  smooth,  slender,  6 — 10'  high,  dividing  at  thu  top  into  3 
brandies,  one  bearing  leaves  only,  the  other,  leaves  and  a  liower.  Leaves  smooth 
and  delicate,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  1 — lA  long.  The  flower  is  cylia- 
dric,  near  an  inch  long-,  yellowish-wliite,  of  6,  long,  linear  petals.     May. 

U.  pub^rula  Mx.  Lvs.  amplexicaul  and  rounded  at  base.  oval,  of  the  sa/rM 
shining  green  both  sides,  puberuknl  along  the  mjirgins,  as  well  as  the  stem ;  peri- 
aoth  segm.  acute,  smooth  both  sides ;  capsule  sessile  (no  stipe),  ovoid. — Mts.  Va 
to  Car.     St.  8  to  12'  high.     Fls.  yellowish-white,  larger  than  in  U.  sessilifolia. 


Order  CXLIX.     MELANTHACE^.     Melanths. 

Serbs  perennial,  sometimes  bulbous,  often  poisonous,  with  parallel-veined  leaves, 
perianth  double,  regular,  persistent,  of  6  consiniilar,  green  or  colored  segments, 
stamens  6,  with  extrorse  anthers,  3  distinct  styles  and  a  free,  3-cc'lled  ovary,  capsule 
3-celled,  3-partible  or  septicidal,  and  seeds  few  or  many  with  a  thin  seed  coat. 
Figs.  61,  62,  464. 

Genera  80,  tiperien  180,  rather  generally  diffused  in  northern  countries. 

PropertieN.—The  order  Is  generally  pervaded  by  diastic,  narcotic  an<l  poisonous  qualities,  most 
powerful  in  Veratruni  and  Colchicuin.  Tlie  conns  and  secils  of  tiie  latter  are  the  most  impor- 
tant medicinal  products  of  the  order.  Their  virtue  i.s  due  to  an  alkaline  principle  called  venu 
triu,  which  is  found  in  this  genus,  as  well  as  in  most  of  the  otliers. 

GENERA. 

I  Anthers  1-celled,  extrorso,  cordate,  becoming  peltate  by  opening.    (•) 

*  Inflorescence  paniculate,  or  a  raceme  somewhat  branched  at  base,     (a) 

a  Sepiils  glandular  at  base  inside,  clawed.    Stamens  pcrigynous Melantiiu-m.  1 

a  Sepals  glandular  at  base  inside,  clawed.    Stamens  hypogynous Ziuadeki'a.  3 

a  Sepals  not  gland  bearing.    Stamens  perigynous Veratbum.  8 

*  Inflorescence  racemous,  with  white  flowers.    Stamens  perigynous Amianthitm.  4 

*  Inflorescence  spicate,  with  green  flowers.    Stamens  hypogynous Scua;nocaulos.  5 

f  Anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.    Capsule  loculicidal.     Flowers  racemous.    (b) 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Filaments  dilated  at  base.    Ovary  cells  2-ovuled Xkropiiyllum.    6 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Filaments  filiform.    Ovary  cells  00  -ovuled H  eloni as.    7 

b  Flowers  dicecious,  white.    Stem  leafy Ciiam^libiu-m.    8 

§  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.    Capsule  septicidal.     Flowers  racemous,     (c) 

C  Stamens  6.    Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  9  to  40 Tofieldia.    9 

0  Stamens  9  to  12.     Flowers  deep  yellow,  6  to  9,  mostly  6 • I'leea.  10 

1.  MELAN'THIUM,  Gronov.  (Gr.  ^ttXa^,  black,  dvdog,  flower;  a 
false  name  if  applied  to  the  yellowish  flowers.)  Flowers  moiiceciously 
polygamous;  perianth  rotate,  6-parted,  segments  oblong,  acutish,  cor- 
date or  auricled,  and  with  1  or  2  glandular,  brownish  spots  at  basi'j 
the  claws  bearing  the  stamens;  ovary  often  abortive,  capsule  exsertod, 
subovoid,  trifid  at  the  summit  and  tipped  with  3  persistent  styles  ;  seols 
broadly  winged. — St.  erect,  thickened  at  base,  bearing  an  open  pyrami- 
dal panicle  of  simple  racemes.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  varying  to  linear. 

M.  Virginicum  L.  Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  swamps,  "Wis.  to  N.  T.  and 
Fla.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  leafy.  Lvs.  about  a  foot  long,  6''  to  2'  wide,  sessile,  on  a 
contracted  and  subclasping  base.  Fls.  about  8"  broad,  on  short  pedicels,  arranged 
in  simple,  alternate  racemes,  and  together  constituting  a  pyramidal  panicle  10  to 
15'  in  length.  Lower  fls.  generally  sterile.  Jl,  Aug 
(3.  HYBRiDUM.  Lower  lvs.  lanceolate  and  lauco-ovaL — A  larger  growth.  (M. 
hybridum  B.  &  S.) 

2.  ZIGA.DE^NUS,  Mx.  Zioadenk.  (Or.  ^evyog,  a  pair,  ddTjv,  a  gland.) 
Perianth  deeply  6-parted,  spreading,  colored,  each  segment  with  2  glands 


718 


Oewsr  149.— MKLAxVTHACEJlJ: 


above  its  contracted  base  ;  stamens  inserte<l  in  contact  with  the  ovary ; 
capsule  membranous,  3-cellecl,  many-seeded,  sopticiilul ;  seeds  scarcely 
winged. —  H-  St.  simple,  panirulate  above,  smooth  and  glaucous,  as  wel) 
as  the  linear  Ivs.     Fls.  greenish. 

1  Z.  glab^rrimus  Mx.  Bhizome  creeping ;  Ivs.  linear,  chunneled,  recurved ;  pan- 
icle  pyramidal ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate;  segin.  of  the  perianth  acuminate,  yluuds 
2  on  the  claw  of  each. — S.  States.  St.  2  to  3t'  high.  Lower  Ivs.  about  10'  long, 
upper  ones  graduallv  diminishing,  all  concave  and  tapering  to  a  point.  Panicle 
tormiiiai,  loose,  consisting  of  many  greenisli-wliite  lis  Sep.  ovato-laneeolate,  free 
from  the  stamen.-',  the  2  glands  orbicular,  distinct  and  conspicuous.     Jn. 

2  Z.  glailcUB  Nutt.  St.  bulfwiis,  nearly  naked;  Ivs.  shorter  than  the  stem,  linear, 
rathiT  obtuse ;  panicle  ni/np'  ;  brads  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  sey- 
ments  oral  m-  ob^-vate,  obtuse,  eac.  tuith  an  obcordate  gland. — Sandy  shores,  Cai".  to 
N.  Y.  and  Wis.  Stem  10 — 15'  higli.  Leaves  glaucous,  upper  gradually  reduced 
to  bracts.  Raceme  subsimple,  sometimes  a  little  compound  at  base.  Flowers 
few  (10 — 20),  greenish-wliite,  on  pcJicels  1'  long,  the  segments  with  the  2  glands 
united.     Capsule  oblong-ovoid,  carpels  divergent  at  apo.Y,  6 — 8-seedod.    Jl.,  Aug. 

3  Z.  leimanthoides  Gray.  Rt.fibroiis;  Ivs.  linear,  flat;  pan.  simple,  tiio  terminal 
raeeint>  elongated ;  segments  obovate,  with  a  glandular  spot  at  base,  and  longer  than 
tiie  linear  styles;  sds.  winged  at  the  apex,  lanceolate,  compre.«sed. — N.  J.  to  Liv 
Stem  roundish,  2 — If  high,  tlie  lower  leaves  about  half  as  long,  palo  green,  acute. 
Flowers  white,  on  liliform  pinlicels,  linally  recurved.  Segments  of  the  perianth 
obtuse,  a  little  shorter  than  the  capillary  lilaments.     July. 

3.  VERATRUM,  Tourn.  False  IIklleuoue.  (Lat.  vere,  atrum, 
truly  black  ;  alluding  to  the  dark  color  of  the  flowers  or  root.)  Flowers 
by  abortion  <5  ^  ?  ;  segments  of  tiie  perianth  united  at  base,  ])ctaloid. 
spreading,  sessile  and  without  glands  ;  stamens  6,  sliorter  than  the  ])eri- 
anth.  and  inserted  on  its  base ;  ovaries  3,  united  at  base,  often  abortive ; 
styles  short ;  capsule  3-lobed,  3-partible,  oo-seeded. — Rt.  Ivs.  alternate. 
Fls.  paniculate. 

8  Stem  Btout  and  very  lonfy  tlirouphout.     Sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate Nn.  1 

§  Stem  slender,  nearly  naked. — Sepals  obtusisli.    Leaves  oval  anil  lanceolate Nos.  '2,  3 

— Sepals  acuminate.    Leaves  linear No.  4 

1  V.  vfride  Ait.  Lvs.  lance-oval,  acuminate ;  st.  stout  and  very  leafy ;  panicle 
compound,  racemous;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  bracteoles  longer  than  the  downy 
pedicels. — Can.  to  Ga.  A  large-leaved,  coarse- looking  plant,  of  our  meadows  and 
swamps.  Root  large,  fleshy,  with  numerous  long  flbers.  Stem  2— 4f  high,  stri- 
ate and  pubescent.  Leaves  strongly  veined  and  plaited,  the  lower  near  a  foot 
long  and  half  as  wide,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  numerous,  green,  in  many 
axillary  (or  bracted)  racemes,  which  together  form  a  very  large,  pyramidal,  ter- 
minal panicle.    July.    Root  emetic  and  stimulant,  but  poisonous.    (V.  album  Mx.) 

2  V.  Woodii  Robbins.  Indiana  Veratrum.  Lvs.  niostly  radical,  lanceolate 
and  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  veined  and  plicate,  acute  tapering  to  a  long'; 
winged,  sheathing  petiole ;  st.  or  scape  terete,  tall,  erect,  with  remote,  lance- 
linear  bracts ;  panicle  simple,  slender,  pyramidal,  many-flowered ;  fls.  S  5 ,  snh- 
sess/te;  segnienti  oblanceolate,  sessile  i^he  stamens  nearly  free  and  of  equal  length) 
dark  lyroionLsh-purple  within. — Woods,  Green  Co.,  la..  111.  (Mead)  and  Iowa  (Cous- 
ens).  Root  fasciculate.  Loaves  10 — IG'  long  (including  the  4—8'  petiole),  2 — 4' 
wide.  Bracts  1 — '.i'  long.  Scape  3 — Gf  high,  paniculate  ^  its  length.  Flowers 
9  '  diam.,  almost  black,  with  red  stamens,  upper  and  lower  sterile.  Ovary  oblong, 
crowned  with  3  spreading  styles  half  its  length.  Seeds  compressed,  winged  with 
the  broiid,  loose,  membranous  testa.     July.  —Very  dillerent  from  the  next. 

3  V.  parvifldrum  Mx.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  oval  and  lance-oval,  glabrous, 
scarcely  plicate,  contracted  at  base  into  winged  petioles;  stem  scape-like,  terete, 
bracted  •  panicle  elongated,  very  loose,  with  flliform  branches ;  fls.  dingy  green,  on 
filiform  pedicels,  segin.  lance-spatulate,  unguiculate,  the  claws  bearing  the  stamens, 
toJiich  are  scarcely  half  as  long. — Blue  Ridge,  Va.  (Miss  Carpenter)  to  the  Mts.  of 


i^.l 


Obpkb  149.— MELANTHACE^. 


719 


G'l.  I.V8.  shorter  and  broador  than  in  No.  2.  St.  2  to  5f  liiijh.  Fls.  very  open, 
6  '  diaiii.,  sometimes  all  sterile.  Jl.  (Melaiithiutn  nionoicuiu  Walt.) 
4  V.  angUBtifolium  Ph.  Guass-leavkd  Veuatkum.  Lvs.  narrowly  iiixjar, 
Mat.  very  long,  lowest  obtu.se,  upper  ones  diinitiishiiij,'  to  subulate  bnicts;  Hs.  in  a 
^lender  panicle  of  racfmes,  those  of  the  terminal  raceme  (except  a  few  of  the 
higliest)  perfect  and  fertile,  those  of  the  lateral  racemes  mo.stly  sterile ;  segments 
narrowly  lanceolate,  subulate,  acuminate. — A  very  dlend(.'r,  giass-liko  species,  in 
woods,  W.  States  to  the  Mts.  of  Car.  Stem.  ;{f  liig'i,  with  green i.sh- white  flowers. 
Leaves  1 — 2f  by  '2 — ;{'',  half-dusping.  Panicle  l^f  long,  pedicels  shorter  thin 
the  flowers,  each  with  a  very  minute  bract.     June,  July.     (Stenanthium,  Gray.) 

4.  AWIAN'THIUM,  Gray.  Fly-poibon.  (Or.  dfxiuvTo^,  pure,  iinniac- 
nlate  ;  dv&oc  ;  alluding  to  the  white  flowers.)  Flowers  $  ;  perianth 
segments  scarcely  united  at  base,  petaloid,  spreading,  sessile  and  with- 
out glands ;  st.ini.  6,  hypogynous,  as  long  as  the  segments ;  anthers 
roniform  ;  ovaries  3,  more  or  less  united  ;  caps.  3  lobe.l,  3-partible  ;  car- 
])els  follicular,  1 — 4-sci^ded  ;  testa  of  the  seeds  loose,  at  length  fleshy, — 
1  lerbs  with  scapiform  steins,  grass-like  leaves,  and  a  raceme  of  numerous, 
white,  long-pedicelcd  fls.,  turning  green  with  age. 

1  A.  muBcaetozicum  G  ray.  St.  bulbous ;  lvs.  flat,  lovjer  broad-linear,  obtuse,  up- 
per reduced  to  bracts;  rac.  simple;  scgnitnts  ublomj,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sta.- 
ine,ns;  pedicels  lililbrm ;  carpels  di.stinct  al)ovo;  sty.  divergent;  seeds  ovoid,  reil. 
— Shady  swamps,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Southern  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  iiigh.  Leaves 
mo/<tly  radical,  about  If  long.  Raceme  2  to  4',  rarely  longer,  dense-flowored, 
pedicels  6 — 9"  long.  Perianth  and  stamens  white,  tlie  latter  rather  the  longest. 
Carpels  iniited  only  at  base,  the  sinnmits  horn-Iikc  and  diverging.  Seeds  rather 
large,  scarlet-red  when  ripe.     Apr. — Jn.     (lielouiaa  erytlirosperma  Mx.) 

2  A.  angustifolium  Gray.  St.  slender,  scarcely  bulbous;  lvs.  narrowly  linear, 
tuptrlng  to  a  lomj,  acute  point;  rac.  simi)le;  sep.  oval,  acutish,  scarcely  longer  tJian 
the  stamens;  sty.  filiform,  contiguous;  seeds  linear. — Damp  pine  woods,  Car.  to 
(Bainbridge,  Ga.,  and)  Fla.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  Lv.s.  9  to  18'  long,  2  to  3"  wide, 
.somewliat  keeled.  Rac.  3  to  5'  long,  1'  diam.  Ped.  ascending.  Anth.  yellow, 
twice  smaller  than  in  No.  1.     Plant  of  a  deep  green.     Apr. — Jn. 

5.  SCH^NOCAu  LON,  Gray.  (Gr.  nxolvog,  a  rush,  KavXo^,  caulis.) 
Perianth  herbaceous,  of  6  linear-oblong,  siiberect,  persistent  sepals  ; 
stamens  6,  hypogynous,  nmch  fxserted,  witli  large,  reniform,  1  celled 
anthers;  ovaries  3,  slightly  conjoined;  stigmas  3. — Herb  bulbous, 
acaulescent,  glabrous,  with  the  lvs.  all  radical,  very  long  and  narrow, 
sedge-like,  and  a  very  slender  scape.     Fls.  in  a  slender  spike. 

S.  grdcile  Gray.  Sandy  soib-,  Ga.  and  Fla.  Scapes  2  to  3f  high,  lvs.  half  as 
long.     Spiko  2  to  4',  witli  i)alo  green  Us.     Fr.  yet  unknown.     Apr.,  May. 

6.  XEROPHYL'LUM,  M.x.  (Gr.  ^rjpog,  dry,  (/)uaaov,  leaf)  Flowers 
^  ;  leaflets  of  the  perianth  oval,  spreading,  petuloid,  sessile,  and  with- 
out glt»nds  ;  stamens  6,  filaments  dilated  and  contiguous  at  base  ;  ovary 
jiubglobous;  styles  3,  linear,  revolute;  capsule  subglobous,  3-lobed,  3- 
celled,  cells  2-8eeded. — Herbs  with  lunnerous  dry,  setaceous  leaves,  the 
lower  longer,  rosidately  reclined,  the  upper  gradually  redu'jed.  Rac, 
simple,  with  white,  showy  fls. 

X.  asphodeloideB  Nutt.  Sandy  plains,  N.  J.  to  Car.  St.  ?  to  5f  high,  very 
leaty.  Radical  lvs.  If  long,  very  narrow,  crowded  and  cjespitcus.  Fls.  in  a  long, 
dense,  showy  raceme.  Segm.  spreading  5  ',  obtuse.  Pedicels  1''  or  more  longf, 
bractless  at  base,  but  with  2  bractlets  above  the  biwo.     Jn. 

7.  HELO^NIAS,  L.  (Gr.  tXo^,  a  marsh  ;  where  some  species  grow.) 
Flowers  ^  ;  perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  petaloid,  the  segments  sessilcd 


'  ^' 


■a 


T20 


Ordek  149.— MELANTHACE^. 


persistent,  without  glands ;  stamens  6,  liypogynous,  at  length  longer 
than  the  perianth,  anthers  short,  oval ;  styles  3,  distinct ;  capsule  3- 
celled,  3-liorned ;  cells  loculicidal,  many-seeded. — Lvs.  mostly  radical, 
narrow,  often  gramineous,  sheathing  at  base.  Fls.  in  a  terminal,  simple 
raceme. 

H.  buUdta  L.  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Va.  Scape  10  to  18  high,  rather  thick  and 
lit'shy,  hollow,  nearly  naked.  Lvs.  lance-spatulate,  about  as  long  aa  the  scape,  1 
to  l|'  wide.  Rac.  short.  Pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers,  colored.  Fls.  purple, 
segm.  obtuse,  with  blue  anthers.     May.     (H.  latifolia  Ph.) 

8.  CHAM.£LIR'IUM,  Willd.  (Gr.  X"'}'''^\  on  the  ground,  keipiov,  a 
2ily.)  Flowers  ditecious;  perianth  6-sepaled,  spreading,  persistent; 
sepals  narrow;  filumeits  6,  perigynous,  filiform,  longer  than  the  sepals 
(short  in  the  $  ) ;  ovary  free,  with  3  distinct  styles ;  capsule  oblong, 
loculicidal ;  seeds  many,  linear-oblong,  winged  at  each  end.— Rt.  tuber- 
ous, premorse.  St.  leafy,  strict,  slender.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  the  radical 
oblanceolatc  and  obovate-obtuse.  Rac.  spike-like,  nodding,  dense- 
flowered,  yellowish-white. 

C.  Iflteum  Gray.     Blazing  Star.     Low  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St,  12  to  30' 

higli,  furrowed.  Radical  lvs.  3  to  5'  by  G  to  12",  in  a  sort  of  whorl.  Fls.  small, 
very  numerous,  in  long,  terminal,  spicate  racemes,  which  are  more  slender  on  the 
barren  plants.  Ovaries  as  long  aa  the  hnear  petals,  subtriangular.  Caps  3-fur- 
rowed,  oblong,  tapering  to  the  base,  opening  at  tho  top.  The  fertile  plants  tuo 
taller,  more  erect,  bat  with  fewer  flowers.     Apr. — Jn.    (Helonias  dioica  Ph.) 

9.  TOFIELD'IA,  Hudson.  (To  Mr.  Tofield,  a  Scotch  gentleman,  re- 
siding near  Doncaster.)  Flowers  ^  ,  calyculate,  with  3  remotish,  united 
bracts ;  Ifts.  of  the  perianth  petaloid,  spreading,  sessile,  and  without 
glands ;  sta.  6  ;  anth.  roundish-cordate,  introrse ;  ^varies  3,  united ; 
styles  distinct,  short ;  ova.  3-lobcd,  3-partible  ;  capsule  oo-seeded. — 
Lvs.  equitant,  subradical.  Scape  not  bulbous.  Fls.  spicate  or  race- 
mous. 

§  I'edicels  clustered  in  .Ss.    Stems  Bcabrons-glnndiilar Noe.  1,  2 

§  I'edicels  sejiarate.     8teiu  glabrous No.  3 

1.  T.  glutinosa  Nutt.  (S<.  leafy  below,  gland ular-seabroua,  simple;  lvs.  a  fourth 
the  leuijth  of  the  stem,  lineiir-ensifbrm,  glabrous,  obtme ;  rac.  oblong,  few-Jtoweied, 
clode,  composed  of  3-flowered,  alternate  fascicles ;  caps,  longer  than  the  perianth. 
— Woods,  Ohio  to  Wise,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Stem  slender,  scape-like,  1 — l^f,  dot. 
ted  with  dark-colored  glands.  Leaves  3 — G'  by  3 — G'  ,  carinate.  Spicate  raoem« 
1 — IJ'  long,  9 — 18-flowered.  Involucre  truncate,  3-toothed,  a  little  below  tht 
perianth.     Petals  and  sepals  oblauceolate,  less  than  2'  long,  carpels  4". 

2.  T.  pClbens  Dryand.  St.  leafy  at  base,  rough-puberulent ;  lvs.  nearly  lialf  th{ 
lenyth  of  the  stem,  linear-ensiform,  strongly  striate,  acuto,  glabrous ;  rac.  Untar. 
elongated,  composed  of  many  remotish,  alternate  faficicles ;  pedicels  2  to  3  togetlier, 
as  long  aa  tho  Ilowers ;  fls.  3-bracted  at  base ;  capsule  scarcely  exceeding  the 
perianth. — Pino  barrens,  Del.  to  Fla.  St.  2  to  3f  higii,  slender.  Lvs.  more  tlian 
twice  longer  than  in  No.  1.  Rac.  6  to  8'  long,  30  to  ^0-flowered.  Fie.  small, 
greenish-white.     Jl. — Sept. 

3  T.  glabra  Nutt.  St.  leafy  below,  glabrous ;  lvs.  nearly  as  in  No.  2 ;  rac. 
elongated,  dense,  with  the  pedicels  separate  (not  clustered),  scarcely  longer  than 
tlieir  bracts  ;  carpels  distinct  to  near  the  bivso;  etig.  sessile. — Car.  to  Ark.,  in  wet 
grounds.  St.  1  to  3f  high.  Rac.  2  to  5'  long,  20  to  30-flowerod.  Seeds  uuear- 
oblong,  not  caudate. 

10.  PLEE'A,  L.  C.  Rich.  (Gr.  7rA«ac,  the  Pleiades;  its  flowers.) 
I'crianth  colored,  persistent,  6-sepaloil,  stelbtely  spreading;  staiuetw  0 


Okdeu  150.— POXTEDERIACEtE. 


721 


to  1 2,  hypogynous,  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  anthers  introrse ;  styles  3  ; 

capsule  3-partible,  oo-seeded. —  21  Herb  glabrous,  with  a  slender,  rush. 

like  stern,  dry,  rush-like  Ivs.,  and  a  raceme  of  6  to  9  yellow  lis. 

P.  tenuifolia  Rich.  Bogs,  N.  Car.  (Curtis),  S.  Car.  (Michx.)  St.  1  to  2f  high, 
from  red,  fibrous  roots.  Lvs.  perennial-green,  very  narrow,  sheathing  at  base, 
Bearly  Iflong.     Caps,  brown. 


!!»  1 


Order  CL.     PONTEDERIACE^.     Tontederiads. 

Plants  aquatic,  with  the  leaves  parallel-veined,  mostly  dilated  at  base.  Fls.  spatli- 
aceous.  Perianth  tubular,  colored,  G-parted,  often  irregular  and  circiuate  after 
flowering.  Stamens  3  or  6,  unequal,  perigynous.  Ovary  free,  3-celled.  Style  1. 
Stigma  simple.  Capsule  3  (sometimes  l)-celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehis- 
cence. Seeds  numerous  (sometimes  solitary),  attached  to  a  central  axis.  Albumen 
farinaceous. 

Geriera  6,  species  30,  found  exclusively  in  America,  E.  Indies,  and  tropical  Africa.  Tliey  are 
of  no  known  use. 

GENERA. 

Flowers  irregular,  blue.    Stamens  6.    Utriclo  1 -seeded Pontedkria.    1 

Flowers  regular. — Anthers  3,  of  2  forms.     Leaves  reniform Heteranthkra.    2 

— Anthers  8,  of  one  form.    Leaves  linear Scholi.kra.    3 

i.  PONTEDE^RIA,  L.  Pickerel  Weed.  (In  honor  of /«/iM6' /*ow- 
tcdera,  a  botanic  author  and  profcssoi".  of  I'adua,  about  1720.)  Perianth 
bilabiate,  tubular  at  base,  under  side  of  the  tube  split  with  3  longitudi- 
nal clefts  (the  2  lower  sepals  free),  circinate  after  flowering  and  persis- 
tent ;  stamens  unequally  inserted,  3  near  the  base  and  3  at  the  summit 
ot  the  tube;  utricle  1-seedcd  (2  cells  abortive). — Lvs.  radical,  long- 
petioled.     St.  1-leaved^  bearing  a  spike  of  blue  fls. 

1  P.  cordi;ta  L.  Lvs.  cordate-oblong,  obtuse;  petiole  shorter  than  the  peduncle; 
spike  cylindrical,  pubescent. —  2|  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  fine,  conspicuous  plant,  na- 
tive of  the  borders  of  nmddy  lakes,  &c.,  growing  in  patches  extending  from  the 
shores  to  deep  water.  Stem  thick,  round,  erect,  arising  1 — 2f  above  the  water, 
bearing  a  single  leaf.  Leaves  4 — 7'  by  li — 3',  very  smooth  and  glossy,  almost 
sagittate,  with  veins  beautifully  arranged  to  conform  to  the  margin.  Flowers  in 
a  spike,  arising  above  the  spatlio,  very  irregular.  Perianth  2-lipped,  each  lip  3- 
cleft,  always  blue,  appearing  in  July. 

^i.  ANQUSTIFOLIA  Torr.     Lvs.  narrow,  truncate  and  subcordate  at  base. 

2  P.  lancifdlia  Muhl.  Ia-s.  lance-oblong  or  lance-lintar,  rather  acute  at  each  end ; 
petiolo  shorter  than  the  peduncle ;  spike  cylindrical,  pubescent. — Pools  and 
ditches,  Ga.  (Fcay)  and  S.  Car.  More  slender  every  way  than  the  other,  15  to  30' 
high.  Wo  can  detect  no  ditferencc  in  its  flowers,  but  the  permanent  dilVerence 
of  the  leaves  is  worthy  of  consideration.     Apr.,  May. 

2.  HETERAN'THERA,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  (Or.  Ert:pa,  otherwise,  av0//pa ; 
the  anthers  being  dissimilar  in  the  same  flower.)  Spathe  sevenil- 
flowered;  tube  of  the  perianth  long  and  slender,  limb  G-})arted,  equal ; 
stamens  3  ;  anthers  of  2  forms,  the  lower  oblong-sagittate,  on  a  longer 
filament ;  capsule  3-oelled,  many-seeded.  Lvs.  mostly  reniform,  long- 
petioled. 

H.  reniformis  R.  &  V.  St.  prostrate  or  floating ;  lvs.  suborbicnlar,  reniform  or 
aurieulate  at  base ;  spathe  acuminate,  few-llowei'ed. — On  muddy  or  iimndated 
banks.  Mid  and  AV.  States.  Stem  4'  to  a  foot  or  more  in  lengtii.  Leuves  Y  by 
f,  on  petioles  1 — 2  long,  with  a  broad  sinus  at  base,  and  a  short,  abrupt  acumi- 
nation.  Spathe  closely  enveloping  the  2  or  3  very  evauescenl,  wliite  Howers. 
Tube  of  the  poriantli  .V  lonir,  limb  in  6  oblong  segments.     Filaments  inserteil  at 

40 


Hiil 


722 


Ordeh  151.— JUNCACE^. 


the  orifice,  2  of  the  anthers  small,  round,  yellow,  the  other  oblong,  greenish.    JL; 
Aug.    (Leptauthus,  Mx.) 

3.  SCHOL'LERA,  Schreber.  (Dedicated  to  one  Scholler,  a  German 
botanist.)  Spathe  several-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and 
slender,  limb  6-parted,  equal  ;  stamens  3,  with  similar  anthers  ;  capsule 
1-celled,  many-seeded. — Lvs.  alternate,  sheathing  at  base,  grass-like, 
submersed.     St.  floating,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 

S.  graminea  Willd.  A  grass-like  aquatic,  in  flowing  water,  N.  States.  St.  slen- 
dtM-,  dichotomous,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  3  to  6  long,  1  to  2"  wide,  obtuse  at  .ipex, 
slightly  sheathing  at  base,  flower  solitary,  issuing  from  a  short  (1'  spathe),  tube 
1^'  long,  limb  in  6  linoar-lanoeolato  sjgrnonts,  yellow.  Stam.  3  (4,  anthers); 
filaments  broad,  one  of  them  abortive,  the  other  2  with  linear  anthers  longer  than 
the  thick  style.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Leptauthus,  Mx.) 


Order  CLL     JUNCACEJi:.     Rushes. 

Plants  herbaceous,  generally  grass-hke,  often  leafless,  with  small,  dry,  green 
flowers.  Perianth  more  or  less  glurae-like,  regular,  6-leaved,  in  2  series  (sepals  and 
petals.)  Stamens  6,  rarely  3,  hypogynoua.  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Style  1. 
Ovary  3-carpeled,  3  (or  by  the  dissepiment  not  reaching  the  center  l)-celled.  Cap- 
sule 3-valved,  with  the  dissepiments  from  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Seeds  few  or 
many,  with  a  fleshy  albumen.     Fig.  377. 

Genera  15,  species  200.  chiefly  natives  of  the  cool  parts  of  tlie  earth.     Properties  unim- 
portant. 

GENERA. 

Perianth  yellow  (greenish  outside).    Stifttna  1.    Capsule  oo-seeded Narthecium.    1 

Perianth  greon  or  brownisli.    Stigmas  3. — Caiisulo  3-seoded Luzula.    3 

— Capsule  cc-seeded JuNCii8.    8 

1.  NARTHEXIUM,  Mcehr.  (Gr.  vapi??/!,  a  rod  or  wand ,  '  allusion 
to  the  slender  inflorescence.)  Perianth  6-parted,  colored,  ^  ending, 
persistent ;  stam.  6 ;  filaments  hairy ;  caps,  prismatic,  3-celled ;  seeds 

00,  ovate-oblong,   appendaged  at  each   extremity. —  2f  Root  fibrous. 
Lvs.  ensiforin.     Scape  nearly  naked.     Fls.  yellowish. 

N.  Americanum  Ker.  Lvs.  radical,  striate,  narrow-ensiform ;  roc.  lax,  mtor- 
rupted ;  pediccU  with  a  bract  at  base,  and  a  setaceous  Ijracteole  near  the  flower. 
— An  interesting  little  plant,  in  pine  barrens  and  sandy  swamps  of  N.  J.  Also 
in  Can.  Scapes  8  to  12'  high,  terete,  with  2  or  3  subulate  bracts.  Leaves  nu- 
merous, much  shorter  than  the  scape.  Pedicels  3 — 7"  long.  Perianth  green- 
ish externally,  yellow  within,  about  half  as  long  as  tlio  yellowish,  mature  capsule. 
Aug. 

2.  LU^ZULA,  DC.  Wood  Rush.  (Italian  lucciola,  a  glow-worm ; 
from  the  dew  glistening  upon  its  flowers.)  Perianth  persistent,  bibrac- 
teai.c  at  base ;  stamens  6  ;  capsule  l-ccll«d,  3-seeded ;  seeds  fixed  to 
the  bottom. — Stem  jointed,  leafy.  Lvs.  grass-like,  on  entire  sheaths. 
Pis.  terminal,  green  or  brownish. 

§  Flowers  sep.irate,  pedicellate,  in  umbels  or  paniculate  cymes Xos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  agi^regato, — in  ijt'dunculalc  heails  forming  ar  uiiibcl  or  cyme Mos.  3,  4 

— in  si'ssile  heads  forming  a  nodding  black  8i)ike No.  5 

1  Ii.  pilosa  Willd.  Lvs.  pihus;  umhil  cynwtis,  spreading,  consisting  nf  au-'Kii/al 
\-flowered,  simple  pedicels;  caps,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sepiiis  ■  Tomniou  in 
woods  and  groves,  N.  S.  and  Can.  St.  4  to  16'  high.  Radical  lvs.  iiiuk  •oii3  2 
to  4'  long,  linear-lanceolate,  veined,  fringed  with  long  white  hairs.  TTiii:)i  Is  8  ■ « 
12-flowered,  with  a  leafy  bract.  Pedieoln  5  to  10"  long,  Lu.i'ly  deflexeii,  Jr'ei.* 
anth  brown,  with  2  green  bractleta.     May. 


Order  151.— JUNCACI'LE. 


12S 


I  Ik  parvifldra  Desv.  St.  elongated;  Iv.i.  \\\\\w\\\\k\i\\\  glabrous;  corymb  ckcom- 
pound;  pod.  elongatod,  the  branches  with  '^  to  5  pedicellate  fls.  ;  sep.  ovate,  acu- 
niiualo,  longer  than  the  oval-liianguhir,  obtuse-nmcronate  capsule. — White  Hills, 
N.  U.  (Plot!  Boaworth),  (h-aylook  Mt.,  Mass.  (Ciiadbourne),  oU'.  8tem  12  to  18' 
high.  Radical  Iva.  8  lo  10'  by  3  to  6  ",  those  til'  tiie  stem  much  shorter,  all  verv 
aii.ooth.  Panicle  largo,  nodding,  niany-flowttred.  Capsule  black.  Jn.  (L. 
nielanocarpa  Desv.) 

3  L.  campestris  "Willd.  Field  Rush.  Lvs.  hairy ;  .'Spikes  globular  or  ovate 
some  on  long  peduncles,  Bomo  nearly  sesailo ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acuminate-awn' d, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule;  seeds  loitha  conical  appendaije  at  base. — In  mead- 
ows, U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  simple,  straight,  '5  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  gra,«s-Iik('.  2  to  6* 
long,  with  tufts  of  cotton -like  hairs.  Heads  in  a  sort  of  umbel,  with  an  involucre 
of  2  or  3  short,  uuequal  lvs.  Perianth  rust-colored,  capsule  at  length  blown. 
May. 

13.  BULBOSA.  Bulbous;  lvs.  narrowly  linear ;  sep.  shorter  than  the  globular,  dark 
brown  capsules, — Lookout  Mt,  Tenn.  St.  6'  high.  "With  the  other,  but  (low- 
ers earlier. 

4  L.  arcu^ta  E.  Meyer.  Lvs,  linear,  channeled,  glabrous ;  heads  few,  3  to  h-flov- 
ered,  on  unequal,  filiform,  often  recurved  pedicels ;  bract'!  ciliate ;  sepals  acute, 
reddish-brown,  about  equaling  the  roundish-elliptical  capsule ;  seeds  not  appeu- 
daged. — White  Mts.,  N.  II.  (not  common)  and  Arc.  Am, 

5  T.  spicata  DO.  Lvs.  linear,  hairy  at  the  base ;  spike  cernuous,  composed  of 
several  sessile  globular  heads;  sep.  acuminate-awned,  about  equal  in  length  to 
the subgloboua  short-pointed,  black  capsule.  Yv'hite  Hills,  N.  H.  (Prof  Bosworth). 
St.  8  to  10'  high,  slender,  simple.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  a  line  wide,  smootii  exeoi)t 
at  the  base.  Spike  an  inch  long,  appearing  greyish  black  when  mature.  Seeds 
oval,  with  a  small,  oblique  appendage.     Jl.  '  i 

3.  JUNXUS,  L.  Rush.  (Lat.  jurif/o,  to  join  ;  because  ropes  wore 
anciently  made  of  these  plants.)  Perianth  6-sepaled,  gkime-like,  per- 
sistent ;  stamens  6,  rarely  3  ;  capsule  mostly  3-celled  ;  seeds  numerous, 
attached  to  the  inner  edge  of  the  dissepiments. — St.  simple,  leafy  or 
leafless,  with  terete,  flat  or  channehMJ  lvs.,  entire  sheaths  and  small, 
bibracteate,  greenish  fls. 

§  Cyme  or  pnnicle  lateral,  bursting  from  tlio  side  of  the  scapo  abo\«  tho  middle.  (a"> 

a  Lc.ives  none.     Flowers  separate,  mostly  liexandrous,  preenish Nos.l— 3 

a  Leaves  few,  radical,  iointles'j.     Flowers  c:ipitate,  fi-an(lrou.s,  brownish Nos.  4,  5 

I  Cyme  or  j)aniclo  teriiiinal  on  tlie  stem  or  scape.    Leaves  present,  (b) 
b  Flowers  eaiiitate,  few  or  many  in  cacli  liead,  (c) 

C  Leaves  jointed  (nochfiis)  with  internal,  transverse  partitions,  (d) 

d  Stamens  3.— Heads  i^reen  or  pale  straw-colored Nos.  fi — 3 

— llea<ls  brown  or  chestnut  colored Nos.  9,  10 

d  Stamens  C.    Heads  tawny  or  brown,— 10  to  CO-llowered Nos.  11,  12 

—2  to  9-flowered Nos.  13,  U 

O  Leaves  not  Jointed. — Heads  many,  brown.    Sepals  obtuse.    Stamens  h No.  Mi 

— Heads  few  or  many,  green      Sepals  awned No.  1(5 

—  Heads  mostly  but  one.    SepaKs  acute.    Stamens  C.Nos.  17,  IS 
b  Flowers  separate,  not  in  lieads,  mostly  seeund.    Stamens  0.  (e) 

e  Stems  leafy,  panicle  dilfuse,  m;my-fl<)w<reil Nos.  19,  20 

e  Stems  naked,  except  at  base,  scape-like Nos.  21— '2o 

1  J.  BdlticuB  Willd,  Baltic  Rush.  Rhizomocreoping,  prostrate,  re oting;  5ca;)ey 
numerous,  sheathi'd  at  base,  opaque  terete,  rigid,  slender,  pungently  acnte;  jmni- 
cle  mar  the  summit,  small ;  fls.  separate,  broivn;  rep.  suboqual,  ovate-laiiceolat  e, 
very  acute,  equaling  the  elliptical,  mucronate  cap.-,ule. — Sandy  shores.  Mo.  to  Wits, 
and  Can.  Scapo  leafless,  1  to  3f  lii<j:h,  hard,  tout'h,  closely  arranged  along  the 
scaly  rootstock,  tho  eheaths  3"  to  3'  long.  Panicle  2  to  5'  below  the  apex  of  the 
scape,  r  long.     Fls.  20  to  40,  reddish  browr,, 

2  J.  effiisus  L.  Soft  Rush.  Bl  •..  lusii.  Scape  straight,  not  rigid;  panicln 
lateral,  loo.se,  decompound,  .sometimes  dense;  fls.  separate;  sep.  green,  tiiper- 
poiiited,  as  long  as  tho  obovato,  obtusr  capsules. — Very  common  in  ditches  and 
moist  lands,  forming  tufts,  Can.  and  IJ.  S.  Scape  solid,  with  a  spongy  pith,  soft. 
striate,  2  to  3f  high,  bearing  a  loose,  spreading  panicle  which  protrudes  from  a 


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ill 


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724 


Order  151.— JUXCACE^B. 


fissure  opening  in  the  side  of  tlie  stem  about  half  way  up.     Fh.  small,  green, 
numerous,  with  3  white  anthers  and  yellowish  seeds.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  J.  filiformis  L.  (not  Mx.)  Rhizome  creeping,  leafless,  scape  nder,  filiform 
minutely  striate,  flaccid;  panicle  subs impk,  lateral,  near  the  middle  .■/  the  scajye ; 
fls.  separate ;  sep.  pale,  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  pale, 
sliining,  obovate,  mucronate  capsule.  Boiders  of  lakes,  N.  States  and  Can. 
Scape  1  to  2f  high,  with  a  few  brown  sheaths  at  base.  Fls.,  some  pedicellate, 
soiro  sessile.     JL 

4  J.  setaceus  Rostkow.  Sca2)e  filiform,  striate ;  umbel  lateral,  subsimple,  few- 
flowered;  ped.  compressed,  several  flowered ;  perianth  segments  very  acute. — 
Swamps,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  growing  in  tufts,  about  2f  higli.  Scapes  weak  and  slen- 
der (not  setaceous),  sheathed  at  base  with  the  shorter  leaves.  Panicle  small,  20 
to  30-flowered,  bursting  from  the  side  of  the  scape  some  distance  below  the  sum- 
mit.    Fls.  in  small  heads,  scarcely  brownish,     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  J.  maritimua  Lam.  Black  Rush.  Scapes  numerous,  tall,  rigid,  terete,  sheatlied 
;ic  base;  panicle  decompound,  fur  below  .:e  summit;  fls.  aggregated  in  roundish 
heads;  sep.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer- than  tlie  roundish-obovate,  mucronata 

cajjsule. — In  brackish  marshes,  L.  I.  to  Fla.  Scapes  2  to  5f  high,  forming  dense 
tufts.  Panicle  2  to  3'  long,  with  numerous  heads,  and  subtended  by  a  shorter 
bract.     Fls.  dark  brown.    Jl.     (J.  acutus  Ell.,  J.  Roemerianus  Engelm.) 

6  J.  scirpoidea  Lam.  St.  leafy,  terete,  stout ;  Ivs.  terete,  slender,  with  frequent 
joints;  panicle  cymous,  branches  few,  suberect,  ho;ids  5  to  20,  green,  about  20- 
Uowercd;  sep.  rigid,  lance-acuminate,  sharp;  stam.  3,  nearly  as  long;  style  much 
cxserted;  caps,  tapsr-poinied,  as  long  as  tlie  sepals;  seeds  oblong,  merely  acute  at 
each  end. — (Jan.  and  U.  S.,  especially  coastwaiu,  in  wet  places.  St.  1  to  2f  high, 
about  3-leaved  below.  Lvs.  shorter  than  the  stem.  Heads  3  to  4"  diam..  Anally 
straw-colored.     May — Jl.    (J.  echin?itus  Ell.) 

7  J.  polyc6phalus  Mx.  St.  few-leaved,  terete,  stiict;  Ivs.  terete-compres.sed, 
slender,  strict,  many-jointed;  panicle  decompound,  loose;  heads  5  to  15,  globous, 
many-flowered ;  sep.  subulate,  acununate,  bristle-pointed,  the  3  outer  longer  and 
wider,  greenish,  stam.  3,  nearly  as  long;  caps,  oblong-triangular,  dbrup)thj  acumin- 
ate, longer  than  tlio  sepals,  at  length  brownish;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  white  tail  at 
each  end. — ^Wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  12  to  30'  high,  rigid,  but  slender,  the 
Ivs.  shorter.     Heads  8  to  20-flowered,  4"  diam.     May — Jl.    (J.  paradoxus  Gray.) 

8  J.  d^bilis  Gray.  Sts.  weak  and  slender,  flattened;  Ivs.  flattened,  obscurely 
jointed;  panicle  de-  or  supradc-compound,  loosely  <  ^reading;  hds.  few-flowered, 
straw-color ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  tiie  oblong  capsule ;  seeds  ob- 
long, acute  at  each  end. — Common  in  wet  places?.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  9  to  24' 
long,  from  fibrous  roots.  Heads  about  5-flowered  (in  spec,  from  Wis.,  1  to  3- 
flowered),  fls.  2"  long.  Lvs.  nearly  filiform  in  the  smaller  plants.  (J.  subverti- 
cillatus  Muhl.  noc  Wulf.) 

9  J.  acumin^tus  Mx.  St.  slender,  strict,  terete ;  lvs.  terete,  many-jointed ;  pani- 
cle decompound,  branches  suberect;  heads  numerous,  3  to  5-Jiowered,  chestnut 
brown,  fls.  erect;  sep.  strongly  veined,  lanceolate,  acute  and  nmcronato,  much 
shorter  than  the  ohlong-triungular,  abruptly  pointed  capsule ;  seeds  tailed  at  both 
ends. — Very  common  in  bogs,  etc..  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  9  to  30'  high,  slender  or 
rather  stout,  the  slender  lvs.  nmcli  shorter,  many-jointed.  Capsules  becoming 
deep  brown  or  (in  the  Southern  spec.)  almost  black. 

10  J.  Fondii.  St.  rather  stout,  terete :  lvs.  terete-compressed,  jointed ;  panicle 
spreading,  ditl'use,  decompound;  heads  numerous,  globular,  5  to  \2-fiowered,  chest- 
nut colored  ;  sep.  equal,  lance-acuminate,  bristle-pointed,  as  long  as  the  triangular- 
ovate,  abruptly  pointed  capsule;  stam.  3  ;  seeds  oval,  merely  acute  at  each  end. — 
Wet  places,  Car.  to  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond,)  and  Ky.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  with  1  or  2 
short  leaves.  Heads  20  to  40,  3  to  4"  diam.,  in  a  wide  panicle.  Mar.— Jn.  (J. 
acuminatus  Ell.  noe  Mx.) 

11  J.  megacephaluB.  St.  stout,  ascemling  at  base ;  lvs.  distinctly  nodous,  elon- 
gated, the  upper  usually  exceeding  tli'»  iiifloreseonco ;  heads  few,  glomerate,  or 
some  pedunculate,  rarely  piuiiculate,  largv,  '^  to  Q<d-flowered,  ia.\\'x\y;  seji).  subu- 
late, bristle-pointed,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  acuminate  capsule;  stam.  G;  st'cds 


OiUJER  151.--JUNUA0E.E. 


725 


h?fi 


acute. — Borders  of  streams  and  hikes,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  S.  to  Fla  St.  16'  to  3f 
high.  Heads  6  to  6''  diam.,  globular,  1  to  5  to  12,  '.•lustorud  or  panicled.  Sepals 
with  tawny  awns,  greenish  at  base.     (J.  nodosum,  ,i.  niegaceplialus  Torr.) 

12  J.  noddsuB  L.  St.  erect,  slender ;  Ivs.  slender  or  oltou  filiform,  distinctly  nod- 
oos,  the  upper  often  exceeding  the  iutloredceiice ;  hds.  few  (1  to  5  to  9),  in  a  sim- 
ple cluster,  tawuy  or  brown,  5  to  20-jiowe)td ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuininate- 
awned,  3-veined,  shorter  than  the  xosivatG  capsule ;  stain.  G  ;  fi«c(fe  oval,  acute. — 
Sandy  swamps  and  shores.  Can.  to  Car.  Sts.  12  to  18' liigh.  Heads  3  to  5' 
diam. — Appears  very  dififerent  from  the  last.     (J.  Ro.stkovii  E.  Meyer.) 

13  J.  articuldtUB  L.  (i.  I'elocarpus  Gray.  Stem  erect,  compressed,  1  to  3- 
leaved;  Ivs.  terete-compressed,  setaceous,  obscurely  nodous;  panicle  spreading; 
heads  2  to  6-fiowered ;  sep.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  outer  acufe,  the  inner  obltise, 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  triangular-oblong,  bluntly  mucronate  ca[)Hule ;  stam.  6  ; 
seeds  slightly  apiculate. — N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  Can.,  in  wet  places,  not  com- 
mon. Sts.  9  to  18'  high.  Hds.  chestnut  colored.  Anth.  yellow.  (J.  pelacarpua 
E.  Meyer.) 

14  J.  milit^ris  Bigl.  Bayonet  Rush.  St.  stout,  terete,  sheathed  at  base,  hear, 
ing  below  the  middle  a  single  terete,  nodous,  crert  kaf  which  much  exceeds  the  in- 
florescence;  panicle  erect,  compound;  hds.  many,  brown,  4  to  9-flowered ;  sep. 
lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  acuminate  capsule. — Bogs  coastward,  Mass.  to 
Ga.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  Leaf  15  to  30',  overtopping  the  stem  by  six  inches  or 
more.     Heads  small.     Stamens  mostly  6. 

15  J.  marginatus  Rostkow.  St.  compressed;  Ivs.  flat,  smootli,  gramineous; 
panicle,  corymbous,  simple,  proliferous ;  hds.  2  to  9-tlowcred,  tawny  or  chestnut- 
colored  ;  bracteoles  awued ;  sep.  obtuse,  soft,  about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  cap- 
sule; stam.  3. — In  low  grounds,  N.  E.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  111.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high. 
Radical  Ivs.  numerous,  sheathing,  cauline  1  or  2.  Panicle  consisting  of  several 
globous,  3  to  6-tlowered  heads,  both  pedunculate  and  sessile,  longer  than  the 
erect  bracts  at  base.  Sep.  edged  with  dark  purple,  with  a  green  keel.  Jn. — 
Aug. 

(J.  BiFLoRus.     Stouter  (2f  high);  hds.  very  numerous,  mostly  2  or  3-flo\vered, 
nearly  black, — South,  common. 

16  J.  repens   Mx.      Low,  tufted  with   creeping   stolons ;    Ivs.    subulato-hnear, 
■   fascicled  at  the  lower  joints ;  cyme  simple ;  hds.  few,  3  to  8-fiowered ;  sep.  subu- 
late,  awn-pointed,  the   3    inner   much   longer ;  caps,    slender,    trisuleate,   much 
shorter  than  the  perianth. — "Wet  2:)laces,  Ga.  and  i'la.     Sts-  many,  2  to  6'  high. 
Fls.  3  to  4"  long. 

17  J.  Stygius  L.  St.  filiform,  erect,  rigid,  leafy;  Ivs.  setaceous,  slightly  chan" 
neled,  obscurely  nodous ;  hds.  few  (1  or  3),  terminal,  about  3-fiowered ;  sep- 
oblong,  acute;  stam.  G;  caps,  triangular-elliptic,  acute,  longer  than  the  perianth; 
seeds  oblong,  the  loose  testa  produced  into  an  appendage  at  botli  ends. — Perch 
Lake,  Jetferson  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Gray)  and  Newfoundland.  Fls.  unusually  large, 
straw-color. 

18  J.  trifidus  L.  St.  sheathed  at  base;  leaf  solitary,  linear  setaceous,  near  the 
top;  sheath  ciliate;  bracts  fbliaceous,  long,  grooved;  hd.  solitary,  sessile  between 
2  long  bracts,  about  3-flowered,  terminal ;  capsule  blackish,  globular,  beaked. — 
White  Hills,  N.  IL,  and  Mt.  Marcy.  N.  Y.  Sts.  crowded,  threadlike,  G  high. 
Radical  Ivs.  1  to  2,  very  short,  cauline  leaf  resembles  the  2  bracts,  apparently 
forming  with  them  a  foliaceous,  3-braeted  invol.     Jl. 

19  J.  pelocarpus  Meyr.  St.  low,  erect,  slender,  leafy ;  Ivs.  few,  subfiliiorm,  ob- 
scurely nodous;  fls.  separate,  scattered,  central  and  unilateral  on  the  slender 
branches  of  tho  di-trichotomous  panicle  ;  sep.  lanceolate,  margins  scarious,  rather 
shorter  than  the  acuminate  caps. — Wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  chiclly  coastward. 
Sts.  6  to  9'  high,  wiry,  turfy.  Stam.  6.  Fls.  often  changed  to  littlu  tufts  of 
loaves. 

20  J.  bufoniuB  L.  Toad  Rush.  Low,  slender,  tufted;  sta.  forking;  branches 
Jloriferous  their  whole  length  ;  fls.  separate,  greenish,  remote ;  sep.  lance-subulate, 
awn-pointed,  the  3  outer  longer;  caps,  triangular  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulote, 
much  shorter  than  the  perianth ;  seeds  oval,  obtuse. — (D  Damp,  waste  places,  in  all 


726 


Obder  152.— COMMELYNACE^ 


countriea.     Sts.  many,  3  to  8'  long.     Lvs.  few,  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  many,  seound. 
Jn. — Aug. 

21  J.  Oreenii  Oakea  &  Tuckm.  Scape  tall,  subterete,  striate ;  lvs.  filiform-seta- 
ceous,  subterete,  scarcely  channeled,  shorter  than  the  scape,  with  sheathing  base ; 
panicle  dtuse,  branches  suberect ;  bracts  setaceous,  one  of  them  much  longer  than 
the  panicle ;  fls.  single,  approximate ;  sep.  ovate,  acute,  twice  shorter  than  the  tri- 
angular-acute, shining  caps. — Wet  grounds,  R.  I.,  Mass.  (Ricard).  A  handsome 
rush,  1  to  '2f  high,  rigid,  strict.  Lvs.  all  radical.  Panicle  2  to  3'  long,  one  of  the 
bracts  twice  longer,  the  other  twice  shorter.     Caps.  2"  long,  reddish  brown. 

22  J.  tenuis  Willd.  St.  scape-like,  slender,  erect;  lvs.  subradical,  linear-seta- 
ceous, shorter  than  tlie  stem;  bracts  2 — 3,  much  longer  tlian  the  panicle;  fls. 
single,  approximate,  green ;  sep.  acuminate,  longer  than  the  subglobous-triangtUar 
capsuli'. — A  very  common  rusli,  about  Ibot-paths  and  roadsides,  and  in  fields  and 
meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stems  wiry,  6 — 24'  high.  Leaves  very  narrow,  3 — 8' 
long.  Panicle  subfivsciculate,  5 — 10-tlowered,  varying  to  subumbellate  and  20 — 
30-flowerod,  the  rays  very  unequal.     Jn.,  Jl. 

Q.  DiCHoTOMUS.  Panicle  regularly  forked  once  or  twice,  branches  erect,  in- 
curved, with  the  contiguous  fls.  regularly  distychous ;  sep.  scarcely  longer 
tlian  the  capsule. — Waysides,  Somerville,  Mass.,  also  South.  (J.  dichotomus 
EU.) 

23  J.  bulboBUB  L.  /5.  Gerardi.  St.  very  slender,  compressed;  lvs.  mostly 
radical,  linear-setaceous,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  panicle  small,  few-flowered,  sub- 
trichotomous,  longer  tliau  the  bracts ;  Jis,  separate,  approximate  by  pairs  or  38, 
dark-colored :  sep.  equal,  acute,  incurved,  rather  shorter  than  the  subglobous,  obtuse, 
caps. — A  common  rush,  in  salt  marshes,  N.  J.  to  the  Arc.  Sea,  usually  with  dark 
groeu  foliage  and  brown  capsules.  Sts.  not  bulbous,  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent 
and  stoloniferous,  1  to  2f  high,  tougli  and  wiry.  Lvs.  3  to  8'  long,  bracts  6  to 
12".  Fls.  12  or  more,  at  length  brown  or  blackish.  Jl.,  Aug. — It  makes  good 
hay. 


Order  CLII.     COMMELYNACE^.     Spiderworts. 

Herbs  witli  flat,  narrow  leaves  which  are  usually  sheathing  at  base.     Perianth  of 

2  series,  the  outer  of  3  herbaceous  sepals,  the  inner  of  3  colored  petals.     Stamens 

6,  some  of  them  usually  delbrmod  o:  abortive,  hypogynous.     Ovary  2  to  3-celled, 

cells  few-ovuled.     Style  and  stigma  united  into  one.     Capsule  2  to  3-celled,  2  to  3- 

valvcd;  colls  often  but  2-Hoedi'd,  wllli  loculicidal  dehiscence.    Seeds  Cow,  with  dense, 

fleshy  albumen.     Embryo  opposite  the  hilum.     Figs.  584:,  592. 

Genera  \(\  specAcH  id'i),  cliicfly  imtivos  of  tlu;  Indies,  Australia  and  Africa,  a  few  N.  America- 
They  n\\-,  (if  littlu  iuiportanuu  to  uuiii.  Tliu  anoinulous  genus,  Muyuca,  constitutes  an  urclcr  by 
itself  ill  Kuntli. 

QENKUA. 

%  Flowers  irregular,  oluslovod  In  a  spathe-lilte,  cordate,  floral  loaf Commelyn  a.  1 

§  Flowers  regular,  clustered  ;  floral  leaves  like  tlie  rest.     Stamens  0 Trauescantia.  2 

{  Flowers  regular,  solitary,  axillary  stamens  3.    Moss-liko  herbs Mayacia.  3 

1.  COMMELY^NA,  Dill.  (In  honor  of  the  brothers  Commclyn,  Ger- 
man botanists.)  Fls.  irregular ;  sepals  herbaceous,  petals  colored  ; 
etameiis  6,  3  of  thcni  sterile  and  furnished  with  crucifbrni  glands  for 
anthers ;  capsule  3-eelled,  3-valved,  one  of  the  cells  abortive. — Lvs. 
lance-linear  with  sheaths  at  base.  Fls.  enfoldcil  in  a  conduplicate,  per- 
sistent, spathaceous,  cordate  bract,  eri'ct  in  Hower,  reenrvod  before  an«' 
after.     Petals  blue,  open  but  a  few  hours. 

♦  Prostrate  ppatlie  opposite  tlio  leaves,  cotnplioate,  base-lobes  free Nos.  1    2 

*  Krect  or  ascending.     S|iatlio  subtorminal, — cornplimito,  subiieltato No.  3 

— cncullate-peltate Nos.  4,  5 

X  C.  communis  L.    Procumbent,  much  branched  ;  branchlets  marked  with  a  hairy 
line;  lvs.  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  margin  finely  serru- 


^' 


Ordbb  162.— OOMMELYNACE^. 


727 


lato ;  sheath  open,  ciliate ;  spathe  opposite  the  leaves,  ronndish-cordate,  compli- 
cate ;  ped.  in  pairs,  1  to  3-flowered  ;  petals  unequal  (blue),  the  odd  one  renifonn  ; 
sep.  (pale)  the  2  lateral  larger,  connate  below. — In  wet  grounds,  Car.  and  (ja. 
Prostrate  and  spreading  1  to  3f.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  long.     Jn. — Nov.     (Elliott.) 

2  C.  agr^ria  Kuatli.  St.  procumbent,  glabrous,  branched ;  lvs.  oblong  or  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  short-peiioled ;  sheatlis  ciliate ;  spatlie  opposite  the  leaves, 
cordate-ovattj,  acuminate,  complicate,  3  to  4-flo\ver'3d;  odd  petal  {b\ne)  roundish- 
ovate. — River  banks,  S.  111.  lo  La.  bts.  If  or  more  in  length.  Lvs.  small  (15  to 
30"  long).  Fls.  often  polygamous.  Sep.  pale.  Two  of  the  (blue)  petals  clawed. 
(C.  Cajennensis  Ricli.) 

3  C.  Virginica  L.  St.  assurgent,  branching,  subgeniculate ;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
subpetiolate,  sheaths  split  to  the  ba.so ;  spathe  broad-cordate,  distinct  and  ()j)on 
at  base  (except  a  short  coliesion),  enfolding  2  ])oduncles  and  several  liowers;  ped- 
icels contorted;  pet.  unequal,  the  lower  one  much  smaller,  unguiculate. — Dry  soils 
Middle!  Southern  and  Western  States!  Plant  nearly  smooth,  12 — 18  high, 
glabrous.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  8 — 14",  varying  from  lance-linear  to  lance-ovate. 
Spathe  veiny,  3 — 5-fiowered.     Jl.,  Aug.     (C.  angustifolia  Mx.) 

4  C.  hirt^lla  Vahl.  Strictly  erect,  tall,  and  conspicuously  pubescent ;  lvs.  long- 
lanceolalo,  sheaths  densely  rusty-bearded  at  the  throat :  spathe  sub.sessile,  small, 
clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  petals  subequal. — In  shady  woods,  Va.  to  S. 
Car.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  rather  thick  and  firm.  Lvs.  6  to  8'  long,  both  sides  hairy. 
Spathe  subreniform  wlien  op^n,  5'  long,  glabrous,  vjJored,  base  lobes  cucuUate, 
slightly  united. — Hardly  distinct  from  No.  5. 

5  C.  erecta  L.  St.  erect,  branched  at  base,  cilia 'e-pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
subpetiolate,  sheaths  entire,  elongated,  ciliate-pilous  ;  spathe  deltoid-falcate,  united 
and  entire  at  base  as  if  peltate,  about  2-flowered;  pet.  nearly  equal — Rocky 
woods,  thickets,  Penn.  (Mulil.)  Harper's  Ferry  to  Ga.  St.  simple  or  branched  at 
base,  upright,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  6 — 12",  usually  lanceolate,  pilous- 
scabrous,  the  sheaths  9  to  11"  long.  Spathe  broadly  funnel-shaped.  JL,  Aug. 
(C.  Virginica  Ph.) 

(3.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.     Of  very  slender  habit,  with  lance-linear  Iva.  and  the  spathe 
conspicuously  arcuate  (hawk -bill-shape). — Southern. 

2.  TRADESCAN'TIiV,  L.  Spiderwort.  (Named  in  honor  of  John 
Tradescant,  gardener  to  Cliarles  I.)  Flowers  regular  ;  sepals  persis- 
tent ;  petals  large,  suborbicular,  spreading ;  filaments  clothed  with 
jointed  hairs  ;  anthers  reniform. —  21  Fls.  in  terminal,  close  umbels,  sub- 
tended by  2  or  3  long,  leafy  bracts. 

♦  Umbi'ls  sessile,  terminal  an<l  axillary,  with  Iciif-liki  bincis Nos.  1,  2 

♦  Umljei  long-pedunculate,  terminal  and  axilluiy,  bructless No.  3 

1  T.  Virginica  L.  St.  erect,  simple  or  l)ranched ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  or  linear 
channeled  above,  sessile,  ciliate  or  glabrous;  lis.  in  a  terminal,  subumbollate  cluri- 
tor,  pedicels  finally  elongated  and  reflexed;  cal.  pubescent. — Moist  meadows, 
prairies,  &c.,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States  common.  Stem  tliick,  round,  jointed,  2 — 3f 
higii.  Leaves  numerous,  12 — 18'  by  G — 12  ',  the  bracts  similar.  Petals  largo, 
suborbicular,  of  a  deep,  rich  blue,  soon  fading.  May — Aug — The  juice  of  tho 
plant  is  viscid  and  spins  into  thread ;  hence  the  conmion  name. 

2  T.  pilosa  Lehm.  St.  erect,  sniootliish,  bractlets  hairy ;  lvs.  tdnceoiiilf  ii'ifh  d 
narrow  hose,  long-acuminate,  complicate,  on  a  loo.so  sheath,  and  pilous  both  sides, 
the  floral  like  tho  rest;  umbels  both  terminal  and  axillary,  many- flowered,  dense; 
pedicels  and  sepals  glandular-hairy. — Shady  river  banks,  ill.  to  Ohio  and  La.  St. 
2f  high.  Lvs.  4  to  7'  by  6  to  12  ,  sheaths  entire,  8  to  10  '  long.  Fis.  in  the 
upper  axils  small,  bluish  purple. 

3  T.  rdsea  Mx.  St.  erect,  simple ;  lvs.  linear,  glabrous,  channeled,  araplexicaul ; 
ped.  elongated  ;  cal.  glabrous. — Penn.  to  Ga.,  in  moist  woods.  Stem  8 — 12'  high- 
Loaves  6 — 8'  by  2 — 3'.  Umbel  terminal,  subtended  by  2  or  3  subulate  bracts. 
Pedicels  nearly  1'  long.  Flowers  much  smaller  than  in  tho  preceding  species. 
Petals  rose-colored,  twice  loiig(;r  than  the  smooth  calyx.     May. 


1 

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728 


Order  153.— XYRIDACE^. 


3.  MAYAXA  Aublet.  Flowers  regular  ;  sepals  3,  green,  lanceolate  ; 
petals  3,  obovate,  colored ;  stamens  3,  opposite  the  sepals,  persistent ; 
ovary  1-celled,  style  filiform,  stigma  simple  ;  capsule  3-valved,  seeds 
several,  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves. — Moss-like  aquatics,  glab- 
rous, creeping,  branched,  densely  clothed  with  narrowly  linear  Ivs. 
Ped.  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered. 

M.  MichaClzii  Schott.  &  Endl.  Ped.  longer  than  tho  Ivs..  roflexed  in  fruit ;  caps. 
9  to  12-seed('d;  petals  wliite. — In  shallow  waters,  Va.  to  Ga.  (Kjay,  Pond)  and 
¥\d.  (Meitauer).  Sts.  several  inches  long,  somewhat  resembling  Sphagnum.  Lvs. 
numuroiis  and  minute,  bitid,  2  to  3  '  long,  p-il.  thrico  longer.  Sep.  near  3"  long. 
Seeds  globular,  white.     Jl.     (Syena  tluviatilis  Ph.) 


Order  CLIII.     XYRTDACE/E.     Xyrids. 

Herbs  sedge-like,  with  equitant  leaves  and  a  scape  bearing  a  head  of  flowers.     Pa 

rianih  6-parted,  in  2  series,  sepals  3,  glumaceous,  /lelals  3,  unguiculate.     Stamens  3, 

with  extrorso  anthers,  and  inserted  on  the  claw  of  the  petals.     Capsule  3-valved, 

1-celled,  with  parietal  placentte,  or  3-celled.     Seeds  numerous,  albuminous,  ortho- 

tropous,  embryo  at  the  apex. 

Oenent  5,  Hpecien  70,  natives  of  tropicftl  Asia,  Africa  and  America,  a  fow  species  of  Xyrl» 
exteniling  into  tlio  United  States.     Of  no  important  use. 

XY^RIS,  L.  Yellow-eyed  Grass.  (Gr.  ^vpog,  acute-pointed;  in 
allusion  to  the  form  of  the  leaves.)  Heads  of  flowers  ovoid-cylindric  ; 
sepals  imequal,  the  2  lateral  glume-like,  keeled,  persistent,  the  odd  one 
membranous,  involving  the  corolla  in  bud  and  deciduous ;  petals  equal 
ovate,  crenate,  with  narrow  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  capsule  1- 
celled,  with  parietal  placentae. — Lvs.  linear,  rigid,  radical,  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  scape.  Fls.  in  a  terminal,  dense  head,  with  cartilaginous 
bracts  (scales) ;  petals  yellow. 

*  Leaves  very  short  (8  to  30").    Sepals  frinireless,  tuftless.    Small  and  delicate.    South....  No.  1 

*  Leaves  elongated  one-third  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  seape.     (a) 

a  Sepals  with  a  wingless,  fringeless  keel,  rarely  crested.    Plant  bulbous  at  base No.  2 

a  Sepals  with  a  winged,  fringed  Iceel  and  crested  apex, — short  as  the  scale Nos.  8,  4 

— twice  longer  than  tlio  scale. .  .No.  5 

1  X.  brevifdlia  Mx.  (nee  Ell.)  Lvs.  linear,  subulate,  falcate,  acute,  distych- 
ously  imbricated,  3  to  5  times  shorter  than  the  filiform,  angular  scape ;  head  oval, 
few-flowered,  bracts  rounded  at  apex;  sep.  acute,  lanceolate,  the  keel  not  winged, 
merely  scabrous. — Springy  places,  Oar.  to  Fla.  Our  smallest  species.  Scape  4  to 
8'  high.  Lvs.  8  to  30'  long,  about  1"  wide.  Head  not  larger  than  a  pepper- 
corn.    Apr.,  May. 

2  X.  bulbosa  Kunth.  Bulbous;  lvs.  narrow-linear,  obtusish,  half  as  long  as 
the  angular,  sulcate  stem,  both  twisted ;  head  globular  ovoid,  bracts  roundish- 
ovate,  very  obtuse ;  sep.  oblong-lanceolato,  minutely  bearded  on  tho  sharp  keel 
and  tutted  at  apex,  a  little  shorter  than  tho  bract. — Bogs,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  W.  to 
Ind.    Scape  slender,  9  to  30'  high,  lvs.  5  to  15'.    Head  about  5"  long,  bracts  closely 

imbricate,  concave.     Jn. — Sept.     (X.  Jupicai  Mx.     X.  Indica  Ph.    X.  torta  Sm.) 
3.  MINOR.     Dwarfish  (3  to  8' high),  slender;  lvs.  thrico  shorter,  scarcely  twisted ; 
sep.  with  an  evident  tuft  at  apex. — S.  E.  Ga.     (Miss  Keen.) 

3  X.  Caroliniana  Walt.  Lvs.  rigid,  narrowly  linear,  a  third  or  more  shorter 
than  the  liexuous,  rigid,  slightly  2-edged  scape;  head  elliptical,  yellowish  brown; 
Sep.  narrow,  scarcely  longer  than  the  oval  scales,  conspicuously  fringed  on  the 
keel  above  the  middle  and  crested  at  the  obtuse  apex. — Sandy  swamps,  N.  Y.  to 
Fla.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  more  or  less  twisted.  Lvs.  6  to  18'  long,  1  to  2"  or  the 
outer  3"  wide.  Head  6  to  7  "  long.  Petals  rather  large.  Jl.,  Aug.  (X.  flex- 
uosa  Ell.  neo  Muid.) 

4  X.  ambigua  Kunth  ?  Lvs.  gladiate-linear,  plain,  2  to  3  time?  shorter  them 
scapes;  scapes  (often  clustered)  distinctly  2-edged,  tall;  head  elliptic-ovoid,  large, 


*  iP*! 


Ordbr  154.— ERIOCAULONACE^. 


7'J9 


ticalts  rounded-obovate ;  sep.  sliorter  than  the  scales,  fringnd  along  tlio  winged  keel. 
— Wet  pine  barrens,  Ga.  (Feay).  Soiipe.n  strict,  1  to  31  hiirh.  I,v3.  strict,  6  to  *J, 
by  2  to  4",  gratlually  acute.  Heads  7  to  9  '  long.  Aug.,  Sept.  (X.  brevitblia 
Ell.) — The  leaves  in  our  speeiuieus  are  not  all  rough-etiged  a.s  in  Kunth's. 
5  X.  fimbridta  Ell.  FKATfiKRKU  Xvris.  Lvh.  linuar-);ladiaie,  erect,  marly  as 
long  as  ilio  scapo  whicli  is  strict,  striate,  and  eulanrnd  at  the  suinniil;  head  uval 
or  oblong,  scales  rounded,  loosely  imbricated;  sep.  twice(I)  longer  than  tli« 
bracts,  conspicuously  fringed  on  tiie  keel  above. — Sandy  swamps,  11.  I.  (Olnov), 
N.  J.,  (Rev.  I.  T.  Holton)  to  Fla  Scapo  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  20  to  30'  long,  abimt 
3"  wide,  sheathing  below.  Head  6  to  8"  long.  Bracts  tawuy-odged.  tjet'da 
innumerable,  elliptical,  minute.     Jl.,  Aug. 


m .. 


Order   CUV.     ERTOCAULONACE.E.     Vi,  .: worts. 

Herbs  perennial,  aquatic,  with  linear,  spongy,  nUular  leaves,  sheathing  at  base. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  a  dense  head.  Parian"  2  to  C-parted  or  want- 
ing. Stamens  6,  some  of  them  generally  abortive.  Anihers  mostly  1 -celled,  iu- 
trorse.      Ovary  2  or  3-cellod,  cells  1 -seeded.     Seeds  pendulous. 

Genera  9,  species  2<>i),  chiefly  tropical.    Tlicy  are  of  no  kiK  .vn  u.se. 

GENERA. 

•  Stamens  (4  or  fi)  twice  .is  many  as  thft  petals.    (Scape  "  to  12-ribbe(I) KRtficAri.oN.  1 

•  Stamens  ;..  us  many  as  tlie  petals.     (Scajie  5-riblied,  jxiberuli'nt.) I'.«;i'ALANTnrs.  2 

•  Stam('D-<  :J,  and  no  petals.    Scape  5-ribbe(i,  short,  liairy IjAciinocaulon.  )i 

1.  ERIOCAU^LON,  L.  Pipewort.  (Gr.  tfuov,  wool,  KavXog,  stem.) 
Flowers  8  ,  collected  into  an  iinbricuted  head  ;  involucre  of  many  bracts  ; 

5  in  tlie  disk  (rarely  mixed);  perianth  double;  sepals  3,  snbreguiar; 
petals  "iiited  to  near  the  summit ;  stamens  twice  as  matiy  as  the  petals; 

$  in  the  margin;  perianth  double;  sepals  3,  petals  2 'or  3,  distinct ; 
stamens  0  ;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate;  st\  le  1,  stigmas  2  or  3  ;  capsule 
2  or  3-seeded. —  21  Acaulescent.  Lvs.  gi-ass-like,  tiat,  tufted  at  the  base 
of  the  slender,  simpie,  one-headed,  fluted  scape.  (FIs.  4-parted  in  one 
species.) 

1  H.  decangulare  L.  Scaj^e  tall,  slender,  marked  with  10  nfts  and  furrows; 
lvs.  liriear-ensiform,  suberect,  half  as  long  as  the  scape  :  bracts  of  the  depressed  in- 
volucre acute ;  chaff  acuininato  and  tipped  with  a  white  fringe  as  well  as  the 
perianth.  —Ponds,  in  pine  barrens,  S.  States,  common.  Scape  1  to  3f  high,  very 
strict,  clustered.  Lvs.  6  to  16  high,  3  to  4"  wide.  Head  5"  broad,  very  whit* 
with  the  fringes,  the  corollas  tipped  with  black.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  B.  gnaphaloides  Mx.  Scape  tall,  slender,  marked  with  10  rihs  and  furrows; 
lvs.  ensifbrm,  subulate,  many  times  shorter  than  the  scape,  spreading;  invol.  de- 
pressed ;  bracts  obtusish ;  chaff  acute,  white  fringed  as  well  as  the  perianth. — 
Swampy  pine  barrens,  N.  .T.  to  Fla.,  common.  Scape  mostly  single,  If  to  30'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  3  to  5"  wide,  gradually  tapering  to  an  acute  or  setaceous  point 
Head  similar  to  No.  1.     Jn. — Aug. 

3  E.  septangul^re  Withering.  Scape  slender,  l-fnrrowed,  short  or  tall,  and 
weak  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water ;  lvs.  linear-setaceous,  pellucid,  5-vcined, 
very  short ;  head  small,  globular ;  bracts  of  the  invol.  obtuse. — In  shallow  water, 
Can.  to  N.  J.  and  Mich.  Sis.  clustered,  3'  to  3f,  filiform,  reaching  the  surface  of 
the  water.  Lvs.  in  a  small  tufl,  submersed.  Head  2  to  3'  diam.,  white  with  tho 
fringes  of  the  compact  flowers.     JL,  Aug. 

2.  P^PALAN'THUS,  Mart.  (Gr.  TraindX^rj,  dust  or  powder,  avdog.) 
Flowers  3-parted ;  stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  3  ;  stigmas  in  the 
fcitile  flowers  3  ;  capsule  3-seeded. — Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Eriocaulon, 
from  which  the  genus  was  separated. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

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Corporation 


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1 


730 


Order  154.— ERICAULONACE^. 


P.  flavi'dulus  Kunth.  Acaulescent,  turfy;  sciipos  uuiiierous,  filiform,  5-ribbed 
and  furrowed,  tiiiuly  puberulent ;  Ivs.  linoar-setaceous,  many  times  shorter  than 
tlie  scapes ;  head  globular ;  bracts  of  t!ie  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  straw-colored, 
dry ;  fls.  not  friuged. — Wet,  sandy  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  Sts.  6  to  9'  high,  Ivs.  1 
to  2'.  Heads  3"  diam.  with  a  straw-colored  invol.  and  silvery  white  periantha 
Apr. — .Tn,     (Eriocaulon  Mx.) 

3.  LACHNOCAU^LON.  Kunth.  (Gr.  Mxvog,  wool,  KavXo':,  stem.) 
Flowers  and  inflorescence  as  in  Eriocaulon  ;  ^  calyx  3-sepaled ;  corolla 
0 ;  stamens  3 ;  anthers  1-celled,  filament  united  below ;  $  calyx  3- 
sopaled  ;  corolla  reduced  to  a  tuft  of  hairs  surrounding  the  3-seeded 
ovfiry. — Habit  of  Eriocaulon. 

L.  Michadxii  Kunth.  Wot,  sandy  plains,  Va.  to  Fla.  Scapes  1  to  6'  high, 
numerous,  5-ribbed,  filiform,  clothed  with  thin,  spreading,  woolly  hairs.  Lvs. 
hnear-subulate,  about  I'  long,  tufted.  Head  very  small  (1"  diam.),  globular, 
greenish- white.     Apr.,  May.    (Eriocaulon  villosum  Mi.) 


FIG.  746-784. 1.  Cyperus  dlandras.  2  Spike- 
let  magn.  8.  A  glume.  4.  A  flower.  6.  Tri- 
ebelnstylis  Butumnalis.  8,  Splkelet.  T.  Ovary 
with  triple  Btyle.  8.  Flower  of  T.  capillaris. 
9.  Ovary  of  T.  stenophylla.  10.  Rhynchos- 
pora  alba.  11.  Bpikelet.  12.  Ovanr,  setiB,  etc. 
18.  Garex  rosea.  14  Olume.  16.  Perigyniiitn. 
U.  0.  flava.    17.  Olume.    18.  Perigynium. 


ObD£R  155.— CYPKAAOJi^ 


731 


Class  IV.    GLUMIFER^. 

Plants  of  the  endogenoi.i  structure,  haviug  the  flowers  invested 
with  an  imbricated  perianth  of  alternate  glumes  instead  of 
sepals  and  petals,  and  collected  into  spikelets,  spikes  or  heads. 
The  Class  is  equivalent  to  the 

Cohort  7.    GRAMINOIDEiE. 


Order  CLV.     CYPERACEL^    The  Sedges. 

Herbs  grass-like  or  rush-like,  with  fibrous  roots  and  solid  culms.  Leaves  mostly 
linear,  channeled,  arising  from  entire  or  tubular  sheaths.  Flowers  spiked,  perfect  or 
diclinous,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  glume.  Perianth  none,  or  represented  by  a  few 
hypogynous  bristles  {setae),  or  a  cup-shaped  or  a  sac-shaped  perigynium.  Stamens 
definite  (1  to  12),  mostly  3.  Anth.  fixed  by  their  base,  2-celled,  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  an  anatropous,  erect  ovule,  forming  in  fruit  a  utricle.  Embryo  enclosed  in  the 
base  of  tlie  albumen. 

Genera  120,  specie/*  2000.  The  Sedges  nbonrid  in  almost  ail  climes  of  the  globe,  and  in  all 
localities,  but  are  mure  coinuiun  in  the  meadows,  marsheu  and  swamps  of  the  tempo,  .ite  zoiutti. 
About  40  genera  and  400  species  are  known  in  North  America. 

Properties. — They  are  in  general  little  used  for  food  or  in  the  arts.  I'beir  coarse  herbage  is 
often  eaten  by  cattle,  but  they  are  nearly  destitute  of  the  sw^eet  and  nutritious  properties  of  the 
grasses.  The  leaves  of  some  of  the  larger  species  are  used  in  Italy  to  bind  flasks.and  in  weaving 
the  bottoms  of  chairs.  Yet,  although  of  so  little  apparent  value,  their  va^t  numbers  authorize 
the  belief  that  they  subserve  many  highly  important  ends  in  the  economy  o/ nature. 

TRIBES  AND   GENIiRA. 

5  Tribr  1.    CYPEREiB.    Glumes  distichous  (2-rowed).    Flowers  perfect.    (*) 

•  Infliire.scence  axillary.    Perigynium  or  perianth  of  6  to  10  seta; Dulighium.  1 

•  Inflorescence  terminal.    Perigynium  none.— Spikes  2  to  oo-flowered.  ...Cyperus.  2 

— Spikes  1-flowered,  cap'   .^e Kvllinoia.  8 

§  Trirb  2.  SCIRPEiE.  Glumes  imbricated  in  several  rows,  each  (excei)t  some- 
times the  lowest)  flower  bearing.  Inflorescence  wholly  teruiinal  or  wholly  lat- 
eral (never  both).    Flowers  perfect.    (*) 

•  Perianth  of  8  ovate  petals  and  (often)of  3  setfle Fuirbna.  4 

•  Perianth  of  8  to   OO  hypogynous  seta;,     (a) 

a  Achenium  crowned  with  a  tubercle.    Spike  solitary,  terminal Ei.eociiakih.  5 

a  Achenium  not  tuberc. — Seta;  8  to  6,  short,  or  else  tawny.    Spikes  1  to   00  . . .  Scirpl's.  fi 
— Setio   00  (rarely  6),  long,  white,  cottony Ekiophorcm.  7 

•  Perianth  0.— Style  2-eleft,  smooth.— Spikes  2  to  8,  lateral IIkmioarimia.  H 

—Spikes  00,  in  a  terminal  head Lipooarpiia.  'J 

— Style  2-cleft,  ciliolate.    Spikes  5  to  10,  terminal Fimhkirtvlib.  9 

— Style  8-cleft,  smooth.    Achenium  8-angled Trioiiklusttlis.  10 

I  Tribk  8.    RHYNCIIOSPOKEiE.     Glumes  Imbricated  in  several  rows,  many 
of  the  lowest  empty.     Inflorescence  both  terminal  and  axillary  (except  in  No. 
12).    Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous,    (c) 
0  Achenia  crowned  with  the  persistent  style  or  its  bulbous  base,    (d) 

d  Perianth  none  (no  sotn). — Spikes  diffusely  cymous..... Pbilooarva.  11 

—Spikes  capitate.    Bracts  colored Dioiirumrna.  12 

d  Perianth  of  setts. — Achen.  tuberculate  with  the  base  of  the  style.. .  .Rhvnciiospora.  18 
— Achenium  horned  with  the  entire  long  style... CRBAToeoiiotNus.  14 

O  Achenia  not  tuberoulate, — brown  like  the  scales.    Sette  none CLAnnrM.  in 

—white  or  whitish,  oruitaoeous.    Beta  none Solbria.  16 


732 


Order  155.— CYPERACKifi. 


S  Tribb  4.  CARICE^.  Glumes  imbricated  or  alternate.  Setw  0.  Perianth 
(pcri^yniiim)  of  united  scales,  sac-like,  enclosing  tiie  acheniiim.  Style  2  or  8- 
cleft.    Flowers  diclinous Cabbx.  IT 

i.  DULICHIUM,  Rich.  (Gr.  dvw  two,  keixov^  scale;  the  glumes 
are  in  two  rows.)  Spikes  linear-lanceolate,  subcompressed  ;  glumes 
sheathing,  closely  imbricated  in  2  rows;  style  long,  bifid,  the  perjistent 
base  crowning  the  compressed  achenium ;  ovavy  invested  with  6  to  9 
barbed  setae. —  21  St.  leafy.  Spikes  sessile,  alternately  arranged  in  2- 
rowed,  axillary  race»>es. 

D.  spath^ceum  Pers.  Marshes,  borders  of  streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St  round, 
leafy,  and  somewhat  .3-sided  above,  thick,  sheathed  below.  Lvs.  alternate,  point- 
ing 3  ways,  2  to  4'  by  3''.  Sheatlis  tubular,  shorter  than  the  internodes.  Clus- 
ters axillary  from  within  the  sheaths,  and  terminal,  each  consisting  of  8  to  10 
linoar-lanceolate,  alternate  spikes  in  2  rows.  Spikes  5  to  7-flowered,  nearly  an 
inch  in  length.     Glumes  linear-lanceolate.     Aug. 

2.  CYPE^RUS,  L.  Galingale.  Sedge.  (Gr.  Kvneipog,  the  ancient 
name.)  Spikes  compressed,  distinct,  many-flowered ;  glumes  imbri- 
cated in  2  opposite  rows,  nearly  all  with  a  flower  enclosed  ;  flowers 
without  setae;  stamens  3,  rarely  fewer;  style  3-fid  (rarely  2-fid\  decid- 
uous.— Mostly  U-  St.  simple,  leafy  at  base,  mostly  triangular,  bearing 
an  involucrate,  simple  or  compound  head  or  umbel  at  top. 

I  rYOBEirs.    Style  2-cleft.    Achenium  lens-shaped.    Spikes  flat,  10  to  80-flo'.vered.— 

— Stamens  2  (partly  8  in  No.  1) Nos.  1—3 

— Stamens  always  8 Nos.  4,  5 

8  Cypekus.    Style  8-cleft.    Achenium  8-anglod.    Spikes  flattened  or  teretish,  5  to  40- 
flowered,  the  one  lowest  glume  emi)ty.  (•) 

•  Culm  with  many  joints,  teretish,  and  with  leafless  sheaths  at  base No.  fi 

•  Culm  jointless,  triquetrous,  and  with  leaves  below,  (a) 

a  Pair  of  scales  within  each  glume  free,  ])ersistcnt.    Heads  dense No.  7 

a  Pair  of  scales  adnate  to  the  rachis,  or  wanting,  (b) 

b  Spikes  racemously  arranged  along  the  rachis.    Stamens  8.  (c) 

C  Spikes  10  to  20-ttowered,  the  clusters  2-rowed Nos.  B,  9 

O  Spike.s  5  to  7-flowered,  the  clusters  2-rowed  No.  10 

O  8i)ikes  5  to  lO-ttowered,  clusters  many-rowed,  (d) 

d  S|)ikes  terete  or  tetragonal Nos.  11, 12 

d  Spikes  flattened,  linear  or  lanceolate Nos.  13—15 

b  Spikes  cnpitatc  on  the  summit  of  the  rachis.  (e) 

e  Gl tunes  with  recurved  points.     Stamen  1  only. Nos.  16, 17 

e  Glumes  with  erect  points.    Stamen  1  only No.  18 

e  Glumes  with  erect  points.    Stamens  3.  (f ) 

f  Umbel  simple. — Spikes  terete,  few-flowered No.  VJ 

—Spikes  fl.ittish,  6  to  10-flowered Nos.  20.  21 

-Spikes  flat.  12  to  40-flowered No.  22 

f  Umbel  compound.    Spikes  6  to  80-flowered Nos.  23 — 25 

I  MA.BiBCrF.    Style  3-cleft.    Achenium  3-angled.    Spikes  teretish,  1  to  4-flowered,  in 

del  se  heads,  the  2  lowest  gluuiei  empty Nos.  26,  27 

1  C.  didndruB  Torn  Culms  slender,  reclining,  4  to  10'  high ;  umbd  contracted, 
of  2  to  5  short,  unequal  rays;  spikes  flat,  ovate  or  oblong,  12  to  24-flowered,  obiu- 
siah,  fascicled  at  the  top  of  tho  rachis;  glumes  obtusish,  1-veined,  membranous, 
green  on  the  keel,  the  sides  rust-colored  in  various  shades ;  stam.  mostly  2  ;  sty. 
2-eleft,  exserted;  ach.  obovate,  dull.— Marshy  grounds,  N.  E.  to  W.  States,  com- 
mon.    A  handsome  Sedge.     Scales  5  to  8"  long,  near  2''  wide.     Aug. 

/?.  CASTANEUS.  Scalcs  of  a  dark  chestnut  color,  shining,  coriaceous,  closely  im- 
bricated ;  styles  scarcely  exserted. 

y.  PAUOiFLOBtJS.  Spikes  very  siiort,  5  to  9-flowered ;  glumes  chestnut  brown, 
with  yellowish  margins ;  lvs.  linear-setaceous. — N   Ohio. 

2  C.  Nuttdllii  ToiT.  Culms  triquetrous,  tufted,  4  to  12'  high;  rays  few  and 
short,  loose;  spikes  (2  to  6''  long)  linear-lanceolate,  flattened,  very  acute,  10  to  20- 
flowered ;  scales  acute,  loosely  imbricated,  yellowisli-brown ;  stam.  2 ;  ach.  oblong 
obovate,  obtuse,  with  a  half  2-cleft  style. — Brackish  meadows,  Mass.  to  La.  Lvs. 
mostly  shorter  than  the  culm.s.  Invol.  of  4  leaves,  2  of  them  very  long.  Spikes 
6  to  12''  long,  in  loose,  irregular  umbels.     Aug. 


Order  155.— CYPERACE^. 


733 


(t.  MiKiMWS.    Invol.  of  1  or  2  Iva.     Spikes  1  or  2,  10  to  12-flowered;  glumes 
loosely  imbricated,  acute;  stain.  1. — Culm  and  Ivs.  setaceous.    N.  J.    (Torr.) 

3  C.  Oatdaii  Torr.  Culm  8  to  12'  high,  slender,  obtusely  3-angled,  umbel  of  6 
to  8  distinct,  very  unequal  ray.f ;  spikes  alternate,  ratlier  remote,  linear-lanceolate, 
10  to  12-tlowered,  the  lowest  compound;  scales  acute,  loose,  pale  straw-yelloiv ; 
stam.  2;  sty.  deeply  2-cleft;  ach.  obovate,  obtuse,  dull,  dark  gray. — Near  Mobile, 
Ala.  (Gates,  in  Torr.  Cyp.).     Plant  pale  green.     Invol.  about  3-leaved. 

4  C.  flavescens  L.  Culm  4  to  10'  high,  leafy  below;  uinbel  of  i  to  4:  short  rays; 
spikes  linear,  obtusisb,  15  to  20  or  30-flowered;  glumes  obtuse,  straw-color,  broad- 
ovate,  1-veined;  stam.  3;  sty.  deeply  2-cleft ;  ach.  suborbicular,  dark  brown,  shin- 
ing.— Marshy  grounds,  U.  S.,  common  in  Tenn.  (Jackson).  Lvs.  about  as  hijili  as 
the  culms.  Spikes  5  to  9  "  long,  IJ  "  wide,  in  crowded  fascicles  of  3  to  6  on  each 
short  rachis.     Aug. 

5  C.  flavicdmuB  Mx.  Culm  1  to  3f  high,  3-angled ;  invol.  3  to  5-leaved,  very 
long;  umbel  so'mewhat  compound,  of  many  {4:  to  7)  spreading  rays ;  spikes  nume- 
rous, lance-linear,  divaricate,  loosely  12  to  30-flowered;  glumes  very  obtuse,  l^rowii- 
ish  yellow,  green  and  3-veined  on  the  keel,  with  a  broad,  white-scarious  margin ; 
stam.  3;  sty.  sliort,  2-clefk;  ach.  obovate,  blackish. — Bogs,  also  in  dry  soils,  V;i. 
to  Fla.  Spikelets  7  to  10"  long.  Glumes  somewhat  truncate  and  emarginate 
May — Sept. 

€  C.  articuldtus  L.  Joixted  SEoaE.  Culm  2  to  6f  high,  with  internal  joints, 
and  several  leafless  sheaths  towards  the  base ;  lvs.  none  or  sheath-like ;  umbel 
compound,  loose,  with  about  5  rays;  invol.  2  or  3-leaved,  short,  spikes  linear- 
subulate,  alternate,  14  to  20-flowered ;  glumes  lanceolate,  obtusish,  with  u  green 
keel,  membranous  sides,  white,  with  rod  dots  ;  stam.  3  ;  sty.  3-clert ;  ach.  acutely 
;;- angled. — River  swamps,  S.  States.     Rt.  jointed,  creeping.     Jn. — Aug. 

7  C.  eiythrorbizos  Muhl.  Culm  2 — 3f  high,  obtusely  triquetrous,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  umbel  compound;  rays  5 — 9,  3 — i  long,  each  with  3 — i  sessile  clusters; 
sheaths  entire;  spikelets  very  numerous,  6"  long,  crowded  and  spreading  in  tlio 
oblong  subsessilo  (heads)  clusters,  a  little  flattened  13 — 30-flowered  :  outur 
glumes  mucronate,  closely  imbricated,  cliestnut-brown,  veinlesa  and  shining,  the 
inner  ones  entirely  free  ivom.  i\\o  rachis;  sta.  3;  ach.  smooth  and  shining,  much 
shorter  than  tho  glume. — Wet  grounds  Penn.  and  Southern  States. 

8  C.  H;^dra  Mx.  Nut  Grass.  Culm  6  to  12'  to  2f  high,  3-angled;  lvs.  shorter 
than  tho  culm;  umbel  simple,  3  or  4-rayed,  rays  nearly  as  long  as  the  involucre; 
spikes  linear,  alternate  and  2-rowed  on  the  rachis,  14  to  24-flowered;  glumes 
ovate,  veinless,  acute,  separate  at  the  tips,  of  a  fine  purple  brown;  stam.  3;  sty. 
3-elert,  much  exserted ;  ach.  3-angled. — Sandy  liekls,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Very 
trouljlesome  in  cotton  fields.  Rhizomes  creeping  and  branching  extensively, 
bearing  tubers.     Spikes  0  to  12"  long.     Apr. — Jl. 

9  C.  phymatOdes  Muhl.  Culm  1 — 2 f  high,  3-angled,  striate;  lvs.  subradical, 
as  long  as  tho  stem;  umbel  4 — 6-rayed;  rays  often  branched,  bearing  12 — 20 
linear,  obtuse  spikelets  somewhat  in  2  rows ;  sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  involu- 
celsO;  spikelets  12 — 20-flowered,  G — 8"  long,  the  lowest  generally  fasciculate ; 
glumes  veiny,  yellowish. —  If.  Moist  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.  and  S.  States.  Rhizomes 
creeping,  bearing  small,  round  tubers  at  tho  ends.     May — Aug. 

10  C.  dissitifldruB  Torr.  Culms  slender,  tumid  at  the  base,  1  to  2f  high ;  lvs. 
narrow,  nearly  radical ;  umbel  3  to  5-rayed,  suberect,  half  as  long  as  tho  involu- 
cre ;  spikes  remotely  alternate,  subdistychous  on  the  slender  rays,  teretish,  slender, 
6  to  7 -flowered,  6''  to  1'  hng ;  glumes  lance-oblong,  acute;  ach.  brown,  3-anglod. 
— E.  Tenn.  ?  to  La.  Plant  slender,  erect.  Rayb  of  tho  umbel  1  to  3'  long. 
Spikes  divaricate  and  reflexcd.     Aug. 

11  C.  Michauxi^nuB  Schultcs.  Culm  acutely  triangular ;  umbel  compound,  with 
short  lays;  spikelets  6 — 9-Jlowered,  the  lower  ones  compound;  rachis  very  broad, 
easily  separating  at  tho  joints;   ova.  ovoid-triangular,  enfolded  by  tho  interior, 

"  adnate  scales. — (J)  Brackisli  swamps,  generally  near  tho  sea.  Middle  and  Southern 
States.  Stem  12 — 15'  high,  reddened  at  tho  base,  longer  than  tlie  leaves.  Spike- 
lets 9"  long,  7 — 9-flowered. 

12  C.  tetr^gonua  Ell.  Culm  2  to  3f  high;  lvs.  shorter,  channeled,  serrulate  en 
tho  mui-gins  and  keel;  umbel  maay-raycd,  involucela  none^  clusters  obloug-cylin' 


h 

(ill 

-  '  ■  f  ,    I'll 


n 


1^ 


734 


Order  153.— CYPERACEiE. 


dric;  spikes  3  to  b-flowered,  with  a  broad  rachis  and  distinctly  A-angled;  glumes 
slightly  mucronate ;  ach.  oblong,  3-arigled. — Marshes,  S.  Oar.  to  Pla.  (Elliott 
liaidwiu.) 

13  C.  strigdsuB  L.  Culm  triquetrous,  leafy  ouly  at  base ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  rough- 
margined,  about  as  long  as  the  stem;  umbel  some  compound,  with  elongated  rays 
and  oblong,  loose  clusters,  ifieir  sheatiis  'i-bristted;  involucels  0  or  setaceous; 
spikelets  numerous,  hnear-subulate,  spreading  horizontally,  8 — 10-flowered,  7 — 9" 
long ;  invol.  of  about  6  leaves,  the  2  outer  ones  very  long. — Wet  grounds,  U.  S., 
frequent.     Stem  1 — 2f  high,  bulbous  at  base.     Umbel  yellowish.     Sept. 

li.  SPEOloSUS.     Umbel  compound,  the  partial  umbels  with  leaf-like  involucels. 
(C.  speciosus  Vahl.) 

14  C.  otendlepis  Torr.  Culm  2  to  3f  high,  slender,  3-angled ;  umbel  simple,  of  3 
or  4  elongated  rays ;  invol.  3  or  4-leaved ;  ochrece  (sheaths)  truncate,  pointless ; 
spikes  crowded,  spreading  or  reflexed,  linear,  flattened,  5  to  8-flowered,  in  ovoid 
clusters;  glumes  distant,  lance-linear,  veined;  ach.  linear-oblong. — N.  Car.  to  Ga. 
and  Tenn.     Spikes  6  to  8"  long,  of  a  dusky  yellow. 

15  C.  Sch'weinitzii  Torr.  Culm  8 — 12'  high,  triquetrous,  rough  on  the  angles;  Ivs. 
shorter  than  the  stem,  about  a  line  wide ;  umbel  simple,  erect,  4 — 6-rayed,  rays 
elongated,  unequal ;  sheaths  truncate,  entire ;  invol.  3 — 5-leaved,  longer  than  the 
leaves,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  spikelets  6 — 7,  alternate,  approximate,  in  cylindric 
clusters,  6 — 8-flowered,  with  a  small,  setaceous  bract  at  the  base  of  each;  scales 
membranaceous  on  the  margin ;  sta.  3 ;  sty.  3-cleft,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
smooth  achenia. — Shore  of  L.  Ontario  (Sartwell)  of  Lake  Erie  (SulUvant)  to  Ark. 

16  C.  infl6zu8  Muhl.  Culm  setaceous,  leafy  at  base,  2 — 3'  high ;  Ivs.  equaling 
the  stem ;  umbel  2 — 3-rayed,  or  conglomerate  and  simple ;  invoL  of  3  long  leaves ; 
spikelets  oblong,  8 — \2-flowered,  10 — 20  together,  densely  crowded  into  the  ovoid 
heads;  glumes  yellowish,  veined,  squarrous-uncinate  at  tip;  sta.  1. — Banks  of 
streams.     Free  States  and  British  Provinces.     Aug.,  Sept. 

17  C.  acuminitUB  Torr.  &  Hook.  Culm  3  to  12'  high,  slender,  obtusely  trique- 
trous; Ivs.  evact,  radical,  as  long  as  the  stem;  umbel  1 — 6-rayed;  invol.  3 — i- 
leaved,  very  long;  rays  unequal,  each  with  a  globous  head  of  15—40  spikelets; 
spikelets  3 — 11",  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  15 — 25-flowered;  fls.  very  regularly  imbri- 
cated in  2  rows;  glumes  acute,  with  the  point  recurved;  sta.  1;  ach.  dull-grayish. 
— 111.  (Mead.)  and  westward. 

18  C.  virens  Mx.  Culm  2  to  4f  high,  stout,  3-angled;  Ivs.  nearly  as  long, 
strongly  keeled,  rough-edged;  umbel  compound,  with  5  to  7  very  unequal  rays; 
invol.  of  4  or  more  leaves,  very  long,  involucels  leafy ;  spikes  ovate,  in  dense, 
globular  heads,  flattened,  10  to  20-flowered;  glumes  acute,  greenish;  stam.  1; 
ach.  3-angled,  acute  at  each  end. — Swamps,  S.  States.  Spikes  8  to  5''  long.  Nut 
dull  yellow.     (C.  vegetus  Ell.     Torr.) 

19  C.  echin^tUB.  Culm  10'  to  2f  high,  3-angled,  bulbous  at  base;  Ivs.  numerous, 
rather  shorter;  invol.  6  to  10-leavcd,  long;  umbel  simple,  6  to  10-rayed;  spikes 
short,  teretish,  acute,  3  to  6-fiowered,  in  dense,  globular  heads ;  glumes  striate, 
tiiwny,  appres.sed ;  stam.  3 ;  ach.  obovate. — Dry  fields,  S.  States.  Root  with 
numerous  fibres.  Plant  very  leafy.  Spikes  2  to  5 '  long,  with  a  broad  rachis. 
(0.  Baldwinii  Torr.     Mariscus,  Ell.) 

20  C.  Grayii  Torr.  Culm  8 — 12' high,  filiform,  obtusely  triangular,  erect,  tuberous 
at  base;  Ivs.  radical,  channeled,  about  J"  wide;  umbel  4 — ^-rayed capillary,  erect, 
spreading;  sheatiis  truncate;  hds.  loose,  of  6 — 8  spikelets;  spikelets  linear,  com- 
pressed, 8 — 7-flowered;  scales  ovate,  veined,  obtuse,  imbricated,  interior  ones 
lanceolate ;  sta.  3 ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  obovate-triquetrous,  f  the  length  of  the  scale, 
gray,  dotted. — Sandy  fields,  Mass.  to  N.  J.     Sept. 

21  C.  filictiliniB  Vahl.  Culm  slender,  almost  filiform,  tuberous  at  base,  8 — 12'  long, 
leafy  only  at  base ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  cariuate ;  umbel  simple  and  sessile,  or  with 
1  or  2  rays;  spikes  linear- lanceolate,  3 — 8-flowered,  flattened  when  old,  collectL><i 
into  globous  heads ;  glumes  remote,  loose,  ovate,  yellowish. — Dry,  rocky  hills,  N. 
Eng.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  111.     Aug.     (C.  mariscoidos  Ell.) 

22  C.  oompr^BBUS  L.  Culm  naked,  3-angk'd,  3  to  8'  high,  tumid  at  base; 
umbel  sessile  or  simple  and  few-rayed,  rays  spreading;  spikes  lanceolate,  2-edg('(l, 


Ordkr  155.— CYPKRACK^. 


733 


12  to  40-flowered,  loosely  aggregated  ia  heads;  rachis  winged;  glumes  ovate, 
sliglitly  veined,  acuminate,  yellowish,  very  acutely  keeled ;  etiim.  3 ;  ach.  obovate, 
3-angled,  shining. — Dry  fields,  S.  ytates.  Spikes  6  to  12'  long,  sharply  serrated 
by  the  projecting  points  of  the  glumes.     Root  fibrous. 

23  C.  dent^tus  Torr.  Culm  about  If  high,  leafy  at  base,  triquetrous;  Ivs.  a  little 
shorter  than  the  stem,  strongly  keeled ;  umbel  compound,  G — 10-rayed;  invol. 
of  3  unequal  leaves,  one  of  them  longer  tlian  the  umbel ;  spikes  3  on  each  peduncle, 
3 — 7",  lanoe-ovate,  flat,  8  (rarely  6  to  30)  flowered;  glunies  acute,  spreading  at  the. 
points,  giving  the  spikes  a  serrated  appearance;  sty.  3-cleft;  ach.  triangular. —  if 
Swamps,  Mass.,  to  N,  Y.  and  Fla.  Rhizorao  creeping,  bearing  tubers.  Spikos 
:)fton  morbidly  enlarged. 

24  C.  Lecontii  Torr.  Culm  3-angled  1  to  2f  high,  leafy  at  base ;  Ivs.  linear, 
about  the  same  height ;  invol.  3  to  G-lvd.,  longer  than  the  umbel ;  umbel  com- 
pound, many-rayed;  spikes  oblong,  obiiise,  flat,  in  small  digitate  clusters,  20  to  40- 
flowered;  glumes  closely  imbricated,  acute,  yellowish,  the  points  obtusish,  callous, 
scarcely  separated ;  stam.  3. — Fla.!  to  La.  An  elegant  species.  Spikes  4  to  7" 
by  2  ".     Rhizome  creeping. 

25.  C.  l^ptOB  Schultes.  Culm  weak,  1  to  2f  Iiigh,  3-angled  ;  Ivs.  radical,  shorter ; 
umbel  compound  or  decompound,  oi  numerous  (12  to  l^)  filiform  rays,  with  a  short, 
2-leaved  involucre ;  spikes  3  to  Sin  each  loose  head,  lance-linear,  12  to  20-flow- 
ered ;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  keeled,  the  keel  green,  sides  yellow  with  2 
rod  lines. — Damp  soils,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Spikes  3  to  4"  long.  Sept., 
Oct.     (C.  gracilis  Muhl.) 

26  C.  ovul^ris  Vahl.  Culm  acutely  3-angled,  nearly  naked,  6  to  16'  high;  Ivs. 
shorter,  nearly  smooth;  umbel  simple;  rays  3  "  to  2'  long;  h^ls.  1  to  5,  globular, 
one  sessile,  tho  rest  on  the  spreading  rays;  spikes  linear-subulate,  3''  long,  50  to 
100  in  each  head;  fls.  2  to  4,  1  or  2  fertile;  invoL  3  or  4-leaved,  outer  Ivs.  very 
long;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  greenish,  tho  two  lowest  empty. — Bogs  and  low 
grounds,  M ,  W.  and  S.  States,  common.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Mariscus  Vahl.  Kyl- 
lingia  Mx.) 

27  C.  retrofrdctus  Vahl.  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  nearly  leafless,  pubescent,  2 
to  3f  high;  Ivs.  pubescent,  3  to  4  '  wide,  about  half  as  long  as  the  stem  ;  umbels 
simple ;  rays  unequal,  long,  6  to  8 ;  invoi.  3  to  5-leaved ;  bracts  unequal,  not 
longer  than  tho  rays;  spikes  70  to  100,  subulate,  1-flowered,  finally  retrorsely  im- 
bricate into  obovate  heads ;  2  lower  glumes  empty. — Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States,  raro 
northward.     Aug.,  Sept, 

3.  KYLLiN'GIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Peter  KylUng,  a  Danish  botanist.) 
Spikes  compressed  ;  scales  about  4,  the  2  lowest  short  and  empty,  the 
third  only  usually  with  a  fertile  flower ;  stamens  1  to  3  ;  style  long,  2- 
cleft ;  achenia  lenticular. — Sts.  triangular.  Hds.  sessile,  solitary  or  ag- 
gregated, invol  ucrate. 

1  K.  ptimila  Mx.  Csespitous;  culm  2  to  12'  high,  slender;  Ivs.  mostly  radical, 
shorter  than  the  stem,  smooth ;  hds.  generally  solitary,  sometimes  triple,  closely 
sessile,  oval  or  oblong;  invol.  3-leaved,  1  to  2'  long;  spikes  1-flowered,  very  nu- 
merous,  about  2"  long;  tho  lowest  glume  or  glumes  very  small;  sta.  always  2  ; 
ach.  lens-shaped,  fulvous. — Wet  banks,  Columbus,  Ohio  (SulUvant)  to  111.  (Lap- 
ham)  and  S.  States.  Variable.  Aug.  K.  sesquiflora  Torr.  is  a  taller  form,  with 
tiiple  heads.    (Florida,  Chapman.) 

4.  FUIRE^NA,  Kotboll.  Clot-grass.  (In  honor  of  George  Fuiren^ 
a  Dutch  botanist.)  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides  into  a  spike,  awned 
below  the  apex ;  petaloid  scales  3,  cordate,  awned,  unguiculate,  invest- 
ing the  achenium,  which  is  abruptly  contracted  to  a  stipe  at  base. —  2^ 
St.  angular,  leafy.     Spikes  umbeled  or  capitate,  axillary  and  terminal. 

1  P.  squarrdsa  Mx.  Culm  1  to  2f  high,  obtusely  triangular,  sulcate ;  Ivs.  flat, 
ciliato,  shorter  than  the  stem;  sheaths  hispid- pilous ;  spikes  clustered,  ovoid, 
mostly  terminal,  7  to  1 2 ;  awns  nearly  as  long  aa  Vie  glumes ;  petals  ovate,  cuspl- 


'I 


I 


m 

f 

.si 


r36 


Obdkb  155.— CYPERACE^. 


date  with  a  short  bristle;  ach.  twice  the  length  of  the  stipe. — Bogs  and  awamps, 
Mass.  to  Midi.,  S.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
/i.  PDMiLA.     Culm  a  few  (3  to  6)  inches  high ,  spikes  1,  2  or  3  ;  glumes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  with  short  awns ;  petaloid  scales  ovate-lanceolate. 

2  F.  hi spida  Ell.  Culm  triangular,  sulcate,  hispid  above,  2  to  3f  high ;  Ivs.^  linear, 
5  to  8'  .'ong,  flat,  hispid-pubescent,  with  very  hispid  sheaths;  spikes  3  to  12,  in  clus- 
ters of  3  fo  6,  ovoid-oblong,  mostly  terminal ;  awns  longer  than  the  glumes,  spread- 
ing-recurvfcd ;  petals  ovate,  mucronate ;  stam.  3,  scarcely  longer  than  the  corolLi ; 
sty.  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens. — Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Differs  from  No.  1 
chiefly  in  its  hairiness. 

3  F.  acirpoidea  Mx.  Culm  slender,  1  to  2f  high,  3-angled,  striate,  leafless,  but 
with  several  sheaths ;  spikes  1  to  6,  ovoid,  terminal,  dingy  brown,  not  squarrous ; 
glumes  short  awned  or  cuspidate ;  petals  ovate,  shorter  than  the  claws ;  stam.  3  ; 
ach.  triangular,  pointed  at  both  ends. — S.  Ga.  and  Fla.  Rhizome  creeping.  Heads 
as  large  as  the  white  bean. 

5.  ELEOCH'ARIS,  R.  Br.  Spiked  Rush.  (Gr  'iXog,  a  marsh,  X^^P^i 
to  rejoice ;  plants  delightinjr  in  marshy  grounds.)  Spikes  terete  ; 
glumes  imbricated  all  around ;  bristles  of  the  perigyniura  mostly  6  (3  to 
12)  rigid,  persistent ;  style  2  to  3-cleft,  articulated  to  the  ovary ;  ache- 
nium  crowned  with  a  tubercle  which  is  the  persistent,  bulbous  base  of 
the  style. — Mostly  U .     St.  simple,  leafless.     Spike  solitary,  terminal. 

§  LIMXOCHLOA.    Spike  cylindrical,  elongated  (!'),  slumes  rounded,  pale,  spirally  arranged. 

Culms  stout,  2  to  4f  high No".  1,  2 

§  ELE0CIIAKI8.    Spiltes  ovoid  or  lanceolate,  teretely  imbricate  (*). 

*  Spike  lance-oblong,  length  thrice  greater  than  trie  diameter  (a). 

a  Culms  terete  (1  to  2f).    Spike  rusty  brown,  5  to  10"  long No.  3 

a  Culms  flattened,  hair-like  or  thread-like,  narrower  than  spike  Nos.  4,  5 

a  Culms  3-angled,  stout,  as  broad  as  the  spike.    Lvs.  ?  floating No.  6 

*  Spike  ovoid-oblong,  ength  less  than  thrico  the  diameter  (b). 

b  Spikes  greenish  wliito,  globous-ovoid,  2  to  3"  long.    South .Nos.  7,  8 

b  Spikes  brown,  or  the  glumes  brown  in  the  center  (c). 

C  Culms  4  or  S-nngled,  2  to  12'  high. .   Noi.  9, 10 

C  Culms  terete,  8  to  14' high Nos.  11,  12 

C  Culms  flat. — Bristles  4  to  6,  longer  than  the  achcnium Nos.  IH,  14 

— Bristles  few,  shorter  than  the  ach.  or  none Nos.  16,  16 

{  CH^TOCYPERUS.    Spike  flat,  glumes  imbricated  in  2  or  8  rows.    Culms  capil- 
lary,— 1  to  8'  high,  never  proliferous  at  the  top Nos.  17,  13 

—5  to  12'  long,  often  proliferous  at  the  top Nos.  19,  20 

1  E.  equisetoides  Torr.  Culm  about  2(  high,  papilhu^,  terete,  2 — 3"  diam.,wiih 
about  20  joints,  produced  by  internal,  transverse  partitions  ;  sheath  radical,  obtuse, 
membranous;  spiAe  oblong-cylindrical,  about  1'  in  length,  acute  and  slightly  con- 
tracted at  base ;  glumes  roundish-ovate,  cartilaginous,  obtuse ;  bristles  6,  as  long 
as  the  achenium ;  sty.  3-clefl; ;  ach.  brown,  siiining. — Bogs,  Cumberland,  R.  L 
(Olney),  Del.  to  Ga.     It  strikingly  resembles  Equisetura  hyemale. 

2  E.  quadrangul^ta  R.  Br.  Culm  2 — if  high,  acutely  and  unequally  quadraii' 
gUlar,  the  broadest  side  convex,  the  others  concave ;  sheaths  radical,  purplish ; 
spike  V  or  more  in  length;  glumes  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  coriaceous;  bristles  6; 
ach.  obovate,  of  a  dull  white. — Penn.,  Md.  (Robbins),to  Ga.  and  La.  In  swamps 
and  inundated  banks. 

3  E.  paMatris  R.  Br.  Rhisomes  creeping;  culms  subterete  (slightly  4-8ided 
below),  spongy,  9'  to  2f  high,  varying  from  filiform  to  \\"  diam. ;  spikes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  3  to  6  to  10'  long,  many-flowered;  glumes  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  rusty  or  tawny  brown,  with  a  broad,  loose,  scarious  margin,  tlie 
lowest  enlarged ;  ach.  obovate,  smooth,  shining,  yollowisb 

j3.  CALVA.     Bristles  none ;  culms  filiform, — \V.  N.  Y.  (E.  ^  .ilva  Torr.). 

4  E.  intermedia  Shultes.  Tufted  culms  setaceous,  diffuse,  compressed,  ftir- 
rowed,  hard,  wiry,  6  to  8'  long;  spike  lance-ovate,  acute,  2  <o  3"  long,  7  to  ^-flowered; 
glumes,  lance-ovate,  acute,  reddish-brown,  with  a  green  midvein;  bristles  C, 
white,  longer  than  the  achenium ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  obovate,  attenuated  to  the 
base,  striate,  of  a  light  brown  color. — In  running  water,  forming  a  dense  turf,  N 
H.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ohio.    JL 


Ordbr  155,— CYPERACE^. 


737 


5  E.  tricosidta  Ton*.  Culm  filiform,  flattened,  striate,  1  to  2 f  high;  spike  cylin- 
dric-oblong,  dense-flowered,  6  to  9"  long;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  rusty  brown,  with 
a  broad,  scarioua  margin  and  a  green  midvein ;  bristles  0 ;  ach.  obovate,  with  3 
prominent,  thick  angles,  roughish,  brown,  crowned  with  a  whitish,  minuto  tuber- 
cle ;  style  3-cleft. — ^Wet  places,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

6  E.  Robbinsii  Oakes.  Culms  clustered,  9 — 25'  high,  rigid,  sharply  triangular, 
pale  green,  several  of  them  fruitless;  «/ieo<A  truncate ;  spike  3 — 12"  long,  scara'ly 
thicker  than  the  stem,  placed  2 — 5''  below  its  apex ;  glumes  3 — 9,  linear-laiicoo- 
late,  acute,  finally  brownish ;  bristles  6,  twice  longer  than  the  achonium  ;  ach.  I" 
long,  pale  brown;  ^wftercfe  closely  sessile. — Ponds  and  ditches,  N.  H.  and  Mass. 
(Ricard).  Very  distinct.  In  water  a  part  of  the  stems  are  floating  and  as  flua 
as  hairs.     Jl. 

7  E.  capit^ta  Brown.  Culm  filiform,  furrowed,  angular,  4'  to  6',  in  tufts ;  spika 
globular-ovoid,  2"  long,  greenish  white;  glumes  12  to  15,  oblong,  obtuse; 
bristles  6,  some  of  them  a  little  exceeding  the  ach.,  wiiich  is  broadly  obovate, 
lens-shaped,  black,  shining,  crowned  with  a  minute,  depressed  tubercle ;  style  2- 
clfft. — Wet  places,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La. 

8  E.  dlbida  Torr.  Culm  filiform,  terete,  striate,  sulcate  on  one  side,  8  to  12'; 
spike  ovoid,  acute,  2  to  3''  long ;  glumes  20  to  30,  whitisli,  ovate,  rather  acute ; 
bristles  6,  brown,  longer  tlian  the  chestimt-colored,  smooth,  broad-ovato  ach  ; 
tubercle  small,  acute ;  stylo  3-cleft. — Wet,  sandy  places,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.  Known 
at  sight  by  \ts  whitish  heads.     Sheaths  vary  short. 

9  E.  oliv^cea  Torr.  Cuhns  ccespitous,  2 — 4'  high,  slender,  subcompressed,  suU 
cate,  soft:  spike  ovate,  acutish,  2 — 3"  long,  20 — 30-rtowered ;  glumes  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, reddish-brown,  with  scarious  edges  and  a  green  midvein,  tiie  lowest  largest; 
bristles  6;  sty.  2-cleft;  ach.  broadly  obovate,  smooth,  of  a  dull,  blackisli-olive 
color  when  ripe. — Sands,  generally  partly  submersed,  Providence,  R.  I.  (Olney) 
Mass.  to  Ga. 

10  E.  tenuis  Schultes.  Culm  almost  filiform,  qwidr angular,  the  sides  sukcUe, 
8 — 15',  with  a  long,  purple  sheath  at  base  ;  spike  2  to  3"  iong,  elliptic-oval,  acute 
at  each  end ;  glumes  dark  purple,  ovate,  obuse,  the  lower  ones  larger  and  empty ; 
ova.  roundish,  tapering  below,  invested  with  2  or  3  or  0  setae. — Common  in  wet 
places.  Can.  and  U.  S.     Jn.,  Jl. 

11  E.  obtdsa  Schultes.  Culm  sulcate,  subterete,  6 — 15'  high;  spike  ovoid,  vary 
obtuse,  often  nearly  globous;  gluvies  60  to  100,  round,  dark  brown,  with  whitish 
margins ;  ach.  obovate,  compressed,  smooth,  brown,  invested  with  6  sctie  as  long 
as  the  glumes,  and  crowned  with  a  broad,  flat  tubercle. — Shallow  waters.  Can. 
and  U.  S.,  common.     Jl. 

12  E.  tuberculdsa  R.  Br.  Culm  columnar,  striate,  12'  high,  leafless,  sheathed 
at  base;  spike  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish,  glumes  very  obtuse,  loose;  ach.  somewhnt 
triquetrous,  not  larger  than  the  sagittate  tubercle  with  which  it  is  crowned ;  bristles 
6,  as  long  as  the  tubercle. — Sandy  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  and  La.  Remark- 
able for  its  largo  tubercle.     Jl. 

13  E.  simplex  Torr.  Culm  acutely  3-angled  (terete  Torr.),  filiform,  striate,  1 2  to 
18';  spike  ovoid,  acutish;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  whitish  with  a  brown  center; 
bristles  6,  rigid,  longer  than  the  ach ,  which  is  broad-obovate,  furrowed  length- 
wise, olive-green,  crowned  with  a  large,  distinct,  conic-beaked  tubercle ;  style  3- 
cleft. — Wet  places,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

14  E.  rostellata  Torr.  Culm  15 — 20',  clustered,  angular  and  sulcate,  slender, 
almost  filiform,  rigid  ;  sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  the  lowest  bhujkish  at  summit ; 
spike  lance-ovate,  acute,  3 — i'  long  ;  glumes  12 — 20,  lance-ovate,  smooth,  light 
brown,  edge  scarious ;  bristles  4  to  6,  longer  than  the  smooth  ach.,  which  is  bi- 
convex, olive-brown,  with  a  confluent,  acuminate  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  6 
bristles.— R.  L  (Olney),  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  to  Mich. 

15  E.  melanocdrpa  Torr.  (7«im  compressed,  innovfedi,  slender,  almost  filiform, 
wiry,  12 — 18'  high;  sheaths  truncate ;  spike  lance-oblong,  rather  acute,  4 — 6"  in 
lengtii,  20— 40-flowered ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  brownish,  with  scarious  margins 
and  a  prominent,  yellowish  midvein;  bristles  3,  purple;  ach.  obovate-turbinato. 
blackish ;  tubercle  broad,  flat,  pointed  in  the  center. — Providence,  R.  I.  (Olney). 

16  E.  compr^Bsa  Sullivant.     Ctdm  12 — 18'  high,  oeespitous,  much  compreased, 

47 


I  '    !a 


i 


i     '■   ''Mil 


T.;8 


OiiDER  ]55.— CYPERACEiE. 


narrowly  linear,  striate;  sheath  close,  truDcate;  spike  obloug-ovate,  3 — 5"  in 
leugth,  20 — 30-flowered ;  glumes  ovato-lauceolatc,  acute,  mostly  2-cleft  at  apex, 
dark  purple  on  the  back,  with  a  broad,  scarious  margin ;  bristles  0 ;  ach.  obovate- 
pyrilbrm,  shining,  minutely  punctate,  o/a  light,  shining  yellow,  the  minute  tubercla 
fuscous. — Wet  places  N.  Y.  to  IlL 

17  E.  acicularis  R.  Br.  Culm  leafless,  setaceous,  quadrangular,  very  slender, 
3 — 6'  high ;  spike  compressed,  obloug-ovate,  acute,  4 — 8-flowered ;  glumes  ob- 
tusish,  the  lowest  one  larger  and  empty;  ach.  obovoid,  triangular,  striated  length- 
wise.— Edges  of  ponds,  often  partly  submersed,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Very  deli- 
cate.    June,  July. 

18  E.  pigmfba  Torr.  Cvlm  1 — 2'  high,  setaceous,  compressed,  sulcate;  spikes 
ovate,  compressed,  3 — 6-fld. ;  gl.  mostly  empty ;  bristles  6,  longer  than  the 
acheniuin,  slender,  scabrous  backwards;  ach.  ovate,  acute,  triangular,  smooth,  not 
striate,  whitish  and  shining ;  tubercle  minute. — Sea  coast,  Mass.,  to  Fla.  and  La. 

19  E.  microcSrpa  Torr.  Culm  capillary,  4-angled,  5  to  8'  long ;  spike  obloug, 
compressed,  10  to  20-flowered,  about  2"  long,  often  proliferous;  glumes  ovate, 
acutish,  keeled,  chestnut  brown,  the  lowest  much  the  largest,  bristles  3  to  5, 
shorter  than  the  achenium  which  is  minute,  smooth,  whitish,  with  a  very  minute 
tubercle. — Wet  places,  N.  J.,  also  La. 

20  E.  prolifera  Torr.  Culms  capillar}',  4-angled  and  furrowed,  4  to  12'  long,  in 
dense  tufts ;  spike  minute,  1  to  2''  long,  compressed,  4  to  Q-flowei-ed ;  glumes  ovate, 
chestnut  brown,  with  scarious  margins,  often  proliferous,  that  is,  producing  new 
culms  instead  of  flowers;  bristles  3  or  4,  much  shorter  than  the  achenium  which 
is  3-angled  and  with  a  broad,  depressed  tubercle. — Fla.  I  to  La.  (Hale).  (Chaeto- 
cyperus  Baldwiuii  Torr.) 

6.  SCIR'PUS,  L.  Club-rush.  Bullbush.  (Celtic  cirs,  the  general 
name  for  rushes.)  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides ;  perigynium  of  3 — 0 
bristles,  persistent ;  sty.  2 — 3-cleft,  not  tuberculate  at  base,  deciduous  ; 
achenium  biconvex  or  triangular. —  71  Stems  mostly  triquetrous,  simple, 
rarely  leafless.     Spikes  solitary,  conglomerated  or  corymbous. 

§  SciRiTS.    Bristles  retrorsely  denticulate,  about  equaling  the  ucbenium.     (*) 

*  Bpike  singk',  terminal,  with  a  shurt,  erect  bract  at  its  base .Nos.  1~3 

*  Spikes  several  or  many  clustered  on  each  culm,    (a) 

a  Clusters  of  spikes  lateral — on  the  terete,  leafless  culm Nos.  4,  5 

— on  the  triangular  culm Nos.  6—8 

a  Clustersof  spikes  terminal,  mostly  umbellate,    (b) 

b  Glumes  lacerotely  3-toothed.     Spikes  large  (9  to  12"  loni:) Nos.  9,  10 

b  Glumes  entire.— 8pikes  small  (1"),  collected  in  globular  heods Nos.  11,  12 

— Spikes  small  (2  to  8"  long),  separate No.  18 

§  Tkicopiiokum.    Bristles  6,  tortuous,  tawny,  much  longer  than  the  achenium,  ond 
asserted.    Stem  (culm)  leafy.    Umbel  decompound Nos.  14,  16 

1  S.  planifdlius  Muhl.  Culm  ccespitous,  leafy  at  base,  acutely  and  roughly  3- 
angkd,  5 — 10'  high;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat,  rough  on  tlie  margin,  equaling  the 
stem;  sp«A;ei oblong-lanceolate,  compressed,  termincd,^ — 8-flowered;  glumes ovate- 
mucronate,  yellowish ;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  spike,  cuspidate,  outer  ones  longer 
than  the  spike ;  ach.  reddish-brown,  invested  with  6  bristles  longer  than  itself. — 
In  cold,  hard  soils,  Mass.  (Robbins),  N.  Y.  to  Del.     June. 

2  S.  subtenninalis  Torr.  Culm  floating,  furrowed,  inflated,  leafy  below,  1  to  3f 
long;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  almost  capillary,  2  to  4f  long;  spike  somewhat  termiiiai 
{the  stem  being  continued  above  it  in  the  form  of  a  bract),  lanceolate;  style  2-ckft; 
ijristles  6. — Streams,  &c.,  Mass.  to  N.  Y.,  Mich.     Aug. 

3  S.  casspitdsuB  L.  Culm  ccespitous,  round,  sheathed  at  base  with  riumerous  ru- 
diments of  leaves ;  spikes  compressed,  terminal ;  2  Iowot  glumes  involucre-like,  as 
long  as  the  spike;  ach.  with  6  bristles. — Grows  in  dense  tufts,  4 — 12'  high.  Spike 
4 — 5-flowered,  reddish-brown.     On  the  alpine  summits  of  Mts.,  N.  Slates.     Jl. 

4  S.  d^bilis  Pursh.  Culm  csespitous,  roundish,  deeply  striate,  9  to  16'  high,  with 
a  few  subulate  leaves  at  base;  spikelets  about  3,  short-ovoid,  sessile,  crowded, 
tateral,  the  culm  continuing  a  fourth  of  its  length  above  them,  glumes  ovate,  obtuse, 
carinate,  pale  greea ;  ach.  obovate,  muoronate ;  bristles  4  or  6. — Borders  of  ponds 
and  rivulets,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.     Aug. 


m 

i'V 


Order  155— CTPERACEiE. 


739 


6  S.  validus  VahU  Lake  Bui.'^uusn.  Culm  smooth,  leaOess,  filled  with  a  porous 
pith,  5  to  8/  high,  cylindiic,  laperiny  above  the  pauiule,  and  abruptly  eudiug  in  a 
short  cusp ;  panicle  cymous  near  the  top ;  ped.  rough,  twice  compound ;  ypikeiets 
ovoid,  closely  imbricate;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  pubescent;  bracts  siiorter  than 
the  panicle. — The  largest  species  of  bullrush,  frequenting  the  muddy  margins  of 
rivers  and  ponds,  U.  S.  to  Arc.  Am.     July.     (S.  acutus  Muhl.) 

6  S.  ptingens  YahL  Culm  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  comers  acute  and  two  of 
the  aides  concave,  about  3f  high  and  ending  in  a  sharp  point ;  Ivs.  few  and  short, 
from  the  top  of  the  sheath;  spikes  lateral,  1 — 5,  ovate,  crowded  and  sessile,  at 
various  distances  below  the  point ;  glumes  round-ovate,  mucronate ;  bristles  0 ; 
style  2-clefi. — Ponda  and  marshes,  fresh  and  salt,  throughout  N.  America.  (S. 
triquotor  Mx.) 

7  S.  Olneyi  Gray.  Culm  iriquetrous-winged,  leafless,  2 — 7 f  high;  sheath  radical, 
tipped  with  a  short  (1 — 2')  leaf;  spikes  6 — 12,  sessile,  aggregated,  2 — 3"  long, 
placed  9 — 12'  below  the  triangular  apex  of  the  stem ;  glumes  roundisli-ovati-, 
mucronate;  bristles  6 — 12;  ach.  obovate,  plano-convex,  gibbous  at  apox. — Salt 
marslies,  Sekonk  river,  R.  I.  (Olney),  Tom  river,  N.  Y.,  Kneiskern.  Remarkably 
distinguished  by  its  S-winged  stem.     July. 

8  S.  T6rreyl  Olney.  CMZw2f  high,  3-angled,  with  concave  sides,  rather  slender, 
leafy  at  the  base;  Ivs.  2  or  3,  If  or  more  long,  slender;  spikes  2 — i  (rarely  1),  ses- 
sile, distinct,  acute,  ovate-oblong ;  scales  ovate,  nmcronate,  smooth ;  sty.  3-cle/t  ; 
ach.  obovate,  acuminate,  unequally  3-sided,  shorter  tlian  the  bristles, — Borders  of 
ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.  The  stem  here  as  in  the  last,  is  prolonged  above  the 
spikes,  in  the  form  of  an  involucral  leaf.     Jl.,  Aug.     (S.  mucrouatus  Ph.  ?    Torr.) 

9  S.  maritimuB  L.  Sea  Bullrush.  Culm  acutely  3-angled,  leafy,  2 — 3f  high ; 
Ivs.  broad-linear,  rough-edged,  carinate,  taller  than  the  stem;  spikes  conglome- 
rate, 6 — 10,  nearly  an  inch  long,  corymbous;  invol.  of  about  3  very  long  leaves; 
glumes  ovate,  3-cleft,  the  middle  segment  subulate  and  reflexed ;  style  3-cleft ; 
bristles  3 — 4,  much  shorter  than  the  broad-obovate,  lenticular,  dark  brown,  polished 
achenium. — Salt  marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.     Aug. 

10  S.  fluvidtilis  Gray.  Culm  triangular-winged,  leafy,  stout,  3  or  4f  high ;  Ivs. 
broadly  linear,  very  long;  invol.  Ivs.  5  to  7,  far  exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel 
somewhat  compound,  spikes  separate  or  conglomerate,  large  (9  to  12"  long),  ful- 
vous ;  glumes  3-cleft,  bristles  6,  whitish,  longer  than  the  sharply  3-angled,  oblong. 
Hack  aclienium,  which  is  tipped  with  a  whitish  beak. — Borders  of  lakes  and  rivers, 
W.  N.  Y.  and  W.  States.     Jl.j  Aug.     (S.  maritimus,  ji.  fluv.  Torr.) 

11  S.  atrovirens  Muhl.  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  2f  high ;  cyme  cora- 
pcjund,  proliferous;  invol.  of  3  leaf-like  bracts  longer  than  the  cyme;  spz^-^i' ovate, 
acute,  crowded,  10  io  20  m  a  globous  head ;  hds.  numerous,  4"  diam.,  dark  olive 
green ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate ;  bristles  4,  straight,  hispid  downward,  as  long  as 
the  smooth,  white  achenium. — Common  in  meadows,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Ju.,  Jl. 
Very  diderent  from  S.  sylvaticus  L.  of  Europe. 

12  S.  polyphyllus  Vahl.  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  2 — 3f  high ;  cyme 
decompound,  its  principal  branches  about  5,  unequal,  with  truncate  sheaths  at 
base ;  spikelets  clustered  in  heads  of  3 — 6  ;  glumes  obtuse,  reddi.sh-brown  ;  ach. 
smooth,  yellowish-white,  twice  shorter  than  the  4  or  5  smooth  tmituyus  bristles. — 
Much  resembles  the  last  species.  Margins  of  waters,  N.  Eng.,  111.  and  S.  States. 
(S.  brunneus  MuliL) 

13.  S.  divaric^tUB  Ell.  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  very  leafy,  3  to  4f  high ; 
Ivs.  flat,  broadly  linear  or  lance-linear,  3  to  6"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  umbel 
loose,  large,  decompound,  rays  filiform,  divaricate,  recurved ;  spikes  all  separate, 
pendulous,  oblong-ovoid,  2  to  3"  long,  rust  colored,  pendulous;  glumes  many, 
acute ;  bristles  tortuous,  rather  longer  than  the  achenium  which  is  tawny,  elliptic- 
3-angled,  acute  at  each  end. — Wet  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  La  (Hale). 

14  S.  Ziri6phonim  Mx.  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  leafj',  3  to  5f  high,  Ivs.  2f 
long,  rough-edged ;  invol.  4  or  5-leaved,  longer  than  the  umbel ;  umbel  terminal, 
decompound,  large  and  loose ;  spikes  mostly  pedieillate,  2  to  3''  long,  ovoid,  in 
smaller  clusters  ;  bristles  6,  capillary,  curled,  very  conspicuous,  being  5  or  6  times 
as  long  as  the  white  achenium. — A  common,  stiff,  rank,  meadow  sedge,  which 


II 


t 
1 


740 


Ord«b  155.— CYPERACE^. 


cattle  do  not  eat,   U.   S.   and  Can.     Aug.      (Tricophorum    cyperinum   Pcr.s.) 
Variable. 

15  S.  line^tUB  Mx.  Culm  triangular,  very  leafy,  2  to  3f  high ;  umbels  terminal 
and  axillary,  decompound,  at  loiigth  nodding ;  invol.  I  or  2  briicts,  shorter  than 
the  umbels ;  spikes  ovoid,  pedunculate,  solitary ;  glumes  lanceolate,  ferruginous  ; 
bristles  6,  ow  lorifj  as  the  ylunies,  hardly  exserted. — Swamps  iu  most  of  the  States. 
Aug.    (Tricophorum,  Pers.) 

7.  ERIOPH'ORUM,  L.  Cotton  Grass.  (Gr.  epiov,  wool,  (f>tp(o,  to 
bear ;  alluding  to  the  copious  bristles  of  the  perigynium.)  Glumes  im- 
bricated all  around  into  a  spike ;  achenium  invested  with  many,  rarely 
only  6,  very  long,  dense,  woolly  or  cottony  hairs. — Stem  generally  leafy. 
Spikelets  mostly  in  umbels,  finally  clothed  with  the  long,  silk  hairs. 

§  Bristles  of  the  perigynium  6.    8j)iko  sinulo \o.  1 

§  Bristles  of  tbo  perij^ynium  numerous. — Splice  single No.  9 

— Spikes  sevcruL  (*) 

*  Spikes  collected  into  a  subsessile,  capitate  cluster No.  8 

♦  Spikes  sci)arate,  pedunculate,  in  umbellato  clusters Nos.  4,  5 

1  E.  alpinum  L.  Culm  very  slender,  acutely  3-angled,  naked,  somewhat  sca- 
brous, 8 — 16'  high,  with  3 — 4  radical  sheaths;  radical  Ivs.  very  short,  subulate; 
spike  oblong,  terminal,  about  2"  in  length ;  hairs  6  to  each  liower,  woolly,  white, 
crisped,  4  times  as  long  as  the  spike. — Bog  meadows,  often  alpine,  N.  II.  to  N. 
Y.  and  Punn.     Jl. 

2  E.  vaginatum  L.  Sheathed  Cotton  Grass.  Sts.  densely  caespitous,  obtusely 
triangular,  slender,  smooth  and  rigid,  1 — 2f  high ;  uppermost  sheaths  inflated ; 
spikelet  ovate,  oblong,  6 — 8"  long,  of  a  blackish  color,  with  scarious  glumes; 
hairs  30:— 40  to  each  flower,  straight,  white  and  glossy,  twice  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  conspicuous,  as  well  as  in  other  species,  even  at  a  distance  among  the 
meadow  grass. — N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.     Jn.,  JL 

3  E.  Virginicum  L.  Culm  strict,  firm,  slender,  tereteish,  2  to  3f  high ;  Ivs. 
smooth,  narrowly  linear,  shorter ;  invol.  2  to  4-loaved,  longer  than  the  inflores- 
cence; spikes  many,  ovoid,  acute,  3"  long,  glomerate,  with  very  short  peduncles, 
forming  a  capitate  cluster;  stara.  1,  tawny,  exserted  with  3  tawny  styles;  ache- 
nium flattened,  obovate,  keeled  on  the  back,  pointed,  invested  with  70  to  200 
pale  cinnamon  colored  sette  whicli  are  4  to  7"  long. — Bogs,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Jl., 
Aug.     In  flower  the  heads  are  tawny  red. 

S.  coNFERTissiMUM.     Heads  very  large  (20"  diam.)  and  dense  with  white  setfe. 
— In  Northern  N.  H.  (E.  confer tissimum  Ed.  2il.) 

4  B.  polyatachyon  L.  Culm  somewiiat  triangular,  smooth,  1 — 2f  high ;  cauline 
Ivs.  2 — 3,  broad-linear,  flattened  belmv,  triquetrous  at  the  end;  invol.  2-leaved; 
spikes  about  10,  on  rough  peduncles  whicli  are  Ions'  and  drooping  and  sometimes 
branched;  setae  30 — 40  to  each  flower,  white,  6 — 8"  long,  ach.  obovate,  obtuse. 
— Very  conspicuous  in  meadows  and  swamps,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am. 

5  E.  gr^cile  Koch.  Culm  obtusely  3-angled,  18'  to  2f  high,  roughish  above;  Ivs. 
triquetrous,  channeled  on  the  upper  side,  scarce  1'  wide ;  invol.  one-leaved,  very 
short ;  ped.  roughish  or  subpubescent,  nodding ;  spikes  3  to  8,  ovoid,  some  sub- 
sessile,  others  on  peduncles  1  to  4''  long;  glumes  striate,  brownisli;  bristles  50 
or  more  in  each  flower,  8  to  10^' long,  white;  ach.  lane e-obovate,  obtuse. — 
Bogs,  N.  States  and  Can.    Common  in  N.  J.  (Jackson)  (E.  angustifolium  Torr.). 

8.  HEMICAR'PHA,  Nees.  (Gr.  ^pavf,  half,  Kdp<pa.,  straw  or  chaff, 
there  being  but  one  scale  to  the  flower.)  Spike  many-flowere  I ;  glumes 
imbricated  all  around  ;  interior  scale  1,  embracing  the  flower  and  fruit ; 
bristles  0 ;  stamens  1  ;  style  2-cloft,  not  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous ; 
achenium  compressed,  oblong,  subterete. — 11  Low,  tufted,  with  seta- 
ceous  culms  and  leaves. 

H.  Bubsquarrosa  Nees.  Culm  Betacecue,  compressed,  sulcate,  recurved,  2 — 3* 
high;  Ivs.  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  scape;  spikes  2 — 3,  terminal  (appa' 
rently  lateral),  subsessile,  ovoid,  nearly  2"  long;  invol.  of  2  bracts,  one  appear. 


IP, 


Obdeb  165.— CYPERACRJi  741 

Inpf  like  a  continuation  of  the  scape,  thrice  longer  than  the  other;  glumes  00, 
witli  iv  short,  recurved  or  squurrous  point.  Anally  brown;  ach.  minute,  of  a  dull, 
brownisli-wliito. — Sandy  banks,  N.  Eng.  to  Peun.,  Ky.  and  S.  States.  (Isolepis, 
Seiirad.) 

9.  LIPOCAR'PHA,  Brown.  Spikes  many-flowered  ;  ^lurtus  spatw- 
late,  imbricated  all  around;  interior  scales  2,  thin,  subequal,  involving 
the  flower  and  the  fruit ;  perianth  none  ;  stamens  1  ;  style  2  or  3-tid  ; 
achenium  coated  with  the  scales. — Culms  leafy  at  base.  Spikes  numer- 
ous, collected  into  an  involucrate,  terminal  head. 

L.  macumta  Torr.  Culms  triangular,  3  to  8'  liigli,  longer  than  the  narrowly 
linear,  often  involute,  smooth  loaves ;  invol.  of  2  long  Ivs:  and  1  short  one,  Hpikea 
3  or  4,  ovoid,  acute,  closely  aggregated ;  glumes  very  numerous,  acute,  nsirrowed 
to  the  base,  white  hyaline,  marked  with  rod  dots,  green  along  the  niidviin,  longer 
than  the  2  interior  scales  (spikelet);  stamen  1 ;  style  bifid,  longer  than  the  tawuy, 
oblong  achenium. — Wot  grounds,  Ga.  to  Fla.     (Kylliiigia  Mx.) 

10.  FIMBRIS'TYLIS,  Vald.  (Lat.  Jimbris,  a  fringe,  stylus,  style  ; 
from  the  ciliatc  style.)  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides;  bristles  0 ; 
style  compressed,  2-cleft,  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous,  often  ciliate  on  the 
marLrin. —  U  With  the  liabit  of  Scirpus.     Lvs.  mostly  radical. 

§  Siiikcs  in  a  siibsiinple  umbel,  rusty  brown,  few,  ns  thick  ns  a  pcpiior-corn Nos.  1,  8 

§  sjiikcs  ill  a  dense  liead.     Invol.  very  li»ng.  (No.  3.)    Spilces  2  only,  lateral.   (No.  4).Nos.  3,  4 

1  F.  spadfcea  Vahl.  Culm  1  to  3f  high,  hard  un<l  rigid,  flal toned,  channeled  ;  lvs. 
semi-terete,  filiform,  channeled ;  umbel  of  few  rays,  longL-r  than  the  2  or  3  subu- 
late lvs.  of  tlie  invol,;  spikes  few,  ovoid-oblong  becoming  oblong-cyUndric,  when 
old,  3  to  G"  long,  2'  thick;  glumes  broad-ovate,  nmcronato,  rust-colored,  finally 
dark  chestnut  brown ;  stam.  2  or  3  ;  stylo  fringe-pubescent ;  ach.  whitish,  min- 
utely doited. — Marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  W.  to  111.  (Lapham).  Jl.— Sept.  (F.  cas- 
taneus  Mx.) 

/i.  FKKUUGINEA.     Umbel  of  many  rays,  somewhat  compound.     (P.  ferrugineus 
Vahl.) 

2  F.  laza  Yahl.  Culm  2  to  12'  high,  flattened,  striate;  lis.  fiat,  linear,  glaucous, 
rough-edged,  shortar  than  the  culm;  umbel  few-rayed,  shorter  than  one  of  tiie 
leaves  of  the  involucre ;  spikes  ovoid,  acute,  3  "  lor.g ;  glumes  ovate,  brown ; 
stamen  1 ;  sty.  dark  purple,  fringed;  ach.  whitish,  with  ii  to  S  prominent  riiUjea 
lengthwise. — Clay  soils,  Penn.  to  III  and  S.  States.  Jl. — Sept.  (F.  Baldwina 
Torr.) 

3  F.  argentea  Yahl.  Glaucous;  culms  tufted.  2  to  4'  high,  setaceous,  coov 
pressed ;  lvs.  radical,  filiform,  as  long  as  the  culms ;  spikes  5  to  8  cylindric-oblong, 
acute,  sessile,  straw-colored,  in  a  dense  head;  invol.  3  or  4-leaved,  many  iimee 
longer  than  the  head,  usually  longer  than  the  culm  ;  glumes  20  or  more,  lance-ovate, 
mucronate ;  stam.  1 ;  sty.  2-cleft,  ciliolate ;  ach.  white  minute. — Ga  1  to  La.  (P. 
congosta  Torr.) 

4  F.  dist^chya  Chapman  ?  Culms  setaceous,  leafless,  tufted,  3  to  4'  high ; 
spikes  2,  globular-ovoid,  lateral,  sessile  near  the  top  of  the  culm,  1''  long,  dark 
brown;  glumes  very  numerous;  sty.  2-cleft;  ach.  minute,  but  as  long  as  tUe 
glume. — Mid.  Fla.  (Chapman.  It  is  Heniicarpha  subsquarrosa  Nees.) 

11.  TRICHELOSTYLIS,  Listiboudois.  (Gr.  rpixrjXog,  threefold, 
arvXog  ;  from  the  character.)  Glumes  in  4  to  8  ranks,  carinate  ;  bris- 
tles none ;  style  3-cleft,  deciduous  below  the  bulb  (if  any)  at  the  base ; 
achenium  triangular. —  'H  Sts.  leafy  at  the  base.  Spikes  in  a  terminal 
head  or  umbel. 

i  Spikes  in  a  compound  umbel,  oblong,  fcrruginaus Nos.  1,  8 
Spikes  ill  a  subsimple  umbel,  2  to  4  to  6,  chestnut  colored No.  8 
Spikes  in  a  dense  head,  greenish.  Involucre  leaves  dilated  at  base Nos.  4,  6 
Spike  solitary,  greenish,  lateral  near  the  summit  of  the  culm No.  6 

1  T.  autumn^lis.    Culm  compressed,  2-edged,  oeBspitoua,  leafy  at  base,  3 — 10' 


Si        li 


! 


& 


t 


742 


Order  155.— CYPERACE^. 


higli ;  Ivs.  flat,  linear,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  umbel  compound,  diflfuse ;  invol. 
2-leaved ;  spikelets  lancoolate,  acute,  somewhat  4-sided,  2 — 3  together ;  glumes 
brown,  niucronate ;  ach.  white. — Wet  places,  along  rivers,  etc.,  N.  Eng.  I  to  Ga., 
W.  to  Mo.     July.     (Fimbristilis,  R.  <k  S.) 

2  T.  coarct^ta.  Culm  filiform,  teretish,  8  to  12'  high;  Ivs.  setaceous,  with  bearded 
sheaths ;  umbel  compound,  contracted ;  invol,  Ivs.  many,  short  setaceous,  one  a 
little  longer  than  the  umbel;  spikes  15  to  20,  linear-obloug,  3"  long;  glumes 
about  12,  acute,  rust-colored  ;  stam.  2  ;  sty.  deeply  3-cleft;  ach.  obovate,  3-angled. 
— Dry,  sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     (Isolepis  Torr.     Scirpus  Ell.) 

3  T.  capill^ris.  Culm  caespitous,  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  capillary,  4 — 8'  high ; 
ivs.  subradical;  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  spikes  ovoid,  2 — 4,  in  a  simple 
umbel,  inner  one  S'^gsile;  glumes  oblong,  ferruginous,  margin  pubescent;  ach. 
white. — In  sandy  fields,  Mass.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Ky.  and  Ohio.  Aug.  (Isolepis,  R. 
&  S.    I.  cihatifolius,  Ell.,  a  taller  form  (7  to  10) with  4  to  6  spikes.) 

4  T.  stenophylla.  Culms  twisted,  2  to  4'  high,  setaceous,  as  long  as  the  seta- 
ceous Ivs. ;  spikes  4  to  6,  ovoid,  acute,  few-flowered,  sessile,  in  a  dense  head ; 
invol.  Ivs.  3  or  4,  dilated  at  base,  ciliate,  2  or  3  times  longer  (3  to  12  ")  than  tlio 
head ;  glumes  ovate-acuminate,  keeled,  greenish ;  sty.  3-cleft; ;  ach.  short-triangu- 
lar, black-pruinous  when  mature. — Dry  soils,  Car.  to  Fla.  Jl. — Sept.  (Isolepis, 
Kunth.    Scirpus,  Ell.) 

5  T.  "Warei.  Culm  filiform,  terete,  funowed,  near  If  high ;  Ivs.  2  to  3'  l&nsr, 
channeled;  spikes  6  to  12,  ovoid,  in  a  dense  head;  invol.  Ivs.  3  or  4,  longer  than 
the  liead,  base  dilated  and  cut-fringed;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate;  ach.  white, 
rugulous,  obovate-triangular. — W.  Fla.  (Ware,  Torr.  Cyp.).  Very  near  the  preced- 
ing.    (Isolepis,  Torr.) 

6  T.  carinkta.  Culm  flattened,  setaceous,  3  to  6'  high,  v/ith  a  short,  solitary 
setaceous  leaf  near  the  base ;  spike  single,  ovoid,  lateral  near  the  top  of  the  culm : 
glumes  green,  5  to  8,  broad-ovate,  veined  acuminate ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  short- 
triangular,  grayish,  half  as  long  as  the  glume. — Near  N.  Orleans  (Hale)  (Isolepis, 
Hook.  &  Am.). 

12.  PSILOCAR'YA,  Torr.  (Gr.  ^pi^og,  naked,  Kapva,  nut;  no 
bristles.)  Flowers  ^  .  Glumes  oo,  imbricated  all  round,  all  fertile  ; 
perigynium  0  ;  stam.  2  ;  filaments  long,  persistent ;  style  2-clcft,  dilated 
or  tuborculate  at  base ;  achenium  biconvex,  crowned  with  the  persis- 
tent style, — Stems  leafy.     Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  cymous, 

1  P.  scirpoides  Torr.  Culm  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  S-sided,  5 — 9' high;  Ivs. 
linear,  smooth,  3 — 5'  by  1",  cauline  about  2  ;  cj/toas  terminal,  and  one  from  the 
sheath  of  each  cauline  leaf;  spikes  about  3"  long,  oblong-ovate,  in  small,  loone 
clusters,  20 — 30-fiowtred;  glumes  chastnnt-colored,  thin  ovate,  acute;  ach.  tumid, 
dark  brown,  crowned  with  the  long  style,  which  is  much  dilated  at  base. — Bor- 
ders of  ponds,  Sniithfleld,  R.  I.  (Olney),  Mass.  (Greene),  and  Ai'k.  (Hale). 

2  P.rhynchoBporoides  Torr,  Culm  8  to  14'  high,  leafy,  smooth;  Ivs.  linear,  2'' 
broad,  overtopping  the  culm;  umbel  few-rayed ;  spikes  ovoid,  2  to  3"  long,  all  pe- 
dunculate, 8  to  10-fiowered;  glumes  roundish  ovate,  obtuse,  pale  brown;  ach. 
roundish,  lenticular,  strongly  rugous;  tubercle  short,  obtuse,. — Quincy,  Fla. 
(Chapman). 

13.  DICHROM'ENA,  Richard.  (Gr.  6ig,  two,  ;:^pwjua,  color.)  Spikes 
flattened,  collected  into  a  terminal  head;  glumes  imbricate  on  all  sides, 
many  abortive  ;  perigynium  none  ;  stamens  3  ;  styles  2-cleft ;  achenium 
lens-shaped,  crowned  with  the  broad,  tuberculate  base  of  the  style. — 
Khizome  creeping.  Culms  leafy.  Lvs,  of  the  invol.  usually  whitened 
at  the  base. 

1  D.  leucoc^phala  Mx.  Culm  triangular,  2  to  3f  high ;  hs.  concave,  narrow, 
shorter  than  the  culm;  invol.  6  to  8-lcavcd,  the  Ivs.  lanceclate,  long-pointed, 
whitened  below,  spreading,  1  to  4'  long ;  ach.  truncate  at  the  rummit,  transversely 
rugulous. — Bogs,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Kno^t^n  at  a  distance  by  its  white  in- 
volucre. 


Order  155.— CYPERACEiE. 


743 


2  D.  latifdlia  Baldw.  Culm  tereteish,  stout,  9'  to  2r  high ;  Ivs.  broadly  linear, 
very  long,  overusing  the  culm  ;  invol.  8  to  lO-leaved,  whitish,  becoming  dull  red 
at  the  base;  ach.  roundish  in  outline  (except  the  tubercle),  roughened,  dull,  the 
tubercle  broad,  conical  at  top,  base  2-horned,  decurrent  on  the  edges  of  the  ach. 
with  its  horns. — Ponds  in  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

14.  RHYNCHOS'PORA,  Vahl.  (Gr.  pvvx(K,  a  beak,  anopd,  seed; 
from  the  character.)  Flowers  0  or  $  ^  ^,  few  in  oach  spikelet ; 
glumes  loosely  imbricated,  the  lowest  small  and  empty  ;  perigynium  of 
6  to  12  bristles;  stamens  3  to  12  ;  style  bifid;  achenium  lens-shaped 
or  subglobous,  crowned  with  a  tubercle,  the  distinct,  bulbous  base  of 
the  style.  U  St.  leafy,  3-sided.  Inflor.  terminal  and  axillary.  Setw 
hispid  (under  a  strong  magnifier). 

S  Setae  densely  plutnous.    Achenium  sulglobous-ovoid  (terete) Nos.  1,  2 

{  8et»  naked,  denticulate  or  hispid.     Achenium  more  or  less  flaUened.  (•) 

*  Achenium  transversely  rugous.    Setae  upwardly  bearded,  (a) 

a  Setaj  shorter  than  the  achenium Nos.  8 — 5 

a  Setae  equaling  or  exceeding  tlie  achenium    (b) 

b  Spikes  in  drooping  panicles.    Achenium  oblons No.  (\ 

•  b  Spikes  in  eroct  or  spreading  i)anicles.    Achenium  roundish Nos.  7 — 9 

b  Spikes  corymbuus  or  fasciculate. — Achenium  ort^icular Nos.  lo,  11 

— Achenium  oval Nos.  12, 13 

*  Achenium  smooth  and  even,  (c) 

0  Culm  and  leaves  very  sleiider,  filiform  or  setaceous,  (d) 

d  Seta)  6  to  10,  retrorsoly  hispid  (under  a  strong  magniflor) Nos.  14—16 

d  Setae  6,  upwardly  hispid Nos.  17 — 19 

0  Cuhn  wiry,  firm.    Leaves  linear,  (e) 

e  Stamens  3  or  12.    SetiE  10  or  12 Nos.  20,  21 

S  Stamens  3.    Seta;  6, — rctrorscly  hispid,  longer  than  the  ach. .  .Nos.  22,  23 

— upwardly  hispid, — shorter  than  the  ach.  .Nos.  24,  25 

— long  as  the  achenium No.  26 

1  R.  plumdsa  Ell.  Culm  rigid,  wiry,  8'  to  2f  high  ;  Ivs.  rigid,  involute,  seta- 
ceous above,  half  as  long  as  the  culm  ;  spikes  lance-ovate,  chestnut  red,  in  a  ter- 
minal fascicle,  rarely  a  smaller  axillary  fascicle  below  on  an  exserted  peduncle; 
glumes  broad-ovate,  acute ;  Iristle  (setce)  6,  densely  plumovs,  as  long  as  the  globu- 
lar-ovoid, rugous  achenium ;  tubercle  short. — Dry  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

/?.  SEMIPLUMOSA.    SetSB  feathery  half  way  up,  naked  and  denticulate  above. — 
Near  N.  Orleans  (Ingalis.  R.  semiplumosa  Gray.,  Monog.,  Rhyn.,  p.  213). 

2  R.  olig^ntha  Gray.  Culm  filiform,  8  to  12'  high,  with  one  or  two  filiform- 
setaceous  Ivs.  about  the  same  height ;  spikes  2  to  6,  pedicellate,  rarely  solitary, 
lance-ovate,  fuscous-red,  lateral  near  the  summit  of  the  culm ;  glumes  ovate,  mu- 
eronate ;  setae  6,  as  long  as  the  ach.  and  short  tubercle,  plumous  below,  hispid 
above. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  in  sandy  bogs. 

3  R.  cyradsa  Nutt.  Culm  1  to  2f  high,  triangidur,  angles  acute;  radical  Ivs.  linear, 
shorter  than  the  stem,  caulinc  rising  above  the  stem ;  corymbs  3  to  4,  the  terminal 
largest ;  spikelets  ovoid,  in  close  fascicles  of  about  5  ;  glumes  broad-ovato,  dark 
brown ;  bristles  6,  §  as  long  as  the  broad  ovate,  transversely  ruguous  achenium  ; 
tubercle  depressed,  much  shorter  than  the  achenium. — N.  J.  to  La.    Jl.,  Aug. 

4  R.  Torreykna  Gray.  Culm  2f  high,  ieretish,  slender,  casspitous,  striate ;  Ivs. 
setaceous,  the  radical  6  to  10"  long,  cauline  much  shorter;  corymbs  few-flowered, 
the  lateral,  if  any,  on  capillary  peduncles ;  spikes  o\oid,  pedicellate  or  sessile ; 
glumes  ovate,  niucronate,  brown ;  bristles  6,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  oblong- 
obovate  achenium  ;  tubercle  short,  nearly  as  broad  at  base  as  the  achenium. — N. 
J.    Jl,  Aug.     (Holtou.) 

5  R.  rarifldra  Ell.  Culms  tufted,  6  to  16'  high,  filiform;  with  much  shorter,  seta- 
ceous leaves ;  spikes  lanceolate,  fuscous,  near  2"  long,  pedicellate,  few  in  2  or  ;{ 
loose,  simple,  corymbous  panicles  lermiuul  and  lateral ;  bracts  capillary ;  glumes 
ovate,  awite ;  seta;  about  G,  nearly  as  long  as  the  strongly  rugous,  roundisli  obo 
vate  achenium  ;  tubercle  very  short. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  in  bogs.  Has  tlie 
aspect  of  a  Trichelostylis. 

€  R.  iXMxp^naa  Vahl.  Culm  slender,  teretish,  rather  rigid,  18'  to  Sf  high;  Its. 
narrowly  linear,  flat,  smooth,  half  as  long  as  the  culm ;  spikes  lanceolate,  fusoous, 
about  3    long,  3  to  S-flowered,  formiag  several  axillary  and  terminal,  rather  long, 


I 

i 


744 


Order  155.— CYPERACE^. 


drooping  paraicfes;  setoe  nearly  twice  longer  tliaii  the  rugous,  oblong,  flattish  acho> 
nium  and  short  tubercle. — Wet  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     (Schoenus  Mx.) 

7  R.  mili^cea  Gray.  Culm  slender,  triangular,  very  leafy  below,  21"  hijrli,  fistu- 
lous; Ivs.  rather  rigid,  flat,  lance-linear,  smooth,  glaucous,  6  to  8'  long,  3  to  4' 
wide;  spikes  obovate,  aU  pedicellate,  3  to  5-flowered,  forming  diffMse,  compound, 
axillary  and  terminal  cymous  panicles;  seice  6,  a  little  longer  than  the  roundish 
obovate  achenlum  and  very  short  tubercle. — Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     (R,  sparsa  Vahl.     Schoenus  Lam.) 

8  R.  cadiica  Ell.  Culm  acutely  triangular,  1  to  3f  high ;  Ivs.  broadly  linear, 
Bmooth,  2  to  3"  wide;  spikes  ovate,  large  (4  to  5"  long),  pedicellate  or  sessile,  in 
several  rather  close,  erect,  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  gluwis  caducous,  ovate, 
the  outer  broad ;  setce.  tivice  longer  than  the  orbicular-ovate,  rugous  achenium ; 
tubercle  flattened,  conical,  a  third  as  long  as  the  achenium. — Wet  soils,  N.  Car. 
*o  J^^a. 

9  R.  achcenoides.  Culm  triangular,  2  to  3f  high,  leafy  at  base;  Ivs.  linear,  2'' 
wide,  glabrous,  not  half  the  length  of  the  culm;  spikes  very  numerous,  lance-ovate, 
small  (2  '  long),  sessile  or  nearly  so,  clustered,  forming  several  axillary  and  terminal, 
pedunculate  panicles;  glumes  fuscous,  broad-ovate;  setae  twice  as  long  as  the 
obovate,  flat,  rugous  achenium  and  small  tubercle.  Bogs,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.  "  (Scir- 
pus,  Ell.) 

10  R.  patula  Gray.  Culm  3-angled,  thick  and  stout  at  the  base,  2f  hisih«;  Ivs. 
linear,  short;  spikes  ovate,  sinaH  (2'  loui*;),  forming  several  spreading,  loose-Jiow- 
ered  corymbs,  of  wiiich  the  terminal  one  is  much  the  longest;  sel;e  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding the  roundish,  flattened,  strongly  rugous  achenium,  and  tubercle,  the  latter 
nearly  half  as  long  as  the  former. — Ga.  and  Fla.,  rare. 

11  R.  Elliottii  Gray.  Culm  3-angled,  slender,  1  to  2f  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat, 
glabrous,  serrulate  on  the  margins,  the  cauline  short;  spikes  ovate,  sessile  in  fasci- 
cles forming  3  or  4  few-jimvered,  subsim2>le  corymbs,  borne  on  exserted  peduncles ; 
setae  a  little  longer  than  the  roundish-ovate,  minutely  rugous  achenium ;  tubercle 
very  short,  flattened,  conic. — Wet  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla.     Jn. — Sept. 

12  R.  micrncdrpa  Baldw.  Culm  slender,  teretish,  tufted,  nearly  naked;  iv«. 
narrowly  linear,  setaceous  at  end,  mostly  radical ;  spikes  turgid-ovate,  dark  brown, 
1  to  2''  long,  loosely  fascicled  in  several  approximate,  pedunculate  corymbs  ;  seta 
very  fragile,  scarcely  equaling  the  minute,  ovate,  flat,  rugous  achenium. — Wet 
grounds,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

13  R.  punctata  Ell.  Culm  slender,  i-angled,  1  to  2f  high;  Ivs.  lq,nce-linear, 
acute,  rough-edged ;  spikes  ovate,  chestnut  brown,  fascicled,  in  several  peduncu- 
late corymbs ;  setae  a  little  longer  than  the  achenium,  which  is  ovate,  compressed, 
oiid  rugous-netted,  with  impressed  dots  in  the  furrows. — Marshes,  Ga.  and  Fla. 

14  R.  alba  Vahl.  Culm  triangular  above,  very  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  10 — 16* 
high ;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  channeled ;  corymbons  fascicles  pedunculate,  both  ter- 
minal and  from  the  axils  of  the  sheaths,  with  setaceous  bracts;  apikelets  lancco' 
late,  acute  at  each  end,  with  crowded,  lanceolate,  whitish  glumes;  setui  9  or  10, 
as  long  as  the  ach.  and  tubercle. — In  wet,  shady  grounds;  common.    July — Sept. 

15  R.  Kniesk^rnii  Carey.  Culms  in  tufts,  G  to  16'  high,  slender;  Ivs.  mostly 
cauline,  setaceous,  linear,  shorter;  spikes  small  (I''  long)  in  4  or  5  dense  fascicles, 
distant  along  the  whole  length  of  the  culm;  setae  6,  downwardly  hispidulous,  as  long 
as  the  minute,  obovate  achenium. — In  bog  iron  soil,  N.  J.  (Holton),  rare.  (R. 
distans?  Nutt.) 

16  R.  capilldcea  Torr.  Culm  6  to  12'  high,  filiform,  glabrous,  triangular;  Ivg. 
seta  'ous,  much  shorter  than  the  stem ;  spikes  1  to  3  to  6  {mostly  in  \  terminal 
fasc  fe),  oblong,  each  with  a  setaceous  bract ;  glumes  chestnut-colored,  with  scar- 
ious  edges ;  bristles  G,  much  longer  than  the  oblong,  substipitate  achenium ;  tuber- 
cle about  half  the  length  of  the  achenium. — Swamps,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  Penn.  to 
Mich. 

17  R.  fdaca  Roem.  &  Schult.  Culm  3-angled,  about  2 f  high;  Ivs. setaceous-car in^ 
ate ;  smooth ;  fascicles  alternate,  pedunculate ;  bracta  setaceous,  longer  than  the 
ovoid  spikes ;  glumes  brown,  ovate ;  a£h.  obovate,  its  pointed  tuiercle  as  long,  both 
eqVfuUng  tfie  hispid  seUe. — Wet  places,  Mass.  to  N.  J.,  rare. 


;.ii 


OftDEB  155.— CTPERACE^E, 


745 


18  R.  gracil6nta  Gray.  Culms  1  to  2f  high,  very  slender  or  filiform,  smooth ; 
Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  much  shorter  than  the  stem ;  corymbs  small,  fasciculate,  the 
lateral  on  slender  peduncles  exserted  from  the  slieatha;  spikes  ovoid;  glumes 
ovate,  acute,  dark  brown ;  bristles  6,  a  third  longer  than  the  roundish-oroid  acheni- 
um ;  tubercle  flat,  sub  alate,  as  long  as  the  acheniuiu. — Dry  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Fla. 

19  R.  filifdlia  Terr,  (nee  Kunth).  Culm  filiform,  6  to  12  to  18'  high,  Ivs.  fili- 
form, or  almost  capillary,  many,  much  shorter;  spikes  very  small  (1  '  long),  in 
2  or  3  small  fascicles,  the  lateral  pedunculate ;  setce  6,  upwardly  scabrous-hispid, 
as  long  as  the  roundish-ovate,  lens-shaped,  smooth  achenium  and  the  hispidrseaih 
rous  tubercle. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Its  hispid  tubercles  distinguishes  it  from  Nos.  17 
and  18. 

20  R.  Baldwinii  Gray.  Culms  slender,  acutely  S-angled,  2  to  3f  high  ;  Ivs.  linear, 
acute,  keeled,  2  '  wide,  glaucous,  not  ciliate,  spikes  ovate,  in  a  crowded,  fasciculate, 
terminal  cor\imb;  setce  12,  upwardly  hispidulous,  as  long  as  the  smooth,  roundisU- 
ovate  acheniura  ;  stam.  3. — Pine  barrens,  Ga. 

21  R.  dode'.'.dndra  Baldw.  Culm  rigid,  3-angled,  1  to  3f  high ;  Ivs.  rigid,  cori- 
aceous, keeled,  rough-edged,  broadly  linear  (2  to  4,"  wide),  all  nearly  equaling  the 
culm  at  first,  at  length  the  culm  longer ;  spikes  ovate  (lance-ovate  wiien  young), 
4'  long,  liglit  chestnut  color,  pedicellate,  in  4  to  Q  pedunculate  corymbs ;  setaj  6  t« 
12,  as  long  as  the  large  (IJ"  diam.),  roundish,  smooth  achenium;  stam.  10  to  12, 
much  longer;  tubercle  broad,  depressed. — Bogs,  S.  Ga.,  Fla.  (R.  megalocarpa 
and  pyncocarpa  Gray.) 

22  R.  glomer^ta  Valil.  Culm  slender,  smooth,  leafy,  a  foot  or  more  high ;  Ivs. 
flat,  carinate,  rough-edged ;  corymbed  fascicles  very  remote,  in  pairs,  axillary  and 
terminal ;  spikelets  lanceolate ;  glumes  keeled,  mucronato,  brown ;  ach.  obovoid 
or  cuneiform,  very  smooth  as  long  as  the  tubercle  ;  setJB  6,  rough,  backwards. — 
In  bogs.  Can.  to  Fla.     July,  Aug. 

23  R.  cephal^ntha  Gray.     St.  2 — 3f  high,  triangular,  stout;  Ivs.  linear,  very 
narrow,  the  lower  and  radical  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem;  hds.  roundish,  axillary. 
and  terminal,  dense,  5  to  7"  diam.,  the  2  upper  often  near;  spikelets  lance-oblong; 
glumes  ovate-oblong,  dark  brown ;  seta3  6,  twice  longer  tlian  the  achenium ;  ach. 
rouudish-ovoid,  a  little  compressed,  very  obtuse. — N.  J.  pine  barrens. 

24  R.  fascicularis  Nutt.  Culm  teretish,  1  to  2f  high,  veiny ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear, 
much  shorter;  spikes  small  (IJ"  long),  fuscous  brown,  densely  fascicled,  in  several 
terminal  fascicles,  and  usually  several  axillary  ones ;  seta3  half  as  long  as  th« 
roundish-obovate  achenium. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Inflorescence  quite  variable,  some- 
times copiously  terminal,  again  scattered  down  the  culm. 

25  R.  ciliata  Yahl.  Plant  light  glaucous;  culm  8'  to  2 f  high,  ancipital,  striate; 
Ivs.  lance-linear,  sliort,  obtusish ;  spikes  elliptical,  chestnut-colored,  all  collected 
into  a  dense  terminal  fascicle  with  several  short  bracts  ;  setae  very  short,  at  tlw 
base  of  the  roundish,  lenticular  achenium. — N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

26  R.  distana  Nutt.  Culm  slender,  wiry,  teretish,  1  to  2f  high ;  Ivs.  linear  se- 
taceous, shorter,  mostly  at  base;  spikes  small  (l"loug),  ovate,  in  a  terminal  fasci- 
cle, usually  with  1  or  2  lateral,  somewhat  distinct  fascicles ;  setse  upwardly  Iiis- 
pidulous,  about  as  long  as  the  broad,  ovate,  smooth  achenium  vvliich  is  not  hall"  as 
large  as  in  R.  glomerata. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Name  not  very  appropriate. 

15.  CERATOSCH(E^NUS,  Noes.  (Gr.  Kspag, — arag,  a  horn,  axoivog, 
rush  ;  alluding  to  the  long,  persistent  style  of  the  achenium.)  Spikeleta 
2 — 5-flowered,  one  flower  i^ ,  the  rest  $  ;  glumes  loosely  imbricated, 
Bomewhat  in  2  rows,  lower  ones  empty  ;  perig.  of  6  or  6  rigid,  hispid 
or  scabrous  bristles ;  stam.  3 ;  style  simple,  very  long,  persistent  f  nd 
crowning  the  smooth,  compressed  achenium. —  2f  Stems  leafy.  Corymbe 
compound. 

1  C.  longirdstris  Torr.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  culm  3^-4f  high,  triangular; 
Ivs.  12 — IG'  by  4 — 6'',  flat,  rough-edged;  fls.  in  very  large,  terminal  and  axillary 
corymbs,  terminal  one  the  largest;  spikes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  8"  long,  loosely 
fa^seicled  in  4s  or  6s  0n  the  long  peduncles ;  glumes  brown,  ovate  ;  brMles  shorter 


•     J 


I 


f 


740  Order  155.— CYPERACE^. 

than  the  achenium,  which  is  2"  long,  and  crowned  with  the  (1")  long,  subulate, 
horny  style. — Ohio  to  Fla.  Commoa  in  wet  places.  Aug.  Bhyucospora  oor- 
niculata  Gray.) 

2  C.  macrost^chya  Torr.  Glabrous ;  culm  2 — 3f  high,  triangular ;  Ivs.  1 — 2f 
by  2—4',  rough-edged;  axillary  corymbs  sv^simple,  terminal  ones  compound; 
upper  spikelets  densely  fascicled ;  ach.  ovate,  smooth ;  bristles  erectly  hispid, 
twice  as  long  as  the  achenium ;  stylo  persistent,  nearly  4  times  as  long  as  the  ache- 
nium.— Mass.  (Robbitis).     (Rhynconpora  ejusd.) 

16.  CLA^DIUM,  Browne.  Flowers  (5  <J  $  ;  glumes  imbricated  some- 
what in  3  rows,  lower  ones  empty  ;  bristles  0  ;  stam.  2 ;  style  2 — 3- 
cleft,  deciduous ;  achenium  subglobous,  the  pericarp  hard,  thickened 
and  corky  above. —  U  Stem  leafy.  Corymbs  or  panicles  terminal  and 
axillary. 

1  C.  mariacoides  Torr.  Boa  Rush.  St.  terete,  leafy,  20—30'  high,  hard  and 
rigid ;  Ivs.  narrmoly  linear,  channeled  above,  rounded  beneath,  much  shorter  than 
the  stems ;  bracts  short ;  umbels  2 — 3,  erect,  the  lateral  on  long,  exsertod  pedun- 
cles ;  rays  3 — 7,  some  of  them  very  short ;  spikes  aggregated  in  heads  of  4 — 8, 
lance-ovate,  3''  long ;  glumes  tawny-brown,  about  6,  the  upper  usually  ^ ,  the 
next  $  ,  and  the  rest  empty ;  ach.  ovoid,  short-beaked  with  the  remains  of  the  3- 
cleft  style. — Bogs,  Can.  to  Ponn.     July.     (Schoenus,  Muhl.) 

2  C.  effiisuin  Torr.  Saw-grass.  Culm  obtusely  3-angled,  6  to  1  Of  high;  Ivs.  3 
to  lOf!  long,  4  to  10"  wide,  tapering  to  a  very  long,  3-angled  point,  margins 
sharply  serrate-barbed;  corymbs  numerous,  decompound,  diffuse,  approximated 
an'l  forming  a  large,  elongated  panicle ;  spikes  2  "  long,  3  or  4  together,  browf. ; 
acli.  ovoid,  1  '  long. — Ponds  and  swamps,  N.  Car.  to  La.  (Hale).  A  coarse  and 
rank  sedge. 

17.  SCLE^RIA,  L.  Nut  Sedge.  (Gr.  <T«A?/p6f,  hard  ;  alluding  to 
the  indurated  shell  of  the  fruit.)  Powers  5* ,  staminate  spikes  inter- 
mixed, fertile  spikelets  1-flowerod,  glumes  fasciculate  ;  perigynium  cup- 
shaped  or  0  ;  achenium  globous,  ovoid  or  triangular,  with  a  thick,  bony 
pericarp ;  style  3-cleft,  deciduous. —  U  Stems  leafy.  Spikes  in  fasci- 
cles or  panicles. 

§  ScLERiA.    Achenium  ovoid  or  globous,  base  Invested  with  a  short  perigynium.  (*) 

*  Aclieniuiu  smooth,  ovoiil.     Perijrynium  annular,  subentire Nos.  1,  2 

•  Achenium  rugous-warty,  globular.    Perigynium  6  or  3-lobed Nos.  3,  4 

♦  Achenium  reticulated  or  liispid-rugous,  globular.    Perigynium  3-lobed Nos.  6,  6 

$  Hypoporum.     Achenium  ovoid-triangular,  base  fluted.    Perigynium  none,  (a) 

a  Fascicles  4  to  7,  interruptedly  spiked.    Ach.  smooth  or  rugous Nos.  7.  8 

a  Fascicles  single,  terminal.    Achenium  ribbed  or  smooth Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  triglomeTElta  Mx.  Whip-orass.  Culm  erect,  acutely  triangular,  rough, 
leafy,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  rough-edged ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal, 
alternate,  in  about  3  subsessile,  triglomerate  fascicles,  and  much  shorter  than  the 
leafy  bracts ;  glumes  ovate,  cuspidate,  dark  purple ;  ach.  globous,  smooth  and 
polished,  white,  nearly  2"  diam.,  invested  at  base  with  an  entire,  crustaceous  rim. 
— Swamps,  in  nearly  all  the  States.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  S.  leptocUlmia.  Culm  very  slender,  acutely  3-angled,  2 f high;  Ivs.  smooth, 
flat ;  sterile  spikes  elongated  (4'  long),  in  2  fascicles,  the  lateral  one  remote  from 
the  terminal,  on  a  long,  filiform  penduncle ;  glumes  dark  purple ;  stam.  3 ;  aclu 
ovoid,  obtuse,  white,  polished  minutely  corrugated;  perig.  annular,  with  about  ^ 
minute  tuberaes. — Fla.     Pairs  of  spikelets  3  or  4.     (S.  oligantha  Torr.  nee  Mx.) 

3  S.  cili^ta  Mx.  Culm  1  to  2f  high,  acutely  3-angled,  the  angles  scabrous  above ; 
Ivs.  clianneled,  pubescent  as  weP  as  the  sheaths;  bracts  fringed  with  long,  whitish 
hairs;  fascicle  subsolitary,  terminal  ach.  subglobous,  white,  roughened  with 
scattered  warts ;  perig.  a  narrow  border,  bearing  3  obtuse  tubercle-i. — Damp  soils, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

4  S.  paucifl6ra  Muhl.  St.  10  to  16'  high,  triangular,  slender,  sraoothish;  Ivs. 
narrow,  nearly  smooth ;   sheaths  pubescent ;  fascicles  1  to  3,  few-flowered,  the 


Order  155.— CYPEUACE^. 


V47 


lateral,  if  any,  pedunculate;  bracts  foliaceoua,  ciliate;  apikes  in  pairs;  glumes 
membranous,  mucronate,  somewhat  oiliate ;  sty.  S-cleft ;  ach.  globous,  rough, 
white  and  shining ;  perig.  a  narrow  ring  upon  which  are  6  roundish,  minute  tvbercks. 
— Wet  or  dry  soils,  N.  n.  to  Ohio  and  Fla.  Aug. — There  are  several  welJ  market) 
varieties. 
/}.  Very  slender,  smoothish ;  lateral  fascicle  1 -flowered,  sessile,  or  none. — Mass. 

to  Ohio.     About  If  high. 
y.  Very  slender,  scabrous-hirsute;    lateral  fascicle  1  to  2-flowered,  sessile; 
lower  bracts  much   exceeding    the  culm. — Ga.   and   Fla.      (S.    Carolina 
Willd.  ?) 
6.  Stouter,   tall  (2  to  3f  high),  edges  denticulate-ciliate ;  lateral  fascicles  on 
sliort  (1  to  2')  peduncles.— -S.  States. 

5  S.  reticularis  Mx.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  triangular,  rather  slender;  Ivs.  1"  wide, 
channeled,  radical  6 — 12'  long,  cauline  few;  fascicles  2 — 5,  latenU  and  terminal, 
distant,  loose-tiowered,  subsessile;  spikelets  somewhat  in  pairs,  the  i  many- 
flowersd,  at  the  base  of  the  ^ ;  glume  light  brown,  ovate  acuminate ;  sta.  2 ; 
perig.  3-lobed ;  ach.  globous,  of  a  dead  white,  f "  diam.,  conspicuously  reticulated 
and  deeply  pitted. — Borders  of  ponds,  R.  I.  (Olney),  to  Fla  The  achenium  is  a 
curious  and  beautiful  object. 

6  S.  16xa  Torr.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  weak,  diffuse,  acutely  triangular,  slender;  Iv.s. 
flat,  2"  wide,  smooth ;  fascicles  about  3,  open  one  terminal,  the  others  lateral  and 
very  remote ;  ped.  2 — 6"  long,  compressed,  slender,  often  recurved ;  spikelets  dis- 
tant, in  pairs,  the  sterile  at  the  base  of  the  5  ;  sta.  2 ;  perig.  deeply  3-lobed ;  ach. 
about  1"  diam.,  globous,  whitish,  marked  with  brownish,  papillous  transver.se 
ridges  and  pits. — Near  the  sea  coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     Sept.     (S.  reticularis  Mubl.) 

7  S.  verticill^ta  Muhl.  St.  6 — 8 — 12' high,  triquetrous,  slender,  glabrous;  Ivs. 
linear,  narrow  and  flat,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  fiiscicles  smooth,  purple,  4 — 6,  sessile, 
few-flowered,  appearing  as  if  verticUlato ;  bracts  minute,  setaceous,  about  as  long 
as  the  fascicles,  scabrous  upward;  scales  of  ?  ovate,  smooth,  scabrous  and 
keeled;  ach.  globous,  rugous,  a  little  more  than  ^"  diam.,  abruptly  mucronate  and 
somewliat  3 -sided  at  base. — Very  abundant  in  Junius,  N.  Y.  (Start well)  to  Car., 
W.  to  Ohio  (Sullivant).     (Hypoporum  verticillatum  Nees.) 

8  S.  interrdpta  Mx.  Palo  green,  sparingly  hirsute ;  culm  3-angled,  1 2  to  30' 
high ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  striate,  3-veined,  much  shorter  than  the  culm ;  fascicles 
few -flowered,  5  to  7,  alternate,  approximate  at  the  summit  forming  an  interrupted 
spike  2  to  3'  long;  glumes  conspicuously  cuspidate  and  bristly-ciliate,  rusty  brown; 
ach.  ^''  long,  smooth,  purplish  white,  3-sided  and  fluted  at  base. — N.  Car.,  Fla. 
and  La. 

9  S.  gracilis.  Filiform,  smooth,  1  to  2/  high;  culm  3-angled;  Ivs.  few,  shorter; 
spikes  3"  long,  few  (1  to  5  pairs),  in  a  terminal  fascicle ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate, 
purplish  brown ;  bract  erect  as  if  a  continuation  of  the  culm;  stam.  3;  ach.  I" 
long,  white,  ovoid,  obscurely  3-angled,  longitudinaily  ribbed.— 'S.  Ga.,  Fla.  to 
Texas.     (Hypoporum  Torr.) 

10  S.  Baldwinii.  Culm  sharply  ?i-angkd,  edges  scabrous,  jointless,  2  to  3/  high ; 
Ivs.  radical,  long,  linear,  keeled;  spikes  3  to  5  pairs,  5'  Jong,  in  a  terminal  fas- 
cicle; bracts  3,  the  longest  erect,  all  purple  at  base;  glumes  brownish  purplo, 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  stam.  3;  ci£h.  large  (near  2"  long),  ovoid,  dull,  even, 
whitish. — Ga.  and  Fla.     (Chapman.) 

18.  CAREX,  L.  Sedge.  (The  classical  name,  perhaps  from  Lat 
carco, to  lack;  referring  to  the  sterile  spikelets.)  Fls.  diclinous;  spikes 
1  or  more,  either  androgynous  (with  both  staminate  and  pistillate  fls.), 
or  with  the  two  kinds  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  plant  (monoecious) 
or  rarely  on  separate  plants  (dioecious)  ;  glumes  single,  1-flowered, 
lower  ones  often  empty;  (5  stamens  3;  $  stigmas  2  or  3 ;  perigynium 
(of  2  united  scales)  of  various  forms,  persistent,  enclosing  the  lenticular 
or  trianjjular  achenium. —  U  Culms  triangular,  growing  in  tufts. 


m 


n 


I 


748 


Obuer  155.— CYPERACE^. 


I 


The  following  account  of  our  species  of  Carex  Is  from  the  pen  of  Prof.  C.  Dewey  (D,D.),  re- 
Ttscd  by  liini  expressly  for  the  present  Edition.  Tlie  annexed  Analytical  Table  bos  been  pre- 
pared by  ourselves  (with  the  aid  of  copious  and  well  authenticated  specimens,  amont;  which  is  a 
full  set  communicated  bv  Dr.  Sartwell),  on  the  basis  of  the  artficlal  subdivision  of  the  genua 
adopted  by  Prof.  Dewey  in  the  former  edition.  It  is  useless  to  admonish  the  student  that  this 
table  is  not  perfect,  and  may  sometimes  lead  him  astray.  Tet,  in  the  main,  its  subdivisions  aro 
correct,  and  cannot  fail  to  lead  to  correct  results,  and  thus  greatly  facilitate  the  study  of  this  the 
must  extensive  and  didlcult  genus  in  our  Flora. 

N.  B. — In  the  specific  descriptions  the  reader  is  often  referred  a&  follows  :  (Boott,  illust.)  or  (B. 
tX  These  refer  by  number  to  the  Illustrationa  of  the  Genus  Carex,  in  the  recent  splendid  work 
at  Fruncis  Boott,  M.D.,  President  of  the  Liunsean  Soc.  of  England. 

J  I.  STIGMAS  2.    AoHKNiuM  dopble-convex.  (♦) 

*  A.  Spike  single,—  mmimcious,  staminate  at  the  top No.  1 

— dioecious,  or  $  spike  with  stamens  lit  base So.  2,  3 

*  B.  Spikes  several,  androgynous  (with  both  kinds  of  flowers).  (^) 

1  I.  Stamens  variously  situated,  above,  below,  or  in  the  middle,  sometimes 

the  whole  spilce  S . — Spikes  4  to  8 Nos.  4 — 6 

—Spikes  10  to  20 Nos.  7,  8 

^  2.  Stamens  at  the  summit  of  the  spikclets.  (a) 

a  Spikelets  evidently  paniculate  and  perigynium  not  rostrate Nos.  9,  10 

a  Spikelets  3  to  6,  approximate  into  one  spike,  (b) 

b  Spike  ovate. — Glume  equaling  the  perigynium Nos.  11 — 18 

— Ulumo  shorter  than  the  perigynium No.  14 

b  Spike  oblong,  a  little  loose.    Glume  shorter  than  the  perigynium... Nos.  15 — 17 

a  Spikelets  3  to  8,  remote.    Perigynium  radiating, — longer  than  glume Nos.  IS — 20 

— shorter  than  glume No.  21 

a  Spikelets  8  to  oo,  approximate  in  a  decompound  spike,  (c) 

0  Pcrii;yniuni  rostrate,  not  longer  than  the  glume Nos.  22,  28 

0  Perigynium  rostrate,  longer  than  the  glume,  (d) 

d  Spike  cylindrical,  of  8  to  15  spikelets Nos.  24,  25 

d  Spike  large,  branched,  of  00  spikelets Nos.  2fi,  27 

d  Spikes  elliptical,  of  8  to  10  spikelets No.  28 

5  8.  Stamens  ot  the  base  of  the  spikelets.  (e) 

e  Peiiii^ynia  radiating,  in  remote  spikelets. — Glumes  green .Nos.  29 — 31 

— Glumes  hyaline,  white Nos.  32,  SS 

e  Poriarynift  snberect,  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  few-fruited Nos.  34—36 

e  Pori;,'ynla  snberect,  spikelets  oval,  (f ) 

f  "Perlcynia  not  winged,  about  equaling  the  hyaline  or  brown  glume. .  .Nos.  37, 38 
f  Perigynia  distinctly  winged,  broadly  or  narrowly,  (a) 

g  Perigynia  sliort-rostrate, — shorter  than  tlie  glume Nos.  39,  40 

— equallnj;  the  glume No.  41 

—longer  tlian  the  glume,  (h) 

h  Perigynia  spreading  (not  radiate) Nos.  42,  43 

h  Perigynia  siiil)eruct  or  appressed Nos.  44 — 40 

g  Perigynium  long-rostrate, — equaling  ine  glume No.  47 

— longer  than  the  glume Nos.  48 — 50 

*  C.  Staminate  and pixiilkite  flowers  in  se^Mi rate  S2>ikefi.  (1) 

IT  4.  Statninate  spike  single. —  9  Spikes  sessile,  1  or  2  only No.  61 

—  ¥  Spikes  sessile,  3  to  5 Nos.  52—54 

—  9  Spikes  pedunculate Nos.  55,  50 

%  5.  Staminate  spikes  1  or  more  and  the  9  spikes  often  staminate  at  summit,  (k) 

k  Glumes  awnless,  mostly  obtuse  and  dark  colored.  {\) 

1  Sterile  spikes  1  or  2.— Glumes  all  obtuse  and  black Nos.  57,  58 

— Glumes,  at  least  the  lower,  acute,  brown Nos.  59 — 61 

1  Sterile  spikes  2  to  4.     Glumes  acutish  or  acute Nos.  62,  63 

k  Glumes  of  the  fertile  spikes  awned.  (m) 

m  Sterile  spikes  1  or  2.    Plants  not  maritime Nos.  64,  65 

m  Sterile  spikes  2  or  3.     Plants  maritime Nos.  66,  67 

%  II.  STIGMAS  3.    AoiiENiuM  Tuiquetrous.  (♦) 

*  D.  Spikes  androgynous  (with  both  kinds  of  flowers).  (^) 
H  5.  Stamens  at  tlio  summit  of  the  spike,  (n) 

n  Spikes  single.- Leaves  2,  broad,  flat,  with  no  midvein No.  68 

— Leaves  several,  linear  or  setaceous Nos.  69 — 71 

n  Spikes  several,  some  of  them  on  long,  radic.nl  peduncles,  (o) 

O  Glumes  of  the  fruit  not  longer  than  the  perigynia Nos.  72,  78 

O  Glumes  of  the  fruit  long  and  leaf-like Nos.  74 — 76 

IT  6.  Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  1  or  more  spikes No.  77 

*  E.  Spikes  dioecious,  i.  c.,  the  fertile  and  sterile  on  dilferent  culms Nos.  78,  79 

*  F.  Terminal  spike  androgynous,  pistillate  at  top  :  the  others  pistillate,  (p) 

p  Perigynium  hairy  (at  least,  when  young)  as  well  as  thelvs.,and  bright-green. Nos.  80—82 

P  Perigynium  smooth.— Spikes  erect  or  nearly  so.    Glumes  green No.  83 

—Spikes  erect  or  nearly  so.    Glumes  dark Nos.  84—86 

—Spikes  drooping. — Glumes  acute,  dark. ..   No.  87 

— Glumes  awned  or  cuspidate . .  .Nos.  88—90 

*  G.  Staminate  spike  single,  entirely  staminate.  (1) 

^  7.  Pistillate  spikes  sessile  or  solitary,  few,  mostly  ovoid,  (q) 

Q  Pistillate  spikes  oblonar,  dark  brown.     $  Spikes  stalked No.  91 

q  Pistillate  spikes  ovoid,— all  or  mostly  solitary Nos.  92.  98 

— all  sessile,  .ipproximate Nos.  94,  96 

— «11  sessile,  remote Nos.  96,  97 


1!' 


Obueb  165.— CTPERACEiE. 


749 


1  8.  Pistillate  spikes  with  enclosed  or  ne»rly  enclosed  peduncles.     Peripjnia 
mostly  inflated,  bvitkvd,  angular -strliite.     i!|iike>  ol'teii  quite  larg  *.  (r) 

T  Perisryniiiiii  pul)escent,  brownish,  iibriiptly  beiiked Nos.  9S,  99 

r  Perigyniuin  Hinuutli,  yellowish,  with  s  short,  recurved  beak Nos.  luu,  lUl 

r  Perigyniiiin  siiiouth,  intliited,  with  it  loni;,  straight  beak,  (s) 

8  Spikes  very  short— VVIiole  pliiiit  yellowish  jfrcen Nos.  102—104 

— Wiiole  pltint  (lurk  preen  or  lirigiit  green Nos.  105,  lijfl 

B  Spikes oblong-cylindric, — very  large,  Perig.  conlc-rostrute Nos.  lo7 — 1()S» 

—  middle  size,  very  abruptly  rostrate No.  110 

1  9.  Pistillate  spikes  with  e.\serted  peduncles.     Perigynia  3-angled,  scarce  inflated, 
not  much  beaked,  and  (as  vfcll  as  tlio  glumes)  more  or  less  colored,  (t) 
ft  Leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  4  to  10'  wide,  (u) 

U  Perigynliim  acuminate  with  a  recurved  point Nos.  Ill — 119 

U  Perigyn.  acute  or  obtuse. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  shorter  than  culms Nos.  114, 115 

— Lvs.  lance-linear,  long  as  culms Nos.  IIC,  117 

Leaves  linear  or  setaceous  (1  to  2"  wide  or  less),  (v) 

V  Perigynia  smootii  and  not  rostrate,  (w) 

w  Bracts  all  exceeding  the— oblong,  dense  spikes Nos.  US,  119 

— slender,  loose  spikes Nos.  1*20,  121 

W  Bracts  shorter  than  the  spikes  or  culm,  (x) 

X  Leaves  setaceous  anil  all  radical.     Glumes  white No.  122 

X  Leaves  linear. — Spikes  blackish.     White  Mts No.  123 

—Spikes  t.iwny Nos.  124, 125 

— Spikes  green. — Ol.  (mostly)  obtuse. .. No.s.  126,127 

— Glumes  mucronate Nos.  128, 129 

T  Perigynia  smooth  (scabrous  in  No.  185),  rostrate,  (y) 

y  Bracts  leafy,  exceeding  the  stem  and  fruit Nos.  180 — 13£ 

y  Bracts  not  exceeding  the  stem  or  fruit,  (z) 

z  Spikes  linear,  slender,  quite  loo.se-nowered Nos.  133, 134 

z  Spikes  cylindrical,  rathur  close,  3  in  number Nos.  135,  18S 

z  Spikes  oblong,  6  to  00  -fld.  —Culm  4  to  6'  hlirh,  very  delicate. .  No.  i;!7 

—Culm  1  to  2f  high Nos.  13S— 140 

V  Perigynia  hairy, — sterile  spike  linear,  slender Nos.  141, 143 

— sterile  spike  oval-oblong Nos.  143,144 

T  10.  PLstillato  spikes  with  peduncles  (long  or  short),  scarcely  slieathed  at  all.  (aa) 

aa  Spikes  all  erect.— Perigynia  not  rostrate  or  but  slightly  so Nos.  145 — 147 

— Pcri?ynia  r  )strate,  the  orifice  entire,  or  nearly eo. .  ..Nos.  143,  149 

— Perig.  rostrate  (lew),  spindle-shaped,  2-tootlied No.  160 

aa  Spikes  (the  pistillate)  soon  mostly  nodding,  (bb) 

bb  Perigynia  not  rostrate. — Spikes  ovoid,  thick Nos.  151 — 153 

— Spikes  linear  or  cylindric Nos.  154, 155 

bb  Perigynia  rostrate, — the  beak  short,  scarcely  2-toothed No.  (lOl)  l.'iO 

— the  beak  long  and  2-parted.* Nos.  157 — 169 

Hi  Stuminate  npikes  itsuaily  2  or  more.    Perigyniti  rostrate,  (cc) 
CO  Perigynia  clothed  with  wool,  hairs  or  mealiness,  (dd) 

dd  Perigynia  long-beakecl,  hispid-pubescent.  2-cleft,  green No.  ICO 

dd  Perigynia  short-beaked, — mealy  glaucous,  chocolate-colored No.  161 

— <lensely  woolly,  greenish Nos.  162,  IftJ 

— hispid  pubescent,  brown Nos.  164, 165 

CO  Perigynia  glabrous  (or  merely  scabrous  in  No.  172).  (ee) 
ee  Spikes  (  9  )  on  exserted  peduncles,  (ff ) 

ff  Glumes  dark  brownish  purple.     Bracts  shorter  than  culm No.  IM 

ff  Glumes  greenish  or  tawny,  or  yellowish,  (ggj) 

gg  Perigynium  tapering  into  very  sliort  beaks Nos.  167, 168 

gg  Perigynium  long-beaked,  horizontal  or  reflexed Nos.  169,  17d 

gg  Perigynium  long-beaked,  ascending. — Beak  conical.  .Nos.  171, 172 

—Beak  cylin<lrlc.Nos.  178, 174 
•e  Spikes  (  S  )  on  sheathed,  or  very  short  peduncles,  or  sessile,  (hh) 
^  hh  Spikes  cylindrical,  length  more  than  thrice  diam.  (kk) 

kk  Perigyniuoi  short-beaked  or  beakless.    Hank  aquatics.Nos.  175, 176 

kk  Perigynium  decidedly  beaked. — Glumes  awned Nos.  177, 178 

— Glumes  lanceolate. Nos.  179,  180 
hh  Spikes  oblong  or  oval,  tnrgid,  length  not  thrice  the  diam.  (nn) 

nn  9  Spikes  2  or  8  in  number.— Beak  cylindric Nos.  181, 182 

—Beak  conical No.  188 

nn  ?  Spikes  1  or  2,— peduncalr.te.    Beaks  cylindric. . .  .Nos.  184,  l'<6 
— sestiile,  small.    Beaks  conical No.  13S 


I.  Stigmas  2*— Achenivm  double  convex. 


'J 

il  f 


m 


■ft 


s 


k 


i 


1  C.  capit^lta  L.  Spike  capitate  or  nearly  globous,  $  at  the  summit ;  fr.  (perU 
gynium)  roundisii-ovate,  close  compressed,  convex-concave,  glabrous,  acutiab, 
longer  than  the  ovate  and  rather  obtuse  glume ;  lvs.  slender. — Heights  of  the 
White  Mts.  (Bobbins). 

2  C.  gyn6crate8  Wormesk.     ?  Spike  oblong,  rather  looeo-flowered ;  perigyTiiur)^ 


750 


Orukr  155.— JYPERACEiE. 


: 

: 


suboval  or  oblong,  tapering  at  base,  veined,  convex-terete,  attenuaff  above  into  a 
terete,  shortish,  straight  or  subrecurved,  bidentate  beak,  nearly  horizontal  in  iiuturity, 
longer  than  tlie  ovate  and  acute  gluiuo ;  culm  slender,  4  to  6'  high,  with  long  slen- 
der  leaves  sheathing  at  baae.  Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  N.  to  Greenland. 
(0.  Davalliana,  2d  edit.) 

3  C.  ^zilis  Dew.  (Boott,  TUust.,  No.  45.)  $  Spike  terminal,  ovate  or  oblong* 
close  flowered,  stamiuate  below,  son'etiniea  a  single  $  spiico  or  a  single  S  spike  i 
perig.  ovate- lanceolate,  convex  above  and  slightly  below,  serruUUe  on  the  margin, 
minutely  veined  above,  2-toothed,  diverging,  some  longer  than  tiie  ovate-lanceolato 
glume;  culm  12  to  20'  high,  stiffly  erect,  and  Ivs.  setaceous. — Swamps,  E.  Mas& 
(Oakes),  Sandford  Lake,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell). 

fi.  ANDRooYNA.     One  or  more  short  $  spikes  below  the  terminal. — Manches- 
ter, N.  Y.  (Kneiskern). 

4  C.  aterilis  Willd.  (Boott,  Illus.,  No.  135.)  Spike  compound,  S  below,  often 
dicEcious ;  spikelets  4 — 6,  ovate,  subapproximate ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate  or  sub- 
rostrate,  bifid,  compressed,  triquetrous,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  equaling  the  ovate, 
acutish  glume ;  st.  2f  high,  erect  and  siiflf.  Wet  places,  common.  (C.  stellulata 
^.  STEUiLis  Torn,  Carey.) 

5  C.  bromoides  Schk.  Spikelets  numerous,  alternate,  j  below,  sometimes  all 
? ;  perig.  lanceolate,  erect,  acuminate,  scabrous,  nerved,  bifid,  twice  longer  than 

the  ovate-lanceolate  t/ZMwe.-— Common  in  small  bogs,  in  wet  places. 
€  C  sicc^ta  Dew.  (Boott,  Tllust.,  No.  50.)  Spikelets  numerous,  f,  above,  often 
wholly  $  ,  ovate,  close  or  approximate;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  com- 
pressed, nerved,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  equaling  tlie  ovate,  lanceolate  glume. 
— Sandy  plains,  Westfield,  Mass.  (Davis) ;  Ipswich,  Mass.  (Oakes) ;  widely  spread 
over  the  country,  but  not  abundant,  W.  to  111. 

7  C.  Sc^rtwellii  Dew.  Spikelets  12 — 20,  ovate,  sessile,  compact,  hractesAe,  lower 
ones  especially  fructiferous;  upper  often  (J  at  apex,  sometimes  wholly  i;  perig. 
ovate,  laiceolate,  convexo-concave,  subulate,  slightly  2-toothed,  marg'ned  and 
scabrous  on  the  edge,  a  little  longer  than  tho  ovate  and  acute  glume ;  Ivs.  flat, 
linear,  shorter  than  tho  stem. — Junius,  Seneca  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell). 

8  C.  disticha  Huds.  Spikelets  many,  2-rowed  or  compressed  into  a  flattened, 
compound,  loose  spike ;  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  close,  alternate,  often  branched  be- 
low and  the  lowest  sometimes  remote,  upper  and  lower  often  ?  ,  and  the  inter- 
mediate wholly  S  ,  or  from  the  middle  wholly  $  upwards ;  perig.  ovate,  narrow- 
rostraie,  margin  serrulate,  narrow,  equaling  the  ovate,  acute  glume ;  culm  erect, 
leafy  below. — Wis.  (Lapham),  111.  (Vasey),  Mich.  (Cooley),  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  (0. 
intermedia  Good.) 

9.  C.  decomp6sita  Muhl.  (Boott,  lUust.,  53.)  Spike  decompound  or  paniculate; 
spikelets  very  many,  ovate,  alternate ;  perig.  ovate,  convex  on  both  sides,  triangu- 
lar, acutish  or  short  rostrate,  short,  brownish,  glabrous,  larger  than  the  ovate,  ocm- 
minate,  whitish  glume;  st.  18 — 30'  high. — Found  in  swamps,  Michigan,  and  in 
Yates  Co.,  N.  York  (Sartwell). ' 

10  C.  prairea  Dew.  Spike  below  branched ;  spikelets  ovate,  sessile,  5  to  7  on  a 
branch ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  convex  both  sides,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  slightly 
bifid,  smaller  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  st.  2 — 3f  high,  leafy  towards  the 
base. — Abundant  in  the  prairies  of  Michigan,  and  sparingly  found  in  N.  England 
and  N.  Y.  Resembles  C.  paniculata  L.,  which  has  a  much  broader  ovate  glume 
shorter  than  the  perigynium  and  is  far  more  paniculate,  and  for  which  this  has 
been  taken.  From  No.  24  it  is  far  separated  by  its  panicle,  and  the  color  and 
shape  of  its  fruit. 

11  C.  cephal6phora  Willd.  Spikelets  ovate,  densely  aggregated  into  an  ovate 
head  {I ^' long),  hracteate,  about  5  ]  perig.  ov&te,  acuminate,  compressed,  bifid, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  with  a  short,  ovate,  and  scabro-cuspidate  glume,  which 
equals  it;  st.  8 — 16'  high. — Borders  of  fields  and  woods,  common,  but  not 
abundant. 

12  C.  Muhlenb^rgii  Schk.  Spikelets  alternate,  obtuse,  approximate  into  an 
ovate-oblong  head,  f  long,  with  a  long  bract  at  the  lower  one ;  perig.  ovate,  con- 
vex above,  very  smooth,  nerved,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  some  diverging, 
A  little  shorter  thiui  the  ovato  and  mucronate  glume;  st.  12 — 18'  high. — 7n 


I* 


Order  158.— CYPERACEiE. 


751 


fluids,  not  Tery  common,  readily  distinguished  from  the  three  preceding  and  fol- 
lowing. 

13  C.  Btenoph^Ua  Wahl.  Spikes  3  to  6,  aggregated  into  a  roundish  head ;  perig. 
ova^  roundish-ventricous,  subpluno-convex,  v:>incd,  scabrous  or  serruljito  on  the 
margin,  bidentate,  about  equaling  the  ovate^  aaute  glume ;  culm  3  to  6'  high,  smooth, 
with  long,  narrow  leaves. — III.  to  Nebraska  and  Brit.  Am. 

14  C.  ohordorhiza  Ehr.  Spik<!lets  3 — 5.  aggregated  into  a  head,  ovate,  sessile ; 
perrg.  ovate,  acuminate,  subrostrate,  convex  above,  equaling  the  broiid,  ovato  and 
aruto  glume ;  st.  branching  towards  the  base  and  sending  out  roots  at  the  joints ; 
spikes  rarely  bearing  only  stamens. — Marshes,  N.  Y.,  common  (Sartwell),  Mich. 
(Cooley.) 

15  C.  Leaven'w6Tthil  Dew.  Spikelets  4  to  6,  small,  ovate,  sessile,  bmcteate, 
aggregattd  into  an  oblong  head,  the  lower  sometimes  separated  a  little ;  perig. 
ovate,  broad,  shwi,  convex  above,  abruptly  short-beaked,  slightly  bifid,  glabrous, 
scabrous  on  tlte  ed^  \  scarcely  twice  longer  than  tho  short,  ovato,  acute  glume; 
culm  rarely  If  high,  slender,  leafy  towards  the  base;  Ivs.  narrow,  flat;  whole 
plant  pale  green. — Ky.  (Short)  to  Ala.  (Wood),  Fla.  (Chapman)  and  I.a.  (Leaven- 
worth.) 

16  C.  cephaloidea  Dew.  Spikelets  4 — 6,  ovato,  aggregated  closely,  sessile  and 
bracteate;  perig.  ovate,  ohtusish;  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  plano-convex, 
very  diverging  in  maturity,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  short,  ovate,  obtusish  glume. 
— Dry  fields,  not  abundant,  but  common  over  New  England  and  New  York.  In 
hedges  it  is  often  four  feet  long,  and  subrostiate,  leafy  towards  the  base.  (C. 
sparganoides,  /3.  Carey.) 

17  C.  murickta  L.  Spikelets  about  5,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate,  bracteate,  lower 
ones  sometimes  remotish ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  plano-convex,  2-toothed,  hori- 
zontal, scabrous  on  the  margin,  sometimes  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume, — 
Fields  near  Boston  (Green,  Curtis),  and  common  in  Arc.  Am. 

18  C.  aparganioides  Muhl.  Spikelets  1 — 10,  ovate,  rather  distant,  bracteate, 
sessile ;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  compressed,  diverging,  acuminate,  2-toothed,  scabrous 
on  the  margin,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate,  acute,  or  mu^ronate  glume ;  st. 
about  2f  high,  with  long,  striate  leaves. 

j3.  RAMEA  Dew,  has  one  branch  or  more  at  the  base,  with  several  spikelets  in 
the  place  of  the  lower  spikelet,  and  is  tho  C.  divulsa  of  Pursh. — About  culti- 
vated and  moist  fields,  common. 

19  C.  rdaea  Schk.  Spikelets  3 — 6,  subremote,  sessile,  alternate,  stellate,  even 
before  maturity,  lowest  long-bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  5 — 12,  convex 
above,  scabrous  on  tho  margin,  2-toothed,  ver^'  diverging,  or  even  reflexed,  twice 
as  loni,  as  the  ovate-obtuse  glume;  st.  8 — 16'  high. 

y3.  RADIATA  Dew.  spikelets  distant,  about  3-flowered,  with  setaceous  bracts ; 
perig.  oblong,  acute ;  st.  4 — 8'  high,  flaccid  or  lax,  setaceous,  with  very  nar- 
row leaves. — Conmiou  in  pastures  and  moist  woods ;  the  variety  is  about 
woods,  or  open  places  in  woods. 

20  C.  retrofl6xa  Muhl.  Spikelets  about  4,  ovate,  alternate,  subapproximate, 
sessile,  bracteate  and  stellate  in  maturity ;  perig.  ovate,  aculish,  2-toothed,  sub- 
Ecabrous  or  smooth  on  the  margin,  reflexed  and  spreading,  about  equal  to  tJie  ovat€ 
and  acute  glume;  ct.  about  a  foot  high. — Readily  distinguished  from  the  precjed- 
ing.     Woods  and  pastures,  not  abundant.     (C.  rosea,  [3.  Tourn.) 

21  C.  disp^rma  Dew.  Spikelets  3  or  4,  erect,  subapproximate,  lowest  bracte- 
ate ;  perig.  1  or  2,  rarely  3,  ovate,  obtuse,  nerved,  plano-convex,  short-beaked, 
glabrous,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute,  submucronate  glume ;  st.  slender,  6 
to  12'  high,  flexile,  in  tufts  of  several,  with  narrow  and  linear  leaves. — "Wet 
woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  (C.  tenella,  Carey,  Boott,  not  of  Ehrh.). — The  species  is 
common  in  N.  Eur.,  but  had  never  been  recognized  in  this  country,  when  de- 
scribed, 1824. 

22  C.  vulpinoidea  Mx.  Spikelets  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;  spike  decom;x»und, 
bracteate,  conglomerate ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  densely  imbricate,  bifid,  tripli- 
nerved,  diverging,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate-cuspidate  glume;  st.  obtusely 
triangular,  round  and  leafy  towards  the  baiie.—Common  in  fields.  (C  multiflora 
Muhl.) 


'f 


ivtof  si 

*  9  "I! 


f 


752 


Order  155.— CYPERACEiE. 


« 


fi.  MICROSPERMA  D«w.  SpikeUts  closely  aggregated,  whole  c^^ike  less  com« 
puct ;  perig.  more  convex,  aliorter,  lesa  acuminated  into  a  beak,  very  abuii* 
dant. — Grows  with  tlie  oilier,  in  dry  and  moist  situations.  (C.  inicrosperaia 
Wahl.) 

23  C.  setdcda  Dew.  Spiktlets  ovate,  alternate,  obtuse,  conglomerate,  bractcatu ; 
perig.  ovate-lanceolute,  acuiaiuaie,  compressed,  bilid,  some  diverging,  about  equal 
to  the  ovate-1  mceolate,  aivned  glume ;  st.  2f  high,  acutely  triungiilur,  scabroiis 
above  and  striate. — Wet  places,  not  abundant 

24  C.  teretitisnula  Good.  Spiktlets  ovale,  acute,  sessile,  decompound,  brown- 
ish,  lower  one  bracteato ;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  convex  and  gibbous,  scabrous  on 
the  edge,  spreading,  longer  tiian  the  ovate,  acute glumo;  fr.  brown;  st.  18  to  36' 
liigii,  leafy  towards  the  root. — Wet  places,  common,  in  tufts. 

25  C.  Btip^ta  Muhl.  Spike  often  decompound;  spikekts  ohlong,  aggregated, 
numerous,  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  round  at  the  base,  plano-convex, 
nerved,  bifid,  subscabrous  on  the  margin,  diverging,  tiuice  longer  than  the  ovate- 
lanceolcte  glume;  at.  thick,  acutely  triquetrous,  concave  on  the  sides. — Wet  places 
and  rnarshes,  abundant. 

26  C.  Crua-Corvi  Shuttl.  (Boott.  lUus.  No.  64.)  Spike  decompound,  subpani- 
culate,  commonly  large,  and  branching  below ;  spikeleta  ovate,  numerous,  aggro- 
gated,  sessile;  perig.  short-ovate,  very  long-rostrate,  veined,  convex-concave, 
often  horizontal,  thrice  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  ghime;  culm  leafy;  Ivs. 
rougii-edged ;  plant  light  green. — Rivor  swamps,  Wis.  to  Ohio  and  Fla.  (C. 
Halei  Dew.     C.  sicaeformis  Boott.) 

27  C.  vulpina  L.  Spike  long,  large,  decompound,  forming  densely  aggregated 
heads,  often  with  single  but  close  and  oval  spikelets,  and  often  less  compacted ; 
perig.  ovate,  broad,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed  beak,  often  diverging  in  ripening,  a 
little  longer  and  narrower  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume ;  culm  large,  strong  and 
rough. — Ohio  (Sullivant)  to  Nebraska  (Hayden). 

28  C.  alopecoidea  Tuckerman.  (B.  t.  p.  67.)  Spike  compound,  rather  loose, 
spikelets  8  to  10,  aggregated  into  an  oblong  head,  bracteate,  sessile ;  perig.  ovate, 
plano-convex,  scarcely  nerved,  acuminate,  serrulate  on  the  edge,  bifid,  subros- 
trate,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  acuminate  glume  ;  st.  triquetrous,  scab- 
rous on  the  edges. — Moist  woods,  Ponn.  and  N.  Y.  (Sartwell). 

29  C.  atellul^ta  Good.  Spikelets  4 — 6,  ovate,  remotish,  sessile ;  perig.  broad- 
ovate,  contracted  into  a  short  beak,  compressed,  slightly  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  edge, 
diverging  and  reflexed,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtusish  glume ;  st.  erect, 
stiff,  leafy  below,  8 — 24'  high. — Common  in  wet  places  over  the  Northern 
States. 

30  C.  Bcirpoides  Schk.  Spikelets  about  4,  ovate,  approximate,  sessile,  obtuse, 
lowest  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate,  cordate,  compressed,  lanceolate  or  rostrate,  scabrous 
on  the  margin,  diverging  or  horizontal,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  acute 
glume;  st.  6 — 16'  high,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Wet  places  in  the  country. 
The  more  lanceolate  fruit  p.nd  glume,  and  more  flexible  stem,  separate  it  from  the 
preceding.  C.  scirpoides  has  the  stamens  chiefly  below  the  upper  spikelet.  (0. 
etellulata  /?.  Torr.  &c.) 

31  C.  Btickleyi  Dew.  Spike  compounded  of  about  5  ovate,  alternate,  approxi- 
mate spikelets ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  concave  or  flattish  be- 
low, smooth,  about  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-acute  glume;  culm  about  If 
high,  slender,  with  lance  linear  Ivs.  towards  the  base;  stam.  chiefly  at  the  base 
of  the  upper  spikelets. — Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.  (Buckley.)  (C.  Gibhardi,  Buckl. 
nee.  Schk.) 

32  C.  ciirta  Good.  Spikelets  4 — 7,  ovate-oblong,  upper  subapproxiraate,  lower 
often  remote ;  perig.  round-ovate,  obtusish,  diverging,  convexo-concave,  2-toolhed, 
slightly  scabrous,  longer  than  the  ovate,  white,  hyaline  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  usu- 
ally light  green,  with  silvery  or  hoary  spikelets. — Moist  places  over  the  country. 
(C.  Richardi  Mx.) 

33  C.  ten^Ua  Ehrh.  nee  Schk.  Spikelets  3  or  4,  ovate,  roundish,  remote,  sessile, 
few  (2  to  6)-fruited ;  perig.  lance-ovate  or  roundish,  rostrate,  longer  than  the  ovate, 
hyaline,  white  glume ;  culm  1  to  2f  high,  slender,  flaccid,  and  with  the  Iva.  green 


Order  155.— CYPERACE^. 


753 


— N.  Enjy.  and  N.  T.     Common  in  wet  places.     (C.  spbaerofltacliya  Dew.,  Ed.  2. 
C.  canescoua  fi.  vitilis,  Carey.     C.  vitilia  Fries.,  &c.) 

34  C.  Dewey^a  Sclik.  (B.  t.  69.)  SpikeUts  about  3,  sessile,  ovale- lanceolate, 
alternate,  aubremott?,  highest  bructuato ;  perig.  oblong-lanctolate,  rostratt,  acumi- 
nate, bifurcate,  plauo-coiivex,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  margin,  a  little  longer  tiian 
the  ovate-lanceolate,  awned,  hyaline  glimie ;  at.  1 — 4f  long,  subprocumbont,  with 
radical  leaves ;  whole  plant  yellowish-green.  Commoi  in  open  woods  or  on  the 
borders  of  woods. 

35  C.  trisp^rma  Dew.  (B.  t.  78.)  Spikelets  about  3,  remote,  sessile,  alternate, 
highest  ebracteato;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  short-rostrate,  plano-convex,  at 
the  orifice  entire,  nerved,  subacabrous  on  tlio  edges,  somewhat  diverging,  longer 
than  the  oblong,  acute,  and  hyaline  glume;  st.  10 — 24'  high,  prostrate  or  recurved, 
filiform,  sk'iider,  longer  tlinn  the  leaves. — In  tufts,  in  marshes  or  wet  woods; 
common  in  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y. 

36  C.  argyrdntha  Tuckm.  M  S.  Spike  compounded  of  spikelets  6  to  8,  roundishi 
obovate,  altcniate,  subaggregated  above,  rounded  below,  with  sqiiarrous  bracts, 
except  the  lowest,  which  has  a  long,  leafy  point ;  perig.  ovate,  compressed,  at 
lengtli  spreading,  green,  man3'-vcined  botii  sides,  and  winged  by  a  wide  margin, 
lacerated  above,  glabrous,  acuminate  in  a  siiort,  bifid  beak,  equaling  the  membran- 
ous, wliite,  lanceolate,  acute  glume. — Amlierst  and  Sunderland,  Mass.  (Tucker- 
man.)  Culm  1  to  3f  high,  weak,  obtuse-angled,  twice  longer  than  the  lance-lin- 
ear leaves. 

37  C.  tenuifldra  "Wahl,  Spikelets  2 — 3,  ovate,  clustered,  sessile,  alternate, 
h)wer  one  bracteate;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  acutitih,  plaru-convox,  equaling  the 
oblong-ovate,  hyaline  or  wliito  glume ;  st.  a  loot  or  morr  hi^,h,  slender,  subproa- 
trate,  longer  than  tl;e  flat  and  narrow  leaves.  Light  green.  Spikelets  whitish. — 
Burh'ngton  and  Salem,  Vt.,  in  swamps  (Robbins),  Oriskany  and  Ogdensburg,  N. 
Y.  (Kneiskorn),  Southampton,  Jtlass  ((!hapman). 

38  C.  Lidddni  Boott.  (Illus.  51.)  Spikelets  5 — 7,  oblong-ovato,  Josoly  aggre- 
gated ;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  glabrous,  margin 
serrulate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume,  which  is  acute  and 
hyaline  on  the  edges;  perig.  and  glumes  rather  chestnut  brown;  plant  yellowish- 
green. — Brit.  Am.  (Boott.)  Mich.  (Cooley). 

39  C.  alhta.  Torr.  Spike  composed  of  4  to  8  spikelets,  ovate,  large,  approximate 
and  sessile;  perig.  roundisli,  sometimes  obovate,  nearly  fiat  and  close,  abruptly 
short-beaked,  3-veincd  on  ihe  back,  2-toothed,  broadly  winged,  finally  scabrous  on 
the  beak,  shorter  than  tho  lance-ovate  glume ;  culm  smooth,  3  to  4f  high  ;  Ivs. 
rough-edged  and  pale  green. — N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

40  C.  Btramiuea  Wahl.  Spike  compound,  erect ;  spikelets  about  6,  ovate,  short- 
oblong,  alternate,  sessile,  subapproxiinate ;  perig.  broad,  roundish-ovate,  com- 
pressed, ciliate-serrate  on  the  maigiii,  acuminate-beaked,  l-veined  on  the  back, 
2-toothed,  widely  winged,  commonly  sliorter  than  tlie  ovate-lanceolat'  glume, 
St.  12 — 20' high,  longer  than  tho  leaves;  spikelets  whitish  or  tawny. — Common 
in  woods  and  fields.     (C.  festucacea  Ell.  ?  nee  Schk.) 

a.  BREVIOR  Dew.  Spikelets  3 — 5,  often  closely  approximate,  and  more 
nearly  round ;  perig.  shorter-ovate  and  shorter-rostrate,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. — This  is  tho  plant  originally  described  by  Will- 
denow. 

/3.  MINOR  Dew.  Spikektta  small,  5— r6,  globous  or  obovate,  less  approximate ; 
perig.  small,  ovate,  acuminate,  less  winged,  serrulate,  about  equaling  the 
ovate,  acute  glume. 

41  C.  fofenea  Alubl.  Spike  compound,  5  to  10 ovate  spikelets,  aggregated  above; 
perig  ovate-acuminate,  winged,  scabrous-margined,  large  and  close,  2-toothed, 
about  equal  to  the  oblong-lanceolate  glume  ;  cuhn  large  and  smooth,  leafy  below ; 
plant  glaucous. — Penn.  (Muhlenberg)  and  salt  marshes,  R.  I.  (Olney). 

42  C.  mirdbilis  Dew.  Spikelets  7 — 11,  ovate-globous,  alternate,  sessile,  often 
closely  aggregated  into  a  lance-ovoid  head,  bracteate  below ;  perig.  ovate,  sublan- 
ceolate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  concavo-convex,  rostrate,  2-toothed,  subdiverg- 
ing,  scarcely  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  lanceolate  glume;  st.  18 — 36',  erect. 

48 


■  1 


754 


Ori»kr  155.— CTPERACRiE. 


§tiff,  rough  above,  rather  slender ;  plant  light  greea — Common  about  fences  and 
hedges,  and  has  a  specially  rigid  appearance.     (0.  festucacea  /i.  Torn  Carey.) 

43  C.  oriatlkta  Schw.  SpikeleLi  6—14,  globous,  sessile,  closely  aggregated  into 
an  ublony,  thirk  head  of  a  crested  form,  bracieaie ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  compressed, 
winged,  rostrate-acuminate,  bifld,  concavo-conve-x,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  longer 
than  the  oblong,  lanceolate  glume ;  at.  1 — 3f,  acutely  triangular. — Plant  y«'llo\\  - 
ish-greca  Common  in  fields  and  meadows  on  colder  soils.  (C.  lagopodioides  li 
Carey.) 

44  C.  lagopodioldea  Schk.  Spikelets  8—20,  heakless,  green,  orate,  rattier 
near,  alternate  and  sessile;  perig.  round-to/jocoto<e,  tapering  at  both  ends,  concavo- 
convex,  nerved,  bidentate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  nearly  twice  aa  long  as  tlie 
ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  at.  nearly  2f,  leafy ;  the  whole  light  green. — Common. 
(C.  scoparia,  (3.  Ion.) 

45  C.  t6nera  Dew.  Spike  compound,  recurved ;  .spikelets  about  6,  ohovaie,  remotish, 
alternate,  sessile,  attenuated  below,  the  lowest  bracteate ;  fr.  taimy,  ovate,  com- 
pressed, somewhat  winged,  rostrate,  nerved,  ciliate-serrate,  longer  than  the  ob- 
long-lanceolate scale;  at.  16 — 30',  smaU  and  slender,  erect,  with  a  nodding  spike, 
longer  than  the  leaves. — Light  green.  Common.  (C.  straminea  /i.  Torr.  C. 
festucacea  3.  Carey.  The  inconsistency  of  these  synonyms  favors  our  own  view 
of  this  species.) 

46  C.  festuodcea  Schk.  Spike  erect;  spikelets  5 — 8,  obovate  and  clubform,  ees- 
s'lo  and  alternate,  approximate,  lower  one  bracteate ;  perig.  tawny,  roundish-ovate, 
rostrate,  winged,  striate,  2-toothed,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  ovate, 
lanceolate  glume;  st.  15 — 30',  erect  and  stiff,  leafy  below. — Plant  pi-^le  green. 
Spikelets  greenish  to  brown.  Common  in  fields,  but  not  abundant  The  club- 
form  spikelets  fVom  the  decurrent  scales  of  the  S  fiowers,  especially  mark  this 
species. 

47  C.  adusta  Boott.  Spikelets  several,  4  to  8  or  more,  oflen  not  approximate, 
tapering  below  in  maturity ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  or  ovate,  long-rostrate,  nar- 
row-winged and  serrulate,  veined,  scarcely  bifid,  as  long  and  broad  as  the  glume ; 
culm  15  to  24',  leafy  towards  the  base. — R.  I.  (Olney)  to  L.  Sup.  and  Brit.  Am. 

48  C.  BCopdiria  Schk.  Spikelets  5 — 10,  usually  6 — *?,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate, 
the  lowest  with  a  long,  deciduous  bract;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  nerved,  erect, 
slightly  margined,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  acuminate  glume;  st. 
18 — 24',  leafy  towards  the  root. — Moist  places,  very  common.     (C.  ovalis  Ell.) 

/?.  AOQREOATA  Dew.     Spikelets  aggregated  into  a  head,  somewhat  spiral 

49  C.  sychnocSphala  Carey.  Spikelets  ovate,  closely  aggregated  into  a  head 
(as  the  name  purports),  sessile,  slender,  with  long,  leafy  bracts;  perig.  ovate,  very 
long,  lanceolate,  or  tapering  into  a  long  beak,  with  scabrous  edges,  a  little  longer  than 
the  lance-ovato  glume;  plant  short  and  very  pale  green. — N.  Y.,  Jefferson  Co. 
(Boott.  Ill ,  111),  at  Little  Falls  (Vasey,  Kneiskern).  Remarkable  for  its  slender, 
beaked  fruit. 

50  C.  drida  Schw.  and  Torr.  Spikelets  oval-oblong,  5 — 10,  somewhat  tapering  at 
both  ends,  large  and  approximate,  close-flowered,  dry  and  chaff-like ;  perig.  lance- 
linear,  compressed,  thin,  distinctly  winged,  bidentate,  nerved,  acuminate,  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  plant  light  green  in  all  its  parts. — Com- 
mon ill  Ohio  and  Mich.,  18 — 36'  and  further  W.  and  S.  (C.  Muskingummensis 
Schw.,  scoparia,  /?.  Torr.) 

51  C.  miliaria  Mx.  (B.  t.  187.)  Culm  erect,  slender,  rough  above;  Iva.  flat, 
very  narrow;  ?  spike  sessile,  sometimes  2  and  distant,  ovoid,  tawny;  bract  seta* 
ceous,  short;  S  spike  pale,  rather  long-peduncled ;  perig.  spheroidal,  smooth. — 
Marshes,  Can.,  especially  at  L.  Mistassins. 

52  C.  Floridetna  Schw.  i^  Spike  short  and  sessile ;  $  spikes  2  to  4,  approxi- 
mate, ovate,  sessile,  bracteate,  the  lowest  sometimes  a  little  recurved;  perig.  ob- 
long, tapering  below,  rather  obovate,  plano-convex,  abruptly  rostrate,  short-bifid, 
scabrous  above  and  on  the  back,  about  as  long  as  the  ovaie-oblong,  red-edged,  scab- 
rous, cuspidate  glume ',  culm  2  to  6',  slender,  3 -sided;  Ivs.  radical,  flat,  twice  to 
thrice  longer  than  the  culm ;  plant  pale  green ;  ach.  oval,  lens-shaped. — Fla.  to  La. 


©»1>«R  165.— CYl»ERACKif!. 


155 


53  C  dabitita  Dew.  $  Spike  erect,  oblong,  short,  with  obK.iig,  obtuse,  black, 
white-odjged  glumes;  $  spikes  2  to  4,  ovate,  SL'ssilo,  uppro\iiiuto,  tiio  lowest 
oblong  and  short-pedunculate,  subreinote,  leufy-braetod,  uU  bliick ;  periij.  oval, 
short-apiculate,  concavo-convex,  orifice  entire,  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  the 
oblongobovate,  black,  white-edged  glume;  culm,  8  to  12',  triquetrous,  Hni(M)th.  BtilF, 
with  flat,  smooth  Ivs.  (C.  saxutilis  Ed.  1st.)— Probably  this  is  tins  plant  called  C. 
Raxatilis  L.  in  the  Flor.  Dan.,  in  Eng.  Bot.  and  of  8clik.  But  as  Dr.  Boott  provi>fl 
C.  saxatilis  (L)  and  C.  pulla  (Good.)  to  be  the  same,  this  plant  can  belong  to  neither. 
It  is  called  C.  rigida  (Good.)  by  Carey  in  the  Manuel  of  Gray,  but  differs  from  it 
in  many  characters  given  by  Goodeuough  in  his  full  description. 

54  C.  lenticuldrls  Mx.  (B.  t.  16).  Spikes  cylindric,  obtuse,  mthor  slender, 
near,  sessile  except  the  lowest;    $  spike  1,  rarely  2,  1'  long,  or  the  lower  shorter; 

S  spikes  2  to  5,  mostly  4,  leafy-bracted,  not  donse-flowerud,  tlio  lowest  more 
remote  and  attenuated  below ;  perig.  ovato-oUlptic,  sligiitly  convex  both  sides, 
pale,  then  yellowish,  short-beaked,  longer  than  the  narrow-oblong,  obtuse  glume ; 
culm  8  to  12'  high,  smooth,  triquetrous,  with  flat  leaves;  bracts  not  sheathing, 
the  lowest  overtopping  the  stem. — At  L.  Avalanche,  N.  Y.  (Torr.  ft  Gray),  to 
Bear  L.  (Richardson). 

3.  Albi-montana.  Ptrig.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate  or  tapering  above  to  a 
point  longer  and  more  convex,  and  sometimes  beginning  to  curve  back- 
wards, with  a  less  obtuse,  or  short  acute  glume  variable  in  length. — Ponds, 
White  Mts.  (Oakes,  Tuckerman.) 
y.  Blakei.  Intermediate  between  tho  two  forms  preceding ;  fruit  less  acute, 
nearly  elliptical,  its  glume  obtuse  and  always  shorter. — Harrison,  Mo.  (Rev. 
J.  Blake). 

55  C.  afirea  Nutt.  S  Spike  short,  cylindric,  pedunculate ;  9  spikes  3,  oblong, 
kx)se-flowored,  subpendulous,  exsertly  pedunculate,  subapproxiinate,  bracteate; 
perig.  globous,  obovate  or  pear-form,  obtuse,  nerved,  entire  at  the  mouth,  longer  than 
the  ovate,  acute  or  short-mucronate  glume ;  st.  3 — 10',  slender,  often  subprocum- 
bent. — Plant  glabrous,  green.  Common  in  wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  and  westward 
and  northward.  (C.  pyriformia  Schw.) 

56  C.  Mitchelli^na  Curtis.    $  Spike  sometimes  with  $  fls.  in  tho  middle ;  $ 
spikes  2  or  3,  cylindric,  slender,  loose-flowered,  reraotish,  pedunculate,  and  tho 
lowest  short-sheathed;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the  orifice,  about 
equaling  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;  culm  15  to  20'  high,  acutely  triquetrous, 
subscabrous  above,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Wet  places,  N.  Car.  (Curtis). 

57  C.  torta  Boott  (111.  156).  Spikes  cylindric,  slender;  ^spikes  3  or  more,  very 
long,  rather  loose-flowered,  attenuated  behw,  staminate  at  vertex,  upper  nearly  ses- 
sile, lower  pedunculate  and  diverging  recurved;  perig.  ovate,  convex,  terete  up- 
wards, often  acuminate,  recurved,  about  equaling  the  narrow-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse,  black  glume ;  culm  nearly  2f  high,  erect,  rather  slender,  triquetrous,  but 
scarcely  rough-edged,  leafy  towards  the  base ;  color  light  green. — Wet  places  in 
most  of  the  States.     (C.  acuta,  fi.  sparsiflora,  Ed.  Ist.) 

58  C.  caeapitoaa.  i  Spike  single,  oblong,  cylindric,  sometimes  2,  with  oblong, 
black  scales;  ?  spike  2 — 3,  short-cylindric  (1'  hng),  erect,  obtuse,  rather  thick, 
reraotish,  bracteate,  lowest  one  short-pedunculate;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  scarcely  rostrate,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse,  black 
glume ;  st.  6 — 14',  scabrous  oti  the  edge,  leafy  towards  the  base ;  Ivs.  flat. — Wet 
places,  Ipswich,  Mass.  (Oakes)  N.  Y.  and  Michigan.     (Caespitosa  Good.  nee.  L.) 

59  C.  ap6rta  Boott.  i  Spikes  1  or  2,  cylindric,  erect ;  ?  spikes  2  to  4,  oblong- 
cylindrie,  approximate  above,  sessile,  stam.  at  apex,  lowest  somewhat  remote  and 
pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate,  roundish,  short-rostrate,  2-toothed,  short-pedicellate, 
shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acute  glume ;  culm  1  to  18',  rough-edged  above. — Wet 
meadows,  N.  Eng.  and  far  westward  and  northward.  (C.  acuta  /i.  erecta  Dew. 
Ed.  Ist.) 

60  C.  atrictior  Dow.    $  Spikes  1 — 2,  with  oblong  and  blackish,  acutish  glumes ; 
$  spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  S  above,  and  hence  acutish,  lowest  .«<hort-pedunculate ; 

perig.  ovate,  compressed,  acute,  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  early  falling  off, 
glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong  and  acute  rtisty  glume  ;  st.  a  foot  and  more, 
triquetrous  and  rough  on  the  angles,  with  reticulated  filaments  connecting  th» 


^ 


150 


OttDKR  155.— CYPEUACK^. 


■  f 


111 


I 


leave3  towards  tho  base ;  Ivs.  erect,  close ;  whole  plant  glaucous  except  the  spikes 
— Wet  places,  common.     Nearer  C.  ci«spitosa  than  C.  stricta. 

61  C.  Btricta  Goaden,  $  Spikes  1 — 2,  cylimiric,  lower  one  sessile,  and  the  scale 
rusty  brown  and  obtuse ;  $  spikes  2 — 3,  long-cylindrie,  upper  half  i  ,  lower 
longer,  short-j)edunculule,  lousely-Jiowertd  below ;  perig.  ovate-acuniiiiate  or  ellip- 
tic, compressed  at  the  orilice  entire  or  slightly  cmargiuate,  and  its  ylume  stromjly 
ferruginous,  the  lower  ones  acute-lanceolate,  the  upper  linear  and  obtuse,  commonly 
longer  and  namnver  than  the  jierujynia ;  st.  2f  with  reticulated  tiluments  connect- 
ing the  leaves  (lioott). — Wet  places,  as  bogs,  common. 

62  C.  angust^ta  Boott.  l  Spikes  2  or  3,  cylindric,  slender ;  $  spikes  1  to  4, 
c^rlindric,  sessile,  often  nodding,  the  lowest  short-pedunculate,  the  upper  stani.  at 
apex  and  henco  tapering  above  or  acuto ;  perig.  oval  or  ovate,  acutish,  entire  at 
orilice,  or  short-beaked,  scarcely  veined,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  narrow  or 
oblong,  subacute,  variable  brown  glume;  culm  2f,  acutely  triquetrous,  scabrous,  not 
robust,  longer  than  the  stiff,  narrow,  glaucous  leaves. — ""/"ery  conmion  in  large 
bogs  over  tho  country.     (0.  acuta,  ed.  1st.  and  Am.  auth.  not  of  L.) 

63  C.  aquatilis  Wahl.  $,  Spikes  1 — 4,  erect,  cylindric,  lowest  bractente,  tho 
glume  oblong,  obtusisli ;  $  spikes  often  3,  cylindric,  thick  above,  1 — 2'  long,  sub- 
erect,  short-pedunculate,  densely-flowered;  jicrig.  elliptic,  lenticular,  rather  small, 
entire,  glabrous,  protruded  at  tiie  orifice,  scarcely  equaling  the  green,  ovate,  acutish 
glume;  st.  20 — 30'  high,  rather  obtuse-angled  and  scarcely  scabrous. — lu  marshes 
and  wet  places,  common. 

64  C.  gyndndra  Schw.  (B.  t.  48.)  $  Spikes  one  or  more,  lax,  oblong,  some- 
times with  a  lew  2  flowers;  $  spikes  about  3,  oblong,  cylindric,  pedicellate,  nod- 
ding, attenuated  below,  and  more  loosely  flowered,  often  f,  at  summit;  perig.  ovate, 
sub-inflated,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  tlio  orilice,  glabrous,  about  ^  as  long  as  tlio 
oblong,  obtusisii,  scabrous-awned  glume;  st.  12 — 24'  high,  rough,  triquetrous. — . 
Common  in  we  t  places. 

65  C.  crinita  Lam.  (B.  t.  47.)  ?  ^  Spikes  mostly  1,  Ion"'  slender ;  spikes  about 
4,  long -cylindric,  densdy-Jloivered,  recurved,  with  a  long,  reclined  i)efiuiicle ;  perig. 
ovate,  suborbicular,  obtusisii,  emarginate  at  the  orilice,  convex  both  sides;  glumes 
terminated  by  a  long,  serrate  point  more  than  thrice  tho  length  of  tho  {)erigyiiia; 
8t.  20 — 42'  high,  recurved,  rough-edged,  pale  green.  Common  in  drv  grounds. 
(C.  paleacea  Wahl.     Ed.  1st.) 

66  C.  marftima  Vahl.  (Schk.  fig.  74.)  Spikes  long,  cylindric,  subj)endulous  or 
recurved;  $  spikes  1  to  3,  pedunculate,  bracted;  perig.  suborbicular,  short-ros- 
trate or  apiculato,  emarginaie,  veined,  rather  close,  much  ohorter  than  the  long- 
awned,  ovate-oblong,  or  emarginate-awned  glume;  oulm  10  to  18',  erect,  with  smooth 
leaves. — Sea  coast,  Meiulon,  Mass.  and  nortliward  (Carey). — This  is  the  real  C. 
paleacea  Wahl.  described  by  him  in  almost  tiie  same  language  as  his  next  species, 
C.  maritima. 

67  C.  salina  Wahl.  (Schk.  fig.  185.)  Spikes  cylindric,  erect;  9  spikes  2  or  3, 
remotish,  short-pedunculate,  dense-flowered,  leafy-bracted ;  perig.  elliptic,  sliort- 
apiculate,  double-convex,  entire  at  the  oriflce,  shorter  than  tho  oblong,  acute,  short- 
awned  glume;  culm  8  to  16',  leafy  below,  with  long  leafy  bracts  auriculate  at  their 
base. — Salt  marshes,  Mass.  to  Arc.  Am. 


! 


II.  Stigmas  3.— Achenium  triquetrous. 

68  C.  Friaeri  Sims.  Spike  oblong,  $  glume  oblong,  acutish ;  ?  fls.  at  tho  base 
in  an  ovoid  or  globous  mass;  perig.  ovate  or  oblong,  short-beaked,  apex  entire, 
longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse  glume;  culm  8  to  10',  flat,  leafless;  Ivs.  2  radical, 
flat,  wide,  veined,  with  no  midvoin,  pale  or  glaucous  and  longer  than  tho  culm. 
— Tyger  valley,  Penn.  (Muhl.),  Mts.  of  N.  Car.  (Curtis).  (C.  lagopus  Muhl.)— A 
peculiar  and  striking  plant. 

69  C.  polytrichoidea  Muhl.  Spike  oblong,  terminal ;  perig.  3 — 8,  oblong,  alter- 
nate, erect,  suotriquetrous,  glabrous,  emarginate,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  and 


Order  155.— CYPERACP]iE. 


7b1 


obtuse,  and  rarely  mucrcnate  glume;  st.  4 — 12',  very  slendor,  with  setaceous  and 
subradical  leaves. — Common  in  wet,  cold  grounds.     ((I  mierostacliya  Mx.) 

70  C.  leuccglochin  Eiirli.  Spike  about  4-tlo\vered,  witli  1  or  2  5  Hovvers  ot 
the  apex;  periy.  lauctvUile,  subtriquetrous  and  taperiiuj,  'inucli  rcjinxtd,  twieo 
longer  tlian  the  oblong-lanceolare  glume;  culm  3 — 8,  with  subrailical  and  linear 
leaves. — In  Ashtield  and  Uawley,  Mass,  iu  a  marsh  (Porter.)  C.  paueillora  Light- 
foot.) 

71  C.  obtUB^ta  Lilj.  (Schk.  fig.  159.)  f,  Glumes  oblong,  obtuse,  white;  peritj. 
about  4,  ovate-<jU)bous,  or  tUipwid,  taper iiKj-rosI rate,  smooth,  searious  at  tiie  orilicu, 
a  little  longer  than  tlio  ovate,  acute,  membranous  glume;  culm  2  to  G ,  erei.'t,  IcaiV 
below,  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  with  the  fruit  nearly  black  in  maturity,  color  pale 
green. — N.  States  and  Brit.  Am. 

72  C.  pedunculata  Muhl.  Spikes  about  5,  3-sided,  distant,  on  slender,  recurved 
peduncles;  purig.  obovate,  triquetrous,  rccurvnd  at  the  apex,  coinmonlij  ijlahruas,  a 
little  longer  than  the  oblong  or  obovatc,  mucronatc,  linally  brown  glume  •  culm  4 
— 12',  triangular,   rather  procumbent;  stii,  sometimes  removed  a  little  irom  the 

$  spike. — Oommon  in  wooda     Flowers  early  in  the  spring. 

73  C.  Baltz^llii  Chapm.  (B.  t.  41.)  Si)ikes  cylindric,  long,  dark-colored,  with 
oblong-obovate,  obtu.so  or  emarginatc,  submucronato  glumes;  ^  spike  taperiug 
below;  $  spikes  1  to  4,  the  caulino  one  peduncled,  remote  I'rora  the  staiuinatd, 
with  some  f,  fls.  at  its  apex,  the  others  on  long,  slender  and  nearly  radical  pedun- 
cles, all  lax-flowered ;  perig.  oblong-obovate,  oldu-se,  short-rostrate,  pedicel fi I,  reined, 
pubescent,  equaling  or  surpassing  the  glinne;  culm  G  to  10'  slender,  triquetrous, 
much  shorter  than  thejiat,  ratker  wide  radical  leaves. — Fla. 

74  C.  Willdenovii  Schk.  (B.  t.  95.)  Sts.  or  radical  ped.  1—3 ;  spike  com- 
monly single,  stamenifcrous  above,  or  tho  stamens  removed  a  little;  perig.  5  to  9, 
scabrous,  alternate,  loose,  oblong  and  inflated  a  little,  tapering  at  the  base  ancl 
conic-roslrato  above ;  $  ghmies  ovate  and  acute,  the  lower  ones  long  and  leaf- 
like, much  surpassing  tho  stem. — On  dry  grounds,  common  throughout  the  V.  S. 
— One  variety  has  tho  (5  spike  distinct;  another  is  destitute  of  tlie  long  and  leiiiy 
scales,  and  is  frequent  at  the  North  as  well  as  in  Fla. 

75  C.  Steuddlii  Kth.  (B.  t.  9(i.)  Sts.  or  radical  ped.  1 — 8'  long;  spike  ctim- 
moidy  single,  with  about  12  sterile  fls.  above;  ^ver/j/.  2  or  '.\,  scabrous  ahovr ;  .sub- 
globous  or  ellipsoid  and  inflated,  alternate,  stipitate,  terete;  conic-rostrate,  with 
an  oblique  orilice;  $  glumes  Tisually  long  and  leafy;  Ivs.  smooth,  sotV,  nurrow, 
longer  tar  than  tho  cidics. — Jetferson  (Jo.,  N.  Y.,  and  in  Ohio  and  tho  \V\\stern 
States. 

76  C.  Bdckii  Boott.  (t.  97.)  Ped.  radical,  1— 4f  high,  stiff,  thick,  or  lur,n-; 
spike  single,  with  about  3  sterile  fl,^.  above ;  perig.  ovate,  globons,  smooth  throughout, 
2  to  4,  conic-rostratc,  entire  at  the  orifice,  when  mature  pear-shaped,  the  beak 
articulated  to  the  fruit;  $  glimie.s  usually  long  and  leaf-like,  inclosuig  the  fruit; 
Ivs.  radical,  flat,  thick,  rough  or  scabrous  and  short. — Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.  and 
Arc.  Am. — The  two  prcccdhig  species  are  closely  related,  and  3'et  look  very  dif- 
ferent.    The  first  (No.  74)  is  the  slenderest. 

77  C.  squarrdsa  L.  Spikes  1 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  obtuse,  upper  one  attenuated 
below  at  first  by  tho  decuirent  S  flowers,  all  very  densely  flowered;  perig.  ovate, 
Bubgloboiis,  long- rostrate,  2-toothed,  horizontal,  glabrous  and  subsquarrous,  longer 
than  tho  lanceolate  glume;  era.  1 — 2f,  slender  for  the  large  spike  or  ."^pikes;  lower 
spikes  pedunculate. — Large  and  fine.  It  is  C.  typhina  Mx.  when  only  one  spiku 
is  present. — N.  Eng.  to  III.  and  southward. 

(3.  (C.  TYPHlNOiDi'iS  Schw.)     Spikes  2,  the  lower  on  a  very  long  peduncle,  and 
both  longer  and  smaller, 

78  C.  scirpoidea  Mx.  Spike  oblong,  cylindric,  ncutish ;  $  glume  oblong,  ob- 
tusish ;  perig.  ovate  (oval),  subrostrate,  pubescent,  longer  than  th«  ovate,  acutisfk, 
searious  dark  purple  glume;  st.  4 — 10',  erect;  Ivs.  flat  and  long. — White  Mt><., 
N.  H.  (Oakes),  Willoughby  Mt.,  Vt.  (Wood),  Drummond's  Isle,  Mich,  and  north- 
ward ((Jarey). 

79  C.  Bootti^iia  Bcnth.  (B.  t.  42.)  Spikes  obloiig-cylindric,  attemiate  at  base, 
with  a  scak-like  bract ;  a  $  spike  on  one  culm  and  a  9  spike  (or  2)  on  another, 
eparso-rtowered  below;  ptrig.  oblong-obovate,  hairy,   apiculate,  entire  at  orilice, 


Xfil 


m\i  n 


768 


Order  155.— CYPKRACE^. 


►  ■■"■! 


iii 


pedicellate,  veined,  smaller  than  the  oblong-obovate,  short  mticroncUe,  dark  purple, 
white-edged  ylume ;  culm  6  to  12'  high,  longer  tlian  the  cauline,  but  shorter  than 
the  radical  brii^fht-g-eon  leaves. — La.  (Drummoud),  Ala.  (T.  M.  Peters).  Curiouii 
and  distinct,  allied  to  C.  Saltzellii. 

80  C.  virescens  Muhl.  (B.  t.  72.)  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  erect,  alternate,  the  lojuer 
subsessile,  bracteate ;  upper  .spike  very  rarely  wholly  $ ;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse, 
costute,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate,  pubescent  and  mucronate  glume,  or  about 
equal  to  it;  st,  1 — 2f;  rather  slender;  Ivs.  towards  the  base. — Whole  plant  pubes- 
cent and  li^'Iit  greeu. 

fi.  COSTATA  Schw.  Perig.  strongly  costate,  outer  sheaths  purplish-brown ;  Ivs. 
numerous  and  larger.     Both  are  common  in  open  woods  and  hedges. 

81  C.  triceps  Mx.  (B.  t.  117  in  part).  Spikes  3,  short-ovai;  erect,  quite  near,  the 
upper  short-peduucled,  lowest  leafy-bracted ;  perig.  obovate,  obtuse,  roundish- 
triquetrous,  pubescent  when  in  flower,  roughish,  usually  viuch  longer  than  the 
ovate  acute  glume;  culm  1  to  2f;  triquetrous,  scabrous  above,  with  shorter,  sub- 
radical,  scabrous  Ivs. — N.  Car.  (Curtis)  to  Pia.  and  Ala.  Differs  considerably  from 
the  following,  although  the  two  are  united  by  Boott. 

82  C.  hirsiita  "Willd.  (Schk.,  fig.  172.)  Spikes  3,  sJiort-oblong,  thick,  alternate, 
ertct,  rather  near,  upper  subsessile,  lowest  pedunculate,  all  dense-flowered ;  perig. 
ovate-triquotrous,  obtusish,  entire  at  the  orifice,  veined,  very  pubescent  when  young, 
rough  and  glabrous  in  maturity,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous 
glumes;  culm  12  to  18',  stout,  erect,  scabrous  above;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  strongly 
scabro- pubescent,  grayish  green. — Moist  upland  meadows.  Can.  to  Penn.,  and 
far  West. 

/?.  PEDUNCULATA  (Torr.)  Spiices  oblong-cylindrie,  pedunculate ;  Ivs.  slightly 
pubescent ;  young  glumes  much  longer  than  the  perigynium. 

y.  CUSPIDATA.  (Dew.)  Glumes  ovate,  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  perig. ;  Ivs., 
slieaths,  and  culm  very  hirsute. — 111.  (Vasey). 

83  C.  aestivalis  Curtis.  (B.  t.  133.)  Spikes  3  to  5,  cylindric,  slender,  suberect, 
loose-flowered,  bracteate ;  S  glumes  oblong,  rather  obtuse  at  the  base  of  the  upper 
spike,  lowest  spike  pedunculate;  perig.  elliptic,  3-sided,  tapering  at  both  ends, 
glabrous,  entire  at  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtuse,  often  mucronate  glume ; 
culms  in  tufts,  16  to  24',  slender,  with  flat,  pubescent  Ivs.,  and  leafy  bracts. — Mts. 
of  X.  Car.  (Curtis),  also  on  Saddle  Mt.,  Mass.  (Dewey).     Jl.,  Aug. 

84  C.  Shorti^na  Dew.  S2nkes  4  or  5,  long-cylindric,  erect,  dense-flowered,  the 
highest  half-staminate  below,  the  otJiers  nearly  all  fertile,  exsert-pedunculato ; 
perig.  obovate,  obtuse,  convex-compressed,  tapering  at  base  and  subpedicellate, 
minutely  apiculate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume;  culm  12  to  30',  with 
lung  Ivs. ;  plant  strong  and  fine,  bright  green. — Marshes,  Penn.  to  111.  and  farther 
South.     A  distinct  and  beautiful  species. 

85  C.  osr^lepis  Torr.  (B.  t.  131.)  Spikes  3  to  6,  long-cylindric,  erect,  exseri-pe- 
duncled,  bracteate,  the  lower  remotish  and  loose-flowered  at  the  base ;  perig.  ob- 
long, Hubtriquetrous,  glabrous,  tapering  at  either  end,  2-!obed  or  notched  at  orifice, 
a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  cuapidate,  white  edged  glume;  culm  15',  erect, 
rather  slender,  leafy,  pale  green;  spikes  rather  dark. — Fla.  (Chapman)  to  Tex. 
(Torr.) 

86  C.  Buxbaumii  Wahl.  Spikes  about  4,  short,  cylindric,  thick,  upper  one 
sometimes  wholly  <? ,  and  sometimes  ?  above  and  below ;  pistiliferous  oblong, 
subremote,  subsessile,  bracteate;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
subtriquetrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  nerved  and  glabrous,  scarcely  equal  to  the  ob^ 
long  and  mucronate  glume;  st.  10 — 18'  high,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Common  in 
wet  grounds.  It  is  described  as  sometimes  having  2  stigmas  in  Europe,  but  placed 
by  Schk.,  Wahl,  Ac,  in  the  division  having  3. 

87  C.  atrdta  L.  Spikes  3  to  5,  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  nodding,  tiie  upper  rather 
near  and  sessile,  lower  pedunculate,  scarcely  sheathed;  perig.  roundish-oval,  com- 
pressed, glabrous,  short-beaked,  slightly  bidentate  or  notched,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  dark,  oblong  glume;  culm  about  If,  with  light  green  foliage  and  black  spikes. 
White  Mts  and  Brit.  Am. 

88  C.  gracillima  Schw.  (6.  t.  134.)  Spikes  3 — 4,  long,  graceful,  sub-looae- 
tiowerod,  distant,  long-pedicellate,  recurved  in  maturity',  bracteate,  upper  one 


T^y 


Order  155— CYPERACE^. 


759 


rarely  all  $ ;  perig.  oblong,  triquetrous,  obtuse,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  slightly  2- 
lobed,  longer  i/ian  the  oblong,  obtuse,  and  short-awned  glume;  at.  often  2f,  reddish 
towards  the  base,  leafy  and  subprocumbent,  palo  green. — Common  in  damp 
meadows. 

89  C.  formdsa  Dew.  (B.  1. 130.)  Spikes  3 — 4,  oblong,  short  and  thick,  distant, 
1-sided,  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle,  recurved ;  perig.  oblong,  triquetrous,  sub- 
inflated,  acutish  at  either  end,  nearly  entire  or  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate  and  acute  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f,  3-sided,  dark  brown  towards  the  base^ 
yellowish  bright  green. — Common  in  wet  meadows. 

90  C.  Davfsii  Torn  (B.  t.  132.)  Spikes  4,  oblong,  cylindric,  subsparsely  flow- 
ered, remote,  pedicellate,  pendulous  in  maturity;  perig.  oblong-conic,  bubiufiated, 
subtriquetrous,  nerved,  acutish,  short-rostrate,  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  glabrous  to- 
wards maturity,  about  equaling  the  oblong,  scabrotis-avjned  glume;  st.  1 — 2f,  trique- 
trous, scabrous  above,  with  leaves  equaling  it;  Jvs.  and  sheaths  pubescent  some- 
times but  very  little,  light  green. — First  found  on  the  alluvial  meadows  of  tlie 
Housatonic  in  Mass.  (Uewey).     Sometimes  nearly  pubescent. 

91  C.  praecox  Jacq.  $  Spike  erect,  subclavate ;  $  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  bracte- 
ate,  approximate,  lower  one  short-pedunculate;  perig.  6 — 12,  ovate  and  subglo- 
bous,  triquetrous,  pubescent,  short-rostrate,  equal  to  tike  ovate,  acute,  or  mucron- 
ate  glume  ;  cm.  2 — 6',  leafy  at  the  base. — On  rocky  hills,  Salem,  Mass.  (Pickering), 
Ipswich,  Mass.  (Oakes). 

92  C.  nigro-margindta  Schw.  $  Spike  erect,  short-cylindric,  with  oblong,  obtuse, 
da7-k  glumes,  white  on  the  edge  and  green  on  the  keel;  $  spikes  1,  2,  rarely  3,  ovate, 
4  to  G-flowered,  the  lowest  squarrous-bracted,  near  the  $ ,  on  one  long,  scabrous 
stem  or  ped.  (6  to  8'  long),  2  or  3  sliort  (2  to  4'),  and  radical  ped.  all  on  the  same 
root ;  perig.  ovate  or  oblong,  tapering  below  or  pediceled,  slender-beaked,  rough- 
isli,  about  equaling  the  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  dark  glume,  which  is  white  on  the 
edge  and  keel;  Ivs.  radical,  scabrous,  recurved,  bright  green,  longer  than  the  culm. 
— Dry  hills,  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

93  C.  umbellita  Schk.  Dwarf;  $  spike  short,  erect ;  ?  spikes  several,  each  on 
its  low,  radical  peduncle,  ovate,  subumbellate,  green;  perig.  ovate  or  globous,  5 — 8, 
acutish  at  either  end,  rostrate,  sliort-bidentato,  pubescent,  equaling  tlie  ovate- 
lanceolate  glume ;  st.  J— 4',  with  very  long  leaves. 

fi.  viciNA  Dew.  1  or  2  ?  spikes  close  to  the  $ ,  sessile ;  the  other  $  spikes 
on  their  own  stems  or  radical  peduncles. — In  small  tufts  on  dry  hills.  Both 
varieties  grow  on  the  same  root,  but  Schk.  saw  and  figured  only  the  first. 

94  C.  Emmdnsii  Dew.  $  Spike  sessile,  short  (3") ;  ?  spikes  2 — 3,  approximate, 
sessile,  few-flowered,  very  short,  often  one  long,  radical  peduncle ;  perig,  globoua- 
triquetrous,  attenuated  at  the  base,  rostrate,  pubescent,  at  the  orifice  oblique,  about 
equal  to  tlie  ovate  glume;  culm  filiform,  decumbent,  G — 10',  leafy  at  the  base,  pate 
ash-green. — On  dry  fields  and  hills ;  common.     (C.  Noveai-Angleaj,  /:<.  Carey.) 

95  C.  Pennsylvanica  Lam.  i  Spike  erect,  pedunculate,  long  (6  to  8"),  subtri- 
quetrous, with  an  obtuse  glume;  $  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  subsessile,  subapproximate, 
few-flowered;  perig.  ovate-globous,  tomenious,  short  rostrate,  slightly  2-toothed, 
about  equal  to  tlie  ovate-acuminate,  or  oblong-acuminate,  deep  reddish  glume ;  st 
4 — 12',  erect,  stiff,  with  short;  culni-lvs.,  and  often  with  long,  stift",  root-lvs.  (when 
it  is  C.  marginata,  as  in  Schk.,  fig.  143). — Open  woods  and  hedges,  common— 
niuciii  resembles  the  preceding,  but  readily  distinguished  by  its  difiereut  asped 
and  its  deep  reddish-brown  scales. 

96  C.  Novae -Angliae  Schw.  $  Spike  short,  slender,  oblong;  $  spikes  2 — 3, 
ovate,  alternate,  sessile,  remotish,  few-flowered,  bracteato ;  perig.  3 — 6,  oval-lri- 
fueirous,  rostrate,  costale,  slightly  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  mucron^ 
ate  glume;  st.  4 — 8',  slender,  subdecumbent,  longer  than  tlie  leaves. — Pale  greea 
Open  woods  in  high  grounds.     (C.  varia  ji.  minor  Boott.) 

/^.  COLLKCTA  Dew.  St.  10 — 16',  very  slendei,  erect;  $  spikes  2 — 4.  lowe* 
short-pedunculato ;  perig.  more  tapering  into  a  beak,  slightly  bidentate.-  • 
High  lands  of  Mass. ;  not  abundant. 

97  C.  varia  Muhl.  S  Spike  erect,  short  or  subelongated ;  $  spikes  3,  ovate,  aeosile, 
rather  n<>ar,  bracteate,  few-flowered;  perig.  ovate  or  sub-glolmis,  subtriquetroui, 
acuminate-rostrate,  bifid,  scabro-pubescent,  about  equal   to  the   ovate,  acurninait 


M 


I-  m 


760 


Orueu  155.— CYPERACE^. 


i 


glume;  st.  6 — 15',  erect,  slender,  purple  towards  the  base.  Pale  grocn. — Dry 
woods  and  hedges ;  common. 

13.  PEDICELLATA  Dew.,  has  pistillate  spikes  ovate-oblong,  short-pedicellate 
erect,  loose-flowered ;  perig.  more  numerous. — Grows  in  the  same  situations. 

98  C.  vestita  Willd.      (B.  t.  120.)     3  Spike  single,  rarely  2,  cylindric-oblong; 
$  spikes  2,  ovate-ohlong,  sensile,  subapproximate,  bracteate,  often  with   stamens 

above;  perig.  ovate,  suborbicular,  subtriquetrous,  nerved,  sliort-rostrate,  bifid, 
pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  tlie  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  submucronale  glume ; 
St.  18 — 30',  acutely  triangular  and  leaty  below. — Common  in  wet  places  over  tho 
country. 

99  C.  pub^scens  Muhl.  (B.  t.  60.)  $  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  rather  hose-flowertd, 
erect,  bracteate,  the  lowest  iiedimcukite ;  perig.  lance-ovate,  triquetrous,  rostrate, 
nearly  entire  at  mouth,  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  carinate, 
mucronate  glume ;  st.  10 — 20'  high,  and  with  tlie  leaves,  pubescent, — Moist  woods 
and  meadow.s;  common. 

100  C.  flava  L.  ?  Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  approximate,  sometimes  aii'lro- 
gynous;  perig.  ovate,  closely  imbricate,  costate,  bidentate,  rejiexed  with  a  long,  curved 
beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  st.  10 — 20'  rather  obtusely  angled 
or  triquetrous ;  glabrous ;  yellowish-green. — Wet  and  cold  soils ;  common  in  this 
country  as  well  as  in  Eur. 

p'.  LEPiuocARPA.  Taller  and  more  slender,  with  sliort,  round-ovate  spikes 
aggregated,  or  except  the  lower,  with  perig.  rostrate  and  recurved  in  matu- 
rity, about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate,  obtuse  glumes. — Witli  the  other.  (C. 
lepidocarpa,  Ed.  2.) 

iOl  C.  CE^deri  Elirh.  Spikes  sometimes  androgynous ;  $  about  4,  clustered, 
nearly  sessile,  short-oblong,  sometimes  $  above  or  below,  bracteate ;  perig.  rather 
ubovate,  subinflated,  nerved,  bidentate,  diverging  xuith  a  subulate  beak,  a  little  longer 
tiiun  tho  ovate  glume ;  st.  2 — 10',  leafy. — Palo  yellow.  Mass  and  N.  Y.,  abun- 
dant in  Pittstield,  Mass.,  and  at  Niagara  Falls. 

102  C.  follicul^ta  L.  nee.  Sclik.  $  Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate  or  capitate,  densely 
flowered,  distaut,  the  peduncles  sometimes  projecting  far  beyond  the  sheaths,  often 

$  at  the  apex,  long  bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-conic,  much  inflated,  diverging  or 
horizontal,  long-rostrate,  twice  \ox\gev i\\'AnW\e oblong-ovate,  acute,  long-awned glume; 
St.  2 — 5f,  leafy ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  long  and  flat. — Pale  yellow,  in  wet  or 
marshy  places;  common.     (C.  Xanthophysa  Wahl.) 

103  C.  rostr^ta  Mx.  S  Spike  short  and  small ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  sub-globous,  or 
capitate,  bracteate ;  perig.  aggregated  into  a  head,  small,  erect,  or  subdiverging, 
oblong-eonic,  very  long-rosirate,  slightly  inflated  at  the  base,  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate-oblong,  acutish  glume;  st.  8 — 16',  few-leaved,  erect,  stiff". — Pale  yellow. 
At  the  base  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  11.,  Oakts;  also  in  Canada,  where  Mx.  Ibund 
it.     Not  recognized  as  the  plant  of  Michaux  till  1810,  Sil.  Jour.  XXXIX,  p.  52. 

104  C.  turg^Bcens  Torr.  Spike  oblong,  cylindric,  erect;  ?  spikes  2  or  3, 
ovate-globoii  ,  few  (10  to  12)-flo\vered,  highest  sessile  and  near  the  S  ,  lowest 
often  quite  remote,  exsertly  peduncuhte,  perig.  ovate,  inflated,  diverging,  conic- 
rostrate,  bidentate,  striate,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume ;  culm  2  to  3f, 
slender,  longer  than  the  leaves,  yellowish  or  pale  green. — Fla.  to  La.  (Chapm. 
Ingalls.) 

105  C.  Elli6ttii  Schw,  S  Spike  cylindric,  1' long,  with  oblong,  obtuse  glumes! 
?  spikes  2  or  3,  ovate,  roundish,  sessile,  upper  staminate  at  apex,  lowest  some- 
times pedunculate;  perig.  ovate-triquetrous,  glabrous,  veined,  rostrate,  2-toothed, 
about  twice  as  long  (3')  as  the  ovate,  obtuse  glume;  culm  1  to  2f,  triquetrous,  re- 
curved.— N.  Car.  to  Fla.  (C.  castanea  Ell.  iiec  Wahl.  C.  Baldwinia  De\V.  in  Sil. 
Jour.) 

106  C,  intum^scens  Rudge.  (B.  t.  148.)  i  Spike  oblong,  pedunculate;  $ 
spikes  1 — 3,  few-flowered,  approximate,  bracteate,  erect,  nearly  sessile,  the  lower 
one  sometimes  remote  and  exsertly  pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-conic,  large  and  much 
inflated,  acuminate-rostrate,  bidentate,  nerved,  diverging,  very  glabrous,  thrice 
longer  (5  to  6")  than  the  ovale-cuspidate  glume;  st.  a  foot  or  more  high,  erect,  stiff", 
leafy,  dark  green  and  very  glabrous.— Wet  grounds,  in  open  woods  or  marshes,' 
common.     (C  folliculata  Sclik.) 


»?. ., 


a 


Ordkh  155.— CYPERACE^. 


761 


107  C.  lupulina  Muhl.  (B.  1. 149.)  $  Spike  erect,  siendor,  subsossile ;  $  spikes 
2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  lurge,  (20"  by  9  ')  and  thick,  or  oblong-cylindric,  stioit-pedun- 
culate,  erect,  densely  flowered,  approximate,  tlie  lowest  sonietimes  long-peduncu- 
late  and  distant;  pmig.  ovate-conic,  ventricous,  long,  conic-rostrate,  bicuspidate, 
nerved,  glabrous,  about  thrice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  glume;  at, 
I — 3f,  triquetrous,  leafy;  Ivs.  and  bracts  long,  flat,  wide,  striate,  scabrous  on  tlio 
edge. — Bright  green.  ^Vell  named  from  its  bop-like  spikes.  Marshes  and  about 
ponds,  common.     (C.  lurida  Wahl.) 

108  C.  lupuliformis  Sartwell.  (B.  t.  150.)  $  Terminal  spike  long  eylindric, 
pedunculate,  sometimes  1  or  2  short  sessile  ones  below  it ;  ?  spikts  3  to  5,  Uirge 
(2  to  3 ),  eylindric,  (9  '  thick)  near,  subsessilo,  the  lowest  more  or  less  remote  on 
a  long,  exsert  peduncle,  all  leafy  bracted  aiid  subloose-flowered ;  perig.  globoui- 
ovate,  inflated,  long  and  large,  terete,  scabrous-rostrate,  2-hornod,  more  than  twice 
longer  than  tlio  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;  culm  2  to  3f,  erect,  large,  stiff,  surpassed 
by  the  leafy  bracts  as  well  as  by  the  lanceolate,  rough,  bright,  green  leaves. — 
Borders  of  marshes,  common.     (C.  lupulina,  13.  polystachya  Torr.) 

109  C.  tentaculata  Muhl.  $  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  eylindric,  (24"  by  Q  or  1") 
bracteate,  upper  one  sessile,  the  rest  nearly  sessile,  densely  flowered  ;  perig.  ovate, 
inflated,  long-rostrate,  bidentate,  nerved,  diverging,  glabrous,  twice  longer  than  the 
ovate  and  small  scahro-mucronate  glume  ;  st.  1  — 2f,  often  large,  triquetrous ;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  stem. — In  clusters  in  wet  or  mai  shy  places ; 
common. 

110  C.  stenolepis  Torr.  $,  Spike  short  and  small,  rarely  wanting ;  ?  spikes 
3  to  5,  eylindric,  obtuse,  oblong  or  rarely  short,  highest  sometimes  androgynous, 
upper  aggregated  on  the  zigzag  stem,  lowest  long-pedunculate,  all  very  dense- 
flowered,  erect  and  stiff,  with  long  and  leafy  bracts;  perig.  obloug-obovato,  infla- 
ted, tapering  below,  abruptly  obtuse,  long-beaked,  bifurcate,  a  little  longer  than 
the  ovate  linea"",  awned  giumo;  culm  1  to  2f,  erect,  strong,  smootli,  striate,  with 
flat,  rather  wide,  rough-edged,  bright  green  loaves. — Va.  to  111.,  in  marshes,  rare, 
late-floweriug. 

111  C.  plantaginea  Lam.  nee  Muhl.  (B.  t.  88.)  ^  Spike  erect,  large,  sub- 
clavate,  with  oblong  and  acute  glumes ;  ?  spikes  3  to  5,  oblong,  erect,  remote, 
sparse-ilowered,  2  upper  nearly  indosed-pedunculate,  the  lower  ones  exsertly- 
pedunculate,  with  subulate  bracts  ;  perig.  oblong,  triquetrous-elliptic  or  cuneitbrm, 
tiipering  at  either  end,  recurved  at  the  apex,  and  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than 
tlie  ovate-cuspidate  glume ;  st.  8 — 18'  high,  erect,  triquetrous,  with  dark  brown 
sheaths ;  Ivs.  radical,  broad,  (9  to  10"),  ensiform,  strongly  3-nerved. — Bright  green. 
Hedges  and  open  woods,  common,  and  one  of  the  first  appearing  species  in  the 
spring.    (C.  latifolia  Wahl) 

112  C.  Carey^na  Torr.  (B.  t.  89.)  i  Spike  erect,  oblong,  with  oblong  and 
obtuse  glumes ;  $  spikes  2  or  3,  ovate,  loose  and  few-flowered,  distant,  upper  sub- 
sessile,  all  leafy  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  subinflated,  nerved,  acuminate, 
tapering  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate,  mucronate  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f,  erect,  smooth,  leafy  towards  the  base ;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  6"  wide. — Pale  green.  Woods,  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  (Carey)  and 
Ohio  (Suliivant).     Closely  related  to  C.  plantaginea. 

113  C.  laziflora  Lam.  nee.  Schk.  (B.  t.  87.)  $  Spikes  2^-4,  sxibfiliform,  erect, 
attenuate,  sparse-flowered,  I'emote  with  a  2-edged  peduncle,  leafy  bracteate,  upper 
one  subsessile ;  perig.  oval-triquetrous,  tapering  at  both  ends,  short-rostrate,  atten- 
uate, glabrous,  striate,  excurved  at  the  apex,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong-muoron- 
ate  or  ovate-acute  glume;  st.  6 — 12',  acutely  triquetrous;  Ivs.  radical,  of  medium 
(3  to  4')  width. — Glaucous  or  light  green.  Woods  and  hedges,  common.  "Va- 
riable.    (C.  anceps  Willd,  Am.  auct.) 

li.  PATUUFOLi.\  Dew.  (C.  anceps.  Schk.,  fig.  195.)  Lts.  radical,  broad,  many- 
veined,  narrower  at  the  base;  sheaths  with  long  and  leafy  bracts;  perig. 
longer-rostrate. 

y.  ANQUSTIFOLIA  Dew.  (Schk.  fig.  128.)  St.  a  foot  high ;  Iva.  narrow,  striate, 
long ;  perig.  short-rostrate  and  much  recurved. 

114  w.  platypb^Ua  Carey.     (Boot.  t.  90.)     $  Spike  with  oblong,  acute  glumes ; 
2  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong,  slender,  few  (3  to  (j)-flowered,  erect,  not  compact ;  perig. 

ovate,  triquetrous,  acute,  short-beaked,  subrecurvod,  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer 


fiii 


% 


762 


Obdkr  155.— ^yPEKAOE^. 


than  the  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate  glume ;  culm  3  to  8',  erect,  triquetrous,  slender, 
at  length  nearly  prostrate,  witli  sheathing,  leafy  bracts;  ivs.  radical,  broad  (7  to 
10'),  3-veined,  pale  green. — Shades,  N.  States.  Confounded  with  No.,  Ill  or 
113,  3,  until  described  by  Carey  in  SilL  Jour,  and  Gray's  Manual. 

115  C.  zanthospSrma  Dew.  (B.  t.  86.)  $  Spike  cylindric,  short,  sessile,  with 
oblorg,  obtuse  glumes;  $  spikes  3  to  6,  oblong,  cylindric,  rather  loose-Jiowered, 
leafy-bracted,  suberect,  subremote,  the  lowest  sometimes  recurved;  purig.  ovate, 
oblong,  obtusish,  mitiutely  veined,  slightly  apiculate,  yellow  oJire  color  in  maturity 
twice  or  tlirice  longer  than  (or  the  lower  equaling)  the  broadij  ovate,  acute  or 
mucronate  glume;  culm  10  to  16',  erect,  smooth,  and  with  the  lanceolalf,  sheathing 
Ivs.  at  length  yellowisli. — N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    (C.  flaccosperma     Ed.  1 .) 

116  C.  bldnda  Dew.  $  l^ikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric.  subsparse-flowered,  alter- 
nate, approximate,  bracteate,  highest  subsessile,  the  lowest  on  a  long,  2-edged 
peduncle;  perig.  obovate  and  scarce'/ attenuate  below;  subtr'^  nerved,  re-urved 
at  the  apex,  entire  at  the  orifice,  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  scabro-mucronate 
glume;  st.  8 — 12',  triquetrous,  leafy  towards  the  base;  Ivs.  long  an  the  stem. — 
Pale  green  or  glaucous.  Meadows  and  dry,  open  woods,  common.  (C.  conoidea 
Muhl.  nee  Schk.,  C.  laxiflora  /?.  Carey,  Eoott.) 

117  C.  retrociirva  Dew.  ?  Spikes  2—4,  on  long,  filiform,  recurved  peduncles, 
bracteate,  subdense-flowered,  short  and  thick,  oblong;  perig.  ovate,  triqu.  nerved, 
obtusish,  equaling  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;  st.  6 — 12'  high,  prostrate;  lv.<». 
radical  and  wide. — 'CHaucous.  Open  woods,  rare.  Has  been  considered  C.  digit- 
alis, Willd.,  but  is  different. 

118  C.  conoidea  Schk.  ncc  Muhl.  (B.  t.  81.)  s  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  or  ovate- 
oblong,  remote,  erect,  rather  dense-flowered,  bracteate;  perig.  oblong-conir,  obtusish, 
glabrous,  nerved,  subdiverging,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate- 
subulate  glume;  st.  8 — 12'  higli;  Ivs.  towards  the  base,  shorter  than  the  stem. — • 
Bright  green.     Moist,  upland  meadows,  common. 

119  C,  grisea  Wahl.  (B.  t.  85.)  $  Spike  oblong,  slender;  $  spikes  2  to  i  oblong, 
la.K-ttowered,  few-flowered,  erect,  remote;  perig.  ovate,  or  oblong-ovate,  obtusish, 
glabrous,  ventricous,  nerved,  subtriquetrous,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer 
than  the  ovate,  scabro-mtxronate  glume;  st.  10 — 18  "  high,  triquetrous,  leafy. — ■ 
Bright,  to  pale  green.  Woods,  hedges  and  meadows,  common,  N.  and  Mid.  States. 
(C.  laxiflora  Schk.  et  Muhl.  nee  Lam.) 

120  C.  jlincea  Willd.     $  Spike  short-cylindric,  with  oblong,  obtuse  glumes ;    2 
spikes  2,  rarely  3,  filiform,  loose  and  alternate-flowered,  pedunculate,  long-seta' 
ceous-bracted ;  perig.  lanceolate,  slender,  subtriquetrous,  longer  than  the  ovate, 
obtuse,  white-edged  glume;  culm  If  or  more,  slender,  longer  than  tlie  radical,  bristle- 
form  leaves ;  aspect  light  green,  rush-like. — Roan  Mts.,  N.  Car.  (C.  miser  Buckley). 

121  C.  digitalis  Willd.  (B.  t.  92.)  ?  Spikes  about  3,  loosely  ^—\0-flowered, 
oblong,  distant,  lax  and  recurved,  leafy-bracted;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  alter- 
nate, nerved,  glabrous,  short  and  obtuse,  entire  at  tlie  orifice,  longer  than  the 
lance-ovate  glume;  st.  4 — 12',  shorter  than  the  long,  linear,  decumbent  leaves. — 
Pale  gretn.     (C.  Caroliniana  Buckley.) 

3.  Van  Vleokii  Dew.     Smaller ;  perig.  more  remote  and  smaller. — Open,  moist 
woods,  common.     Has  been  mistaken  for  C.  oliocarpa,  Schk.  &  Muhl. 

122  C.  eburnea  Boott.  (t.  184).  $  Spikes  2 — 3,  eiect,  3 — 6-flovirered,  ovate, 
with  white,  leafless  sheaths,  and  the  upper  higher  than  the  ^  spike ;  perig.  ovate- 
globous,  rostrate,  or  slightly  obovate,  glabrous  and  brown  in  maturity,  twice 
longer  than  the  white,  ovate,  hyaline  glume;  cm.  4 — 10',  erect,  with subradiciil 
and  bristle-form-leaves. — Pale  jreen,  common,  limestone  grounds.  S.  W.  Vt  to 
Kan.  and  southward. 

123  C.  'WaBhingtdnlana  Dew.  f,  Spike  erect,  slender,  with  oblong,  obtuse,  dark 
brown  glumes;  $  spikes  2  to  4,  rarely  6,  upper  short,  sessUe,  near,  lower  much 
longer,  loose-cylindric,  subremote,  stalked,  loose-flowered,  all  brown ;  perig.  ovoid, 
tapering  above,  compressed-triquetrous,  orifice  entire,  about  equaling  or  often 
shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  dark-brown,  white-edged  glume;  culm  If  or 
more,  triquetrous,  smooth,  longer  than  the  fat,  smooth  Ivs. ;  light  green. — White 
Mts.  N.  ii.,  the  most  common  Gaicx  there,  forming  a  turf  witli  the  mo.s.s8s  mA 


in 


Okdeb  155.— CYPERACEiE. 


76.1 


lichens  on  tho  borders  of  pouds.     \C.   rigida,  ^.  Carey;   but  differs  in  its  fruit, 
glume,  loose  spikes,  Ivs.  Ac.) 

124  C.  granuldris  MuhL  (B,  t.  84.)  ?  Spikes  2—4,  cylindric,  oblonj?,  rf^^ve- 
Jlowered,  subrrect;  perig.  roundish'ovate,  nerved,  very  sh-yrt-beaktii  and  recurved^ 
entire  at  the  oritice,  neaily  twice  »<  long  as  the  ovate-acuminate  glume ;  st.  8 — Ifi', 
erect  or  suhdecnmbent,  smooth,  leafy. — Olaucous  green  except  the  mature,  yellow 
spikes.     Moi«t  soils  in  meadows  and  hedges,  along  brooks,  abundant. 

3.  RECTA.  Perig.  ovate,  slightly  inflated,  short-acute,  straight-beaked  or  acl^ 
minate ;  in  some  the  lower  spikes  are  also  long-peduncled. — S.  111.  (Vaaey; 
and  La.  (Hale). 

125  C.  panicea  L.  ?  Spikes  2-  -3,  loose-flowered^  remotish.  lowest  long-pedunoo- 
late ;  perig.  subglobous,  obtw^e,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  greater  tluin  the  ovale, 
subacute  glume ;  st.  a  loot  high,  triquetrous,  leafy  at  the  base;  Ivs.  shorter  than 
the  stem. — Light  green.     Near  Boston  (Pickering). 

126  C.  livida  Yahl.  $  Spike  ohlong;  $  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong-cylindric,  subloose- 
flovverod;  perig.  ovate-obhng,  subtriquetrous,  subinllated,  obtuse  or  acutisli,  erUirs 
at  the  orifice;  longer  than  the  obtuse,  oblong  glume;  st.  6 — IG'  high,  eiect,  tri- 
quetrous, striate,  with  leaves  about  its  own  lengtli. — C41aucous  green.  Sphagnous 
swamp,  near  Ulica.  N.  Y.  (Gray)  cedar  swamp,  N.  J.,  and  more  northern  regions. 
(C.  Grayana,  Ed.  1.) 

127  C.  tetdnica  Schk.,  fig.  307.  ?  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  loose-flowered,  remote; 
perig.  obovate,  recurved  at  the  apex,  entire  at  the  oriflce,  with  an  ovate  glume,  ob- 
tusish  at  the  upper  and  mucronate  at  the  lower  part  of  the  spike;  st.  6 — 10'  high, 
triquetrous,  longer  than  tho  flat  and  linear-lanceolate  leaves. — Liglit  green.  Up- 
land meadows,  rare.  Its  recurved  short  beak  or  era  aped  neck  (wlienco  its  name) 
distinguisiies  it  from  C.  Woodii. 

128  C.  Woodii  Dew.  ?  Spikes  1  to  3,  erect,  cylindric,  loose-flowered,  the  lowest 
pedunculate,  finally  recurved;  perig.  obovate,  tapering  below,  subpedieeled,  tri- 
quetrous, obtuse,  orifice  mature  closed,  sometimes  short-apiculate,  veined,  glab- 
rous, longer  than  the  broad,  hyuj„ae,  green-keeled,  rarely  mucronate  glume;  culm  10 
to  20 ,  slender,  stiff';  Ivs.  very  short;  plant  with  a  close,  slight  pubescence,  pale 
green. — Shores  of  Perch  Lake,  &c.  Jefif.  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Drs.  Crawe  and  Wood). 
A  clear  species  (Dr.  Yasey). 

129  C.  Meddii  Dew.  (B.  t.  82.)  $  Spike  ovate-oblong,  often  long,  with  glumes 
oblong,  obtuse,  tawny-edged;  ?  spikes  2  to  4,  oblong  or  cylindric,  rather  lax- 
flowered,  upper  often  starainate  at  apex,  lowest  long-stalked,  remote,  all  leafy- 
bracted ;  perig.  oval  or  oblong,  tapering  some  at  both  ends,  veined,  with  entire 
orifice,  scarce  equaling  the  broad-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse-mucronate,  tawny-edged 
glume;  culm  8  to  10',  erect,  leafy  below,  rough  above,  longer  than  tiio  leaves; 
pale  green. — Augusta,  111.  (Mead),  Mich,  and  Ohio.  (C.  panicea  Carey ;  but  clearly 
distinct.) 

130  C.  oligocarpa  Schk.  (B.  t,  93.)  ?  Spikes  2  or  3  erert.  3  or  A-flowertd, 
bracteate;  perig.  obovate,  roundish-triquetrous,  sliort-rostrate^  entire  at  tho  moutli, 
longer  than  the  obloug-mucronate  glume;  culm  6  to  12'  high;  Ivs.  flat  and  shorter 
towards  the  base ;  plant  light  green. — Open  woods  or  hedges,  rare.  DitVers  frem 
the  following  species  in  its  fruit,  pubescence,  and  stouter,  coarser  aspect. 

131  C.  Hitchcockiiina  Dew.  (Boott.  t.  94.)  ,;  Spike  erect,  pedunculate; 
$  Spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  5  to  10-flowered,  lowest  distant;  perig.  oval-iriquetroas,  ta- 
pering at  both  ends,  inflated,  alternate,  bent  at  the  apex,  striate,  with  a  short, 
truncated  and  open  beak,  about  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  oblong  or  ovate,  niu. 
cronate  glume ;  st.  10 — 24'  high,  erect,  stiff,  scabrous  above,  with  long  and  leaty 
bracts;  st.  Ivs.  and  bracts  scabrous  and  subpubescent. — Borders  of  woods,  N. 
Eng.  to  111.  a.id  Ky. 

132  C.  Btylofl^za  Buckley,  i  Spikes  cylindric,  short,  slender,  erect,  with  ob- 
long, obtuse  glumes ;  $  spikes  1  to  4,  oblong,  dense,  some  of  them  near  the  stami- 
nate  and  subsessile,  the  others  distant  or  very  remote,  on  long  (2  to  6'),  filiform, 
exsert,  drooping  peduncles,  leafy-bracted ;  perig.  ellipsoid,  tapering  below,  rostrate, 
often  recurved,  once  to  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  or  lance-linear,  membranous 
glume ;  culm  2f,  slender,  flaccid,  triquetrous,  longer  than  tho  smooth,  light  grcea 


^1 


764 


Order  155.— CYPERACE^. 


Ifavfs. — Mt8.  N.  Car.  (Buckley)  and  Va.  to  Fla.  (C.  laxiflora,  fJ.  styloflexa, 
lioott.  t.  87). 
133  C.  d^bilia  Miclix.  S  Spike  erect,  filiform ;  $  spikes  3 — 4,  not  very  rarely 
j)istillate  above,  filiform,  loose-fiowered,  Jiexiiuiui,  nodding,  reinotisli,  1 — 2'  long; 
p>rig.  obloiuj-lanctulate,  subtriquetrous,  alternate,  ro.strate,  bitid,  glabrous,  nerved, 
nearly  twice  longer  than  the  ovato-lanceolato  glume;  st.  1 — 2 f,  triquetrous  i' d 
scabrous  above,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Bright  green.  Moist  woods  and  mead- 
ows, common.     (C.  flexuosa  Schk.) 

13-1  C.  arctita  Boott.  $  Spikes  3 — 4,  long  anasle..'ler,  loose-flowered,  nodding 
and  remote ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  lanceolate  or  long-rostrate,  subvenVieous, 
bind,  glabrous,  little  surpassing  the  ovate,  membranaceous,  mucronate  glume ;  st. 
10 — 20',  scabrous  aljove  and  leafy  below. — Pale  green.  In  the  same  situations 
as  the  preceding,  common.     (C.  Sylvatica  Dew.     Sill.  Jour.) 

135  C.  Sullivantii  Boott.  (t.  122).  $  Spikes  3,  oblong,  erect,  cyHndric,  rather 
loosc-tiowi  red,  bractod,  tiie  lowest  long-pedunculate  and  sparse-flowered  below  ; 
perig.  ovate  or  oval,  apiculale,  scarcely  veined,  scabrous-hairy,  short-pediceled ;  $ 
glume  on  tlie  lowest  spike  obovate,  obtuse  or  emargitiate,  long-cuspidate,  the 
cu.sp  extending  above  the  fruit;  on  tiie  upper  spike  the  cusp  is  shortened  and 
the  oblong  glume  scarce  equals  the  fruit ;  culm  1  to  2f,  longer  than  tlio  leaves 
plant  slightly  hairy,  light  green. — Columbus,  Ohio  (SuUivant). 

136  C.  Kneiskemii  Dew.  S  Spikes  3,  long-cylindric,  rather  distant,  sublax- 
fiowered,  with  recurved  peduncles ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  subtriquetrous,  glabrous, 
terete-conic,  rostrate,  short-2-toothed,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  oblong 
glume  which  is  obtusish  and  short-mucronate. — Woods,  Oriskany  and  Rome,  N. 
Y.  Closely  related  to  C.  Sullivantii,  but  differs  materially  when  mature,  in  the 
fruit,  glume  and  long  triquetrous  achenium.  Also,  by  tlie  same  marks,  from  C. 
art'tata  Boott.  to  which  Carey  improperly  (as  mentioned  by  Boott.  t,  122)  re- 
fers it. 

137  C.  capillaris  L.  $  Spike  small ;  $  spikes  2 — 3,  ovate,  oblong,  about  6- 
flowered,  loose-flowered,  long  and  recurved  pedunculate ;  perig.  oval,  short-ros- 
trate, oblong,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  ovate,  obtuse  glume ; 
St.  2 — T  higli,  leafy  at  the  base ;  Ivs.  narrow,  long. — Grows  in  tufts,  very  deli- 
cate, 4  to  G ,  pale  green.     Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.  (Robbins). 

138  C.  ftilva  Good.  ?  Spikes  3,  ohhng,  subdense-flowered,  erect ;  perig.  ovate, 
round,  sliort-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  smooth,  binerved,  twice  longer  tlian  the  ovate, 
dark  broivn,  subacute  glume ;  st.  a  foot  high  or  more,  triquetrous,  leafy  towards  the 
base. — Pale  green.     Near  Boston  (Greene).     (C.  binervis  Ed.  1.) 

139  C.  Icevigllta  Smith.  $  Spike  one  and  erect,  sometimes  2 ;  $  spikes  2 — 3, 
oblong,  bracteate,  pedunculate,  nodding;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  triquetrous, 
nerved,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  subdense-flowered,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  ctispidaie 
glume  ;  st.  1 — 2f,  scabrous  above,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Light  green.  Near 
Boston  (Green).  Rare.  This  and  the  last  probably  introduced  from  Eur.  (C. 
Grceuiana  Ed.  1.) 

140  C.  flcxilia  Rudge.  (B.  t.,  79).  ?  Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  cylindric,  nod- 
ding ;  perig.  ovate,  subconic,  rostrate,  bidentate,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  ovate, 
obiuMsh,  oblong  glume;  st.  12 — 18',  erect,  striate;  Ivs.  short,  and  shorter  below ; 
Ivs.  and  bracts  ciliate. — Bright  green.  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Gray),  and  far  west- 
ward.    (C.  castanea  Wahl.) 

141  C.  venusta  Dew.  (B.  t.,  123.)  $  Spike  long,  slender,  with  oblong,  obtuse, 
tawny  glumes;  $  spikes  2  or  3,  long-cylindric,  rather  loose-flowered,  lowest  dis- 
tant, on  a  long,  exsert  staik,  often  sparse-flowered,  recurved,  dark;  perig.  conic 
above,  tapering  below  into  a  pedicel,  short-beaked,  2-toothed,  veined,  rough-pubes- 
cent, twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtuse  (sometimes  mucronate)  glume ;  culm  1 
to  2f,  longer  than  the  linear-lanceolate,  light  green  leaves. — S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

142  C.  tenaz  Chapm.  (Boott.  t.,  59.)  $  Spiko  short,  cylindric,  with  oblong, 
acute  glumes ;  $  spikes  2  or  3,  ovate  or  oblong,  dense,  subsessile,  the  lower  some- 
times remote ;  perig.  oval,  triquetrous,  some  tapering  below,  conic-beaked  or  shorter 
and  2-toothed,  finely  striate,  pubescent,  twice  longer  than  the  narrow-ovate,  acute 


KH 


Ordeb  155— CYPERACE^. 


706 


glume,'  culm  If,  erect;  Iva.  short,  flat,  botU  glabrous. — Ga,  Fla.  (C.  Cnapmaiiii 
Sartw.) 

143  C.  Richardsonil  R.  Brown,  i  Spike  oblong,  erect,  stalked,  with  ovata, 
obtuse,  brown,  wliito-borderod  glumea;  'i  spikes  1  to  3,  smaller,  oblong,  lax,  th« 
upper  near,  the  lowest  more  remote,  ail  longer  than  the  broad,  membraiwus,  white, 
obtuse  bract ;  perig.  ovate-triquetrous,  very  obtuse,  scarcely  beaked,  orifice  entire, 
below  tapering,  pubescent,  scarcely  equal  to  the  brown,  ovate,  acute,  white- 
edged  glume ;  culm  4  to  10',  scabrous,  longer  than  the  scabrous  leaves. — Woods, 
Greece,  N.  Y.  (Bradley),  111.  (Mead.),  and  Arc.  Am.     A  fine  species  with  a  wide 


144  C.  dasyodrpa  Muhl.     (B.  t.,  57.)     t,  Spike  oblong,  erect,  subsessilc,  small; 
$  spikes  2  or  3,  short-oblong,  alternate,  hoary,  the  lowest  remote,  bracts  longer 

than  the  culm ;  perig.  oblong-o'.'ate,  triquetrous,  short-beaked,  veined,  dense-vil- 
lous,  eraarginate  at  orifice,  longer  than  tlie  ovate-acuminate  glume ;  culm  8  to  14', 
triquetrous,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  hairy,  narrow-lanceolate  Ivs. ;  grayish  green. 
—Dry  fields,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

145  C.  Michi^ansis  Dew.  Terminal  spike  staminate,  oblong-clavate,  erect, 
short  stalked ;  $  spikes  1  to  3,  rarely  4,  oblong-Jiliform,  lax,  some  or  all  three 
stam.  at  apex,  squarrous-brcu:ted,  the  upper  sessile,  lower  short-stalke '. ;  perig.  (too 
young)  oblong-obovate,  lance,  acute,  bifid,  some  villous,  shorter  tliun  the  oblong, 
acute,  rusty  brown  yl. ;  culms  clustered,  6  to  14',  slender,  triq.,  shorter  than  the 
linear,  stiff,  rough-edged  Ivs. — Midi.  (Wm.  Boott,  Esq.). 

146  C.  T6rreyi  Tuekm.  $  Spike  oblong,  short  pad. ;  $  spikes  2 — 3,  short,  oblong, 
subsessile,  erect ;  perig.  oblong,  obovate,  very  obtuse,  glabrous,  subtriq.  entire  at  the 
orifice,  subrostrale,  twice  longer  than  the  acute  gl  ;  st.  12 — 18'  erect,  triq.,  with 
subradical  and  pubescent  Ivs.  —Palo  green,     N.  Y.     (Tuckermati.) 

147  C.  Crkyrei  D  >w.  $  Spikes  3 — 6,  cyl.  short  and  thick,  densely  flowered,  some- 
times aggregated,  sometimes  remote,  tlie  lowest  often  subradical  and  long-ped.  ; 
perig.  ovate,  terete,  scarcely  rostrate,  diverging,  entire  at  the  orifice,  twice  longet 
than  the  ovate  and  obtusish  gl. ;  $  spike  with  one  or  two  small  ones  at  its  base. 
— Jeff.  Co.,  N.  Y.  It  conimemoratea  the  name  of  Dr.  Ciawe,  its  discoverer,  who 
was  soon  after  drowned,  on  a  botanical  excursion,  in  Griffin's  Bay. 

148  C.  igndta  Dew.  $  Spike  cyl.,  slender,  erect,  long-stalked,  ecale-bracted, 
with  oblong,  obtusish  gls. ;  ?  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong,  lax,  orect,  leafy-bracted,  the 
lowest  long-ped.;  perig.  elliptic-triq.,  tapering  below,  conic-iostrate,  slender,  entire 
at  the  orifice  or  slightly  2-toothed,  recurved  more  or  less,  £  little  longer  tlian  the 
ovate,  acute,  lane,  or  cuspidate  gl. ;  culm  18  to  24',  pale  green. — La.  (Hale). 

/i.  FusiFoBMis.     A  smaller  form ;  perig.  more  spindle-form,   and  the  glume 
acute,  shorter  in  proportion.     Fla.     (C.  fusiformis  Chapman.) 

149  C.  Bcabrita  Schw.  $  Spike  shori-slalked ;  i  spikes  3 — 6,  cyl.,  subrecurved, 
remotish,  long-ped. ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  subinllated,  subbifid,  rostrate,  quite 
scabrous,  longer  tlian  the  ovate-lunc,  acuminate,  short-bidentate,  ciliate  gl. ;  culm 
1 — 2f|  acutely  triq.,  rough,  above,  longer  tlian  the  Ivs.  towards  the  base. — Bright 
green.    Along  brooks  and  streams,  common.     N.  States,  N.  Car.  (Curtis). 

150  C.  Bubulita  Mx.  $  Spike  erect,  small,  short,  with  lane,  white  gl. ;  9  spikes 
3  to  5,  oblong,  3  to  7 -fruited,  distant,  sessile  above,  the  highest  close  to  the  stam- 
inate, the  lower  exsei  t-ped.,  leafy-bracted,  sometimes  $  at  apex ;  perig.  subulate 
or  lance-ovate,  lorg,  rostrate,  slender,  veined,  glabrous,  with  2  curved  teeth  di- 
varicate or  reflexed,  more  than  tlirioe  longer  than  the  white,  lane,  gl ;  culm  6  to 
14  to  24'  high,  very  slender,  lax,  smooth ;  Ivs.  smooth,  striate,  flat,  shorter  than 
the  culm  ;  very  light  green. — Can,  to  N.  J.,  along  the  coast, 

151  C.  pallescens  L.  ?  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  short,  cyl,  distant,  yellowish 
green,  nodding  towards  maturity ;  peri(/.  oval,  obtuse,  round,  about  equal  to,  or  a 
little  shorter  than,  the  ovate,  pale  gL  ;  st,  6 — 16',  hardly  erect;  bracts  sometimes 
transversely  rugous. — Plant  often  subpubesceut,  and  of  a  lij;lit  green.  In  dry 
meadows.  Common, — C.  undulata  Kunze,  is  admitted  by  Kunze  iiimaelf  to  be 
only  \  an,  differing  cliiefly  in  ita  wavy,  lowest  bract. 

152  C.  limdsa  L.  5  Spikes  1 — 3,  ovate  or  oblong,  long-ped.,  subloose-flowered, 
Bmoothish,  pendulous ;  perig.  elliptic,  compressed,  very  short-rostrate,  entire  at 


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766 


Ohukr  155.— CYPERACE^. 


the  orifice,  about  equal  to  the  ohhng  and  obtuse,  or  ovate,  cu-tpidate,  rwit-rohred  gl. ; 
culm  8 — 16',  ascendiiiK,  obtiisely  triq.,  with  Bubradi.al  fiat  and  narrow  Iva. — 
Glaucous  green.     Marshes,  common. 

153  C.  irrfgua  Smith.  $  Spikes  2—3,  ovatc-oblong,  thickish,  nodding ;  perig. 
roundish-ovate,  short-rostrate,  subcompressed,  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanctolate, 
chestnut-brown  gl. ;  st.  near  a  foot  high,  longer  than  tiie  flat,  subourved  Iva.; 
glaucous. —  S  Spike  rarely  9  at  the  summit,  or  $  spikes  with  stamens  at  tlie 
base.  Marsh.  Bridgewator,  N.  Y.  (Gray)  also  in  marshes  in  Mass.  and  Mick 
(Cooley),  rare.     (C.  limosa,  /i  irrigua  Wahl.) 

154  C.  rarif!dra  Smith.  $  Spikes  about  2  linear,  quite  loose-flowered,  long-ped., 
nodding ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  iriqu.,  depressed,  equaling  the  ovate,  subcircinate, 
brown  gl. ;  culm  10'. — Glaucous.  White  Mountains,  N.  11.  (Barratt).  (C.  limosa 
/3.  rarittora  Wahl.) 

155  C.  Barrdttii  Torr.  (B.  t.  17G.)  S  Spike  1,  erect,  cyl,  long  (rarely  2),  with 
ovate,  obtuse,  dark  gh. ;  $  spikes  2  to  6,  oflen  \oug-cyl.,  staminate  at  apex,  the 
lower  on  slender,  recurved  pedicels,  upper  erect,  commonly  single,  sometimes  2  or 
4  from  the  same  bract,  purple  or  dark ;  perig.  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  often  with  a 
very  siiort  beak,  obtuse,  slightly  diverging,  roughish,  longer  than  the  ovate  dark 
gl. ;  culm  1  to  2f,  longer  than  the  long,  rough  leaves ;  glaucous  green. — N.  J.  to 
N.  Car.  (Curtis).     (C.  flacca  Carey.     C.  recurva  Huds.) 

156  C.  millidcea  Muhl.  i  Spike  erect,  slender ;  2  spikes  2 — 3,  long-cyl.,  slen- 
der, loose-llowerud  below,  nodding;  perig.  ovate,  triq.,  glabrous,  subrostrate,  en- 
tire at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  emarginate  or  obcordato,  awned  gl. ; 
St.  1 2 — 24',  slender,  scabrous ;  Ivs.  linear-lane. — Yellowish  green.  Wet  meadows, 
common. 

157  C.  hystricina  Willd.  (B.  t.  152.)  $  Spike  rarely  pistillate  at  the  sum- 
mit; ?  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cyl.,  attenuate,  subdistant,  long-bracteate.,  nodding, 
rarely  sheathed  ;  perig.  ovate,  diverging,  inflated,  subtriq.,  nerved,  bifid,  glabrous, 
twice  longer  than  the  oblong,  emarginate,  submucronate  gl. ;  culm  12 — 24',  scab- 
rous above,  with  long,  linear-lance.  Ivs. — Yellowish  green.  Wet  places,  very 
common.      (See  Sill.  Joum.,  1848,  C.  Georgiana.) 

/3.  cooLEYi.  $  Spikes  short  small,  ?  spikes  often  short-ovate,  the  lowest  on  a 
very  long  (5  to  8' ),  recurved,  filiform  peduncle ;  culm  very  slender,  prostrate, 
shorter  than  the  long,  narrow  Ivs. — Mich.  (Cooley).     (C.  Cooley i,  Ed.  1.) 

158  C.  Pseudo-cyp^nis  L.  (Schk.  fig.  102.)  i  Spike  cyl.  and  elongated;  $ 
spikes  3 — 4,  cyl.,  long-ped.,  rather  remote  recurved-peiidulous,  with  long  and  leafy 
bracts*;  perig.  ovate,  lane,  bidenddte,  reflexed,  and  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate- 
lane,  or  setaceous  gl. — Common  about  ponds  and  ditches.  It  is  smaller  ui  all  its 
parts  than  C.  comosa  (Boott),  the  fruit  of  the  latter  is  deeply  and  widely  bifurcate, 
and  its  glume  is  hispid  or  ciliate.  The  two  have  been  confounded  in  cur  country, 
though  long  known. 

159  C.  comdsa  L.    (B.  t.  36.)     $  Spike  long  and  slender,  rarely  pistillate  above ; 
?    spikes  2 — 5,  long-cyl.,  pendulous,  thick,  dense-flowered,  with  very  long  and 

leafy  bracts;  perig.  o\&\,e-\aii\c.,  acuminate,  rostrate,  deeply  2-forked,  rejiextd,  triq., 
glabrous,  generally  longer  than  the  lane,  mucronate,  setaceous  gl. ;  culm  18 — 30', 
large,  rough,  with  long  and  wide,  rough  leaves  and  bracts.  Phint  very  glabrous 
and  yellowish-green.  Wet  places  about  ponds  and  ditches,  common.  (C.  fur- 
cata  Ell.) 

160  trichocdrpa  Muhl.  S  Spikes  about  3,  erect,  rarely  1,  or  $  above,  cyl., 
lower  shorter ;  $  spikes  2^-4,  ertct,  long-cyl.,  smoothish,  rather  loose-tiowered ; 
perig.  ovate,  conic,  inflated,  nerved,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  densely  pnbe.«cent,  about 
twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lane.  gl. ;  culm  15 — 30',  scabrous  above,  and  with 
pubescent  leaves  and  sheaths. — Light  green.  In  wet  and  marshy  places,  com- 
mon. 

/3.  turbinata  Dew.  $  epikee  ovate  or  short  oblong,  thick,  remote,  dense- 
flowered  ;  perig.  subdiverging,  ovate  and  conic,  rostrate,  longer  than  the 
ovate-oblong,  mucronate  gl ;  st.  2 — 3f — Glaucous  green.  In  a  pond  in 
Beckmau,  N.  Y.,  there  abuodani; 

161  C.  vemicosa  Muhl      t  Spike  (rarely  2)  cyl,  large,  obtuse,  stalked,  with 


I*   VH 


Order  155— CYPKRACK^. 


obloBg,  retuse,  muoronato  g\a  ;  $  3  to  6,  soon  nodding,  cyl.,  leafy-bracted.  $ 
above,  lowest  exsert-ped.  ;  perig.  ovate-compressed,  triq.,  glaucous,  ahort-rostrate- 
bifld,  scarcely  veined,  about  equal  to  the  ovate-oblong,  einarginate,  mucronate  or 
awned  brown  gl. ;  the  awn  extending  beyond  the  perig. ;  culm  2  to  3f,  erect,  stiff, 
triq.,  striate ;  Ivs.  and  bracts  stiff,  rough,  often  over-pas.sing  the  culm  ;  color  glau- 
cous green,  with  dark  spikes. — "Wet  grounds,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  La.  and  Ky.  Apr.. 
May.     (C.  glaucescens  Ell.) 

/3.  ANDRoGYNA  (!urt.     Spikcs  4  to  1,  large,  3  to  4'  long,  upper  one  ataminato  at 

base,  the  others  pistillate  and  in  part  stamiiiate  at  apex. — Wilmington,  X 

Car.  (Curtis).     "An  autumnal  var.,"  flowers  in  Oct. 

162  C.  lanugindsa  Michx.  S  Spikes  2,  oblong,  slender,  erect ;  $  .spikes  2 — ,1, 
cyl.,  erect,  dense-flowered,  sometimes  short-oblong  and  thick,  subrostrato;  perig. 
ovate,  short-rostrate,  bicuspitate,  subtriq.,  thick,  pubescent  and  woolly,  aViout 
equaling  the  ovate-lane,  awned  gl. ;  culm  12 — 24',  nearly  round  below,  \v\th  fiat, 
linear-lane.  Ivs.  and  bracts. — (ilabrous  and  yellowish-green.  Wet  places  and 
marshes,  common.     (0.  pellita  Muhl.) 

163  C.  filiformis  L.  (B.  t.  121.)  ,?  Spikes  2 — 3,  with  oblong  glumes;  $  spikei 
2 — 3,  ovate,  oblong,  short-cyl.,  close-flowered,  remotish,  irect;  perig.  ovate,  villous, 
short-rostrate,  bifurcate,  about  equaling  the  ovate,  acute  gl. ;  culm  20 — 30',  erect, 
slender,  stiff,  with  convolute  Ivs.  and  bracts. — Pale  green.     Marshes,  common. 

164  C.  striata  Mx.  (B.  t.  141.)  $  Spikes  1  to  4,  commonly  2,  oblong,  cyl.,  erect, 
the  lower  sessile,  shorter;  5  spikes  2,  rarely  1,  long-cylc,  erect,  dense,  with  peda. 
inclosed,  upper  oflen  S  at  apex;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  inflated,  rough-downy, 
orifice  bifid,  scarce  rostrate,  twice  longer  than  tlio  acute,  taivny  gl. ;  culm  14 — 20', 
erect,  leafy-bracted,  longer  than  the  striate,  lane.  Ivs. — Penn.,  N.  J.  to  Flu.  (C. 
polymorpha,  Ed.  1.) 

165  C.  Houghtdnii  Torr.  (B.  t.  49.)  ^  Spikes  1  to  3,  oblong,  erect,  purjjle  to 
pale,  with  oblong,  obtu.so,  mucronate,  white-edged  gls. ;  $  spikes  2  or  3,  thickish, 
oblong-cyl.,  leafy-bracted;  perig.  ovate,  inflated,  short-rostrate,  dirty  brown,  bifur. 
cate,  veined,  hispid-downy,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  mucronate,  white- 
edged  gl.  ;  culm  about  If,  erect,  stiff,  triq.,  rough,  about  equaling  the  Ivs. — Fla. 
(Chapman!),  also  Lake  La  Biche,  N.  \V.  Ter.  (Houghton). 

166  C.  polym6rpha  Muhl.  Var.  2.  (B.  t.  56.)  f,  Spikes  1  to  3,  of^ener  2, 
oblong,  erect,  sessile,  with  oblong,  obtuse  glumes;  ?  2,  sometimes  1,  oblong- 
cyl.,  erect,  rather  loose,  upper  staminate  at  apex,  lower  remote,  exsert-ped. ;  pe- 
rig. oval-ovate,  slightly  inflated,  subtriq.,  short-rostrate,  orifice  oblique,  veined, 
glaucous,  a  little  longer  tiian  the  ovate,  reddish,  white-edged  gl. ;  culm  2  to  20', 
erect,  stiff,  triq.,  longer  than  the  light  green  Ivs.,  which  are  reddish  at  tiie  root. — 
Sandy  plains,  Mass.  to  Penn.  and  W.  N.  Y.     (C.  Halseyaiia,  Ed,  1.) 

167  C.  Cheroke^nsis  Sohw.  (B.  t.  1%.)  i  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl,  erect,  tlio  high- 
est larger,  pedunculate,  rarely  pistillate  at  base;  $  spikes  3  to  6,  cyl,  distant,  often 
staminate  at  apex,  highest  sessile,  the  others  exsert-ped.,  nodding,  loose,  rarely 
twin;  perig.  lance-ovate,  glabrous,  veined,  compressed-iriq.,  subinflated,  tapering 
into  a  whitish  beak,  much  longer  than  the  ovate,  acuminate  gl. ;  culm  10  to  20  high, 
leafy  below  and  long  as  tho  Ivs. ;  plant  flaccid,  grayish  green. — Ga.,  Fla.,  La.  and 
Mo.     (C.  Christiana  Boott.) 

168  C.  paluddsa  Good.  (Schk.,  fig.  103.)  $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl,  erect,  the 
lower  shorter,  smaller,  sessile ;  $  spikes  1  to  4,  cyl,  erect,  rather  dense,  not  dis- 
tant, alternate,  lowest  often  long-stalked,  scarcely  sheathed,  attenuate  below,  and 
there  loose-flowered,  all  bracted ;  perig.  ovate,  tapering  into  a  short  beak,  biden- 
tate,  distinctly  many- veined  both  aides,  nearly  equaling  the  narrow,  cuspidate  gl. ; 
culm  18'  to  2f,  erect,  scabrous  above,  longer  than  the  light  green  Ivs. — Near  Bos- 
ton (Wra.  Boott). 

169  C.  gigdntea  Radge.  (B.  t  151.)  i  Spikes  1  to  3;  er«cf;,  cyl,  slender, 
near,  the  lower  shorter,  sessile,  with  ovate,  acute,  or  lane.  gls. ;  $  spikes  2  to  4, 
cyl,  loose,  staminate  at  apex,  remote,  the  lower  on  long,  exsert  stalks,  often  nod- 
ding, with  long,  leafy  bracts;  perig.  ovate  or  globous,  ventricoua,  abruptly  c-on- 
tracted  into  a  long,  slender,  cyl.  beak,  veined,  smooth,  divaricate,  in  maturity  much 
longer  than  the  lance-ovate,  awned,  white-edged  gl. ;  culm  18  to  30  to  36',  stout, 
longer  than  the  broad,  strong  Ivs. — Marshea,  Ky.  to  S.  Car.  and  La. 


ill 


m  ii 


i  ii  I 


■;  I    i« 


1  m 


His 


Obdbr  156.— OYPERACK.E. 


170  C.  retrdrsa  Schw.  $  Spikes  about  3,  rarely  1,  often  with  a  few  perig.  at 
the  base;  9  spikes  4 — 6,  oblong,  cyl.,  appro.v.,  Uense-flowerefl,  with  long  ai:il 
leafy  bracts,  the  lowest  often  remote  and  long  pou. ;  perig.  ovate-intlated,  subglo- 
bous,  roatrate,  bifurcate,  nerved,  refltxed,  twice  longer  than  the  lane.  gl. ;  culm 
15 — 30',  scabrous  above,  large,  stiff,  and  leafy. — Bright  green.  In  clusters,  about 
pools  of  water,  common.  Tlio  lower  spikes  sometimes  have  1  or  2  smaller  spikes 
attaclred  to  them. 

171  C.  Schweinitzii  Dew.  i  Spikes  2,  rarely  1,  upper  long  and  slender,  lower 
with  a  few  perig.  at  the  base;  9  spikes  2—4,  oblong,  cyl,  subapprox.,  subrecurved, 
rather  close-flowered,  lowest  often  long-ped. ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  tapering  above, 
rostrate,  inflated,  nerved,  glabrous,  bifurcate,  long(T  than  the  suhulate,  svhsetaceiiui 
gl. ;  culm  6 — 12',  scabrous  above,  very  leafy. — Palo  yellowish-green.  Wet  sandy 
grounds,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  northward. 

172  C.  mir^ta  Dew.  i  Spikes  2  or  more,  long-cyl.,  near,  loose,  with  long, 
linear,  rough-awned  gls. ;  $  spikes  2,  long-ryl.,  stalked,  lax-flowered,  suberect, 
braoted,  yellowish,  staminate  at  apex ;  perig.  lunce-ovate,  slender,  long-conic,  ros- 
trate, scarcely  inflated,  scabrous,  oblique  at  the  long-cuspidate  beak,  diverging, 
long-pedicele'd,  eqiialing  or  longer  than  the  narrow,  rough-awned  gl.;  culm  2f, 
erect,  very  rough,  stiff,  shorter  than  the  stiff,  rough  edged  Ivs. ;  light-yellowisU 
green. — Greece,  N.  Y.  (Bradley).     (C.  aristuta,  Boott,  Ac,  but  very  different.) 

173  C.  longiroBtris  Torr.  (B.  t.  77.)  i,  Spikes  3,  short;  $  spikes  2—3.  cyl, 
quite  hose-flowered,  pendulous,  subiHstant,  with  filiform  ped.;  perig.  ovate,  globous, 
inflated,  glabrous,  long-rostrate,  hispid,  a  little  longer  than  the  lance  or  ovate,  cus- 
pidate gl. ;  St.  15 — 30',  rather  slender,  stiff,  leafy  below. — Bright  green.  On  light 
soil  of  hedges  in  N.  England  and  N.  York,  common. 

174  C.  V^seyi  Dew.  6  Spikes  2  to  4,  slender,  the  highest  long-cylindric.  the 
next  sl)orter;  ?  spikes  2,  often  3,  long-cyl.,  loose,  remote,  bracteate,  only  th* 
lowest  long-ped. ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  inflated,  long-terete-rostrate,  some  what  triq., 
serrate  on  the  bifurcate  beak,  glabrous,  veined,  much  longer  than  the  lance-oblong 
glume ;  culm  about  2f,  erect,  stiff,  shorter  than  the  rough  Ivs. ;  bright  green. — Wet 
places,  N.  Y.  to  IlL  (Vasey).     (C.  vesicaria  ji.  Boott.,  &c.) 

175  C.  lacustria  Willd.  ^  Spikes  3—4,  erect,  sessile ;  5  spikes  2 — 3,  erect, 
oblong,  cylindric,  short-pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  tapering  or  lanceolate, 
bifurcate,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  mucrouate  gl ;  culm  2 — ''.fj  scab- 
rous above,  erect  and  large,  with  long  and  large  leaves  and  bracts. — Light  green. 
Marshes.     Common.     (C.  riparia  Muhl.  nee  Gooden.) 

176  C.  riparia  Gooden.  i  Spike  3 — 5,  oblong,  thick,  erect,  sessile;  ?  spikes 
2 — 3,  erect,  oblong,  often  long-cylindric;  perig.  ovate-elliptic,  contracted  into  a 
short,  bifurcate  beak,  glabrous,  about  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  ovate,  mucro- 
nate,  or  oblong-lanc.  gl  ;  culm  2 — 3f,  scabrous  above,  leafy  belov/. — Bright  green. 
Mich.  (Coolcj')  and  w  tward.  Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its  broader, 
more  inflated  fruit,  ari  its  oblong-ovate,  mucronato  glume,  which  often  surpasses 
the  perig. 

177  C.  arist^ta  R.  Br.  (B.  t.  68.)  ?  Spikes  2—4,  cylindric,  distant,  close- 
flowered,  erect ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  nerved,  deeply  bifid,  very  glabrous,  long- 
rostrato,  longer  than  the  oblong,  awned,  greenish  glume ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  villous 
on  the  imder  side;  st.  a  foot  or  more  high. — Bright  green.  Watertown,  N.  Y., 
far  west  and  north.     Is  not  this  very  closely  related  to  No.  160  ? 

178  C.  utriculdta  Boott,  (t.  37.)  ^  Spikes  3  or  4,  slender,  cyl.,  long,  often 
bracteate ;  2  spikes  about  3,  long-cyl.,  large,  often  stam.  above,  subremote,  the 
lowest  tap'.ring  below,  loose  and  stalked,  with  bracts  surpassing  the  culm;  perig. 
oval-oblong,  diuwn  into  a  terete,  tapering,  bifurcate  beak,  smooth,  veined,  straw- 
colored,  larger  than  the  lanceolate,  purple,  rough-awned  glume;  culm  2  to  3f! 
shorter  than  the  broad,  stiff,  nodous,  netted,  glaucous  Ivs. — Abundant  in  marsliy 
places  wide  over  the  country.     (C.  ampullacea,  ft.  Carey.) 

/3.  SPARsiFi^RA.  Spikes  all  very  long  (4  to  6'),  slender,  the  5  spikes  very 
loose,  and  more  so  below,  the  lowest  long-pedunculate ;  perig.  smaller  and 
glume  longer. — Watertown,  N.  Y.  (Crawe). 

179  C.  ampullacea  Good.  S  Spikes  2  or 3,  cyl.,  erect;  $  spikes  2  or  8,  loner- 
cyl,  erect,  quite  dense,  short-ped.,  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate-globous,  a  little  inflated, 


T  »' 


Orukh  156.— CYl'KKACK/K. 


169 


uiverging,  veiued,  glabrous,  abruptly  contracted  to  a  small,  rouud,  bifurcate  beak, 
a litlU:  longer  than  tfie  kmcfulale  ylume;  culm  20  to  ao,  obtuse-angled,  with  long 
Ivs.  aud  bracts;  light  groeu. — Marshes  over  the  couutry,  not  abundant. 

180  C.  monile  Tuckra.  (B.  t.  71.)  $  Spikes  2  to  4,  loug-cyl.,  slender,  with 
long-lanceolate  gls. ;  $  spikes  2  or  1,  longcyl.,  short-ped.,  rather  loose,  tapering 
ht-low  sometimes  and  more  loose,  remote,  erect,  bracteate  ;  perig.  globous  or  ellip- 
8(«d,  inHated,  short- rostrate,  bidentatc,  yellowish,  many-veined,  more  than  twice 
longer  than  the  oblong-lanc.  gi. ;  culm  15  to  .30,  erect;  lv.s.  and  bracts  long,  bright 
green. — Marahea,  not  abundant,  N.  Eng.  to  0.  aud  westward. 

181  C.  Olneyi  Boott  (t.  40.)  i  Spikes  about  3,  cyl.,  slender,  near ;  $  spikes 
commonly  2,  cyl.,  thick,  dense,  yellowish,  approx.  more  or  less  ped.,  the  lowest 
tapering  below,  more  lax  at  the  base,  often  some  nodding  and  bractcd  ;  per''^  in- 
flated-ovoid, with  a  short,  cyl.,  scabrous,  bifurcate  beak,  diverging,  longer  t.'ari  M  o 
lane.  gi. ;  culm  15  to  22',  stout,  obtuse-angled,  rough  above,  shorter  than  the 
long,  stiff,  white-edged  Iva. — R.  I.  (Olney). 

182  C.  Ttiokennlkni  Boott  (t.  38).  $  Spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  lower  ones  sessile 
and  shore,  with  an  oblong,  acutish  glume;  $  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  cvl.,  thick  aud 
large,  scarcely  pedunculate,  subloose-flowered ;  perig.  much  inliatcd,  ovate,  large, 
conic,  costate,  bifurcate,  all  glabrous,  nerved,  twice  longer  than  the  ovuto-lanc. 
gl. ;  culm  about  2f^  erect,  scarcely  scabrous ;  bracts  and  Ivs.  long,  not  wide ;  light 
green. — Wet  places  in  meadows,  common,  and  has  been  ranked  under  C.  bul- 
lata.  Distinguislicd  from  No.  181,  by  the  short,  smooth  beak  of  its  membranous, 
pellucid  perig.  as  well  as  by  its  different  ?  spikes. 

183  C.  vesicAiia  L.  S  Spikes  about  3,  erect,  oblong;  ?  spikes  2 — 3,  cyl, 
erect,  dense-flowered,  alternate,  long-bracteato ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong-conic,  terete, 
inflated,  rostrate,  nerved,  diverging,  glabrous,  bicuspidate,  r.oarly  twice  longer 
than  the  oblong-lanc.  gl. ;  culm  about  2f,  shorter  tlian  the  ivs. — Bright  green. 
Marshes.     Not  common. 

184  C.  buU^ta  Rchk.  $  Spikes  3,  erect,  slender,  cyl,  with  oblong-lanceolate 
glumes ;  $  spikes  2 — 3,  rather  oblong,  cyl.,  nearly  erect ;  perig,  ovoid-globous,  in- 
flated, glabrous,  costate,  with  a  long,  scabrous  beak,  bifurcate,  longer  than  the 
lane,  gl ;  culm  20 — 30'  high,  ratlier  slender,  triquetrous,  scabrous  above,  leafy 
and  shorter  than  the  leaves. — Glabrous,  light  green.  In  wet  meadows.  Com- 
mon. This  is  C.  bullata  as  described  in  Sill.  Jour.,  Vol.  ix.  p.  71,  and  named  by 
Schk.  from  its  (ball-shaped)  globous  perigynium,  comporting  with  his  fig.  1G6. 
Carey  and  others  have  adopted  another  form  under  that  name,  which  hero  follows, 
named  from  the  inflation  of  the  fruit. 

L85  C.  physfema  Dew.  $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl,  slender,  contiguous,  the  lowest 
bracteate ;  $  spike  1,  rarely  2,  subrotund  or  obbng-cyl.,  thick,  dcnse-liowered,  re- 
mote, yellowish,  the  lowest  ped.,  at  length  nodding,  with  a  bract  leaty  and  surpass- 
ing the  culm ;  perig.  turgid-ovate,  with  a  long,  cyl,  scabrous  beak,  divaricate,  in- 
flated, glabrous,  broader  and  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  acute,  winte-edged  gl.  ; 
culm  12  to  24',  slender,  firm,  shorter  than  the  narrow,  tlat,  firm,  light  green  Ivs. 
— N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  in  humid  meadows.     (C.  bullata  Boott,  t.  39,  nee  Schk.)  ^    , 

186  C.  oligosp^rma  Michx.  $  Spikes  several,  sometimes  one,  erect,  slender, 
long-cyl,  with  sn  oblong,  obtusish  gl. ;  $  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  globular,  sessile, 
distant;  perig.  few,  ovate,  inflated,  acute,  nerved,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the 
orifice,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-lane.  gl. ;  culm  1 — 2f,  scabrous 
above,  leafy  below  ;  Ivs.  involute  and  rush-like,  light  green. — Marshes  and  lake 
boMers,  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Ga. 

49 


^?'i. 


Mi  y 


ipl  111 

1 1 


I 


770 


OuuHU  156.— GUAMINE^. 


iff' 

i 


If 

I  III 


Order  CLVI.     GRAMINE^.     Grasses. 

Herbs,  rarely  woody  or  arborescent,  with  (mostly)  hollow,  jointed  culms;  with 
teaves  alternate,  distychous,  on  tubular  sheaths  split  down  to  the  nodes,  and  a  ligula 
(stipules)  of  membranous  texture  where  the  leaf  joins  the  sheath.  Flowers  in  little 
■pikelets  of  1  or  several,  with  glumes  distychousiy  arranged,  and  collected  into 
spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Glumes,  the  lower  pair  of  scales  in  the  spikelet,  alter- 
Bate.  enclosing  the  fls.  Paks  (pala-)  tlio  outer  pair  of  scales  of  each  particular  flower, 
unequal.  Scales  (periantii)  usually  2  or  3,  minute,  hypogynous,  distinct  or  united. 
Stainens  1 — 6,  commonly  3,  anthers  versatile,  of  2  distinct  cells.  Ovary  simpio 
witii  1  ascending  ovule,  2  styles  and  2  feathery  stigmaa.  Fruit  a  caryopsis.  Em- 
bryo lateral,  at  the  base  of  the  farinaceous  albumen. 

Genera  300,  species  about  3800,  iiniversally  diffused  throughout  the  world,  havine  no  other 
limits  tiiaii  tliose  that  bound  vegetution  in  general.  But  the  spucics  and  their  characters  are 
widely  ditt'erent  in  different  climes.  In  temperate  zones  the  grasses  clothe  a  large  portion  of 
the  earth's  surface  with  a  compact,  soft,  green,  carpet-like  turf;  but  in  tropical  regions  this 
beautiful  grassy  turf  disappears  and  the  grasses  become  larger,  more  isolated  like  other  plants, 
fewer  in  the  number  of  individuals,  with  broader  leaves  and  more  showy  Howers. 

Properties. — This  family  doubtless  contributes  more  to  the  .sustenance  of  man  and  beast  than 
all  others  cOHibined.  Its  sweet  and  nutritious  properties  reside  both  in  the  farinaceous  iilbuuien 
;'  the  seed  and  in  the  herbage.  No  poisonous  or  even  suspicious  herb  is  found  among  them, 
with  the  single  exception  of  Lolium  temulentum.  The  poisonous  and  medicinal  Ergot  or  Spurred 
Rye  is  only  a  parasitic  fungus,  and  tlierefore  forms  no  exception  to  this  remark.  The  sterns  of 
inanv  grasses  contain  sugar,  as  the  Mauie  and  Sugar  Cane.  Bilex  is  also  a  frequent  ingredient. 
To  this  Order  belong  the  common  grain*.  Maize,  Wheat,  Rye,  Rice,  Barley,  Oats,  etc.  The  most 
important  of  the  cultivated  grasses  are  Phleum  or  Timothy  grass,  several  kinds  of  Poa,  Agrostin, 
Alo])ecurus,  Festuca,  Aira,  Pauicam,  Cinna,  Brizo,  etai 


FIG.  T21.  Agrostis  alba ;  a  1 -flowered  spikelet;  a,  the  two  glumes.  2.  A  flower,  with  th« 
two  paleie,  three  stamens  and  two  plumons  stigmaa.  8.  Leernia  oryzoides ;  a  flower  removed 
from  its  glume8,  showing  Its  2  hypogynous  scales,  three  stamens  and  ovary  with  the  two  algma.*. 
4  Phleum  praCense ;  a  1-flowerea  spikelet;  «, glumes;  6, truncate  palew;  etc.  6.  Polypogon  : 
a  1-flowered  spikelet;  glumes  and  lower  paIeK  awned.  6.  Holcus  lanatus ;  a  two-flowered 
8i)ikelet ;  a,  glumes  ;  ft,  the  two  flowers  (upper  staminate).  7.  Poa  nratensls ;  a  4-flowered  spike- 
let •  (I  the  two  glumes ;  b,  a  single  flower,  with  two  paleo;,  etc.  S.  Festuca  duriuscula ;  a  S-flow- 
•reil  spikelet;  o,  two  glumes;  6,  a  single  flower.  9.  The  caryopsli  af  Jlordeum,  ahowing  thf 
eiubryo  at  the  bue  of  the  eopiousalbuinea. 


55?! 


Orukr  15G.— GRAMINEJB. 


711 


M' 


.Tribe  10 


TRIBES   AND   GENEBA. 

I  ^pikelet  1 -flowered  with  no  apparent  rudiment  of  a  second  9.  (2) 
I  ^pikeli-t  2-flowered,  ono  of  the  tls.  sterile  or  rudimentary.  (7) 

S  Spikelt't  3-flowered,  the  2  iower  (lutt-rul)  fls.  sterile  or  rudimentary,  (i) Tribfl  I 

S  Spilielet  2 —  00 -flowered,  2  or  more  of  the  fls.  perfect.  (9) 
2  Inflort'scence  paniculate.  (3) 

2  Inflorescence  strictly  spicatu,  spikes  equilateral.  (5) 
2  Inflorescence  strictly  spicute,  spikes  unilateral.  (6) 

3  Glumes  none  (or  minute  and  the  stamens  C).  (a) Tribe  I 

3  Glumes  present,  at  leust  1  conspicuous.  (4) 

4  Pules  of  the  flower  thin  and  soft,  often  awned.  (b) Tribe  3 

4  Pales  of  the  flower  corioceous, — tipped  with  awns,  (f ) Tribe  4 

— awnless.  (g) Tribe  5 

5  Spikes  cylindric,  the  spikelots  condensed  all  around,  (e) Tribe  A 

6  Spikes  prismatic,  spikelets  sessile  in  rows,  (v) Tribe  9 

6  Spikelets  rounded  on  the  buck,  appressed  to  thi.  rachts.  (g) Tribe  0 

6  Spikelets  acutely  keeled  on  the  back,  imbricated  on  ui>ch  other,  (z)  \ 

7  Upper  fls.  of  the  spikelet  abortive. — Fls.  in  unilateral  spikes,  (x) )  "" 

—Fls.  paniculate,  (k) Tribe  7 

7  Lower  flower  of  the  spikelet  abortive.  (8) 

8  Pales  coriaceous,  firmer  in  texure  than  the  gis.    Paniculate,  (g) Tribe  5 

8  Pales  membranous,  thinner  than  the  glumes.     Spicate.  (bb) Tribe  11 

9  Flowers  in  2  or  4-rowed, — equilateral  spikes,  (v) Tribe!) 

— unilateral  spikes,  (x) Tribe  10 

9  Fls.  in  panicles  more  or  less  ditfuse.  (10) 

10  Pule  awned  at  the  tip  or  awnless.  (n) Tribe  8 

10  Pale  awned  on  the  back  or  I   low  the  tip.  (k) Tribe  T 

Tk.  1.    ORYZE^E.     (Spikelets  1-flowered,  panics  '      Gls  obsolete.    Stam.  1— «.) 

a  Flowers  ]ierfect,  flattened  laterally,  awnless. — Gl.  0.    Stam.  2  or  3  Lrrrsia.  1 

— Gl.  minute.    Stam.  6 Orvza.  2 

a  Flowers  monoecious,  convex  on  the  back,  awned.    Stamens  6 Zizamia.  8 

Tr.  2.     AGltOSTIDE^^.     (Spikelets  i-flrd.,  panicled.     Gl.  ai.d  pales  thin.    Groin  free.) 

b  Fls.  surrounded  at  buse  with  a  tuft  of  long,  silky  hairs Calauaorostis.  9 

b  Fls.  naked  or  thinly  bearded  at  base,  (o) 

C  Glumes  both  lon^-awned  an  i  longer  than  the  awned  pales Polvpooon.  8 

O  Glumes  both  awn-pointed  (or  ndnute  and  the  pale  awned) Muhlknuekuia.  7 

O  Glumes  awnless,  conspicuous,  (d) 

d  Pale  stalked  in  the  glumes,  awnca  on  the  back,  monandrous Cinna.  6 

d  Pule  sess.  in  the  gls.  d-androus, — acute,  awnless.    Gls.  shorter Sporobolus.  5 

— obtuse,  often  awned  on  the  back. . . .  Aorostis.  4 

Tr.  8.     PIILEOIDE.J!. — e  Gls.  nnited  at  base,  awnless.    Pale  1,  awned Alopecurus.  10 

— e  Gls.  distinct,  mucrcnate.     Pales  2,  awnless Piileum.  11 

Tr.  4.    STIPACEiE. — f  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  straight,  deciduous Oryzopsis.  14 

— f  Awn  of  the  flower  8iini)le,  twisted,  very  long Stipa.  13 

— f  Awn  of  the  flower  triple  or  3-parted Aribtida.  12 

Tr.  fi.     PANICIEiE.    (Spkl.  2-fl.,  lower  fl.  abortive.     Gls.  very  unequal,     e  Pale  coriaceous.) 
g  Sitkl.  apparently  1-flowored,  the  lower  glume  wanting  and  the  single  abortive  pale 

supplying  its  place. — Fls.  spicate,  unilateral Paspautm.  V5 

—Fls.  diffusely  panicled,  all  alike Millium.  16 

—Fls,  paniculate,  2  sorts,  one  under  ground Aupiiigaiipi/m.  17 

g  Ppkl.  evidently  2-f.owered,  both  gl  present,  abort,  fl.  neutral  or  i .  (h) 

h  lis.  paniculate,— without  awns  or  spines.     Gl.  very  unequal Panicpm.  18 

— with  the  glumes  and  pale  coarsely  awned OptisMENua.  10 

h  Fls.  sp.kc-panlcled, — each  with  an  in  vol.  of  awned  pedicels Srtaria.  20 

— each  with  a  hardened,  bnrr-llko  Invol CRNCiiRirs.  21 

Te.  6.    PHALARIDEJE.— i  Sterile  fls.  2  minute  rudiments.     Panicle  spicate Phalauis.  22 

— i  Sterile  fls.  2  iwned  pales.     Panicle  spicate. ...Antiioxantiicm.  28 

— i  Sterile  fls.  both  2-valved,  i.    Panicle  open Hierooiiloa.  24 

Tr.  T.     AVENEif:.    (Spkl.  2— 00 -flrd.,  panicled.    Gls.  large.     Pale  awned  below  the  tip.) 

k  Spikelet  with  1  perf.  flower  and  1  awned  stam.  flower— above IIoLcns.  85 

—below §  Abkiienathrritm.  28 

k  Spikelet  with  definitely  2  perfect  fls.     Palo  subentlre  awn  dorsal Aira.  24 

k  Spikelet  with  2  c:  more  perfect  fls.    Pale  2-to«thed  »t  apex,  (m) 


m 


11 


7V2 


Order  156.— GRaMINE^. 


m  Awn  between  the  2  teeth,  twisted ;  gluincs  very  largo Da!*tho!«ia.  27 

m  Awn  dorsal  below  the  iniildle  (except  in  the  ciiltivatod  Oiit) Avkna.  28 

m  Awn  dwrsal  above  the  middle. — FIs.  2—6.    Teeth  cuspidate Trisetcm.  29 

— Fls.  8— 00.    Teeth  acutish Bromcs.  80 

T&  8.    FESTUCACE.^.    (Spkl.  2—  00-flrd.  panicled,  awnless,  or  the  lower  pale  tipped  with 
a  straight  bristle  or  awn.    Glumes  2.) 
n  Glumes  definitely  2,  all  the  lower  fls.  of  the  spkl.  perfect,  (o) 
n  Glumes  .several,  indefinite,  the  lower  fls.  abort  and  glume-like,  (p) 
O  Lower  pale  8-cuspidato  at  aiiex,  fringe-bearded  below,  (q) 
O  Lower  pale  mueronato  or  awn-pointed  (except  in  1  Festuca).   (r) 
O  Lower  pule  obtuse  or  acute,  not  at  all  awned.  (s) 

q  Upper  pale  naked,  lower  with  3  cusps  and  2  teeth Tbiccspis.  31 

q  Both  pales  fringed,  lower  with  1  awn  and  2  cuspidate  teeth Uralepis.  82 

r  Glumes  and  pales  keeled, — herbaceous,  5-velned.    Fls.  glomerate Dacttlis.  38 

— iiiembranou*,  3-veined.     Pan.  spicate Kceleria.  34 

r  Gls.  and  pales  rounded  on  the  back, — both  coriaceous.    Grain  free Diarriirna.  85 

— pale  papery,  gr.  adherent Festuca.  36 

B  Spkl.  2 — l-flrd.  with  some  abortive  terminal  fls.    Pale  papery,  not  keeled,  (t) 

t  Ujtper  glume  broad-obovate,  shorter  than  the  flower Eatonia.  3T 

t  Ui»per  glume  oblong,  7 — 9-veined,  longer  than  the  fls I  r  ..ioa.  38 

B  Spikelets  2 — 5(»-flowercd,  all  perfect.     Pales  usually  thin,  (u) 

U  Lower  pale  keeled,  3-veined,  membranous  like  the  glumes Eragrostis.  39 

u  Lower  pale  keeled,  5-veincd,  usually  cobwebbed  at  base Poa.  40 

u  Lower  pale  convex-keeled,  obscurely  9-veincd.    Pan.  spiked Brizoptrum.  41 

u  Low«r  i)alo  convex,  7  (— 6)-vcined,  never  webbed  at  base Glvcekia.  43 

U  Lower  palo  convex-ventricous,  cordate,  obscurely  veined Briza.  48 

p  llerb.iceous. — Fls.  glabrous,  awnless,  falcate-pointed Uniola.  44 

— Fls.  silky-villous  at  base.    Tall,  stout Piikaomitrs.  45 

p  Woody,  tall  (the  flowering  branches  low).    Fls.  short-awned.  ..Arundinaria.  44 
Tii.  9.  IIORDEACEyE.    (Spkl.  1—lO-fld.,  sessile,  alternate  in  a  spike.    Rachis  jointed.) 

V  8i)ikes  several.    Spikl.  solitary  at  each  joint,  1-flowered Lepturcs.  47 

V  Spike  single.— Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint IIordeum.  48 

— Spikelets  2 —  00 -flowered, — several  at  each  joint Elymub.  49 

— 1  at  each  joint,  (w) 

w  Glume  1,  in  front  of  the  splkelet  which  is  edgewise  to  rachis Lolicm.  60 

yr  Glumes  2,  opposite. — Spikelet  3 —  00 -flowered Triticum.  61 

— Splkelet  2-flowered Secalb.  63 

Tr.  10.  CHLORIDES.    (Spkl.  in  1-sided  jointless  spikes,  1—  OO-flrd.    Up.  fl.  abortive.) 
X  Spikes  very  slender,  many,  in  an  equilateral  raceme,  (y) 

y  Spikes  raceme-like.     Spkl.  with  several  perfect  fls. Leptochloa.  53 

y  Spikes  with  sessile,  2-fl<)wered  spkl.,  1  fl.  a  rudiment Gymnopooo.x.  54 

X  Spikes  slender,  several,  digltately  arranged  above,  or,  in  No.  55,  axillary,  (z) 

8  Spikelets  with  1  perfect  flower, — awnless,  globular,  no  rudiment M.>  '-i  -aRCS   55 

— awnless,  oblong,  with  a  rudiment '  ^ ;.  ..os.  ud 

— awned,  glume  8-lobed Ef^i  \.'    s-s.  67 

R  Spikel-^ts  with  several  perfect  flowers. — Fls.  awnless Klkcktn     58 

—Fls.  awned Dactvloctemu^.  59 

X  Spikes  thick  and  dense,  1—  00.    Spikl.  with  1  perfect  flower,  (aa) 

aa  Spikes  several  or  many. — Flowor  with  no  rudiment Spartina.  6t 

aa  Spikes  1,  few,  or  many.     Flower  with  a  terminal  rudiment Bouteloua.  61 

aa  Spike  solitary,  recurved.    Awns  terminal  and  dorsal Ctenium.  63 

Tb.  11.    SACCIIARIE.^.    (Spkl.  in  pairs  or  3»,  2-rtowercd,  the  lower  flower  abortive. 
Fertile  pales  thinner  than  the  glumes,  except  in  No.  66.) 
bb  Fls.  (the  fertile)  imbedded  In  the  cavities  of  glabrous,  jointed  spikes,  (co) 

00  Spikes  monoecious,  i  abortive,  9  below,  both  naked Tripsacum.  68 

00  Spikes  mono3ciou8  $  above  panicled,  9  below  envelopwl  in  huskn Zea.  64 

00  Spikes  uniform,— terete.    The  pedunculate  spkl.  abortive Kottikkllia.  65 

—compressed.    Both  spikelets  fertile Sten  jtapiibum.  66 

bb  Fls.  not  imbedded,  spicate  or  panicled,  mostly  long-bearded,  (dd) 

dd  Both  spikelets  of  each  pair  fertile.— Lower  fl.  awned Erianthcs.  67 

—Flowers  awnless Saccharum.  68 

dd  Only  one  spikl.  of  each  pair  fertile.— Fls.  and  rachis  hairy Andropooon.  69 

— Fls.  and  rachis  smoothish Soboiium.  70 

dd  The  lowAr  splkelet  on  each  spike  fertile,  iu  a  bony  eheil  Coix.  71 


OnDER  156.— GRAMINE^. 


r73 


i.  LEER'SIA,  Soland.  Cur  Grass.  False  Rice,  (In  honor  of 
John  Daniel  Leers,  a  German  botanist.) — Spikelets  1-tloweicd,  ^  ,  flat; 
glumes  none  ;  palesjo  boat-sliaped,  compressed,  awnless,  bristly-ciliate  on 
the  keel,  nearly  equal  in  length  bat  the  lower  much  broader,  enclosing 
the  free,  flat  grain  (caryopsis). —  2f  Swamp  grasses,  with  flat,  rctrorsely 
rough-edged  leaves,  and  the  fls.  racemous-paniculate,  somewhat  secund, 
jointed  to  the  pedicels. 

1  D.  oryzoides  Swartz  Cut  Grass.  Culm  retroraely  scabrous,  3 — 5f  high ;  Ivs. 
liuicoolate,  carinate,  the  margin  very  rough  backvjards;  sheaths  also  very  rough  with 
retrorse  prickles;  panicle  much  branclied,  diCfuse,  sheathed  at  the  base;  spikelets 
spreading;  palece  full  2'  long,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  white,  compressed  and  closed ;  sta. 
3. — 11  A  very  rough  grass,  common  iu  swamps,  by  streams,  etc.,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Aug. 

2  L.  Virginica  Willd.  White  Grass.  Culm  slender,  branched,  geniculate  or 
decumbent  at  base,  2 — 3f  long,  nodes  retrorsoly  hairy ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  roughish ; 
sheaths  rougbish  backwards,  striate ;  panicle  simple,  at  length  much  e.xserted,  the 
lower  branches  diffuse;  fls.  pedicellate,  in  short,  appressed,  flexuous  racemes; 
lower  palea  scarcely  more  than  1"  long,,  green-veined,  mucronate;  sta.  1 — 2.-..^ if 
Damp  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     .^.ug. 

3  L.  lenticulSris  Michx.  Catcii-flt  Grass.  Plant  smoothish;  culm  erect, 
2^-4f  high ;  panicle  erect;  ^.  large,  roundish-oval,  near  'i"  diam.,  imbricated; 
sta.  2 ;  pales  with  the  keel  and  veins  ciliate. — 1(.  Wet  places,  Ct.  (Eaton)  to  111. 
and  S.  States.  Not  common.  Said  to  catch  flies  by  the  sudden  closing  of  its 
pales. 

2.  ORY^ZA,  L.  Rice.  (Gr.  6pv^a,  from  the  Arabic,  Ernz.) — Spike- 
lets 1- flowered,  ^]  glumes  2,  very  small,  cuspidate;  pales  2,  boat- 
shaped,  flattened,  the  lower  one  broader  and  mostly  tipped  with  a 
straight  awn  ;  stam.  6  ;  stigmas  with  branching  hairs;  grain  oblong, 
free,  smooth,  enveloped  in  the  pales. — Mostly  ®.  Fls.  in  a  branching 
panicle  of  racemes.     Spikes  hispid,  jointed  to  the  pedicel. 

O.  sativa  L.  Culm  2— 4f  high,  striate ;  Ivs.  long,  rough,  lance-linear ;  ligul* 
long  (near  1),  erect,  pointed;  panicle  with  erect  branches,  6 — 9' in  length  ;  outer 
pale  strongly  6-veined  or  keeled,  hispid-ciliate  and  commonly  tipped  with  a  short 
awn. — Extensively  cultivated  in  the  S.  States,  both  in  upland  rneadov/s  and  in 
low  inimdated  grounds.  The  former  variety — the  upland  rice,  is  usually  awnless, 
the  latter  is  awned.     A  most  important  Cereal,     f  Asia. 

3.  ZIZA^NIA,  Gron.  Indian  Rice.  (Z^sav^ov,  the  Greek  name  of 
some  similar  plant.) — 8  Glumes  0;  spikelets  1 -flowered  ;  paleaa  2, 
lierbaceous.  $,  Paleae  subequal,  awnless ;  stamens  6.  $  Spikelets 
subulate ;  paleae  unequal,  linear,  lower  one  with  a  straight  awn  ;  styles 
2 ;  caryopsis  enveloped  in  the  plicate  paleaj. — Stout,  aqua+ic  grasses, 
with  a  large  panicle  of  both  kinds  of  flowers. 

1  Z.  aquitica  L.  Culm  \'  in  diameter,  fistular,  smooth,  6f  high ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  2 — 3f  long,  an  inch  wide,  smooth,  serrulate  ;  panicle  a  foot  or  more  long, 
pyramidal,  the  lower  branches  divaricate  and  sterile,  the  upper  spicate  and  fertile^ 
spikelets  on  clavate  pedicels;  awns  long  (18'),  hispid  ;  fr.  slender,  |'  long,  black- 
ish, very  caducous,  farinaceous. — %  Inundated  shores  of  ponds  and  rivers,  U.  S, 
and  Can.  The  iVuit,  which  is  very  abundant,  affords  sustenance  to  wild  geese, 
ducks,  and  other  water  fowls.     Aug. 

2  Z.  mili^oea  Michx.  Culm  erect,  6 — 1  Of  high  ;  Ivs.  very  long,  narrow,  glau- 
cous; panicle  large,  diffuse,  pyramidal;  glumes  with  slwrt  (I — 3')  awns;  >  and 
?  fls.  intermixed;  sty.  1;  fr.  ovate,  glabrous. —  if  Growing  in  water,  Ohio  to 
Fla.  and  La.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  2 — 3f  long,  6 — 12'  wide.     Apr. — Aug. 

8  Z.  ?  flMtans  Hichx.     Culm  long,   Blender,  branching,  floating  in  the  water : 


y 


.^       r 


h '  i 


in 


11-     'li  ?  ■■■ 


Ill 


774 


O&DB*  156.— GRAMINE^. 


Iva  lance-linear,  flat,  clustered,  1 — 2'  long,  2 — 3"  wide;  "spike  solitary,  axil- 
lary, setaceous,  about  4-Howered ;  palet  awnleas ;  stig.  2,  very  long ;  fr.  reni- 
funii," — U  Water,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  I  \  (Hale,  whose  specimens  are  witiiout 
lis.  or  fruit.)    (Hydrochloa,     Palis.     Hy  "•''pyrum,  Kunth.) 

4.  AGROS'TIS,  L.  Bent  Grass.  (Gr.  dypog,  a  field ;  growing  in 
fields  and  pastures.) — Spikes,  1-liowered  ;  glumes  2,  siibequal,  awnless, 
usually  longer  than  the  flower  ;  pales  2,  thin,  pointless,  naked,  the  lower 
3 — 5-vciued,  sometimes  awned  on  the  back,  the  upper  often  minute  or 
wanting;  grain  free. —  It  mostly,  and  caespitous,  with  slender  culms 
and  an  open  panicle. 

S  Agrostis  proper.     Upper  palea  i  to  f  as  long  as  the  lower.    Fls.  rather  dense Nos.  1,  2 

$  Tkicuouium.    Upper  palea  minute  or  wanting.     Panicle  thin.  (*) 

♦  Lowi-r  )iaU'a  with  a  long  exserted  awn  on  the  hack.  .Nos.  3. 4 

*  Luwur  jmleui  awnlesi>,  ur  bearing;  a  very  short  awn..Nus.  5,  ti 

1  A.  vulgaris  "With.  Red  Top.  Dew  Grass.  Herd's  Grass  of  the  S.  State?. 
Cidm  erect,  1 — 2f  high ;  panicle  purple,  oblong,  with  short,  spreading  or  divari- 
cate, rougliish  branches ;  Iva.  linear,  with  very  short  ligules  (sometimes  the  upper 
one  elongated) ;  lower  pale  twice  as  large  as  the  upper,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate,  acute  glumes,  mostly  awnless. — U.  S.  and  Can.  A  very  valuable 
grass  spread  over  hills,  vales  and  meadows,  forming  a  soft,  dense  turf.  Variable. 
(A.  polymorpha  Huds.     A.  pumila  L.    A.  hispida  Willd.) 

2  A.  dlba  L.  "White  Bent.  English  Bent.  Bonnet  Grass.  Florin  GRAsa 
Culm  decumbent,  geniculate,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints  and  sending  out  stolons ; 
IvB.  linear,  smooth,  those  of  the  stolons  erect  and  somewhat  subulate ;  ligules  long, 
memWanouf ;  panicle  dense,  narrow  and  contracted  after  flowering,  greenish  white 
or  slightly  purplish ;  lower ,pale  6-veined,  rarely  awned. — A  common  and  valuable 
grass  in  old  fields  and  drained  swamps.  It  is  quite  variable  in  aspect.  §  Eur. 
(A.  stolonifera  L.     A  decumbens  Muhl.) 

^.  STRiCTA.    Lower  pale  with  an  awn  from  its  base  twice  longer  than  itself. 

(A.  stricta  "Willd.) 
y.  DISPAR.    Southern  Bent.    Larger  (2 — 3f  high)  in  all  its  parts ;  outer  pale 

obtusely  3-toothed.     Much  valued  in  some  parts  of  the  S.  States.     (A.  dia- 

par  Mx.?  Kunth.) 

3  A.  canina  L.  Brown  Bent.  Dog's  Bent.  Culm  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes, 
slender,  somewhat  branched,  about  2f  high ;  Ivs.  setaceous  involute,  the  upper 
linear ;  panicle  diffuse,  ovoid,  at  length  brownish,  branches  rough,  diverging,  dividing 
beyond  their  middle ;  glumes  subequal,  shorter  than  the  lower  pale  which  bears 
a  long  awn  a  little  below  the  middle  of  the  back ;  upper  pale  minute. — "Wet  mead- 
ows, E.  States,  rare.     §  Eur. 

/3.  alpIna.  Culms  low,  in  small  tufts,  with  contracted  panicles,  nearly  smooth, 
purplish ;  awn  twisted. — Mta.,  N.  States.     (A.  Pickermgii  Tuckni.) 

4  A.  arachnoides  Ell.  Culm  erect,  slender,  5 — 8'  high ;  paniculate  more  than 
balf  its  length ;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  1 — 3'  long ;  panicle  narrow,  branches  capil- 
lary, floriferous  half  their  length;  glumes  green,  ovate,  acute,  i''  long,  equal; 
pale  a  little  shorter,  bearing  on  its  back  above  tfie  middle  a  contorted  awn  5  or  6 
times  longer  than  itself,  and  as  fine  as  a  gossamer. — Car.  to  Ga.  (Feay).  The  awns, 
from  their  fineness,  can  hardly  be  seen  without  a  lens.     Apr. 

5  A.  BC^bra  Willd.  Rough  Hair  Grass.  Thin  Grass.  Culms  tufted,  erect 
from  a  decumbent  vase,  very  slender,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  3 — 6'  long,  rough, 
tlie  radical  involute-setaceotis ;  ligule  oblong,  obtuse ;  panicle  large,  with  long, 
capillary,  erect,  or  divergent,  scabrous-hispid  whorled  branches,  trichotomously 
divided  near  the  end;  spikelets  in  terminal  dusters,  at  length  purplish;  glumes 
iance-liuear,  acuminate,  scabroiis-hispid  on  the  keel. — Fields  and  pastures,  U.  S. 
and  Brit.  Am.  Remarkable  for  its  thin  and  airy  panicles  which  are  at  length 
driven  before  the  wind.    Jn.,  JI.     (T.  laxiflorum  Mx.    T.  montanum  Torr.) 

/3.  OREoPHiLA.  Culm  6 — 12'  high,  simple,  panicle  less  diffuse;  pale  with  a 
sliort,  twisted  awn  at  Us  back. — Mts.  and  rocky  woods.     (A.  montana  Turkm.) 

y.  PER^NNANS.  Panicle  pale  green,  branches  shorter,  floriferous  more  than 
half  their  length. — la  damp  sliades.    (T.  scabrum  Muhl.    A.  scabra,  ed.  2d.) 


ORDKR  156 GRAMINE^. 


m 


6.  A.  elkta.  Trin.  Tallkh  Thin  Grass.  Cidm  erect,  rigid,  thin,  simple,  rather 
stout,  2 — 3/high,  leafy;  Ivs.  broadly  (1 — 2")  l^'^^ar,  scabrous,  flat,  6 — 8'  loug,  the 
sheatha  scarcely  smooth;  panicle  purple,  contracted,  with  long,  whorled,  ereet- 
spreadiug  branches  detise-Jiowered  half  their  length;  glumes  lanceolate,  \i",  the 
the  upper  a  little  longer  than  the  5-veined  pale. — Swamps,  N.  Jer.  to  Ga.,  Ala.  and 
Ky.  (Jackson). — JL,  Aug.     (T.  datum  Ph.   A.  altissimum  Tuckui.) 

5.  SPOROB'OLUS  Brown.  Drop-seed  Grass.  (Gr.  OTTopd,  seed, 
OaAAw,  to  cast.) — Spikelets  1-flowered;  glumes  2,  unequal,  the  lower 
smaller ;  fl.  sessile  ;  palere  2,  beardless,  awnless,  usually  e.xceeding  the 
glumes,  the  upper  2-keeled ;  stain.  2  or  3  ;  stig.  pluinous  with  simple 
hairs ;  caryopsis  free,  often  with  a  loose  pericarp,  deciduous. — Tough, 
wiry  grasses  with  mostly  rolled  and  rigid  leaves  and  the  i>anicles  more 
Oi'  less  contracted. 

I  ViLFA.    Grnin  (caryopsis)  linear-cylindric.    Glumes  Bubeqiml Nos.  1,  S 

I  Spokoholub.    Griiin  ovul  or  globous,  some  loose  in  tho  pericarp.    (*) 

♦  Glumes  very  un«qiial,  one  of  them  as  long  a.s  the  palee.    (a) 

a  Panicle  open  and  stalked,  pyramidal Nos.  8,  4 

a  Panicle  sheathed  at  the  base  more  or  less Nos.  5,  6 

*  Glumes  somewhat  equal,  both  shorter  than  the  palesB.    (b) 

b  Panicle  contracted  and  spike-like,  sheathed  or  not Nos.  7,  S 

b  Panicle  open  and  stalked,  long  and  raceme-like Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  Virgfnicus  Beauv.  Culms  numerous,  assurgent,  procumbent  and  hairy  at 
base,  branched,  about  a  foot  long;  Ivs.  somewhat  2-rowed,  involute,  rigid,  erect, 
2 — 3'  long,  with  smooth  sheaths  which  are  hairy  at  tho  throat  and  swollen  with 
the  enclosed  panicles;  panicles  spike-form,  terminal  and  lateral,  the  lateral  Oi.os 
concealed;  glumes  nearly  equal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  subequal  palece. —  U  Sandy 
soils.  Middle  and  S.  States. — Sept.,  Oct.     (Agrost.  L.) 

2  S.  vaginaefldrus  Torr.  Culms  simple,  ascending,  slender,  forming  tufts  6 — 12' 
high ;  Ivs.  involute-subulate,  rather  rigid,  short  (2 — 4 ) ;  panicles  contracted,  spike 
form,  lateral  and  terminal,  mostly  concealed  in  tho  sheaths ;  glumes  about  equal, 
and  equaling  the  svhequaJ,  pales;  caryopsis  linear,  a  third  shorter  than  the  pales. — • 
(X)  Dry,  gravelly  fields,  U.  S.  more  common  "W.  and  S.     (Agr.  Mukl.  (Jrypsis,  Nutt.) 

3  S.  heterdlepis.  Culm  1 — 2f  high,  smooth ;  Ivs.  eetaceous,  somewhat  convo- 
lute, scabrous  on  the  margins ;  lower  sheaths  pubescent,  upper  ones  smooth ;  panicio 
spreading,  pyramidal,  few-flowered  ;  glumes  purplish,  very  unlike,  outer  one  siiimli' 
form,  inner  one  ovate,  cuspidate,  membranaceous  in  texture,  1-veined;  pales  ob- 
long, obtuse,  thin,  a  little  shorter  than  tho  superior  glume,  tho  lower  1-veined,  api- 
culate,  the  upper  2- veined,  shorter;  sta.  3;  anth.  linear,  reddish;  fr.  roundish, 
smooth. — Conn,  to  Wise,  not  rare.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Vilfa,  Gray.) 

4  S.  jlinceus  Mich.  Glaucous;  culm  erect,  1 — 2fhigh,  terete,  slender;  Ivs.  erect, 
2 — 6"  by  1",  concave,  convolute  when  dry,  margin  scabrous;  sheaths  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  stip,  short;  pan,  oblong-pyramidal,  branches  vertl- 
cillate,  about  in  6s ;  glumes  purple,  similar,  lanceolate,  acute,  upper  as  long  as  the 
palcfe,  the  lower  twice  shorter ;  palea  subequal;  anth.  and  sty.  whitish. — U  Penn. 
to  Flor.  and  La.,  in  barrens.     Aug. — Oct. 

5  S.  crypt Andnis  Gray.  Culm 2 — Sfhigh;  Ivs.hroadly (2") linear,  flat;  sheaths 
bearded  at  tho  throat;  panicle  pyramidal,  its  base  enclosed  by  the  terminal  sheath, 
branches  spreading,  hairy  in  the  axils ;  fls.  bluish ;  pales  subequal,  as  long  as  tha 
upper  glume,  twic»  longer  than  the  lower. — Dry,  sandy  soils,  W.  and  S.  States, 
rare  northward.     Aug.    (Agr.  &  Vilfa  crypt,mdra  Torr.) 

6  S.  asper  Kunth.  Rt.  white,  fibrous ;  culm  stout,  glabrous,  geniculate  at  baa«, 
2f  high;  Ivs.  rigid,  involute,  rough-edged,  2 — 8'  by  1 — 3",  tapering  to  a  pungent 
point ;  branches  with  sliort  leaves,  barren,  also  ending  in  a  long,  pungent  point ; 
sheaths  ciliate  at  edge  and  bearing  dense  tufts  of  long,  white  hairs  at  top;  panicles 
terminal  and  lateral,  nearly  enclosed  in  the  long  sheatlis ;  spikelets  blackish-green ; 
lower  glume  very  short,  upper  a  little  longer  than  the  pales ;  fr.  compressed,  obo- 
vate  i"  in  length.— y  Ohio,  (SuUivant)  to  111.     (Agrost.  Mx.  Vilfa,  Beauv.) 

7  S.  longifdliua.  Culms  slender,  tufted,  2 — 3f  high,  from  long  fibrous  root." ; 
Iva.  all  involute,  very  long  (1— 3f),  tapering  to  a  lonjf  thread-like  point;  panick 


i 


776 


Order  156.— GRAMINEJi. 


slender,  3  —  6'  long,  wholly  iyiclosed  in  the  terminal  swelling  Mieath;  glumes  uno- 
qual,  very  wliite,  much  sliorter  than  the  while,  subequal,  obtuse  pales ;  grain  oval, 
I  as  long  (§")  as  the  pales. — W.  N.  Y.  (Mr.  R.  S.  Brown)  and  soutli westward. 
After  the  sheuth  falls  away  the  mature  lis.  turn  brownish.  (Agrost.  longitl 
Terr.  ?) 

8  S.  Indicus  Brown.  Culm  erect,  terete,  glabrous,  2— 3 f  high;  Iva.  involute, 
tapering  to  lihtbrm;  slieat'  '.  pardless at  throat ;  joints  blackish;  panicle  long  {W), 
slendtr,  open,  composed  of  sJiort,  erect,  alternate  spike-like  racemes;  glumes  2,  un- 
equal, much  shorter  than  the  subequal  pales;  grain  dark  resin-colored,  oblong, 
§  as  long  as  pales. — Pastures  and  waste  grounds,  S.  States.  (A.  Indica  L.)  ^  W. 
Indies. 

9  S.  compr^BBUS  Torr.  Glabrous;  culm  erect,  much  compressed,  simple,  kafy, 
branciied  at  base,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  scarcely  shorter  tlmn  tlio 
stem;  keel  prolonged  into  the  open  sheath;  stip.  very  short;  panicle  purple,  .sub- 
simple,  contracted,  the  branches  few  and  erect ;  glumes  equal,  acute,  shorter  tlian 
the  piilei-3,  the  upper  emarginate,  rarely  mucronate ;  palese  ovate,  obtuse,  smooth, 
sometimes  deeply  cleft;  stig.  purple. — Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.     Sept. 

10  S.  Berdti.TiuB  Torr.  Culm  12 — 18'  high,  filiform,  compressed,  growing  in 
patches,  smooth,  often  viviparous  at  the  nodes;  Ivs.  2 — 3'  by  ^",  keeled,  smooth; 
sheaths  open;  stip.  ovate,  short;  panicle  3 — 10'  long,  capillary,  diffuse,  branches 
flexuous,  alternate;  spikelets  elliptical,  scarcely  \"  long;  glume  ovate,  1 -veined, 
unequal,  half  the  length  of  the  paleae ;  pale*  smooth,  the  lower  one  shorter ;  sta.  3. 
— Long  Island  (Kneiskern)  to  Me.  and  Mich.  July.  (Vilfa,  Torr.  Poa  niodesta 
Tuckm.) 

6.  CIN'NA,  L.  SwEKT  Reed  Grass.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  com- 
pressed ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  without  awns,  upper  one  3-veined ;  paleie 
2,  naked  at  base,  on  short  stipes,  lower  one  larger,  enclosing  the  upper, 
with  a  short  awn  a  little  below  the  tip ;  stamen  1  ;  grain  oblong,  iree. 
—  2i  Erect,  simple,  tall,  with  a  large  panicle. 

1  C.  p^ndula  Trin.  Culm  smooth,  3 — 5fhigh;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  12 — 18'  oy 
3 — 5  ",  pale  green,  rough-edged,  with  smooth,  striate  sheaths ;  stip.  long,  lacerated; 
panicle  white-green,  near  a  loot  in  length,  rather  attenuated  above  and  nodding, 
with  Die  f^-^^ndies  capillary,  drooping,  and  arranged  somewiiat  in  48;  glumes  2' 
long,  linear-lanceolate ;  lower  palcce  with  a  short  straight  awn  a  little  below  tlie 
tip. — U  A  beautiftil  grass,  sought  by  cattle,  in  rich,  shady  soils,  N.  States 
and  Can. 

2  C.  arundinilcea  Willd.  Culm  and  leaves  as  in  No.  1.  Plant  bright  green ; 
panicle  purple  and  green,  erect  and  with  ascending  or  erect  branches  which  are 
floriferouB  more  than  half  their  length  ;  glumes  3  "  long,  lanceolate,  lower  pale(Z 
awnless  or  the  awn  scarcely  equaling  the  obtuse  point. — U.  S.,  in  shady  woods, 
chietiy  southward.     A  finer  looking  grass  than  the  preceding.     Jl.,  Aug. 

7.  MUHLENBER'GIA,  Schreber.  Drop-seed  Grass.  (In  honor  of 
Henry  Muhlenberg^  I>.D.,  an  eminent  American  botanist.) — Spikelets 
1-tiowered,  fl.  sessile  in  the  glumes  and  mostly  bearded  at  the  base ; 
glumes  2,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  pales,  acute  or  awned,  sometimes 
minute,  the  lower  rarely  obsolete  ;  pales  2,  the  lower  awned  or  mucron- 
ate at  apex,  upper  2-keeled  ;  stam.  3 — 2  ;  stig.  2,  plumous;  caiyopsis 
free. — Culms  often  branched.     Panicles  simple,  mostly  contracted. 

§  MsHLENBEROiA.    Ghimes  manifest.    Panicles  slender,  terminal  and  lateral.  (*) 

♦  Glumes  awued  and  twice  longer  than  the  awnless  iiale« No.  1 

*  Glumes  pointed,  not  longer  than— the  mucronate  palea; Nos.  2, 3 

— the  i«ne-awned  pnleK Nos.  4,  5 

iBsAOHTBLYTUCH.    GlumoH  minnte,  the  lowoT  obsolete.     Panicle  slender Nos.  6.  7 
Tkiouoohlua.     Glumea  small,  both  present.     Panicle  diffuse,  capillary No.  t( 

1  M.  glomerita  Trin.  Glaucous;  culm  oocnpressed,  erect,  smooth,  with  ap- 
preased  branches  or  subsimple,  1^-— 4f  high ;  Ivs.  aomewbat  2-rowed,  erect,  flat, 
rough,  3 — 5'  long,  with  closed  sheaths ;  paaicle  spioate,  deuae,  oouglomerated,  iu- 


Ordeh  156.— GR  amines. 


777 


temiptea,  2 — 3'  long,  many-flowered;  glusuea  liuear,  ^  the  length  of  their  awns; 
lower  paleae  mucronato. — y  Bog  meadowa,  also  ou  rockj  mountains,  N.  Eng.  to 
Mo.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Polypogon  racemosus  Nutt.) 

2  M.  Mexicana  Trin.  Culm  erect  or  ascending,  with  swelling  nodes,  much 
branclied  and  leafy  above,  often  nearly  leafless  below,  IJ — 3f  high ;  Iva.  lanceolate, 
scabrous,  with  half-clasping  sheaths;  panicles  numerous,  terminal  and  lateral, 
S'pike-clixsttred,  dense-flowered  and  purple-spotted,  lateral  ones  partly  enclosed  iu 
the  sheath  ;  glumes  narrow  acuminate,  mostly  sliorter  than  the  subequal,  pubes- 
cent pales. — y  Wet  shades,  N.  Eng.  to  Wise,  common.     Aug.     (Agrostis  L.) 

3  M.  BObolffera  Gray.  Culm  erect,  slender,  producing  shoots  at  base,  branched, 
18 — 30  iiigh;  branches  erect  and  ttUform;  nodes  not  swelling ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, with  open  slieaths ;  panicle  simple,  filiform,  with  apprcssod  branches,  and 
rather  crowded  spikelets;  paleae  equal,  longer  than  the  acute  glumes. — U  Rocky 
hills,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  S.  States,  frequent.     Aug.     (Agrostis  Muhl.) 

4  M.  sylvdtica  Torr.  &  Gr.  Culm  ascending,  2 — 3f  long,  much  branched,  diffuse, 
sraooth,  with  swelling  nodes ;  Ivs.  lanceok.to,  scabrous,  veined,  4 — 6'  long,  with 
smooth,  open  sheaths;  panicles  slender,  Ta.i.  lev  dense ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  acu- 
minate, a  little  shorter  than  the  paleoe;  awns  several  times  longer  than  the  spike- 
let.— K  Rocky  shades,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  N.  J.,  Penn.     Sept.     (Agrostis  Torr.) 

5  M.  Willden6wii  Trin.  Culm  erect,  subsimplo,  pubeiicent  at  the  nodes,  with 
a  few  appressed  branches;  Ivs.  6 — 9'  by  2 — 3',  lanceolate,  veined,  scabrous, 
spreading,  with  pubescent  sheaths;  panicle  contracted,  very  slender  and  long, 
with  remote,  fllifonn  branches ;  glumes  subequal,  acuminate,  half  as  long  as  Uie 
palece ;  awn  3 — 4  times  the  length  of  the  spikelet. —  y  Rocky  woods.  Can.  and 
U.  S.     July,  August.     (Agr.  tenui^ora  Willd.) 

6  M.  diffClBa  Schrcb.  Culm  decumbent,  diffuse,  branching,  slender,  compressed ; 
branches  a.ssurgent;  Ivs.  2 — 3'  by  2",  linear-lanceolate,  rough,  with  smooth, 
striate,  open  sheaths;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  with  remote,  appressed, 
rough  branches;  spikelets  2"  long,  pedicellate,  often  purple;  awn  about  as  long 
as  the  paleae ;  glumes  extremely  minute. —  1^  Borders  of  woods  and  shady  fields, 
N.  Eng.  to  Car.  and  Ky.     Aug. 

7  M.  ariat^ta  Pers.  Culm  erect,  simple,  retrorsely  pubescent  at  the  nodes,  2 — 3f 
high ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  scabrous,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  4 — 6'  long,  3''  or  more 
wide,  with  somewhat  open  sheaths;  panicle  terminal,  simple,  raceraous,  con- 
tracted; spikelets  6"  (16"  including  the  awn)  long,  pedicellate;  glumes  luinute,  the 
lower  obsolete ;  lower  palese  half  as  long  as  its  awn,  upper  paleae  with  a  short 
awn  (abortive  pedicel)  at  base  lodged  in  the  dorsal  groove. —  y  Rocky  hills.  Can. 
and  U.  S.,  frequent.    July.     (Brachyelytrum  Beauv.     M.  erecta  Roth.) 

8  M.  capill^ris  Kunth.  Caespitous ;  culms  erect,  very  slender  and  smooth,  18 — 
24  high;  Ivs  erect,  becoming  fihform  towards  the  end.  1 — l^f  long;  panicle 
diffuse,  with  the  branches  1 — 4'  long,  in  pairs,  and  as  fine  as  hairs;  spikelets 
purple;  lower  paleae  produced  into  an  awn  3  or  4  times  its  length. —  y  Sandy 
soils,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  An  exceedingly  delicate  grass,  with  large,  purple, 
glossy  and  almost  gossamer-like  panicles,  waving  in  the  breeze.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Tri- 
chochloa  DC.) 

8.  POLYPO'GON,  Dcsf.   Polypoo  Grass.    (Gr.  TroAvf,  many,  Trwywv, 

beard.)     Spikelets  l-flowered,  densely  paniclcd  ;  gls.  2,  subequal,  thin, 

carinate,  both   similarly  awned,  much   longer  than  the  flower ;  pales 

thin,  the  lower  usually  awned  near  the  tip,  upper  bicarinato ;  grain  tree, 

oval,  smooth. — Leaves  flat.     Panicle  spike-like. 

P.  Monspeli^nsis  Desf.  Culm  simple,  decumbent  below,  If  or  more  high;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  much  shorter  (2  to  5'  by  2  to  3''),  acute-pointed,  minutely  downy ; 
panicle  much-branched,  spicate-lobed,  2  to  3',  the  branches  very  short  and  denso- 
flowered,  pale ;  gls.  hispidulous,  1"  long,  the  awns  a  little  longer. — Fields,  coast- 
ward,  N.  Eng.  ?  common  South.     §  Eur. 

9.  CALAM AGROSTIS,  Adans.    (Name  compounded  of  Ca/amu*  and 
Agrostis.)     Spikelets  l-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  acute  or  acumi- 


1l 


m 


,  'i 


IIS 


l!i^=  I 


m 


778 


Order  156.— GRAMINE^. 


iiate  ;  palcae  2,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glumes,  surrounded  with  white, 
bristly  hairs  at  base,  lower  one  mucronate,  mostly  awned  below  the  tip, 
the  upper  one  often  with  a  stipitate  pappus  (abortive  rudiment  of  a 
second  flower)  at  base. —  U  Rhizomes  creeping.  Culms  simple,  tall, 
with  a  contracted  or  open  panicle. 

{Pdiclo  expanding.    Glumes  some  shorter  thnn  the  palcK.    Rudiment  none Nos.  1,  t 
Panicle  contructod.     <f  I.  soinu  longer  than  ]);ilua;.     Uiidiment  plumuus.  (*) 

•  Glumes  2—3"  long.     I'ulea  short-awnetl — above  the  middle No.  3 

— below  the  middle Niw.  4.  ft 

•  Glumes  6—7"  long.     Palea  scarcely  awned  near  the  tip No.  T 

1  C.  brevlpilis  Torr.  Culm  terete,  slender,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  the 
sheaths  glabrous ;  ligulo  hairy ;  panicle  pyramidal,  loose,  with  the  ditluse,  capil- 
lary branches  solitary  or  in  pairs ;  glumes  unequal,  bearded  at  base,  ovate,  acute, 
1-veined,  shorter  than  the  equal,  obtuse,  awnless  pales ;  pappus  or  hairs  very  shorty 
not  half  the  length  of  thepaleoe. —  y  In  sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  (Torroy).  (A.  Epi- 
geios  Muhl.) 

2  C.  longifblia  Hook.  Culm  2 — 4f  high,  stout;  Ivs.  rigid,  involute-filiform, 
tapering  to  a  long  point ;  panicle  pyramidal ;  glumes  unequal,  lanceolate,  the  upper 
as  long  as  the  equal  pales;  pappus-like  hairs  copious,  more  than  half  the  length  cf 
the  pales. — Sandy  shores  of  the  great  Lakes,  N.  Mich,  and  C.  W. 

3  C.  coarct^ta  Torr.  Glaucous ;  culm  erect,  2 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
scabrous,  with  the  veins  and  keel  white ;  sheaths  striate  ;  stip.  oblong,  obtuse ; 
panicle  condensed  aud  spike-form,  the  braLches  rigidly  erect,  short  and  aggre- 
gated ;  glumes  acuminate,  lanceolate,  lower  ]  -veined,  upper  3-veined,  lower  palo 
5-veinod,  bifid  at  the  apox,  with  a  short,  strf<ight  awn  juit  above  the  middle  of  the 
back. —  U  Bogs,  Mass.  to  Minn,  and  S.  States?  July,-  August.  (Agroslia 
glauca  Muhl.      Arundo  stricta  Spr.) 

4  C.  purpurdscens  BrovTi.  Panicle  spicate,  purplish,  3 — 6'  long,  half  the 
length  of  the  culm ;  glumes  scabrous ;  palese  2,  the  lower  scabrous,  toothed  at 
the  apt;\,  awned  upon  the  back  below  the  middle ;  abortive  rudiment  plumous, 
twice  longer  than  the  hairs  at  its  base,  and  twice  shorter  than* the  pales. — "Wliito 
Mts.,  N.  H.  (Tuckerman),  Rocky  Mts.  (Richardson). — Rare  and  unimportant.  (0. 
Pickeringii  Gr.     0.  sylvatica  Trin.) 

5  C.  confinis  Kutt.  Culm  2 — 5f  high,  erect  simple;  Ivs.  2 — 3"  wide,  smooth; 
paiiicle  4 — 8'  long,  sleuder,  coiitracted,  branches  short,  appressed,  4  or  5  together; 
glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  2|"  long,  rough  on  the  keel  and  sides,  barely  acute ; 
paiem  nearly  equal,  acute,  oblong,  as  long  05  the  glumes,  lower  oiie  rough,  3-veined, 
notched  at  tip,  with  a  short  awn  inserted  below  the  middle,  nearly  as  long  as  tha 
flower ;  hairs  §  the  length  of  the  pales. — Penn.  and  Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell), 
Aug.     (C.  inexpansa  Gr.) 

6  C.  Canadensis  Beauv.  Reed  Grass.  Blue  Joint.  Culm  smooth,  erect,  rigid, 
3 — 5f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  striate,  with  smooth,  veined  sheaths ;  panicle 
erect,  rather  loose,  oblong,  the  branches  capillary,  aggregated  in  4s  and  5s ;  glumes 
very  a^,ute,  smoothish,  much  longer  them  the  pakoe ;  lower  palace  bifid  at  the  apex, 
with  a  hair-like  awn  arising  from  below  the  middle  of  the  back;  hairs  as  long  as 
the  pales. —  U  Wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  W.  to  Mich,  and  Can.  Makes  good  hay, 
common.     Aug.     (C.  Mexicana  Nutt.     C.  agrostoides  Ph.     Arundo  Mx.) 

7  C.  aren^ria  Roth.  Mat  Grass.  Sand  Reed.  Rt.  creeping  extensively; 
culm  erect,  rigid,  2^-4f  high;  Ivs.  involute.  If  by ^',  smooth  and  glaucous,  pun- 
gently  acute;  sheaths  smooth;  stip.  oblong;  panicle  dense,  with  erect,  appressed 
branches,  6 — 10'  long,  and  an  inch  thick ;  spikelets  compressed,  greenish-white ; 
lower  palese  longer  than  the  upper. — y  On  sandy  lake  shores  and  sea  coasts. 
Can.  to  N.  J.  t)f  great  value  in  confining  loose,  sandy  beaches.  Aug.  (Ammo- 
pbila,  Host.    Psamma,  Palis.     Arundo,  L.) 

10.  ALOPECU'RUS,  L.  Fox-Tail  Grass.  (Gr.  oAwttt/^,  fox,  ovpd, 
tail.)  Spikelets  1-flowered ;  glumes  subequal,  connate,  distinct,  flat- 
earinate  ;  lower  pale  flat-cariiiate,  generally  equaling  the  glumes,  awne<l 
on  the  back  below  the  middle  ;  upper  pale  wanting ;  styles  often  cou' 


•m 


Ordbr  156.— GRAMINE^. 


779 


nate,  stigmas  plumous,  elongated. — Panicle  contracted  into  a  cylindric, 
dense  spike. 

1  A.  prat^nsis  L.  Culm  erect,  smooth,  leafy,  about  2f  high,  bearing  an  erect, 
dense,  many-flowered,  cylindric,  obtuse,  compound  spike,  about  2'  long;  Ivs. 
flat,  smooth,  the  upper  shorter  than  its  swelling  sheath  ;  stipules  ovate  ;  glumes 
ciliate,  connate  below  the  middle,  as  long  as  the  pale ;  awn  twisted,  acahraus, 
uarly  thrice  the  length  of  the  flowei\ — U  Fields  and  pastures,  Northern  6tat«ji. 

An  excellent  grass.    Jn.,  Jl.  §. 

2  A.  geniculktus  L.  Bent  Fox-tail.  Culm  ascending,  geniculate  bebw,  spat' 
ingly  branched^  1 — 2f  high;  spike  cylindrical,  about  2  long;  Ivs.  linear,  3 — 6' 
long,  the  upper  equaling  or  exceeding  the  smooth,  flat,  acute,  slightly  inflated 
sheath ;  stipules  oblong,  entire ;  glumes  slightly  connate  at  base,  hairy  outside ; 
paleat  truncate,  smooth,  half  as  long  as  the  geniculate  awn. — 1(  Wet  meadows,  N. 
Eug.,  Mid.  States  and  Brit.  Am.     Jn.  § 

3  A.  ariatul^tua  Mx.  Wild  Water  Fox-tail.  Glaucous;  culm  decumbent 
at  base,  bent  at  the  joints,  ascending  1  to  2t';  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  gradually  acute ; 
glumes  subequal,  pubescent,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  pale,  which  bears  on 
the  middle  of  its  back  a  short  awn  scarcely  exceeding  its  apex;  anHi.  oblong, 
yellow. —  4  Native  in  Oiiio  to  Mian.  (Lapham)  and  111.  Jn. — Aug.  (A,  geni- 
cularus,  /3.  Ed.  2d.) 

1.1.  PHLEUM,  L.  Cat-tail  Grass.  (Gr.  (pkeog ;  used  by  the  an- 
cients probably  for  a  different  plant.)  Glumes  2,  equal,  carinate,  much 
longer  than  the  pales,  rostrate  or  mucronate ;  pales  2,  included  in  the 
glumes,  truncate,  awnless. — Compound  spikes  cylindric,  very  dense. 

1  P.  prat^nse  L.  Timothy  or  Herd's  Grass.  Culm  erect,  simple,  terete, 
smooth,  2 — 41'  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  glaucous,  roughish  ;  sheaths  stri- 
ate, smooth ;  slip,  obtuse,  lacerated ;  gls.  cuspidate,  in  a  dense,  long,  cylindric,  green 
spike;  anth.  purple;  stig.  white. — This  is  prob  ibly  the  most  valuable  of  aU 
grasses.  It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  N.  Eug.,  Mid.  and  W.  States,  but  it  faik 
further  South.     Jn.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

2  P.  alpinum  L.  Mountain  Herd's  Grass.  Culm  about  If  high,  simple,  erect; 
Ivs.  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  broad  and  clasping  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  smooth ; 
sheaths  inflated;  spicule  pan.,  oblong-ovate,  very  short  (4  to  5"  long);  gLs.  truncate, 
mucronate,  with  a  fringed  keel;  awns  as  long  as  the  glumes. —  If  Alpine  regiooe 
of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.     Also  native  of  Arc.  Am. 

12.  ARISTFDA,  L.  Beard  Grass.  Poverty  Grass.  (Latin  arista^ 
an  awn  ;  characteristic  of  the  genus.)  Panicle  contracted  or  lacemous ; 
spikelets  l-flowered,  flower  stipitate ;  glumes  2,  unequal ;  pales  pedi- 
cellate, lower  one  with  3  awns  at  the  tip,  upper  one  very  small,  awn- 
less ;  ovary  stipitate ;  scales  2,  entire ;  stamens  3  ;  stigma  plumous. 

S  Awns  twisted-confluent  below,  nnd  jointed  to  the  pale,  very  long No.  0 

§  Awns  distinct  lielow  and  not  jointed  to  tlie  pak'.  (*) 

*  Awns  about  equal  and  divaricate, — thrice  as  long  as  the  flower Nos.  7,  8 

— twice  as  long  as  the  flower Nos.  6,  7 

— as  long  as  the  flower Nos.  4,  5 

*  Awns  unequal,  the  2  lateral  twice  shorter  (6")  and  suberect No.  8 

*  Awns  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  4  times  shorter  (2")  and  erect Nos.  1,  2 

1  A.  dich6toma  Mx.  Caespitous ;  culm  dichotoraously  branching  above ;  pani- 
cle contracted-racemous ;  gls.  3  to  4"  long;  lateral  awns  very  short,  erect,  the 
intermediate  one  nearly  as  long  as  the  pales  (3"),  spreading,  contorted.— <X  A  slen- 
der grass,  in  sandy  soils,  U.  S.,  common.  Culms  8 — 12'  high,  branching  at  each 
joint  Lvs.  very  narrow,  with  very  short,  open  sheaths,  and  a  very  short  stipule. 
Spikelets  slender,  on  clavate  peduncles.     Aug. 

2  A.  ramoaissima  Engelm.  Culms  diffuse,  tufled ;  rac.  loose-flowered,  sun  pie, 
slender ;  glumes  with  shoi  t  awns,  3  or  S-veiaed ;  lower  pale  about  as  long  as  th© 
glumes  (7  to  9''),  lateral  awns  short  (2")  erect,  middle  one  spreading,  1'  long.—(^ 
Dry  places,  III  (Engelm.) 


-'  S« 


f  1 

1  i 

I 


I  m 


11^   I 


!     :iH 


780 


Ordbb  156.— GRAMINEiE. 


3  A.  fprdcilis  Ell.  Culm  very  slender,  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  ncaroe 
1  '  wide,  erect,  with  short  sheaths,  pilous  at  the  tliroat;  panicle  very  slender; 
epikelets  somewhat  remote,  appressed;  lateral  awns  short  (6  to  7"),  erect,  interme- 
diaJe  one  bnger  (10  to  12  '),  spreading. — IC  Bandy  places,  Mass.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  111. 
A  grass  of  little  value,  as  well  as  the  other  species  of  this  genus. 

4  A.  lan^ta  Poir.  Culm  erect,  2  to  4f,  luiiry  and  branched  below ;  Ivs.  linear, 
flat,  If  long,  2  to  3"  wide,  hairy,  especially  on  the  upper  surface;  sheaths  longer 
than  the  joints,  clot/ied  with  a  woolly  tomentum ;  brandies  of  the  erect,  contracted 
panicle,  tomentous  at  base ;  glumes  unequal,  longer  than  the  pales ;  awns  about 
equal,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  pale  (4  to  6"),  the  middle  rather  longest. —  2^  In 
poor,  sandy  soils,  S.  States.     Sept,  Oct.     (A.  lanosa  Ell.) 

5  A.  8picif6rmi8  Ell.  Culm  1  to  3f  high,  simple ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  glabrotts,  the 
latter  shorter  than  the  joints ;  panicle  dense-Howered.  spike-liko  and  cylindrical ; 
glumes  much  shorter  than  the  flower,  both  awned;  middle  awn  of  the  flower  long- 
est, villous  at  the  base,  all  three  about  as  long  as  the  pale. —  U  Wet  pine  barrens, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sept,  Oct. 

6  A,  purpurdscens  Poir.  Culm  erect,  simple,  filiform,  2 — 3f;  Ivs.  very  narrow, 
flat,  erect,  a  foot  in  length,  with  short,  open  sheaths ;  panicle  long,  loosely  spicate ; 
spikelets  on  short,  clavate,  appressed  pedicels;  gls.  4  to  5"  long,  purplisii;  awns  1' 
long,  nearly  equal,  divaricate,  twice  the  length  of  the  glabrous  pale. — U  Sandy 
woods,  Northern  States.     Sept.     (A.  affinis  Kunth.     A.  racemosa  Muhl.) 

**  A.  stiicta  Mx.  Upright  Aristida.  Culm  strictly  erect,  caespitous,  branched, 
1 — 3f;  Ivs.  straight,  erect,  pubescent,  linear,  convolute  above;  panicle  long, 
loosely  racemous;  spikelets  appressed ;  gls.  (3  to  5"  long)  unequal,  very  acute,  lower 
pales  hairy  at  base ;  awns  twice  as  long  as  the  pales,  spreading,  the  middle  one 
the  longest — 2|  Penn.  to  Fla.  (Chapman),  "W.  to  Mich. 

8  A.  oligdntha  Mx  Culms  erect,  sparingly  branched,  1 2  to  20'  high ;  pan.  ra- 
ceme-like, remotely  few-flowered;  gls.  short  awntd,  equaling  the  pale  (|'),  which 
bears  3  divaricate  awns  thrice  its  own  length,  the  middle  one  some  longer ;  ivs. 
involute  setaceous. — U  Prairies,  111.  to  Ark.  and  Va. 

9  A.  tuberculdsa  Nutt.  Culm  erect  (declinate  at  base),  8 — 20',  rigid,  with 
small  tubercles  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous  branches ;  nodes  tumid ;  Ivs.  long  and 
narrow-linear;  pan.  large,  loose,  simple ;  spikelets  pedicellate ;  gls.  nearly  1' long, 
linear,  awned;  upper  paleie  involute,  the  awns  2'  long,  hispid  upwards,  twisted 
together  to  near  the  middle,  thence  finally  horizontally  divaricate. — U  A  very  sin- 
gular species,  in  dry  prairies,  111.,  Wis.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.,  also  found  in  N.  J. 

13.  STIPA,  L.  Weather  Grass.  (Lat.  stipa^  a  foot-stalk ;  allud- 
ing to  the  stipitate  fruit.)  Spikelets  1-flowered,  the  flower  deciduous, 
with  its  thick,  bearded,  pointed  stipe ;  glumes  menibi'anous ;  pales  cori- 
aceous, shorter  than  the  glunoes,  the  lower  with  a  long,  twisted  or  bent 
awn,  jointed  at  the  apex  ;  caryopsis  striate ;  stamens  3  ;  stigma  plum- 
ous. —  2^  Fls.  paniculate.  Lvs.  very  narrow.  The  long  awns  are  deli- 
cately hygrometric  twisting  or  untwisting  according  to  the  state  of  the 
atmosphere. 

1  S.  aven^cea  L.  Black  Oat  Grass.  Culm  naked  above,  2 — 3f ;  lvs.  smooth, 
striate,  setaceous,  chiefly  radical ;  panicle  spreading,  somewhat  1-sided,  4 — 6'  long, 
at  length  diffuse,  branches  capillary,  solitary  and  in  pairs ;  glumes  nearly  equal, 
mucronate,  as  long  as  the  dark  brown,  cylindric  fruit;  scales  2,  lanceolate;  awn 
twisted  below,  bent  above,  2 — 3'  in  length. — U.  S.  and  Can.     (S.  Virginica  Pers.) 

2  S.  jtincea  Pursh.  Culm  2 — 3f;  lvs.  convolute  filiform,  smooth  inside,  long; 
pan.  loose ;  gls.  loose,  filiformly  acuminated  to  moie  than  twice  the  length  of  the  fruit ; 
fr.  attenuated  at  base  into  a  stipe,  which  is  a  third  of  its  length,  stipe  acute,  pu- 
bescent ;  paleae  obtuse,  distinctly  articulated  to  the  awn,  which  is  smooth  and  slen- 
der, at  length  contorted  and  4 — 6'  in  length. — U  Prairies,  111.,  Mo.  When  in  Iruit 
the  pungent  stipe  adheres  to  everything  thai;  comes  in  its  way.     Aug. 

14.  ORYZOP'SIS,  Mx.  Mountain  Rick.  (Gr.  6pv^a,  rice,  oipi^,  ap- 
pearance.)   Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  glumes  membranous-bordered,  veined. 


Order  156.— (iRAMINEiE.  781 

suboqual,  and  about  equaling  the  oblong,  terete,  deciduous,  sbort-stiped 
flower;  lower  pale  coriaceous,  involute,  inclosing  the  caryopsis  and  tipped 
vrith  a  simple,  jointed  awn;  scales  linear-oblong. —  21  Fls.  in  a  slender 
or  spike-like  panicle. 

i  Sheaths  all  lenf-bt'iiring.    Stlpo  of  tho  flowor  nearly  plabroiio,  yerv  short No.  1 
Siheathii,  ul  least  the  upper,  leatlcss.     Stipe  uonapiuiiouhly  beurdi.      Nos.  'i^  :1 

1  O.  melanocdxpa  Muhl.  Cuha  erect,  siniple,  leafy,  18 — 24';  pauicle  siniplf, 
flexuou?,  few-flowered ;  spikeleta  raceriious,  ovoid-lauceolate ;  glumes  acuininatt>, 
mucronate,  5 — 6"  in  leiigtli,  smooth;  pales  hairy,  nearly  blaek  wlien  ripe,  tlio 
lower  one  tipped  with  au  awn  an  inch  in  length ;  fruit  black. — Rocky  hills,  U.  & 
and  Can.,  frequent.     Aug.     (Piptatherum  nigrum  Torn) 

2  O.  asperifdlia  Mx.  Culm  nearly  naked,  purple  at  base,  10 — 20';  Ivs.  subrad- 
ical,  erect,  rigid,  pungent  at  the  point,  nearly  as  long  as  tiie  stem,  cauline  ones  few 
and  very  short ;  spikelets  in  .\  raoemous,  simple,  flexuous  panicle,  2  to  4'  lotig, 
1 — 2  upon  each  branch;  glumes  abruptly  acuminate;  pales  white,  the  lower  one 
with  a  long,  bent  awn. — Woods,  N.  States  N.  to  Subarctic  Am.  Leaves  green 
tlirough  the  winter.  Caryopsis  white,  about  as  large  as  rice,  farinaceous.  May. 
(Urachne  Trin.) 

3  O.  Canadensis  Torn  Culms  slender,  9  to  18'  high,  naked  above;  lower 
sheaths  bearing  rigid,  involute-ftliform  Ivs.;  pan.  1  to  2'  Umg,  narrow,  the  branches 
mostly  in  pairs ;  gls.  often  purplish,  1  to  2"  long ;  pales  white,  bearded  with  whit- 
ish hairs,  the  awn  sliort  and  deciduous  or  wanting. — Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.,  to  the 
sliores  of  L.  Superior.  May.  (Stipa  juncea  Mx.,  nee  L.  S.  Canadensis  Poir- 
Urachne  Trin.     Milium  pungens  Torn) 

15.  PAS'PALUM  L,  (Gr.  naarraXog,  millet;  from  the  resemblance 
of  the  seeds.)  Spikelets  plano-convex,  in  unilateral  spikes;  glumes 
(apparently)  2,  membranous,  equal,  ovate  or  orbicular,  closely  pressed 
to  the  fertile  flower ;  stigmas  plumous,  colored ;  caryopsis  coated  with 
the  smooth,  coriaceous  pales.  (But  theoretically,  the  lower  glume  is 
obsolete  and  its  place  supplied  by  the  empty  pale  of  an  abortive  flower. 
In  Nos.  19  and  20  the  lower  glume  appears,  under  a  lens,  as  a  mere 
rudiment.) — Spikes  linear,  the  fls.  in  2  or  4  rows ;  rachis  not  jointed  ; 
pedicels  articulated. 

§  Paspalum.    Spikelets  suborbicniar,  obtuse,  crowded.     Spikes  alternate.    (•) 

♦  Spikes  many  (7  to  80),  with  the  spikelets  mostly  4-rowed Nos.  1,  S 

♦  Spikes  few  (1  to  3),  mostly  solitary,  slender  (1"  wide),  2  or  8-rowed No.  8 

♦  Spikes  few  (2  to  6) — with  the  spikelets  in  2  rows,  near  2"  wide ...  .Nos.  4,  5 

— with  the  spikelets  in  3  rows,  near  8"  broad,    (a) 

a  Leaves  very  hairy.    Culms  decumbent No.  t 

a  Leaves  only  ciliato  on  the  nuirgins Nos.  7,  8 

a  Leaves  very  glabrous,  margins  scabrous Nos.  9,  10 

$  DioiTARTA.    Spikelets  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute.    Spikes  mostly  digitate.  (**) 

**  Kacliia  leuf-like,  broader  than  the  2  rows  of  spikelets  beneath  it Nos.  11,  18 

**  Rachis  narrow,  triquetrous  or  flat,  with  the  spikelets  close-appressed.    (b) 
b  Glumes  (glume  and  pale)  about  equal,  oa  long  as  the  flower,    (c) 

O  Spikelets  lanceolate.    Spikes  in  pairs  or  threes Nos.  18,  14 

0  Spikelets  ovate.    Spikes  2  to  4  oftencr  in  pairs Nos.  15—17 

b  Olume  scarce  half  as  long  as  the  pale.    Spikes  5  to  12,  clustered.... Nos.  18,  19 
**  Eachis  filiform  with  the  spikelets  loose  and  subrcmote Nos.  SO,  21 

1  P.  virgdtum  L.  Culms  decumbent  at  base,  glabrous,  18  to  30';  Ivs.  broad- 
linear,  rough-edged,  12  to  18'  by  5  to  6'';  sheaths  glabrous,  with  a  hairy  throat; 
spikes  numerous  (7  to  12) ;  rachis  straight  {not  fleocuous\  flat,  narrower  than  the 
4-rowed,  dense,  orbicular,  obtuse  spikelets. — 11  Moist  soils,  S.  States,  common  in 
the  low  country.     Jl. — Oct. — A  very  smooth  variety  is  the  P.  confertum  Le  Conte. 

^.  PURPURASCENS.     Culm  bclow,  Ivs.  and  sheaths  dark  purple.     (P.  purpu- 
rascens  Ell.) 

2  P.  unduldtum  Poin  "Plant  very  glabrous;  Ivs.  long  and  linear,  tomewhai 
carinate;  margin  scabrous,  base  cili'xt«,  sheaths  glabrous;  spikes  many;  racLiii 
flat,  glabrous,  margins  scabrous,  narrower  than  the  2  to  4-rowed  spikelets ;  lower 
glume  pubescent,  upper  glume  (palea)  smooth,  transversely  plaited  near  the  margin)!.)'' 
Kunth.     Ga.  and  Fla.     A  variety  of  No.  6  ?     (P.  plicatum  Mx.) 


I  n 


,\a  'ill 


.:  Il 


'■Ji 


782 


Ohdbr  156.— GRAMINE/10. 


3  P.  oetdceum  Mx.  Culm  ascouding  from  a  decumbent  base,  vcrj  slender,  1  to 
2(,  with  very  remote  joints;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  3 — T  by  2 — 3  ',  ciliate  and  soft 
hairy ;  alieaths  pubescent,  upper  one  very  long ;  spike  generally  solitary,  often  2, 
on  a  long,  very  slender  peduncle,  sometimes  witli  another  scarcely  oxserted  from 
the  sheaths ;  spikeUii  plano-convex,  with  the  Hat  side  out,  i"  diam.,  1  or  2  on 
each  very  short  pedicel,  appearing  2 — 3-rowed  in  the  1-sided  spike. — Dry  fields, 
Mass.,  to  111.  and  S.  States.     Aug.     (P.  debile  and  ciliatifolium  Mx.) 

/J.  LONOiPKDUVCuiiATUM.     Larger,  less  hairy,  and  spikelets  evidently  3-rowed. 
— S.  States.     (P.  longip.  LeC.) 

4  P.  IsBve  Mx.  Culm  erect,  rather  firm,  18' — 3f|  glabrous;  Its.  generally  smooth, 
pilous  only  at  the  base,  broadly  linear;  lower  sheaths  sometimes  hairy,  spikes 
2 — 6,  alternate,  spreading,  with  a  few  long,  white  hairs  at  the  base ;  spikelets  in  2 
rows ;  ruchis  flexuous,  flat  on  the  back ;  pedicels  undivided,  with  one  spikelot ; 
spikelets  twice  as  large  (1^''  diam.)  as  in  the  preceding;  glume  orbicular-ovate, 
3-veined. — Grassy  banks  of  rivers,  Conn,  to  Ind.  and  S.  States.  Aug.  Quite  vari- 
able, including  several  reputed  species. 

|3.  UNDULosc'M.     Lvs.  father  long  and  broad,  with  wavy-margins.     (P.  Lecou- 

tianuin  Scliult.) 
y.  Flokiuanum.     Spikekts  enlarged  (near  2'  long),  glume  5-veined.    (P.  ma- 

crospermum  Flgg.) 
6.  ALTI8SIMUM.    Strict  and  tail ;  sheaths  much  compressed.   (P.  altisaimura  LeC.) 

5  P.  angUBtifdlium  Le  Conte.  Culm  erect,  wiry,  glabrous,  2f  high ;  lvs.  glab- 
rous, narrowly  linear,  almost  setaceous,  compressed  carinate,  9  to  18'  long ;  sheaths 
long,  smooth;  spikes  2  or  3,  alternate,  divaricate,  1  to  2'  long,  with  a  few  hairs  at 
base ;  spikelets  orbicular,  1"  diam.  in  2  rows,  with  a  very  narrow  rachis. — 1(  Wet 
places,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.     A  distinct  species.     Seeds  blackish. 

6  P.  dasyphyllum  Ell.  Culm  decumbent  at  base,  12  ^-^  30'  high,  glabrous-, 
lvs.  broadly  linear,  clothed  with  copious  soil  hairs  as  w  s  the  long  sheaths ; 
spikes  2  to  4,  large,  spreading,  tlio  ped.  slightly  exsertei  tl  )  upper  sheath ; 
spikelets  oval,  obtuse,  large,  in  3  rows ;  teeth  of  the  rachia  ^-uowered. — Dry  fields, 
S.  States,  common.     ^?    Jl. — Oct. 

7  P.  latifdlium  Le  Conte.  Glabrous;  culm  erect,  stout,  tall  (2  to  3f),  from  a 
slightly  decumbent  base;  lvs.  fiat,  large,  lance-linear,  6  to  12'  6?/  5  to  10",  margins 
ciliate ;  sheaths  hairy  at  throat,  shorter  than  the  long  interuodes ;  spikes  2  to  4, 

2  to  4'  long,  alternate,  suberect,  pilous  at  base;  spikelets  large  (l|"  diam.),  in 

3  rows  on  the  narrow,  flexuous  rachis. —  1i  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

8  P.  tenue  Kunth.  Glabrous;  culm  erect,  very  slender ;  lvs.  narrow,  very  hug, 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  sheath  ciliate;  spikes  4  or  5,  very  slender,  alternate, 
spreading,  hairy  at  base ;  spikelets  orbicular,  in  3  rows ;  rachis  flexuous,  narrow, 
the  tectli  2-flowered. — U  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Le  Conte).  Differs  from  No.  6,  in  its  ciliate 
lvs.  and  3-nerved  spikelets. 

9  P.   arundin^ceum  Poir.     "Glabrous;    lvs.   somewhat  sword-shaped   (com- 
.  pressed-carinate),  the  margin  scabrous ;  spikes  alternate,  elongated ;  spikelets  iu 

3  rows ;  gls.  (gl.  and  pale)  equal,  obtuse. — Carolina."     Poiret. 

10  P.  precox  "Walt.  Glabrous  throughout;  culm  erect;  lvs.  lance-linear,  very 
long ;  spikes  3  to  5,  alternate,  dense-flowered,  with  a  tuft  of  long  iiair  at  base ; 
rachia  linear,  straight  {not  flAixuous),  narrower  than  the  3  rows  of  very  smooth, 
orbicular,  compressed  spikelets;  gls.  3-veined. — %  Wet  places.  Car.  to  Fia.  May. 
— Aug.    (P.  lentiferum  Lam.) 

11  P.  fliiitans  Kunth.  Culm  decumbent  and  ascending  10  to  20',  generally 
floating;  lvs.  scabrous,  lance-linear,  2  to  5'  by  4  to  6';  sheaths  inflated,  open, 
ciliate  at  base ;  spikes  20  to  50,  1  to  2^'  long,  the  lower  somewhat  verticillate ; 
rachis  fbliaceous,  nearly  1"  broad,  covering  the  2  rows  of  ovate,  acute  spikelets 
and  projtcting  ii  a  point  beyond  them. —  (Ij  River  swamps,  S.  Ill  to  Va.  and  S. 
States.     Oct.     (P.  mucronatum  Muhl.     Ceresia,  Ell.) 

12  P.  Walteridnum  Schult.  Culm  decumbent,  branching,  ascending;  Iva. 
glabrous,  lance-linear,  2  to  4'  by  3  to  5  " ;  sheaths  open,  all  glabrous;  spikes  2  or 
3  on  each  branch,  1  to  2'  long;  rachis  very  broad  (near  2"),  covering  the  2  rows 
of  oval,  acute  spikes  but  not  projecting  beyond  them. —  (X)Wet  soils,  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     Jl. — Sept     (P.  vaginatum  Ell.) 


r 


Okdku  156.— gram  ink. -B. 


78;{ 


13  P.  Digit&ria  Poir.  Mostly  gliibroua;  <'ulm  erect  from  an  inclined  base,  1  to 
2.U'  liigli;  Ivs.  lunce^liuenr,  fiat,  6  to  16'  by  5  to  8  ,  on  long  siicutbH;  spikes  • 
pair,  conjugate,  slender,  2  to  -1  long,  at  top  of  the  long  uai\e(l  ped.  or  upper  int»f- 
node  of  culm ;  spikeleta  lanceolate,  in  2  opposito  rows  on  the  vertically  coinpres.>*ed 
floxuoua  rachis. —  0  ?  Damp  pine  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Miliiuni  pa.><pa- 
loided'EU.     P.  Michauxiana  Kth.) 

14  P.  tristichyum  Le  Conte.  Glabrous,  decumbent  below,  12  to  20'  high; 
ciUm  lililorm  above;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  3  to  8  by  2  to  3",  margins  sparingly  ciliato; 
sheaths  coinpreased;  spikes  usually  3,  approximate  (the  2  higliest  paired),  very 
slender;  racliis  flcxuous,  triquetrous;  spikelets  lanceolate,  2-rowed,  whitisli, 
1'  long,  close-pressed,  gl.  and  pale  scarcely  longer  than  the  flowers. —  'X»Wei 
places,  Ga.  Fla.  to  La. 

15  P.  conjug^tum  Berg.  Nearly  glabrous  and  erect,  1  to  2f,  slender;  Ivs. 
broadly  linear,  2  to  4'  by  2  to  4' ,  on  compressed  sheaths ;  upper  sheath  very  long 
and  nearly  leafless ;  spikes  2,  a  conjugate  pair,  on  the  tilitbnn  upper  internode, 
very  slender,  2  to  3'  long;  rachia  nearly  as  wide  as  the  2  rows  of  mj«u<e  (J''  lonij\ 
round-ovate,  acute,  white,  ciliate  spiktlets. —  '^  Waste  places  about  N.  Orhjang 
(Hale). 

16  P.  diatichuin  L.  Nearly  glabrous ;  culms  some  inclining  at  base,  12  to  18' 
high;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  bearded  at  the  tiiroat,  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3'' ;  spikes  2.  a  pair 
nearly  or  quite  conjugate,  dense-flowered,  1  to  2^'  long;  rachis  narrower  than  the 
2  rowaof  ovote,  acuminate  {\\''  tony),  glabrous  spikelets. — y  Wet  grounds,  S.  States. 

/J.  TRiSTACUUM.     Spikes  in  Ss,  closely  approximate. 

17  P.  ambfguum  DC.  Glabrous;  culms  clustered,  decumbent,  8  to  15' h'ljih;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  shor.  r  than  the  slieaths  (2  to  4'  by  2  to  4  ');  spikes  2  to  4,  about 
2'  long,  slender;  spikelets  crowded,  2-rowed,  ovate,  §  '  long,  gl.  and  pale  about 
equal,  not  longer  than  the  puiplinh  fower,  both  hairy. — Sanily  field?,  especially 
Soutli.     Often  purplish.     Aug.,  Sept.     §  Eur.     (Pauicum  glabrum  Gaud.) 

18  P.  serdtinum  Fluegge.  Decnmhent,  creeping  and  rooting,  with  upright 
branches ;  Ivs.  and  sheatlis  vilbus  with  white  soft  hair/<,  the  former  lance-linear,  short, 
about  r  by  2  "  ;  spikes  digitate,  about  iu  5.s,  slender,  2  to  3'  long;  rachis  flat, 
about  as  wide  as  the  2  rows  of  elliptical  spikelets  (i' );  spikelets  all  pedicellate, 
in  2s;  gl.  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  striate  pale,  and  flower. —  QpSaudy  fields.  Car.  to 
Fla.  and  La.     Forms  a  dense  carpet.     Jl. — Oct.     (Digitaria  viiloaum  Ell.) 

19  P.  sanguindle  Lam.  Purple  Finger  Grass.  Crab  Grass.  Oulms  de- 
cumbent at  base,  radiating  and  branching  at  the  lower  joints,  1 — 2f ;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  on  long,  loose  sheaths,  softly  pilous,  the  sheaths  strigously  hairy ;  spikes 
3 — 5'  long,  fascinate  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  5  fc>  9  together ;  spikelets  in  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,  closely  appressed  to  the  flexuous  rachis,  in  2  rows,  g'uine  A  as 
long  as  the  flower. —  X>  Common  in  cultivated  grounds,  N.  Eng.,  W.  Ind.  Aug. — 
Oct.     (Pauicum,  L.  Digitaria,  Scop.) 

20  P.  filiforme  Swartz.  Culm  erect,  filiform,  nimiAe,  12 — 18';  Ivs.  short,  nearly 
smooth,  narrow-lanceolate;  lower  sheaths  very  hairy,  upper  glabrous;  spikes 
2—4,  filiform,  erect ;  rachis  flexuous ;  spikelets  in  3  s.  all  pedicellate ;  glume  soli- 
tary, as  long  as  the  pale  (abortive  flower). —  Qj  Dry,  gravelly  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Ky. 


Aug. 


(Panicum,  L.  Digitaria,  Muhl.) 


21  P.  interrtiptum.  Culm  strictly  erect,  wiry,  tall  (2  to  3f);  Ivs.  long,  linear,  8 
to  15'  by  3  to  4",  clothed  with  copious  soft  hairs,  as  well  as  the  sheatiis;  spikes 
3  or  4,  raceme-like,  2  to  6'  long,  the  spikelets  ovate,  acutish,  in  remote  pairs  dis- 
tinctly pedicellate,  rachis  filiform. — Dry  soils,  La.  and  Tex.  (Hale).  (P.  racemosum 
Nutt.  nee  Jacq.)     The  inflorescence  is  almost  paniculate. 

16.  MIL'LIUM,  L.  Millet  Grass.  (Probably  from  the  Latin  millc, 
A  thousand,  on  account  of  its  fertility.)  Spikelets  1 -flowered,  not  articu- 
latt'd  with  their  pedicels ;  glumes  2,  without  involucre  or  awns ;  pales 
2,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  awnless,  oblong,  concave,  persistent  and  car- 
tilaginous, coating  the  caryopsis.  (Comparing  Millium  with  Panicum, 
it  appears  that  the  2  glumes  of  the  former  are,  in  fact,  a  glume,  and  a 


'm 


^1 


fi   I 


Y84 


Oroeb  1S6.—GR  amines. 


pale  of  a  second  (abortive)  flower,  the  upper  pale  and  the  lower  glume 
being  obsolete,) — Inflor.  an  open  panicle. 

M.  efiiiBUin  L.  Culm  upriglit,  simple,  smooth,  3  to  6  or  Sf  high ;  Ivs.  flat,  8  to 
12'  by  6"  to  1',  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths;  branches  of  the  panicle  clustered, 
spreading,  remote;  spiitelets  ovate,  few  and  scattered,  acute,  about  1"  long. — In 
woods,  Penn.  to  Can.  and  Wis.     Plant  pale  green.     Summer. 

17.  AMPHICAR'PUN,  Kunth.  .  (Gr.  dficfUj  both  or  twain,  Kapno^, 
fruit.)  Spikelets  (apparently)  1-flowered  and  perfect  as  in  Millium,  but 
of  2  kinds,  terminal,  deciduous  and  sterile,  the  radical  fertile ;  glun^es 
2,  lanceolate,  acute,  awnless,  as  long  as  the  2  coriaceous  pales  ;  stamens 
8;  stigmas  2,  plumous,  purple. —  21  Caespitous,  erect,  strict,  with  erect, 
lance-l'inear  Ivs.,  the  terminal  fls.  in  a  strict,  contracted,  slender  panicle, 
the  radical  fls.  are  each  solitary,  on  a  slender  ped.,  and  subterranean. 

A.  Piirshii  Kunth.  Pine  barrens,  N.  Jer.  (Long-a-coming,  Jackson).  Culm  2f 
high,  glabrous.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3",  hairy,  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  the  upper 
sheath  long  and  without  a  leaf.  Pan.  on  a  long,  exserted  ped.  Spikelets  1^  ' 
long,  the  radical  ones  2^',  veiny,  the  glume  clasping  the  longer,  i^eutral,  singl* 
pale.     Aug.     (Millium  Amphicarpon  Ph.) 

18.  PAN'JCUM,  L.  Panic  Grass.  (Lat.  panicula,  the  mode  of 
flowering,  or  panisy  bread,  which  some  species  afford.)  Glumes  2,  un- 
equal, awnless,  the  lower  much  smaller  ;  flowers  2,  dissimilar,  the  'ower 
abortive  or  sterile,  with  1  or  2  pales,  the  upper  pale  membranous ;  the 
upper  V? ,  with  the  pales  cartilaginous,  polished,  equal,  concave,  awnless, 
coating  the  caryopsis ;  stamens  3  ;  stigmas  plumous,  purple. — Diff"era 
from  Paspalum  in  the  presence  of  the  lower  (true)  glume.  Paniclei 
simple  or  compound. 

{  Spikelets  acute  or  pointed,  very  niimermis,  racenied  in  lariee  panicles.  (*) 

*  Abortive  flower  neutral,  consistini;  of  a  siniiie  palea.  (a) 

a  Panicle  capillary,  with  the  spikelets  solitary Nos.  1,  i 

a  Panicle  not  capillary,  dense-nowerod No.  8 

•  Abortive  flower  neutral,  conisisting  of  2  paletc  (pales),  (b) 

b  Panicle  contracted,  cylindrio.    Upper  glume  gibbous N«.  4 

b  Panicle  open. — Glume  3-veined,    The  2  pales  equal No.  5 

— Glume  6  to  7-velned, — longer  than  abortive  flower Nos.  6,  7 

— shorter  than  abortive  flower No.  8 

♦  Abortive  flower  staminnte,  with  2  pales.    Tall,  very  smootn Nos.  9, 10 

I  Spikelets  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  solitary,  pedicellate,  not  numerous.  (♦♦) 

*♦  Abortive  flower  (neutral)  consisting  of  a  single  pale Nos.  11 — 18 

**  Abortive  flower  of  2  pales,  the  upper  small  and  scarious.  (c) 
U  Leaves  narrow,  obscuruly  veined,  1  to  6"  wide,  (d) 

d  Spikelets  densely  fringed  with  silky  hairs;  fer'ile  flower  colored No.  14 

d  Spikelets  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilous;  fertile  flower  white,  (dd) 

dd  Spikelets  less  than  I"  long,  roundish  or  oval ;  glume  &-veined..  .Nos.  l.\  16 

dd  Spikelets  1  to  1^"  long,  oval;  glume  9-veined Nos.  17, 18 

0  Leaves  broad,  conspicuously  veined,  6  to  20"  wide,  (e) 

e  Abortive  flower  usually  staminate  with  8  stamens Nos.  18, 10 

•  Abortive  flower  neutral,  never  with  stamens,  (f  > 

f  Plant  very  downy,  with  soft,  dense,  velvety  hairs No.  il 

/  Plant  stnoothish  or  pilous-clliate,  branched  or  simple Nos.  21.  2S 

I  Spikelets  barely  acute,  in  short  (1'),  dense,  secund,  alternate  spikes.    Southern Nos.  23,  24 

1  P.  capill^re.  Culm  nearly  simple,  assurgent  and  thick  at  base,  1 — 2f;  lvs. 
hairy,  broad-linear,  acuminate,  4 — 6'  long;  sheaths  covered  with  bristly  hairs ;  pan. 
large,  pyramidal,  capillary,  loose,  expanding;  spikelets  small  (§"  long),  olleu  pur- 
ple, oblong-ovate,  purple,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  on  long,  hispid  peduncles ; 
abortive  fl.  of  1  palea.  —(D  Fields  and  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Aug. — Pani- 
cles often  If  or  more  long,  with  a  very  light,  airy  appearance.  In  poor  or  shady 
slJs  it  k«:  'nuch  reduced. 

2  P.  siutAmnMe  Bo»c.  Culm  very  slender,  aasurgent,  10  to  20'  high;  lvs.  gla- 
brovji,  lance-linear,  at  length  coMvolute,  2  to  3'  long;  sheaths  glabrous;  pan.  dif- 
fuse, bearded  in  the  axils,  with  lonfi;  strict,  roughieh,  capillary,  1-flowered  branchee; 


Orueb  156.— GHAMINK^E. 


785 


(pikelets  oblong-lanceolaie,  acute,  glabrous ;  glumes  veiny,  very  unequal,  the  lower 
Aiinutc. — iSund  iiills,  Maaou  Co.,  111.  (Mead,  in  Gray's  Manual). 

ii  P.  proliferum  Lain.  Culm  assurgent,  geniculate  at  base,  VF^ry  smooth,  thick 
and  succulent;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  6  '  wide,  10  to  15' long,  on  tumid 
£iheaths,  lii^^les  ciliatc;  pan.  latge,  pyramidal,  terminal  and  axillary,  smooth; 
spikolets  oblong,  acute,  veiny,  1  "  long,  densely  racemed ;  lower  glume  \  as  long 
as  the  upper ;  abortive  fl.,  with  1  pale. — (t)  Marshes,  especially  brackish  and 
sandy,  Mass.  to  La.,  also  along  the  Western  rivers.  Au^.,  slept.  (P.  geniculatum 
Muhl.)     In  uplands  more  slender,  not  succulent. 

4  P.  gibbum  Ell.  Culm  terete,  assurgent,  2  to  3f,  wiiih  black  joints ;  Ivs.  lanoe- 
Hnear,  glabrou.s,  4  to  8'  by  4  to  8 ',  on  smooth,  strongly  striate  sheaths;  pan. 
densely  contracted,  often  purple,  fusiform,  about  6'  long,  strict;  spikelets  near  2" 
long,  obtusish,  lower  glume  very  small,  upper  very  large,  11-veined,  remarkably 
gibbous  at  base,  upper  pale  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower. — (^  Wet  soils,  S.  States. 
Jl.— Sept.     (P.  EUiottianum  Schl.) 

5  P.  hians  Ell.  Culm  very  slender,  almost  filiform  decumbent  and  rooting  at 
the  lower  joints,  about  2f  high  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  lineir,  8  to  IG'  long,  glabrous; 
sheaths  hairy  only  at  the  throat;  panicle  pyramidal,  iJi{)ikelet8  racemed,  ^"  long; 
lower  glume  half  as  long  as  the  upper,  neutral  pales  .;qiiai,  conspicuous  (gaping\ 
a  little  longer  than  the  fertile. — Damp  pino  barrens,  S,  States,  common.  Aug. — 
Oct.     (P.  debile  Poir.     P.  divaricatum  Mx.) 

6  P.  agroBtoides  Muhl.  Culm  compressed,  glabrous,  li — 3f  high,  often  genicu- 
late at  base ;  Ivs.  long  and  numerous,  cauiine  linear-Janceolate,  cariuate,  rough- 
edged,  on  short,  striate  sheaths;  panicles  terminal  anJ  lateral,  pyramidal,  com- 
posed of  racemed,  spreading  or  detlexed  branches;  spik,lets  1  '  bng,  purple,  lauco- 
ovate,  acute,  crowded;  upper  glu  a",  'i-veined,  ^  longer  than  the  lower ;  upper  neur 
tral,  pale,  nearly  as  long  as  the  hwer. —  If  Meadows,  frtquent.  July.  (P.  fusco- 
rubens  Nutt.) 

7  P.  ^nceps  Mx.  Culm  compressed,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  linear,  carinate,  very  long, 
rough-edged ;  sheaths  ancipital,  pilous  on  the  throat  and  margin ;  pan.  erect, 
pyramidal,  with  subremote,  subsiinple,  interruptedly  racc'.uous  branclies ;  ^pikelets 
l.Jr"  long,  lanceolate,  very  acuminate,  and  when  mature,  forked;  lower  glume  and 
upper  pale  half  as  long  cu>  the  lower  pale,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  fertile  Jlower ;  ud- 
per  glume  1 -veined. — Wet  soils,  N.  J.  and  S.  States. 


Aug. — Nov. 


8 


P.  vilfiforme.  Glal  lus  throughout;  culm  decumbent,  ascendii<g  2  to  3f| 
branched  ;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  scarcely  rough-edged ;  sheaths  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at 
throat;  pari,  simple,  with  racemed,  spreading  branches;  spikelets  2"  long,  lan- 
ceolate, acute;  luwsr  nlnms  \  to  ^  as  long  as  the  upper,  T-veined  glume  which  ia 
shorter  than  the  loiver  pale  (while  in  Nos.  6  and  7  it  is  longer  than  tlie  lower 
pale !). — Wet  meadows,  E.  Tenn.  I     Jl.,  Aug. 

9  P.  amanim  Ell.  Glabrous,  leafy;  culm  2  to  3f  high,  stout;  Ivs.  glaucous,  cor- 
iaceou^,  rigid,  linear,  10  to  18'  long,  margins  involute,  not  scabrous;  sheath  some 
shorter  than  the  joints ;  pan.  large,  contracted,  its  very  smooth  branches  ajjpressed ; 
spikelets  thick,  2''  long,  ovate,  acuminate,  lower  glume  nearly  as  long  as  the 
sterilo  pales,  which  contain  3  orange-colored  stamens. —  2|  Sandy  shores,  Conn. 
to  Fla.  and  La.  (ilale).     Lvs.  excessively  bitter  (Elliott).     Aug. — Oct. 

10  P.  virgktum  L.  Glabrous  and  often  purple ;  culm  3 — 5fhigh;  Zrs.  flat,  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  hairy  at  hn^e;  sheaths  striate;  stip.  with  long,  white  cilia;; 
pan.  pyramidal,  loose,  spreading,  diffuse,  very  large ;  fls.  acuminate,  the  glumes 
2f'  long,  very  pointed,  divarievto,  tlie  lower  §  as  long  as  the  upper;  pales  of  tho 
abortive  llower  nearly  equal,  enfolding  the  purple  stamens. —  U  Salt-lick  prairies, 
fields,  Ac,  N.  Y.  to  Ind.,  S.  to  tho  Gulf.     Aug. 

11  P.  vernicdBum  Muhl.  Culm  slender,  decumbent  and  geniculate,  branching 
from  the  base,  1 — 2f  high ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  flat,  4  to  C  by  2  to  4",  spreading, 
smooth ;  pan.  much  expanded,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  J  to  J"  long,  covered  with 
warty  points  {verrucous}  obovate,  bluish ;  abortive  llower  of  one  palea,  and  neuter. — 
(D?  Swamps  and  thickets,  Mid.  and  8.  States.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  looss 
and  capillary.     Aug.     (P.  debilis  Ell.  nee  Poir.     P.  ramulosum  Mx.) 

12  P.  fragile  Kunth.      Culm  geniculate  at  base,  assurgent,  branched,  very  brittle, 

60 


j.    « 
SI    I 


786 


OttDEB  156.— GR  AMINES. 


If;  Its.  subulate,  scabrous,  2  to  4'  loug;  sheaths  glabrous,  longer  than  tho  joiuts; 
pan.  very  simple,  the  few,  solitary,  small  spikelets  on  very  long  setaceous  pedicels ; 
lower  glume  subulate :  sterile  pale  single,  as  long  as  the  glume,  a  little  longer 
than  the  fertile  flower. — Dry,  sandy  soils,  rare,  N.  Car.  to  Ga 

13  P.  vi  .Idsum  Ell.  Villous  throughout  with  soft  white  hairs;  culm  geniculate 
below,  i  to  2f ;  Ivs.  flat,  erect,  2  to  i'  by  3  to  4" ;  sheaths  much  shorter  than  tlio 
joints;  pan.  small  (2  to  3'  loug),  loose;  spikelets  ovai,  1  '  long,  green ;  lower  glumo 
roundish,  \  as  long  as  tlie  7-veiued,  upper  one,  which  equals  the  single,  sterile 
pale  and  fertile  flower. — Evergreen  in  damp  places,  S.  States  (Feay,  Ac).  Apr., 
May. 

14  P.  ciliatifl6rum.  Fbinqkd  Grass.  Culm  ei«ct,  strict,  1  to  Sfj  glabrous; 
Ivs.  erect,  long,  linear,  flat,  narrow,  scarcely  distinct  from  their  sheaths;  pan. 
virgate,  subsiropie,  3'  long;  spikelets  pedicellate,  oval,  the  glume  and  lower 
abortive  pale  obtuse,  subequal,  the  5  veins  ciliate-fringed  with  silky,  purplish 
hairs ;  upper  pale  much  smaller,  oblong ;  fertile  pales  thinly  chartaceous,  brown 
or  blackish  when  mature. — Varies  with  tho  leaves  more  or  less  hairy,  and  tho 
curious  silk  fringe  of  the  spikelets  more  or  less  copious.  In  pine  barrens,  S. 
States.  Sept.  (Phalaris  villosa  Mx.  Aulaxanthus  ciliatus  and  rufa  £11.  P. 
igaoratum  Kth.,  an  absurd  name  which  we  venture  to  discard.) 

15  P.  dichotomum  L.  Culm  at  first  subsimple  with  a  single  terminal  panicle, 
becoming  more  or  less  branched,  with  lateral,  subsimple  panicles ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
1  to  4'  by  2  to  4"  or  5  ',  hairy  or  smooth,  as  likewise  the  sheaths;  terminal  pan. 
exserted,  often  long-pedunculate,  small  (I  to  3'  long),  oval  in  outline,  loosely  few- 
flowered;  spikelets  small  (about  J"  long),  oval  or  roundish;  lower  glume  very 
amall,  upper  equaling  the  sterile  pale  and  fertile  flower,  upper  sterile  ^  to  ^  asi 
long  as  the  lower,  scarious,  bifld. — U  Common  everywhere,  in  meadows,  fields 
and  woods.  Jn. — Sept. — The  following  are  the  more  striking  forms  of  this  ex- 
ceedingly variable  species  (which  includes  P.  nodiflorum,  laxiflorum,  nitidum 
L&m.,  barbulatum  Mx.,  sphserocarpa  Muhl.,  lanuginosum,  ensiforum  Ell.,  &c.). 

^.  NITIDUM.     Smooth  and  shining;    spikelets  pale  purple;  upper  pale  very 

short. 
y.  SPH.fiBOCi(RPUM.     Hairy ;  Ivs.  suberect ;  spikelets  dark  purple  ;   upper  pale 

deeply  bifid. 

d.  BARBULATUM.     Taller;  nodes  with  a  ring  of  retrorse  hairs;  Ivs.  spreading; 
spikelets  purplish ;  upper  pale  entire. 

e.  LANUGINOSUM.     Woolly ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate ;  spikelets  green  ;  upper  pale 
elongated,  very  obtuse.     Approaches  the  next  species. 

16  P.  depauper^ktum  Muhl  Culm  cseapitous,  erect,  9  to  12'  high,  simple  above 
the  base;  Ivs.  linear,  rigidly  erect,  lower  short,  upper  about  5'  by  2^";  pan. 
simple  with  ascending  branches,  the  peduncle  very  short  or  becoming  very  long ; 
spikelets  green,  oval,  acute,  §  to  1"  long;  outer  glume  roundish,  ^  as  long  as  the 
inner,  7-veined  one  ;  upper  neutral  pale  (always?)  bifid,  half  as  long  as  the  lower. 
— Hilly  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.     Jn.     (P.  rectum  R.  &  S.) 

ji.  ixvoLUTUM.     Lvs.  involute,   ending  in  a  long,  rigid  point.     (P.  involutum, 
Torr.) 

17  P.  pauciflonim  Ell.  Culm  mostly  erect,  at  length,  somewhat  decumbent 
and  branched ;  lvs.  erect,  linear-lanceolate,  faintly  9-veined,  tapering  to  near  tho 
base ;  3  to  5'  by  5  to  7  ',  sparingly  hirsute  as  well  as  the  close  sheaths;  pan.  ex- 
serted, simple,  raceme-like,  few-flowered;  spikelets  10  or  more,  obovate,  obtuse, 
1"  long ;  lower  glume  broad-ovate,  J  as  long  as  the  upper  one;  upper  neutral  palo 
similar  to  the  lower. — Wet  or  shady  places.  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States.     Jn.,  Jl. 

18  P.  pub^acens  Lam.  Culm  slender,  finally  branched,  glabrous,  2  to  3f  long ; 
Iva.  lance-lmear,  9-veined,  3  to  6'  by  3  to  5",  clothed  with  reflexed  hairs  as  well 
08  the  open  sheaths;  pan.  small,  expanded,  few-flowered,  pubescent;  spikelets 
liirge  (IJ  '  long),  hairy,  oval,  obtuse,  green;  outer  glume,  lanceolate,  |  as  long  as 
tho  inner  9-veined  one ;  inner  neutral  palo  nearly  as  long  as  the  outer. — Dry 
fields,  etc.,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio  and  S.  States.    Jn.    (P.  dichotomum  /3.  Gray.) 

19  P.  latifblium  L.  Culm  mostly  erect,  1  to  2f  high ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  base  dikUed 
and  cordate-clasping,  3  to  6'  by  1',  11  to  Vi-veined,  smoothish;  shoaths  hirsute  at 
tliroat;  pun.  exserted.  compound,   loose,  about  3' long;  spikelets  oval,  obtuse^ 


Oeuer  156.— GRAMIXE^. 


787 


IJ''  long,  green;  lower  glume  ovate,  not  half  as  long  as  the  upper;  abortive 
pales  subequal,  usually  with  3  stamens. — In  moist,  shady  places,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Jn.,  Jl.    (P.  8Co.parium  and  nervosum  Lam.     P.  ciliatum  Ell.,  etc.) 

20  P.  zanthoph;^8Uin  Gray.  Culm  generally  simple,  glabrous,  9  to  15'  high ; 
lv8.  lanceolate,  3  to  6'  by  5  to  7",  not  dilated  at  tfie  ciliate,  clasping  base,  smooth, 
9  to  11-veined;  pan.  hng-exsertedy  simple,  raceme-like,  few- flowered;  spkl.  round- 
ish-obovate  1^''  long ;  lower  glume  ovate,  3-veined,  acutish,  J  as  long  as  the  up- 
per many- veined  one ;  abortive  pales  oftener  with  3  stamens. — Dry  soils,  N.  Eng. 
to  Wia  (Lapham).    Rare.    Jn. 

21  P.  viscidum  Ell.  Hoary,  with  a  dense,  short,  soft,  viscid  pubescence;  culm 
decumbent,  assurgent  2  to  if,  stout ;  joints  p.  smooth  brown  ring ;  Iva  lance- 
linear,  3  to  6'  by  6  to  16'' ;  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes;  pan.  rather 
large  (4  to  6'  long);  loose;  spkL  light  green,  1"  long,  oval,  acutish,  lower  glumo 
very  small,  upper  pale  very  small,  truncate. — li  Damp  places,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Feay). 

22  P.  clandestinum  L.  Culm  with  short,  axillary,  appressed  branches,  2  to  3f 
high,  rigid,  leafy ;  Ivs.  3  to  6'  by  1',  lanceolate,  subcordato  at  base ;  sheaths  his- 
pid with  papillss  in  the  grooves  bearing  bristly  hairs,  and  enclosing  the  short 
lateral  panicles ;  spkl.  elliptical,  acutish,  1^"  long,  striate,  often  purple ;  upper 
pale  of  the  neutral  fl.  obtuse. — ii  Moist  woods,  Mass.  and  Mid.  Stiites.    Jl,  Aug. 

23  P.  microcdzpon  Muhl,  Darl.  Culm  18  to  30'  high,  erect,  simple,  glabrous; 
joints  glabrous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  veined,  ciliate  at  base,  undulate  and  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  6  to  10"  wide;  sheaths  deeply 
striate,  smooth;  slip.  0;  pan.  much  branched,  nearly  smooth;  spkl.  smaU,  (\'' 
long),  roundish-obovale,  purple,  numerous,  scarcely  pubescent ;  upper  sterile  pale 
minute;  fr.  shining,  bluish  white. — If. 

24  P.  Wdlteri  Ell.  Culm  slender,  glabrous,  erect,  2f ;  Ivs.  linear  3  to  6'  by  2  ta 
3',  glabrous  as  well  as  the  open  sheaths;  spikes  thick,  dense,  1-sidcd;  alternate 
(the  2  lower  sometimes  opposite),  6  to  12'  long;  spkl.  imbricated  in  3  rows, 
broad-ovate;  glumes  minutely  hispid,  the  lower  half  as  large,  upper  3-veined ; 
abortive  pales  unequal,  staminate ;  fertile  Jl.  roundish. — Damp  grounds,  Can.  to 
Fla.  and  La.    Jn. — Aug.     (Nearly  allied  to  Oplismenus.) 

25  P.  Aureliaxmin  Hale  (MS.).  Culm  decumbent,  geniculate,  slender,  branched, 
glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous,  1  to  2' by  3  to  4",  sheaths  ciliate;  spikes 
slender,  6  to  12"  long,  alternate,  1-sided;  spkl.  ovate,  acute;  lower  glume  ^  as 
long  as  the  upper,  smooth  and  6-veined  one ;  abortive  pales  equal,  staminate ; 
/trtile  Jl.  ovate. — Damp  soils,  about  N.  Orleans  (Hale). 

26  P.  mili&ceum  L.  Millet.  Lvs.  lance-linear  and  sheaths  hairy ;  culm 
2  to  3f  high  ;  pan.  large,  open,  nodding ;  spkl.  solitary,  ovate ;  gls.  acuminate* 
mucronate,  subequal ;  pales  obtuse. — Cultivated,    f  Turkey. 

27  P.  Jumentdrum  Pers.  Another  cultivated  species,  from  N.  Africa. 
Much  valued  South,  It  is  tall,  stout,  smooth.  The  spikelots  are  singularly 
arranged  in  2s  or  3s,  one  or  two  sterile  to  each  fertile.     Seeds  black. 

19.  OPLIS'MENUS  Beauv.  Cock-spur  Grass.  (Gr.  onXiOfia^  ar- 
mament, fievog^  courage ;  alluding  to  the  stout  awns.)  Spikelets,  <kc. 
as  in  Panicum,  except  that  the  lower  abortive  pale  (and  often  the 
glumes)  is  prolonged  more  or  less  into  an  awn. — Coarse  grasses  with 
the  fls.  in  dense  paniculate  racemes. 

1  O.  CruB-gdlli  Kitnth.  Barn-yard  Grass.  Terete,  smooth,  .3^f  high ;  lvs. 
linear-lanceolate,  flat,  serrulate,  with  smooth,  striate  sheaths  and  no  stipule ;  patL 
simple  or  apparently  so,  branches  spike-fmm,  compound,  alternate  and  in  pairs; 
rachis  hairy  and  rough ;  glumes  scarcely  awned,  hispid-bristly ;  lower  abortivf 
palea  ending  in  a  rough  awn,  6"  to  18  '  long;  fertile  fl.  ovate. — (X'  A  coarse,  weedy 
grass,  introduced  into  cultivated  grounds,  barn-yards,  Ac,  common.  Aug.,  Sept. 
I  Variable.    (Panicum,  L.) 

/i.  MUTicus.     Awns  very  short,  or  the  pale  merely  subulate- pointed.    Common. 
y.  Hispmus.     Sheaths  very  bristly ;  awMS  very  long. 

2  O.  hirt^llus  R.  ^  S.  Culm  glabrous,  decumbent,  branched;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
flat,   1     )  2    by  2  to  4',  with  scattered,  appressed  Lairs  ou  the  ui)per  Burfivco; 


II 


i      i 


f    ■'If 
ill 


1.  '« 


tv     .fl 


!  I 


!    1 


78S 


Obdbr  156.— GRAMINE^. 


sheaths  ciliate ;  pan.  of  remote,  short  (6"),  deitse,  alternate  apikes,  the  rachis  flex- 
uous;  glumes  nearly  equal,  both  awned;  lower  pale  with  a  stout  awn  which  ia 
much  longer  than  those  of  the  glumes;  upper  pale  minute;  feniUefl.  lanceolate. — 
Dry  shades,  Car.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Aug. — Oct.     (Panicum,  L.) 

20.  SETA'RIA,  Beauv.  Bristly  Fox-tail  Grass.  (Lat.  seta^  a 
bristle.)  Spikelets,  &c.  as  in  Panicum,  but  each  subtended  by  a  cluster 
of  awn-like  bristles  (abortive  pedicels),  forming  a  sort  of  bristly  invo- 
lucre.— FIs.  in  dense,  cyliudric  spikes  or  spike-like  panicles. 

S  Bristles  of  the  involucre  rough  backwards,  in  pairs,  short No.  1 

§  Bristles  rough  uj) wards. — Fertile  pales  strongly  rugou.s  crosswise Nos.  2,  -i 

—Fertile  pales  smoothish,  striate  lengthwise No.  4 

— Fertile  i)ttle8  suioothish,  not  striate Nos.  5,  6 

1  S.  verticillata  Beauv.  Culm  smooth,  about  2f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough- 
edged  ;  sheaths  smooth,  hairy  on  the  margin ;  spicate  pan.  composed  of  short, 
divided  bra.xhes  in  interrupted  verticils,  2 — 3'  long ;  bristles  of  the  invol.  in  pair.s, 
rough  backwards,  as  well  as  the  upper  part  of  the  culm ;  paleseofthe  5  roughish- 
punctate. —  ij)  Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio,  more  frequent  South.     July.  § 

2  S.  glauca  Beauv.  Bottle  Grass.  Culm  2 — 3f ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  carinate,  rough, 
hairy  at  base ;  sheaths  striate,  smooth ;  ligules  setous ;  spilce  cylindric,  yellowish- 
green,  2 — 4'  long,  nearly  simple ;  invol.  of  6 — 10  fa.scicled,  scabrous  bristles  much 
longei*  than  the  spikelets;  fertile  pale,  transversely  rugous. — (J)  Fields  and  road- 
sides, N.  Eng.  to  Oliio.     Jl.,  Aug. 

j8.  PURPURASCExa     Sheaths  and  spikelets  pilous,  awns  purple. 

3  S.  comigdta  Schul.     Culm  terete,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  linear,  8  to  12'  by  3  to  4' 
very  scabrous,  as  well  as  the  sheaths ;  ligules  setous ;  pan.  terete,  dense,  spike- 
like, 3  to  6'  long,  compounded  of  many  oppressed  spikes,  each  of  many  spikelets; 
bristles  as  many  as  spkls.  (one  at  the  base  of  each)  and  3  or  4  times  as  long ; 
caryopsis  and  its  pales  strongly  corrugated  (Elliott). — Savannah  (Baldwin). 

4  S.  vfridis  Beauv.  Wild  Timothy.  Culm  smooth,  2 — 3f ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  flat, 
minutely  serrulate ;  sheaths  striate,  hairy  on  the  margin,  and  with  a  setous  stipule; 
spike  1  to  3'  long,  cylindric,  compound,  terminal,  green;  involucre  of  4 — 10  fas- 
ciculate bristles,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  paleae  of  the  perfect  flower  longi- 
tudinally striate,  punctate,  and  minutely  corrugated  under  a  lens. —  (1)  Common  in 
cultivated  grounds.  Northern  States.     July,  Aug. 

5  S.  Itdlica  Kunth.  Culm  somewhat  compressed,  about  4  to  6f  high ;  Ivs.  lan- 
ceolate, 1 — 2f  long,  an  inch  wide ;  sheaths  roughish,  pilous  at  the  tliroat ;  gpike 
compound,  interrupted  at  the  base,  nodding,  6 — 8'  long  sometimes  12  to  18'  long 
and  V  thick  (Feay) ;  spikelets  conglomerate ;  invol.  of  2  or  more  bristles,  several  times 
longer  than  the  flower  ;  fertile  fl.  polished,  shining,  J"  long. —  (I)  Ditches,  Mid.  and 
S.  States.     July. 

6  S.  Germanica  Beauv.  Millet.  Bengal  Grass.  Culm  2 — if  high,  simple, 
leafy ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  acuminate,  serrulate  on  the  margin ;  sheaths  strlnte, 
close,  pubescent;  stip.  bearded;  spike  compressed,  yellowish,  oblong-cylindric ; 
rachis  densely  hirsute ;  involucrate  bristles  4 — 8,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the 
spikelets,  yellowish;  glumes  unequal,  ovate;  g  palece  1"  long,  obscurely  3-veined, 
dull  with  minute  corrugations. —  0  In  fields,  often  cultivated.  §  (S.  ItaUca  \i. 
Kunth.) 

21.  CENCHRUS  L.     Burr  Grass.     (Gr.  Kevxpog,  the  ancient  name 

of  the   millet.)     Flowers  racemons  or  spicate ;   involucre  burr-form, 

laciniate,  echinate,  persistent,  and  becoming  hard  in  fruit,  including 

1 — 3  spikelets ;  glumes  2,  2-flowered,  outer  smaller ;  flowers  dissimlar, 

the  lower  sterile,  the  upper  perfect;  scales  0;  branching;  spikeleta 

sessile. 

1  C.  tribuloides  L.  St.  1 — 2f  long,  erect  or  procumbent  and  geniculate  at 
base;  Iva.  lance-linear,  conduplicate,  gradually  acuminate,  3 — 5' by  2 — 3  ';  sheatlis 
open,  about  as  long  as  the  colored  joints;  spike  with  the  burr-like  involucres 
approximate ;  Invol.  cartilaginous,  beset  externally  with  many  sharp,  retrorsely 


Order  156.— GRAMINEiE. 


r8{> 


hispid  spines  as  long  as  itself  and  containing  2 — 3  spikelets ;  glumes  acuminatc- 
mucronate,  about  3  '  long,  producing  but  1  caryopsis. —  (X)  Sandy  alluvion,  X.  J. 
to  Can.  and  Wis.     The  adhesive  burrs  are  annoying. 

22.  PHAL'ARIS  L.  Canary  Grass.  (Gr.  ^aXap'x;^  white  crested,  as 
are  the  flowers.)  Spikelets  1  (theoretically  3) -flowered  ;  glumes  2,  sub- 
equal,  carinate ;  pakse  2,  coriaceous,  awnless,  shorter  than  the  glumes, 
coating  the  caryopsis,  each  with  an  external,  accessory  palca  or  abor- 
tive rudiment  at  base.  Grasses  with  flat  Ivs.  contracted,  often  spiko- 
like  panicles. 

1  P.  arundinkcea  L.  Culm  erect,  sparingly  branched  or  simple,  2 — 5f  high ; 
Ivs.  spreading,  lance-linear,  veined,  rough-edged,  on  smooth,  striate  slieatljs ;  pan. 
very  dense,  eUiptic-oblong,  somewhat  secund,  3 — 6'  long,  glumes  3-veined,  whitish, 
scabrous;  rudiments  pilous. —  y  Common  in  ditches  and  swamps,  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Ky.  A  large,  showy  grass,  but  not  valuable.  July,  Aug.  (P.  Americana 
Torr,  nee  Ell.) 

/3.  PICTA  is  the  well-known  striped  or  ribbon  grass,  with  beautifully  variegated 
leaves  longitudinally  striped  in  endless  diversity,  f 

2  P.  Canari^nsis  L.  Canary  Grass.  Culm  erect,  or  geniculate  at  the  lower 
joints,  round,  striate,  leafy;  If  or  more  high;  Ivs.  knee-linear;  panicles  spicate, 
ovoid,  erect ;  1  to  2'  long ;  glumef  whitish,  with  green  veins ;  winged  on  the  keel ; 
rudiments  smooth. — (X)  Fields  and  pastures,  not  common.  The  glumes  are  cu- 
riously marked  with  white  and  green.  The  fruit  is  the  chief  food  of  Canary  birds. 
JL     §  Isle  Fortunatus. 

23.  ANTHOXAN'THUM,  L.  Sweet-scented  Vernal  Grass.  (Gr. 
dvdog,  a  flower,  ^avOo^,  yellow  ;  from  the  color  of  its  spikes.)  Spiko- 
lets  3-flowered,  the  central  one  ^ ,  the  2  lateral  ones  neuter,  each  con- 
sisting of  one  bearded  palea  ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  the  upper  one  larger, 
inclosing  the  flowers ;  palese  of  the  ^  2,  short,  awnless ;  stamens  2, 

A.  odor^tum  L.  Slender,  erect,  10 — 18';  Ivs.  short,  striate,  pale  green;  pan. 
spicate,  oblong-ovoid ;  spikelets  pubescent,  on  short  peduncles ;  pales  of  the 
lateral  fls.  linear-oblong,  ci''ate  on  the  margin,  one  of  them  with  a  bent  awn  from 
near  the  ..  .e,  the  ctlier  with  a  straight  awn  from  the  back  near  the  summit. — 
An  early-flowering,  deliciously  fragrant  grass,  in  most  of  the  States  and  Can. 
May,  Jn.     §  Eur. 

24.  rilEROCH'LOA,  Gmel.  Seneca  Grass.  (Gr.  hpor,  sacred, 
X^oa,  glass ;  from  its  fragrance.)  Spikelets  3-flowered ;  ghunes  2, 
scarious  ;  lateral  flowers  staminate,  triandrous  ;  central  flower  ^  ,  dian- 
drous  (rarely  triandrous). — Sweet-scented.     Inflor.  paniculate. 

1  H.  boredlis  R.  &  Sch.  Smooth,  glossy;  culm  simple,  erect,  15 — 20';  radical 
Ivs.  as  long  as  the  stem,  cauline  2 — 4'  long,  lanceolate,  mucronato ;  poniiie  rather 
1-sided  and  spreading,  pyramidal,  few-flowered,  2 — 3'  long;  hranchlets  flexuous,- 
spikelets  broad,  subcordate,  colored,  unarmed;  glumes  acuminate;  lower  pate  c'lli 
ate. —  2XWet  meadows,  Virg.  to  Arc.  Am.     Very  fragrant.     May. 

2  H.  alpina  R.  &  S.  Smooth;  culm  erect,  stout,  6 — 8';  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate^ 
acute;  sheaths  tumid,  longer  than  the  intemodes;  j:)anicfe  ovoid,  1^ — 2'  long,  witl. 
the  branches  in  pairs ;  spikelets  purple,  compressed,  large,  longer  than  the  branches; 
glumes  lanceolate ;  lower  fl.  with  an  awn  about  as  long  as  the  paks. —  U  Summits 
of  the  White  Mts.  (Bigelow).     Jn. 

25.  HOLXUS,  L.  Soft  Grass.  (Gr.  d^Kog,  something  which  draws ; 
application  obscure.)  Spikelets  2-flowered  ;  glumes  herbaceous,  boat- 
shaped,  mucronate  ;  flowers  pedicellate,  the  lower  one  perfect  and  awn- 
less, upper  one  $  or  neuter,  awned  on  the  back. — Kls.  in  an  open 
panicle. 

H.  lanlktUB  L.     Hoary  pubescent ;  culm  1 J — 2fhigh;  ii;«.  lance-linear,  2 — 6' long; 


lU 


'i\ 


lii: 


790 


Obdeb  15G.— GRAMINE^. 


sheaths  striate;  pan.  ohlong,  doBbe,  wliilish,  with  a  purple  tinge ;  Jls.  shorter  than 
tiiG  glumes;  ttterile  one  with  a  recurved,  included  awn. — U  Common  in  wet 
meadows,  N.  Eng.,  to  tlie  uplands  of  Ga.  A  beautiful  grass,  very  soft  with 
whitish  down.     Jl. 

26.  APR  A,  L.  (<ir.  aipa,  a  deadly  weapon  ;  originally  applied  to  a 
poisonous  grass.)  Spikelcts  2-flowcred,  without  abortive  rudiments ; 
glumes  2,  membranaceous  and  shining,  snbequal ;  one  of  the  flowers 
pedicellate  ;  paleaj  subequal,  pilous  at  base,  the  lower  one  lacerate  at 
apex  and  awned  on  the  back. — Fls.  in  panicles  of  a  silvery  purplish 
hue.     ■ 

|t  Glumes  much  longer  than  tlie  pales.     Awns  lonj; No.  1 

I  illumes  about  as  lung  as  the  pales.    Awns  long  or  i>hort Nus.  '2,  3 

1  A.  atropurpilrea  Wahl.  Caespitous,  s,  foot  high;  culms  very  slender;  Iva. 
flat;  pan.  thin,  with  spreading  branches  ;  glumes  much  longer  than  the  flowers ; 
pales  hairy  at  apex. — High  Mts.  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     Aug. 

2  A.  flexuosa  L.  Culm  smooth,  1 — 2f  high,  nearly  naked;  Ivs.  setaceous, 
smooth,  with  striate  sheaths  and  truncate  stipules ;  pan.  loose,  spreading,  trichoto- 
mous,  with  long,  flexuous  branches ;  awns  geniculate,  twice  longer  than  the  pales. 
—  y  Vales  and  hills,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.  An  erect,  elegant  grass, 
growing  in  tufts.     Jn. 

3  A.  caespitdsa  L.  Gsespitous,  glabrous ;  st.  18 — 30'  high ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear, 
scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  flat ;  panicle  pyramidal,  capillary,  oblong,  finally 
diffuse ;  awns  straight,  about  as  long  as  the  pales,  which  are  longer  than  the  bluish 
glumes. — U  Swamps,  N.  States  and  Can.     May.     (A.  aristulata  Torr.) 

27.  DANTHO'NIA,  DC.  (In  honor  of  M  Danthoim,  a  French  botan- 
ist.) Spikelets  2 — 7-flowered;  glumes  2,  subequal,  longer  than  the 
spikelet  of  flowers,  cuspidate ;  paleae  hairy  at  the  base,  lower  one  bi- 
dentate  at  the  apex,  with  a  twisted  awn  between  the  teeth,  the  upper 
one  obtuse,  entire. 

D.  spicdta  Beauv.  St.  slender,  nearly  erect,  12 — 18'  high,  lower  Ivs.  numerous. 
4 — 6'  long,  flat,  hairy  above,  cauline  Ivs.  much  shorter,  subulate,  erect,  on  very 
short  sheaths;  panicle  simple,  spicate,  short,  erect ;  spikelets  3 — 8  or  10,  about  1- 
flowered;  glumes  a  little  longer  than  the  flowers ;  lower  palea  hairy,  about  half  as 
long  as  its  spirally  twisted  awn. — Pastures  and  open  woods,  common.  June 
— Aug.     (Avena,  L.) 

28.  AVE^NA,  L.  Oat.  Spikelet  2  to  5-flowered ;  glumes  2,  loose 
and  membranous,  awnless,  often  as  long  as  the  pales ;  pales  2,  herba- 
ceous, at  length  subcoriaceous,  the  lower  one  bifid  and  usually  with  a 
twisted  or  bent  awn  at  the  back. — Fls.  paniculate. 

I  ARKIIENATHERUM.     GIs.  nneqiial,  2-flowore(l,  with  a  rudiment;  lower  fl.  staminate.No.  1 

I  AIUOP816*.     G Is.  subequal, '2-tlowt're<l,  with  no  rudiment,  fls.  both  perfect.     Uwarf. No.  2 

$  AVKNA  proper.    Gls.  equal,  longer  than  the '2  lis.,  and  strongly  striate.    Cultivated....No.  H 

1  A.  eldtior  L.  Culm  2 — 4f,  geniculate,  smooth ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough  on  the 
iiiargir  and  upper  surface ;  panicle  loose,  equal,  nodding,  branches  in  pairs  or  ter- 
nate;  spikelets  2-flowered;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  palea;  upper  flower  5, 
mostly  awnless. — U  A  tall  grass,  introduced  and  naturalized  iu  cultivated 
grounds.     May,  June.     (Arrhenatherura  avenaceura  Beauv.) 

2  A  prebcoz  Beauv.  Caespitous;  culm  erect,  a  few  inches  high;  Ivs.  ^ — 1' 
lung,  rough;  */ica</w  deeply  striate;  panicle  dense,  racemous;  spikelets  ovate,  2- 
flowerod,  glumes  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  lower  palea  with  a  bent  awn  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  back  twice  its  length. — (J)  N.  Y.  to  Virg.    Jn.     (Aira,  L.) 

3  A.  sativaL.  Common  Oat.  Culmamooth,  2 — 4fhigh;  ira.  linear-lanceolate, 
vi'ined,  rough,  with  loose,  striate  sheaths ;  stip.  lacerate ;  panicle  loose ;  spikelets 
pedunculate,  pendulous,  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  lower  one  mostly 
*wned ;  palea  .eomewhut  cartilaginous,  closely  embracing  the  caryopsis. — OD  A 


Obueb  15G.— GRAMINE.fl. 


191 


highly  important  grain,  one  of  the  staple  productions  of  the  soil ;  said  to  huwt 
been  first  discovered  in  tlie  Island  of  Juan  Fernandez. 

,i.  NiQKA.     Black  Oats.     Paiece  dark  brown,  almost  black,  awnless. 

y.   8ECUNDA.     UoRSE-MANF  Oats.     Fanicle  l-sided;  awns  short. 

29.  TRISETUM,  L.  (Lai. /r/a,  three,  «^/Mm,  a  bristle;  a  character- 
fstie  term.)  Spikelet  2 — S-tioweied ;  glumes  2,  shorter  than  th« 
flowers;  lower  palea  with  2  bristles  at  the  apex  atul  a  soft,  floxiioiM 
awn  from  above  the  middle  of  the  back ;  scales  ovate  ;  fruit  coated, 
furrowed. — Very  closely  related  to  Avena. 

1  T.  paMstre  Torr.     Culm  erect,  contracted  at  the  nv.-^es,  slender,  smooth,  aboui 

2f  higli ;  Ivs.   lance-linear,  about  3'  long,  roughisli,  on  smooth,  striate  sheatlis ; 

^anifve  oblong,  contracted,  nodding,  yellowish-green ;  spikelets  about  3"  long,  2 — 3- 

flovjtrtd,  middle  flower  abortive,  upper  one  pedicellate,  its  lower  palea  ending  m 

2  setous  teetii,  and  awned  below  the  tip,  lower  one  mostly  awnless. — y  Wet 
meadows,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  May— July.  (Avena,  Mx.  Aira  pallcns, 
Muhl.) 

2  T.  m611e  Kunth.  Minutely  and  softly  puherulent  throughout ;  culm  If  high;  Ivs. 
narrow,  2  to  4'  long;  pan.  contracted  and  spike-like,  2'  long;  awn  at  length  de- 
flexed,  longer  than  the  beardless  flowers. — Mts.  and  rocks,  N.  II.  to  Mich.  and. 
Can.  (.\vena,  Mx.)  Scarcely  ditfers  from  the  foregoing,  which  is  also  sometimes 
downy. 

3  T.  purpu.rd8cenB  Torr.  Culm  leafy,  2f  high;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  keeled, 
4 — 6'  long,  and  with  tiio  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  very  simple,  almost  a  raceme, 
few-flowered,  4 — 6'  long ;  glumes  3  to  b-flowefi'd,  very  unequal,  entire ;  spikelets  6 
to  S' long,  lanceolate,  terete,  often  purple,  smooth;  lower  palea  7-veined,  cleft 
into  2  bristly  points  at  the  apex;  awn  geniculate. — U  Mountain  bogs,  N.  Eng. 
to  Wis.  and  Can.     June. 

30.  BRO^MUS,  L.  Brome  Grass.  (Gr.  fipCJiia,  food ;  the  name 
was  anciently  applied  to  Oats.^  Spikelets  5  to  oo -flowered ;  glumes  un- 
equal, membranous,  veined ;  lower  pale  6  to  9-veined,  convex  or  cari- 
nate  on  the  back,  awned  from  below  the  mostly  bifid  tip ;  upper  pale 
ciliate  on  the  2  kjels,  often  bifid ;  caryopsis  linear,  adherent  to  the 
upper  pale. — Coarse  grasses  with  flat  Ivs.  and  large,  paniculate,  nodding 
spikelets. 

I  Glumes  narrow,  the  lower  1-veined,  upper  8-velned.    Pale  keeled Nos.  <5, 5 

I  (iliiincs  veiny,  the  lower  3  to  6,  upper  5  to  T-veineil  (a). 

a  Lower  pule  uomprussed-carinate.  the  awn  scarcely  any No.  4 

a  Lower  pale  rounded  on  the  back,  the  awn  conspicuous Nos.  8 — 1 

1  B.  secaliuuB  L.  Smooth  Cheat  or  Chess.  Culm  smooth.  2  to  4f  high ;  Ivs. 
l-uice-linear,  6  to  12'  long,  rough  and  some  hairy  above,  on  smoothish  sheaths; 
piin.  spreading  in  fruit,  branches  subsimple,  with  few  nodding  spikelets ;  spkL 
ovate,  turgid,  smooth,  7  to  10-flowered ;  fls.  soon  diverging  and  rather  distinct, 
ohlcng,  longer  than  the  short,  flexuous  au)n. — (p  A  handsome  but  worthless  grass, 
in  fields  of  wheat  and  other  grains,  and  in  waste  grounds.    Ju.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

2  B.  mdllis  L.  Downy  Chess.  Culm  slender,  some  downy,  12  to  18'  to  2f •, 
Ivs.  flat,  hairy  both  sides,  lance-linear,  on  sheaths  clothed  with  deflexed  hairs ; 
pan.  erect,  contracted  in  fruit ;  spikelets  ovate,  C4)mpressed,  about  ^-flowered,  downy 
ail  over ;  fts.  oblong,  closely  imbricated,  not  longer  than  their  straight  awn. — CD  ® 
Wheat  fields  and  waste  grounds,  rare.  Lower  pale  ^  longer  than  the  upi)er. 
Jn.     §  Eur.     Varies  in  pubescence.    (B.  racemosus  L.  (i.  arvensis,  Ed.  2.) 

3  B.  Kdlmii  Gray.  Culm  slender,  18'  to  Sf;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  more  or  less  hairy, 
sometimes  excessively  so ;  pan.  simple,  small,  3  to  4'  long ;  spkl.  drooping,  closely 
7  to  12-flo\vered,  densely  silky  all  over;  lower  glume  3-veined,  upper  5;  hwer 
pale  much  longer  than  the  upper,  5  to  7-veined,  the  awn  ^  of  its  length. — U  Dry 
hilly  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Jn.,  Jl.  (B.  purgans  Torr.  nee  L.  fide  Pro£ 
Gray.) 

4  B.  unioloides  Thunb.  &  Kth.    Rescue  Grass.    Culm  18'  to  3f,  glabrous: 


I        Ml 


792 


Obukb  156.— GllAMINE^. 


Iv3.  smouthish,  on  sheatha  more  or  less  hairy  or  almost  smooth ;  paa  large,  6  ta 
10'  long,  branches  subsimple,  whorled ;  spikeleta  smooth,  linco-ovate,  much  com- 
pressed, 2-edged,  1'  long,  ^  as  wide,  8  to  12-flo\vered;  lower  gluuio  3,  upper  6- 
vcined;  lo\/er  pale  7  to  9-veined,  much  larger  tlian  the  strongly  2keeled  upper, 
with  scarcely  any  awn. — (J)  Cultivated  at  the  Soutli  (iu  1857)  from  seeds  distri- 
buted by  the  government,  but  proved  no  better  than  our  Cliess.     f  Peru, 

5  B.  cilisktus  L.  Culm  erect,  smootli,  2  to  4f  liigh ;  Ivs.  flat,  some  pubescent,  6 
to  12'  long,  on  sheaths  more  or  less  pilous  with  deflexed  liair.^ ;  pan.  large,  erect, 
6  to  8'  long,  finally  nodding,  branches  in  2s  and  4s,  compound ;  spikelets  at  fii'st 
lance-fusiform,  7  to  W-flowtred,  the  Us.  soon  separating;  glume  lower  1,  upper  3- 
veined;  pales  compressed-carinate  above,  silky-haired  near  the  margins,  twict 
longer  than  the  straight  awn. —  U  Damp  woods  along  rivers,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Jn., 
JL     (B.  Canadensis  Mx.     B.  pubescens  Muhl.     B.  purgans,  Ed,  2.) 

/?.   PURGANS.      Pan.    more   open;    spkl,    silky-hairy   all   over. — Mid.   and    S. 
States. 

6  B.  tectdram  L.  Culm  slender,  1  to  3;',  pubescent  above;  Ivs.  pubescent; 
sheaths  ciliate  witli  few  long  hairs ;  pan.  compound,  at  length  1-sided  and  nod- 
ding; pedicels  capillary;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  minutely  downy,  about  5-Jiowered; 
glumes  lower  1-,  upper  3-veined ;  lower  pale  3-veined,  carinato,  scarious-edged, 
lance-subulate,  scarcely  a«  long  as  its  awn. — (3^  N.  York  (Sartwell),  Penn.  (Jack- 
son).    (B.  sterilis  Torr.)  §  , 

31.  TRICUS'PIS,  Boanv.  (Lat.  tres,  three,  cuspis,  a  point;  lefor- 
ring  to  the  structure  of  the  lower  pale.)  Spi'ielets  terete  or  tumid,  3 
to  O-flowered,  upper  flower  abortive ;  glumes  J,  unequal,  awnless  ;  pales 
2,  the  lower  larger,  hairy-fringed  along  the  l:eel  and  the  2  lateral  veins, 
and  ending  in  3  short  cusps  or  mucrones  (the  projecting  veins  and  mid- 
vein)  and  2  intermediate  teeth,  upper  pale  2-toothed  ;  stamens  1  to  3 ; 
stigmas  plumous ;  caryopsis  smooth,  free,  2-horned. — Erect,  simple. 
Pjin.  mostly  with  racemous  branches. 

1  T.  seslerioides  Torr.  False  Red-top.  Culm  hard  and  firm,  glabrous,  4  to 
5f  high;  Ivs.  glabrous,  linear,  involute  when  dry,  sheaths  hairy  at  tlie  throat; 
pan.  open,  loose,  8  to  12'  long,  the  slender  hanches  at  length  spreading ;  spikl.  te- 
retish,  lanceolate,  about  5-flowered,  purple,  2  to  3  "  long;  cusps  of  the  lov\er  palo 
very  short. — U  A  splendid  grass,  in  dry  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  S.  States. 
Aug.,  Sept.  (Po!i  Mx.  Windsoria  poseformis  Nutt.  Uralepis  cuprea  Kuith.) — 
A  variety  has  smaller,  3  to  5-flowered,  pale  purple  spikelets  and  flexuous  brunches. 
Another  var.  has  tlie  spikelets  white. 

2  T.  ambigua  Kunth.  Culm  strictly  erect,  2  to  4f  high,  slender  and  flrra, 
glabrous  as  well  as  the  linear,  convolute-filiform  Ivs.,  and  the  sheaths  which  are 
scarce  half  the  length  of  the  internodes ;  pan.  contracted,  small,  3  to  5'  long ;  spike- 
lets few,  subsessile,  ovate  turgid,  5  to  7 -flowered,  thefls,  at  length  divaricate,  more 
or  less  purple. — y  Car.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Spkl.  not  longer,  but  much  thicker  thaa 
in  No,  1.     Sept.     (Poa,  Ell.) 

3  T.  stricta.  Glabrous ;  culm  slender,  firm,  erect,  3  to  6f  high ;  pan.  very  strict, 
spike-like,  dense ;  ppkl.  sessile,  flat,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  7  to  9-flowered ;  glumes 
lance-linear,  much  longer  than  the  pales,  about  as  long  as  the  spikelets. —  U  Miss. 
and  La.  Lvs.  very  long,  flat.  Pan.  about  6'  long,  6"  wide,  A  singular  grass, 
(Windsoria  Nutt.) 

32.  URAL'EPIS,  Nutt.  Sand  Grass.  (Gr.  dvpd,  tail,  Xenig,  a  scale  ; 
a  characteristic  name.)  Spikelets  2  to  6-flowered,  fls.  distant ;  glume* 
2,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  unequal,  awnless ;  pales  2,  very  unequal, 
both  conspicuously  fringe-bearded  along  the  2  or  3  veins,  the  lower  2- 
cleft,  with  the  midvein  produced  into  a  short,  straight  awn  between  the 
2  segments ;  upper  2-keeled. — Culms  decumbent,  branched.  Pan.  small, 
the  branches  racemed. 

1  U.  purpClrea  Nutt     Caespitous;  culms  prof\»mbent  at  base,  bearded  at  tbt 


i    'v! 


Okdeb  156.— GRAMINE^. 


793 


tMxleii,  10 — 18';  Iva.  subulate,  the  unrer  onea  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  lialry  be- 
neath ;  pan.  simple,  ruceriioiis,  terminal  and  lateral,  coneealud  in  the  sheaths  of 
the  leaved,  the  upper  one  partly  exserl ;  spikelet  3-tlowered  ;  awn  of  the  pale  aboxJ 
as  lonij  as  the  latently  obtuse  segments, — Sea  coast,  among  the  driltmg  stinds,  Mass. 
to  Ga.  Taste  of  the  plant  biltur.  Aug.  (U.  aristulata  Niitt.) 
2  U.  cornttta  Ell.  Culm  2f  high,  and  with  the  narrow  (1")  loaves  and  sheaths 
hairy ;  pan.  slender,  composed  of  a  few  small,  few-flowerc-d  branches ;  glumes  2, 
subequal,  very  acute,  purple  as  well  as  the  2  pales;  upper  pale  lonj^er  tlian  the 
glume,  ike  midvein  prolonged  in  an  elongated,  at  length  recurved  awn  beyond  tlio 
segments. — S.  States.     (Triplasis  Americana  Beauv, 

33.  DACTYLIS,  L.  Orchard  Grass.  (Gr.  ^aKTvXog,  a  finger ; 
from  the  form  of  the  spikes.)  Spikelets  aggregated,  eompressed,  3 — 5- 
flowered ;  glumes  unequal,  herbaceous,  the  larger  one  carinate,  shorter 
than  the  flowers ;  palese  subequal,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  one 
emarginate,  carinate,  mucronate,  upper  bifid  at  apex ;  scales  dentate. — 
Lvs.  carinate.     Pan.  composed  of  dense  clusters. 

D.  glomer&ta  L.  Culm  roundish,  2 — 4f ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  carinate,  a  little 
scabrous,  glaucous;  sheaths  striate;  stip.  lacerate;  pan.  remotely  branchtvl, 
rather  secund ;  spikelets  about  4-flt)wered,  in  dense,  glomerate,  unilateral,  termi- 
nal oJusters;  glumes  very  unequal  •,  anth.  large,  yellow. — U  A  fine,  well-known 
grass,  of  rapid  growth,  introduced  in  shady  fields,  as  orchards,  &c.     June.  §  Eur. 

34.  K(£LE^RIA,  Pers.  (In  honor  of  M.  Koeler^  a  German  botanist.) 
Spikelets  compressed,  2  to  7-flowered ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  acute  or 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  upper  flower  pedicellate  ;  pales  2, 
the  lower  often  acuminate-mucronate. — 11 — Grasses  caespitous,  erect, 
simple,  with  dense  panicles. 

K.  crist^ta  Smith.  Culm  20 — 30'  high,  smooth,  leafy  to  one-half  its  height, 
rigidly  erect;  lvs.  flat,  erect,  pubescent,  2 — 3  "  by  1 — 2",  shorter  than  their  pu- 
bescent slieaths ;  stip.  short,  lacerate;  panicle  spicate,  narrow,  3 — 5'  long,  6 — 8" 
diam.,  branches  very  short;  spikelets  2"  long,  silvery  and  shining,  compressed, 
about  2-flowered,  with  an  abortive  pedicel ;  glume  linear-oblong,  acute,  serrulate 
on  the  keel,  upper  one  longer. — Mid.,  W.  States  and  Can. — A  variety  (K.  nitida 
Nutt.),  is  smaller  and  more  delicate. 

35.  DIARRHE^NA,  Raf.  (Gr.  dtV,  two,  dppT/VT/^,  rough  ;  from  the 
two  scabrous  keels  of  the  upper  paleae.)  Panicle  racemous  or  simple  ; 
glumes  2,  very  unequal,  2 — 5-flowered,  rigid,  acuminate,  mu  ronate ; 
palex  cartilaginous,  lower  cuspidate,  upper  much  smaller,  emarginate  ; 
caryopsis  coated,  as  lonjr  as  the  upper  pale  ;  scales  ovate,  ciliate. 

D.  didndra.  Culm  erect,  nearly  leafless,  slender,  rigid,  15—30';  lvs.  few,  sub- 
radical,  broadly  linear,  flat,  rough-edged,  10 — 16' by  5 — 7",  nearly  glabrous; 
sheaths  close ;  stip.  obsolete ;  panicle  very  simple  and  slender,  branches  erect,  few , 
spikelets  2-flowered;  glumes  broad- ovate,  upper  twice  larger,  5-veined;  pales 
much  longer  than  the  glumes,  the  upper  with  2  roughish,  green  keels,  and  coo- 
spicuoui^ly  mucronate ;  sta.  2  ? — River  banks,  Ohio  to  111.  (D.  Americana  Beauv. 
Festuca  Mx.) 

36.  FESTUXA,  L.  Fescue  Grass.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 
Spikelets  3  to  Qo-flowered ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  mostly  carinate ;  pales 
firm,  naked,  the  lower  rounded  (not  carinate)  on  the  back,  obscurely 
veined,  acute,  or  mucronate,  or  awned  ;  stamens  3,  rarely  1  or  2  ;  stig- 
mas plumous ;  caryopsis  linear-oblong,  mostly  adherent  to  the  upper 
pale. — Spikelets  in  racemes  or  panicles,  the  fls.  remote,  not  webbed  at 
base. 


., 


hi 


I 


794 


Obdeb  15G.— (JRAMiNE.'E. 


I  Flii.  awned. — Awns  eonspicaous,  about  eqaalinfr  or  excccdinz  the  pales Nm.  1.1 

— Awns  iiiiiuli  i)lioi-ter  than  the  hinceuliite  |>ule.t Nuii.  A,  4 

I  KU.  awnless. — I'uniclu  contiocted,  with  short,  usui-ndiii);  briiiichf« No;*,  fi,  6 

— I'unicle  very  looite,  with  itpreading  ov  redexed  briuiches Noa.  7,  i 

1  P.  MyiiruB  L.  Culm  6 — 12'  long,  erect,  geniculate  near  the  base;  Ivs.  2 — 3' 
lonfr,  subulate,  concave ;  slip,  bilid  or  retuse;  panicle  slender,  crowdeil;  spikeluts 
4 — y-Ho\vered ;  yluinefi  minute,  equal ;  Jin.  subulate,  hairy ;  lower  pale  with  an  awn 
twice  its  lenijth;  ata.  1 ;  stig.  plumous,  white. — X)  Sandy  fields,  Car.  to  iJa.  Mar., 
Apr. 

2  P.  ten611a  Willd.  Slender  Fescue.  Culm  filiform,  wiry,  often  growing  in 
tufts  and  geniculate  at  base,  6—12';  Ivs.  erect,  linear-seta<:eowi,  2 — 3'  long;  sheuth.s 
subpubescent,  with  lacerated  stipules ;  pan.  simple,  contracted,  rather  secuini, 
branches  alone  or  in  pairs;  spikelets  6  to  ^-flowered,  with  subulate,  suboqual 
glumes,  at  length  brownish ;  fls.  subulate,  tfieir  awns  of  aJ)out  equMl  lemjth. —  V) 
Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng  to  111.  and  S.  States. 

3  P.  ovina  L.  Sheep's  Fescue.  Culm  erect,  ascending  at  base,  6 — 10' ;  Ivs. 
very  narrow,  rough,  radical  ones  very  numerous,  2 — 4'  long,  cauline  few,  siiort, 
erect;  pan.  few-flowered,  simple,  contracted;  spikelets  ovate,  about  i-floW'-red; 
pale  lance-ovate. —  4 -A.  valuable  grass  for  pasturage.     Jn.     §  Eur. 

/?.  viviPARA.     Glumes  and  pales  changing  to  leafy  tufts. — Mts. 

4  P.  duriUsoula  L.  Hard  Fescue.  Culm  smooth  12 — 18';  Ivs.  linear,  very 
acute,  a  little  scabrous;  stipules  membranaceous,  lacerate;  paii.  oblong,  spreading, 
inclining  to  one  side,  branches  in  pairs;  spikelets  nearly  terete,  5 — 1 -flowered; 
lower  glume  smaller,  upper  one  3-veined ;  palese  unequal,  lower  witii  short  awns. 
—  U  Fields  and  pastures.     A  fine  grass,  common,  Car.  to  Can.     Juno,  July. 

fi.  RUBRA.     Spikelets  7  to  ll-flowered;  herbage  often  tinged  with  red. — Dry 
fields,  eastward. 

5  P.  pratSnsis  Iluds.  Meadow  Fescue.  Culm  smooth,  3 — If  high ;  Ivs.  lanoo- 
linear,  smooth,  rough-edged,  a  foot  long,  on  smooth,  loose  sheaths ;  panicU*  sub- 
erect,  branches  short,  in  pairs,  ascending ;  spikelets  lauce-ovate,  acute,  6  to  ^-flow- 
ered, 6 — 9"  long,  racemous  on  tlio  branches;  lower  glume  shorter;  lower  palwc 
acuminate  or  mucronate. — A  fine  grass,  in  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.    Jn.  § 

6  P.  el^tior  L,  Tall  Fescue  Grass.  St.  smooth,  2 — 3f  high  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear, 
veined,  smooth,  rough-edged,  about  8'  long ;  sheaths  veined,  smooth  with  obso- 
lete stipules ;  panicle  branched,  erect  in  flower,  spreading,  somewhat  1-sided, 
branches  subsolitary,  spikelets  short,  alternate  somewhat  sfcund,  2  to  5-flowered, 
about  3"  long;  pales  smooth,  chartaceous,  barely  acute. — Fields  and  meadows. 
Jn.,  JL  § 

7  P.  ligida  Kunth.  Culm  decumbent,  ascending  3  to  5' ;  Ivs.  much  shorter,  subu- 
late, involute  when  dry;  pan.  subsimple,  secund,  an  inch  or  two  long,  the  brauches 
alternate,  oppressed;  spikelets  lance-linear,  5  to  9-rtowered;  ft'i.  acutish,  terete, 
purplish. — In  dry  soils,  Car.,  near  the  coast.    Plant  dwarf  anu  rigid.    Ai)r.,  May. 

8  P.  niitanB  "Willd.  Nodding  Fescue.  Culm  erect,  slender,  smooth,  with  black 
nodes,  about  3f  high ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  a  foot  long,  veined ;  panicle  slender,  dif- 
fuse, at  length  nodding,  and  the  slender  braiv-hes  deflexed;  spikeltts  lance-ovate,  3 — 5- 
flowered ;  fls.  smooth,  awnless  and  nearly  veinless. — 11  Open  woodlands,  in  most 
of  the  States.  June.  (F.  Shortii  Kunth.,  when  the  grass  is  stouter  and  the  spike- 
lets about  5-flowered.) 

37.  EATO'NIA,  Raf.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Amos  Ettfo»,the  well- 
known  author  of  the  "  Manual  of  Botany,"  which  bears  his  name.) 
Spikelets  mostly  2-flowered,  numerous,  paniculate,  silvery  ;  glumes  2, 
very  dissimilar,  the  lower  linear,  1-veined,  upper  broadly  obovate,  ob- 
tuse or  abruptly  pointed,  3-veined,  with  broad,  scarious  marjrins  ;  pales 
obtusish,  awnless,  chartaceous,  j^iabrous ;  caryopsis  oblong. —  4  Smooth 
and  delicate  grasses  with  simple,  caespitous  culms. 

ZS.  obtusdta  Gray.  Culm  erect,  geniculate  below,  leafy,  1  to  2f ;  nodes  pubes- 
cent, blackish,  contracted;  Ivs.  3  to  6'  by  2  ",  scabrous,  acuminate,  shorter  than 
the  sheaths;  stip.  lacerate;  pan.  conliracted,  3  to  5'  long,  6  <o  12  "  diam.,  dciuse, 
branches  fascicled,  short,  appressed;  spikelets  \\"  l®iig,  2-tiowercd,  tumid;  lower 


Order  156.— ORAMINK^.  795 

giume  about  as  long  but  very  much  narrower  than  the  obovato,  obtuse,  pul.eru- 
leut  upper  one ;  palos  scarious  at  summit,  a  little  cxstTted. — Penn.  (Jaeksoti) 
to  Wis.  (Laphani),  and  S.  States.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Aira,  Mx.  A.  tnmcata  Muhi.  K.^v• 
leria  Torr.,  and  Ed.  1.  R.  paniculata  Nutt.  Re>x>ulea,  Kuuth.  E.  purpurw- 
ceus  Raf.) 

3  B.  Pennsylvdnioa  Gray.  Erect,  tufted,  minutely  puberulent.  usually  alwut 
2f  high ;  Ivs.  flat,  short,  1  to  .3'  by  2V' ;  pan.  slender,  open,  usually  witli'divLifr- 
ing  branches,  and  5  to  10' long;  spilcolets  rather  loose,  1^'  long;  upper  glume 
abruptly  short-pointed ;  palos  acutisli,  exserted  half  their  length. — Rocky  wotnis 
and  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  frequent  but  not  abundant.  The  larger  varittii'<i 
are  very  elegant.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Aira  mollis  Muhl.  Koeleria  DC.  Reboulea,  Kunili., 
Gray.) 

38.  MEL'ICA,  L.  Melic  Gra.ss.  (Lat.  mel^  lionoy.)  Glumes  2, 
unequal,  membranous,  obtuse,  2  to  5-flowered ;  flowers  a  little  longer 
than  the  glumes,  the  upper  incomplete  and  more  or  less  contorted; 
pales  truncate,  veiny,  as  well  as  the  gir.mes ;  caryopsis  tVee,  not  fur- 
rowed.— Lvs.  flat.     Spikelets  pedicellate,  in  a  subsimple  j)anicle. 

M.  miitica  Walt.  Culm  3 — 4f  high,  glabrous ;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  pubescent  beneath ; 
stip.  lacerate;  panicle  glabroas,  loose,  few-flowered,  erect  or  a  little  nodding, 
branches  simple,  solitar}';  spikelets  0 — 8'  long;  Igwer  glume  shorter,  very 
smooth ;  paleiB  veined ;  upper  fl.  neuter,  pedicellate,  consisting  of  veiy  short, 
roundish  pales  often  twisted  together. —  U  Rich  upland  .soil,  Penn.  to  Wis.  and  S. 
States.  Varies,  with  a  panicle  reduced  to  a  mere  racenia.  Jn.  (M.  glabra  Mx. 
M.  speciosa  MuhL) 

39.  ERAGROS'TIS,  Beauv.  Spikelets  5  to  oc(rarely  tewor)-flowered, 
compressed  ;  glumes  and  fls.  membranous ;  lower  pale  carinate,  3-veine<i, 
not  webbed,  upper  pale  persistent  on  the  flcxuous  rachis  after  the  free 
caryopsis  has  fallen  with  the  lower. — Hairy  or  rou!»;hish  grasses  with 
involute  lvs.,  sheaths  at  throat  and  axil  of  branches  often  bristly  and  tis. 
in  panicles,  the  branches  mostly  scattered.     (Poa,  L.) 

§  Spikelets  few-flowered  (fls.  2  to  4,  rarely  more) Nog.  10,  9,  8 

§  Si)ikelets  many -flowered  (lis.  6  to  3i»).  (b) 

b  I'iinifle  ditfuse,  capillary,  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  c-iilni \os.  7,  fi,  5 

b  Panicle  contractefl,  ratlier  dense. — Culms  (U'cuniluiit  below Nos.  4,  8,  '2 

— C\dius  procuuibent,  creepiiit; No.  1 

1  E.  reptana  Nees.  Culm  branched,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  juiiita,  6 — 12' ;  lvs. 
subulate,  flat,  2 — 3'  long;  sheaths  open,  pilous  on  the  margin  and  throat;  pan. 
I — 2*  long,  branches  short,  simple,  in  fascicles,  few-flowered;  spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate,  with  12 — 20  acuminate  flowers. — OD  On  sandy  banks  of  rivers,  N.  Y. 
to  Ky.  and  La.     JL,  Aug. — The  plant  is  somewhat  dioecious. 

2  B.  poaeoides  Beauv.  Culm  oblique  or  decumbent,  geniculate,  1 — 2f  long ; 
lvs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  end,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  above ;  sheaths 
pilous  at  the  throat ;  stip.  short,  bearded  ;  panicle  expanding,  branches  subdivided, 
Hoxuous,  subpilous  in  the  axils ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong^  12 — 20-flowered;  glumes 
nearly  equal. — (D  A  fine-looking  grass,  fields  and  waste  grounds,  common.  Jl., 
Aug.  §  Eur.  It  has  a  strong,  peculiar  odor.  Varies  much  ;  the  later  growtlis 
are  in  more  dense  tufts,  with  smaller  spikelets.  (E.  megastachya  Lk.  P.  Era- 
grostis  L.) 

3  E.  pil6sa  L.  Culms  in  tufts,  geniculate,  ascending,  6  to  12';  lvs.  narrow-linear, 
or  5;ubulate,  short ;  sheaths  slightly  bearded  at  the  throat ;  pan.  oblong,  some  of 
the  middle  branches  opposite ;  spikelets  linear,  bluish,  about  as  long  (3  to  4  )  a» 
the  pedicels,  6  to  12-flowered,  the  rachis  at  length  becoming  pectinate  or  serrulate 
with  the  persistent  upper  pales. — (p  In  sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  Conn. 
to  Ga.  and  W.  States.  Jl.,  Aug.  §  Eur.  (E.  pectmacea  Mx.,  a  more  appropriaia 
name,  as  the  plant  is  scarcely  pilous.) 

4  E.  confirta  Trin.  Ctdm  rather  stout,  geniculate  below,  branched,  2  to  of;  lvs. 
broad-lanceolate,  rough,  flat,  and  sheaths  naked;  pan.  long  (i>  to  12),  narrow, 
branches  and  branchlets  very  numerous,  suberect,  each  racemoua  with  iii«  small, 


u 


Too 


Orueb  156.— GRAMINEJ5. 


numerons  spikeleta  which  are  7  to  U-flowered  and  only  IJ'  lonj?;  pales  hyallnr\ 
oviito,  pointed,  3-voined. —  Ij  Car.  to  Ga.  and  La.  (Poa  conferta  Ell.)  The  2  pales 
fall  together. 

5  E.  nitida.  Culm  erect,  glabrous  and  fwlished  as  well  as  the  whole  plant,  1 2  to 
20'.  Lvs.  long,  linear,  involute  when  dry,  with  a  few  hairs  at  top  of  slieath ; 
pan.  dilluEO,  much  longer  than  the  culm ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  about  S-Howercd, 
I'.yaline  glumes  and  palea  sharply  serrulate  on  the  keel. — ^X)  8.  Car.  and  adjacent 
i.sian(is.    Ju. — Aug.    (Poa  nitida  Ell.) 

6  E.  hirsiita.  Culm  subsimple,  compressed,  erect,  1 — 2f;  lvs.  lanco-lincnr,  attenu- 
ate at  end,  surpassing  tiio  stem,  haay  at  base ;  sheaths  loosi",  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  lower  ones  hairy,  upper  ones  smooth ;  stip.  fringed ;  panicle  very  largo, 
capillary,  branches  spreading,  reflexed  in  fruit,  hirsute  in  the  axils ;  spikeleta  ob- 
long, 2  to  3  ,  purplish,  5  to  16-flowered,  long  pedicelled;  pale  ovate,  acute,  dis- 
tinctly .S-veined,  upper  ciliato. —  U  Sandy  fields,  U.  S.  Jl.,  Aug.  The  rachis 
never  (?)  becomes  pectinate.  (Poa  hirsuta  Mx.) — Varies  with  the  lvs.  and  sheaths 
nearly  smooth  and  spikelets  larger  (P.  spectabilis  Ph.)  Also  with  the  whole  pani- 
cle, except  the  spikelets,  hirsute  like  the  axils.  And  thirdly,  with  the  spikeleta 
racemously  appresaed  along  the  branchlets  (P.  rofracta  Ell.) 

7  E.  Purshii  Schrad.  Culm  decumbent  at  base,  ascending  6  to  12  or  20';  lvs. 
subulate,  1  to  3'  long,  upper  surface  rougli ;  sheaths  very  hairy  at  throat ;  pan. 
long  and  loose,  the  lower  branches,  or  all,  hairy  in  their  axils;  ped.  capillary, 
longer  than  the  spikelets "^vhich  are  lance-oblong;  5  to  12-flowered;  pales  merely 
acute,  purplish. — X)  Dry  fields,  Md.  to  Ga.,  common.  Jl.,  Aug.  (P.  tcnella  ?  Pli. 
Ell.) 

8  E.  capill^ris  Nees.  Culm  branched  at  base,  smooth,  1  to  2f ;  lvs.  linear,  at- 
tenuated above,  flat,  smooth ;  sheaths  striate,  with  long  hairs  about  the  throat 
and  margin ;  stip.  short;  pan.  very  large  (near  a  foot  long)  with  difiusely  spread- 
ing, capillary  branches,  axils  not  bearded,  or  the  lower  slightly ;  spikelets  ovate, 
acute,  about  3-flowered,  on  rather  rigid,  long,  capillary  pedicels ;  j'ljtfes  scabrous, 
J"  long,  acute,  the  2  side  veins  scarcely  visible. — Dry  grounds,  U.  S.     Aug. 

9  E.  trichodes.  Culm  simple,  12  to  20',  erect;  lvs.  long  (10  to  18"),  rough, 
thinly  l>airy,  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  throat  with  long  hairs  ;  pan.  rather  longer  than 
culm,  narrow,  capillary,  only  the  lower  axils  bearded ;  spikelets  not  colored,  2  to 
5  (mostly  3)-flowered ;  paks  and  gls.  hyaline,  distinctly  '^-veined,  lanceolate,  \\'' 
long. — y   Sandy  soils,  S.  and  W.  States.     (P.  trichodes  Nutt.     P.  tenuis  Ell.) 

10  E.  erytlirdgona  I?.^  s.  Culms  very  branching,  in  tufts,  ascending  3  to  10'< 
joints  a  narrow  red  ring  ;  lvs.  narrow,  convolute  when  dry,  the  upper  about  equal- 
ing the  oblong,  rather  dense  panicle ;  spikelets  2  to  5  (mostly  3)-flowered,  1  to  V\" 
long,  bluish ;  gls.  lanceolate ;  pales  ovate,  all  acute  and  nearly  veinless. — (1)  Waste 
and  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.  (Jackson)  to  111.  and  South.     Whole  plant  bluish. 

40.  PO^A,  L.  Spear  Grass.  Meadow  Grass.  (Gr.  noa,  grass.) 
Spikelets  2  to  6  (rarely  9)-flowered,  compressed ;  glumes  subequal,  point- 
less, shorter  than  the  contignous  flowers  ;  pales  herbaceous,  soft-awnless, 
the  lower  compressed-carinate,  6-veined,  usually  clothed  on  the  veins 
below  with  a  cobweb-like,  matted  wool,  the  upper  pale  bicarinate ;  stig 
mas  simply  plumous ;  caryopsis  free. — Smooth  grasses  with  soft  flat  lvs., 
the  fls.  paniculate. 

H  Branches  of  the  panicle  in  28,  Ss,  or  often  single.  (•) 

•  Flowers  not  webbed,  merely  pubescent  on  the  back,  (a) 

a  Annual.     Panicle  dense  with  subsessile  spikelets No.  1 

a  Perennial.     Panicle  loose,  spikelets  long-pedicellate Nos.  2, 8 

•  Flowers  webbed.— Spikelets  mostly  2-flowered,  2".     Pan.  very  slender No.  4 

—Spikelets  mostly  2-flowered,— many,  panicle  diif use Nos.  6,  6 

— few  (4  to  8).     Mountains No.  T 

—Spikelets  mostly  6-flowered,  ovate,  short-pedicelled Nos.  8,  9 

5  Branches  of  the  panicle  in  about  6b,  half-whorled.  (b) 

b  Spikelets  2  to  4-fiowered, — obtuse,  pedicellate,  loose No.  10 

—acute,  pedicellate,  very  loose Nos.  11, 18 

b  Spikelets  8  to  6-flowercd,  subsessile  In  rather  dense  panicles Nos.  18, 14 

1  P.  dnnua  L.    Annual  Speab  Qbass.    Culms  decumbent  and  rooting  at  tha 


Order  i5G.— GRAMINE.E. 


7U7 


bftm,  compressed,  3  to  8' ;  Ivs.  lance-liuour,  short,  emuoth,  carinato,  on  loosu, 
glabrous  slioaths ;  stip.  obloDg,  dentuto ;  piiniclo  spreading;,  the  braiich(>9  gener- 
ally solitary,  at  length  horizontal ;  spikulets  ovate-oblong,  rather  numerous,  con- 
tuiuing  about  5,  loose  Howers. — (li  A  small,  abundant,  annual  grass.  Can.  and 
U.  S.,  forming  a  dense,  sott  and  beautiful  turtl     May — Sept. 

2  P.  flezudsa  Muhl.  Culm  erect  from  a  tuRed  base,  12  to  20' ;  Ivs.  2  to  6'  by  1^ 
to  2i',  gradually  acute ;  upper  half  of  the  culm  naked,  bearing  a  thin,  open  pan.; 
ln-anches  mostly  in  pairs,  tiliforra,  often  flextwva,  long  (2  to  3),  witli  the  few 
pedicellate  spikeleta  at  the  etid ;  fls.  3  or  4,  lanceolate,  scarious-pointod,  pubes- 
cent but  not  webbed  at  base,  tlie  gls,  about  as  long  (2^ '). — U  Woods,  Vu., 
Ky.  to  Ga.     Spikoletd  not  purplish.    Apr. — Jl.    (P.  autumnalis  Muhl.) 

3.  SCAR1&8A.     Fls.  of  the  spikelet  4  to  6,  narrowly  lanceolate,  remote,  nearly 
glabrous,  with  conspicuously  scarioua  (blunt)  points. — E.  Tenn. 

3  P.  hexdntha.  Culm  weak  and  slender,  18  to  24',  erect  from  the  documbont 
lower  joint;  Ivs.  3  to  6'  long,  very  gradually  attenuated,  the  upper  reaching  i\w 
panicle  which  la  very  open,  the  branches  in  pairs,  long  (2  to  4'),  bearing  the  lonjj 
pcdiceled  spikelets  near  the  end;  spikeleta  oblong  (4"),  mostly  6  (5  to  h)-flowered, 
fla.  remote,  oblong,  villous  (not  webbed)  at  base,  very  obtuse  and  compressed  at 
the  scarioua  apex. —  U  Found  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  in  meadows,  perhaps  a  foreigner. 
Spikelets  few  but  large.     Jn. 

4  P.  dindntha.  Culms  in  dense  tufts,  very  slender,  18'  to  2f,  from  fibrous  roots  : 
Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  about  3'  by  1",  sooa  reflexed,  sheaths  rather  shorter;  ligulo 
short,  truncate ;  pan.  very  slender  and  fow-Howered,  branches  erect,  very  few, 
solitary  or  2  together ;  spikeleta  2  or  '5  (mostly  2)-flowered ;  Hs.  acute,  obscurely 
veined,  smooth,  except  tho  copious  web  at  b:*se,  the  acute  glumes  much  shorter. 
— Fields,  Montgomery,  Ala.     May,  Jn. 

5  P.  brevifdlia  Muhl.  Culm  compressed,  1  to  2f ;  Ivs.  of  the  culm  about  2,  flat, 
oblong,  cuspidate  and  pungent,  lower  about  1'  hng,  upper  6 ",  root  Ivs.  long  and 
narrow,  all  erect,  keeled  and  pungent  at  the  point;  ligule  truncate,  lacerate; 
sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  nodes ;  pan.  loose,  branches  tiliform,  in  pairs ;  spike- 
leta ovate,  3  to4-flowered  ;  fls.  rather  obtuse,  2\"  long,  slightly  webbed.  U  Penii. 
(Jackson)  to  Va.  and  III.  Spikelets  often  tinged  with  purple.  Apr.,  May.  (P. 
pungens  Nutt.     P.  cuspidata  Bart.) 

6  P.  dSbilia  Torr.  Culm  erect  18'  to  2f;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  gradually  axute ; 
ligule  oblong,  acute ;  pan.  loose,  few-flowered,  some  spreading,  branches  mostly  in 
pairs,  flexuous;  spikelets  ovate,  obtuse;  3  (rarely  2)-flowered;  fls.  very  obtuse, 
1^"  long,  faintly  3-veined,  webbed  at  base;  palea  green;  glumes  ovate,  acute. — 
Rocky  woods,  Conn,  to  IlL 

7  P.  Idza  Hoenke.  Culm  csespitous,  6 — 8';  Ivs.  linear,  acute,  erect;  stip.  lanceo- 
late; pan.  1 — 2'  long,  contracted,  nodding,  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  smooth, 
flexuous;  spikelets  2 J''  long,  ovate,  3-flowered;  fls.  often  purple,  acute,  hairy, 
eoiuewhat  webbed  at  base;  glumo  lance-ovate,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
lower  palea  hairy  below,  upper  rough-edged ;  anth.  violet. — U  Mountains  N.  Fng. 
and  N.  Y.  to  Arc.  Am. 

8  P.  alpina  L.  Culms  erect,  6',  from  fibrous  roots;  Ivs.  short,  broadly  linear, 
obtuse,  lower  with  short,  truncate  ligules,  upper  with  oblong,  acute  ones;  pan. 
equal-sided,  erect,  ovate  or  oblong,  hose,  the  branches  m  pairs,  ^reading,  with 
rather  large,  ovate,  short-pediceled,  5  (4  to  9)-flowered  spikelets;  fls.  ovate.— 
Can.  West  and  high  northward.    Jn. 

9  P.  compr^asa.  Blue  Grass.  Culm  decumbent  and  rooting  at  base,  much  com- 
pressed, 12 — 18';  Ivs.  linear,  short,  bluish  green;  sheaths  rather  loose,  with  a 
short,  obtuse  stipule;  pan.  contracted,  3'  by  1  or  less,  somewhat  secund,  branches 
"very  short,  in  2s  and  3s;  spikelets  ov.'»tc-oblong,  flat,  3  to  7 -flowered,  subsessile, 
fls.  rather  obtuse,  webbed.  A  valuable  grass,  with  sweet  and  nutritious  herbage, 
propagating  it8:5lf  everywhere  (Va.,  Tenn.,  northward)  in  woods,  pastures  and 
meadows.     May,  Jn.  (a  month  later  than  P.  pratonsis). 

10  P.  sylv^atria  Gray.  Culm  erect,  compressed,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  flat,  soft,  3  to  6' 
long,  1  to  2"  wide,  gradually  attenuated;  ligules  blunt;  pan.  oblong-pyramidaL 
tliin,  branches  in  Ss  or  more,  flexuous,  1  to  2'  long,  spikelets  (2  ")  pedicellate, 
broad-ovate,  2  or  3-flowered ;  fls.  oblong,  obtuse,  copiously  webbed. — Rocky  wood^ 


; 


ros 


Order  1  5G.  — <  J  It  A  M  I X  K  /E. 


Wis.  to  Ohio,  S.  to  Miss,  and  Ala.     Upper  lialf  of  culm  naked.     Pan.  4  tr>  6'  by  2 
to  3'.     Apr.     (Soutli)  to  Jn. 

11  P.  serdtina  Ehrh.  Meadow  Redtop.  Foul  Meadow.  Culm  erect,  weak, 
2  to  3f;  Ivs.  narrowly-linear,  flat,  10  to  15';  liyules  elongated  (2  to  3'),  lacerate; 
pan.  (6'  to  10'  or  12'  by  2'  to  4'),  branches  in  5s,  flexuous,  capillary;  spikelets 
all  pedicellate  (IJ  to  2  ),  2,  3,  rarely  4-flowered;  fls.  webbed,  acute,  tawny  red 
at  apex,  or  at  length  c^ljred  throughout. — Wet  meadows  and  woods,  common  in 
the  N.  States  and  Can.  Jn. — Aug.  Varies  with  the  spikclots  all  2-tlowpred  and 
colored,  on  the  diffuse,  capillary  branches  (in  woods  and  swamps),  or  ail  3  or  moie- 
flowered,  branches  suberect. — Makes  excellent  hay. 

12  P.  caesia  Smith.  Wood  Spear  Grass.  Culm  slender,  2 — 3f;  Ivs.  narrow- 
linear,  pale  green,  smootli  as  well  as  the  sheaths;  ligtdes scarcely  any ;  pan.  6 — 10' 
long,  .slender,  nodding  when  in  fruit,  branches  capillary,  flexuous,  in  5s  (2s  to  5,«); 
<?&  very  acute  ;  ppikclets  ovate,  about  3-flowered,  spreading  and  at  length  remote, 
slightly  webbed  at  base. —  U  A  tall  thin  grass,  in  wet,  open  woods,  N.  Eng.  to 
Wi.Sw  and  Can.     Jn.,  Jl. 

13  P.  trivi^lis  L.  Rough  Meadow  Grass.  Culm  sometimes  .stoloniferous  at 
base,  roughish  backwards,  2 — 3f ;  Ivs,  lance-linear,  acute,  romjh-edyed,  lower  ones 
very  long,  cauliue  as  long  as  the  roughish  sheatij-s  with  hng,  acuminate  liijulesj 
panicle  diffuse,  expanding,  scabrous,  branches  4 — 5  together  in  half-whorls ;  spike- 
lets  oblong-ovate,  2 — 3-Ho\vered. —  2^  N.  States.     June,  July. 

14  P.  prat^nsis  L.  Spear  Grass.  June  Grass.  Culm  terete,  smooth,  1— 2ri 
Ivs-  carinate,  linear,  abruptly  acute,  radical  ones  very  long  and  numtirous,  eaulino 
shorter  than  the  veined,  smooth  sheaths ;  liy.  slwrt,  truncate;  pan.  diffuse,  branches 
3 — 5  together  in  half-whorls ;  spikelets  ovate,  acute,  with  about  4,  acute  flowers : 
glumes  lanceolate,  rather  acuminate. —  IX  -A.n  excellent  grass  both  for  hay  ami 
pasturage,  very  abundant.     Apr.     (South)  May  (West)  Jn.     (North.) 

41.  BRIZOPY'RUM,  Link.  {Briza,  nvpog,  wheat.)  Spikelets  cc- 
flowered,  compressed,  crowded  in  a  spikelike  panicle ;  glumes  herba- 
ceous, unequal;  pales  awnless,  subcoriaceous,  lower  compressed,  but 
not  carinate,  faintly  many-veinca,  acute. — Lvs.  mo.stly  involute,  smooth 
and  rigid.  • 

1  B.  spic^tum  Hook.  Culm  branched  at  base,  erect  1  to  2f;  cauline  lvs.  nu- 
merous, 3  to  6'  long;  sheaths  longer  than  the  joints,  close,  upper  onus  hairy  at 
throat;  spike-like  pan.  oval,  yellowisli,  consisting  of^  short,  fasciculate  branches 
with  sessile  spikelets ;  spkl.  oblong,  5  to  9-flowered ;  fls.  triaudrous. — Salt  marshes, 
N.  Y.  to  Car.     Jl.     (Uniola  ed.  2.     I'o'\  Michauxii  Kunth.) 

42.  GLYCE^RIA,  Brown.  Manna  Grass.  (Gr.  yXvKvg,  sweet,  on 
account  of  the  sweet  taste  of  the  grains.)  Spikelets  many-lioweriM.1, 
teretish  or  turgid,  rachis  jointed;  glumes  «ubequal,  pointless;  pales 
awnless,  webless,  herbaceous,  the  lower  usually  t-veined,  rounded  on 
the  back  (not  carinate) ;  stigmas  doubly  plumous  ;  ovaiy  smooth,  grain 
free. —  2i  Smooth  grasses  from  creeping  rhizc:nes  in  wet  places,  with 
simple  panicles.     Sheaths  mostly  fistular  (not  split). 

I  Salt  marsh  Grasses.     Lower  pale  6-velned.    Stigmas  sesslK',  simply  plumed Nos.  9,  10 

S  In  fresli  .twamns,  i&c.     Lower  pale  7-veiiu>d.    Si^ti^mas  doubly  pluuious.    (a) 

a  Splkelatsi  linear-lanceolate,  in  a  very  simple  panicle Nos.  1,  2 

a  8i)il{elots  linear-oblonjar,  in  compound,  spreading;  panicles Nos.  :),  4 

a  Spikelets  ovate,  short,  turgid, — in  slenilcr,  apprcssed  paninlcs Nos.  .\  «» 

— in  uu  opi'M,  recui'ved  pauicli- Nos.  'i,  S 

1  O.  fluitans  Brown.  Culm  compressed  or  ancipitous,  ascending  at  base,  3 — 5r; 
lv8.  lance-linear,  smooth  beneaMi,  about  a  foot  long;  sheaths  veined,  smooth, 
with  a  very  large  stipulo;  panicle  secund,  long,  slender,  slightly  branched ;  spike- 
fcto  8  to  10"  long,  linear,  appressed,  7  to  12-Jiowered;  fls.  obtuse;  lower  pale  7- 
veined,  denticulate. —  U  Swales,  &c.  Can.,  N.  States  to  La.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Festuca 
fluitans,  L.) 

2  O.  aoutifldra  Torr.     Culm  somewhat  compreased,  1 — 2f;  Wx  narrow,  attcn- 


OHDKU  150. — UHAMINE^E. 


7i^9 


uated  above,  half  n.s  long  as  the  Btem ;  paniclo  simple,  long,  raceme-like,  appreasoii ; 
apikekta  liuear,  9  to  12'  long,  4 — G-Howerod;  distant  Jis.  very  slender,  acute,  in- 
diatinctly  veined. — '4  Inundated  meadows,  N.  Eng-.,  N.  Y.  June.  (Festuca  bre- 
vifolia  Mulil.) 

3  Q-.  aqu^tica  Smith.  Culm  stout,  leafy,  4  to  5f;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat,  thin; 
pan.  erect,  difluse,  branches  at  lengtii  spreatling,  flexuous,  U  to  5  together,  in 
half  whorls;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  purjple,  2  to  3  '  witii  G  to  8  ovate-obtuse  flow- 
ers.— U  Wet  meadow.s,  N.  States  and  Can.  A  largo  and  handsome  grass,  culti- 
vated for  hay  in  Eur.     (Poa,  L.) 

4  G.  pdllida  Trin.  Culm  weak  decumbent,  ascending  1  to  2.]f;  Ivs.  flat,  linear, 
10  to  16'  long,  glaucous  beneath;  stip.  elongateil ;  pan.  loose,  few-flowerfd, 
branches  capillary,  spreading;  spikelets  3  ",  oblong-Hnear,  5  to  9-flowored  ;  lowi-r 
glume  3-vciued;  lower  palea  5-veined,  5-toothed  at  t!"  .  j;.:^  when  old.  —  If 
Swamps,  Can.  to  Va.  and  West?     June,  July.     (Poa  dc;  tatt,  i'jT.) 

5  G.  nervata  Trin.  Culm  smooth,  3  to  4f ;  Ivs.  lance-liv  v ar,  strii.te,  rough  above, 
about  a  foot  long,  on  striate,  rougliish  sheatlis ;  lig.  laceraio  ;  o'  i-  larye,  loose,  dif- 
fuse, equal,  brandies  weak,  pendulous  in  fruit,  long  and  capillary,  in  2s  or  3s; 
spikelt'ts  ovate-oblong,  containing  about  5,  obtuse,  conspicuously  7-veined  flowers. 
— y  A  valuable  gras.*  in  wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  111.     Ju.     (Poa,  VVilld.) 

6  G.  elong^ta  Trin.  Culm  round,  erect,  smooth,  Hf ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  smooth, 
8  to  15'  long;  sheaths  striate,  smooth;  lig.  very  short;  pan.  (8  to  10)  elongated, 
■xaccme-Uke,  nodding,  blanches  solitary  or  in  2s,  appressetl ;  spikelets  ovate-obtuse, 
tumid,  containing  abouc  3  obtuse,  5-veiued  flowers. — It  Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng. 
to  Penn.  and  111.     Jl.     (Poa,  Torr.) 

7  G.  obtiisa  Trin.  Culm  smooth,  firm,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  dark  green,  linear,  ollen 
surpassing  the  culm,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth ;  pan.  dmise,  ovate,  many -flow- 
ered, 3  to  4',  erect;  spikelets  ovale,  acide,  tumid,  thick,  containing  5  to  7,  smootli, 
ovate,  obtuse  ^ciifers ;  lower  pale  obscurely  7-veined. — IX  iSwamps,  N.  Eng.  to 
Penn.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Poa,  Mulil.) 

8  G.  canadensis  Torr.  Culm  round,  smooth,  erect,  3  to  4f;  Ivs.  broad-linear, 
rough,  glaucous,  on  smooth  sheaths ;  lig.  lacerate,  ovate-ootu.so  ;  liaii.  kinje,  6  to 
8'  long,  branches  Jlexiijus,  in  half  whorls,  much  spreading  or  pendulous  in  fruit; 
spikelets  short,  ovate,  tumid,  6  to  8-Howered;  glumes  much  shorter  than  the 
lower  flower ;  upper  pale  very  obtuse,  lower  about  7-Vi'inf  .1 ;  stain.  2. —  It  A  large 
grass,  in  shady  groimds,  N.  States,  Can.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Poa  Torr.) 

9  G.  maritima  Wahl.  Culm  somewhat  geniculate,  rou.-a,  about  a  foot  lii,s;h ; 
Ivs.  somewhat  glaucous,  rough-edged,  involute  ;  pan.  erect,  dense,  branches  in  pairs, 
scabrous ;  spikelets  terete,  linear,  purplish,  about  S-flowered ;  fls.  obtuse,  indis- 
tinctly 5-veiued. — 1(  b<.H,  marshes,  Mass.     Ju.     (Poa,  Iluds.) 

10  G.  distans  Wahl.  Very  smooth ;  culm  firm  and  leafy,  oblique,  round, 
branched  at  base,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  flat,  lance-linear ;  pan.  spreading,  branches  fascicu- 
late, in  is  to  5s,  crowded,  straight ;  spikelets  ohlong.  somewhat  racemed,  sessne, 
crowd' d,  about  3-flowered ;  glumes  niinute,  unequal. —  IC  Salt  marshes,  N.  Y. 
(Poa  (kv  Mjulata  Torr.) 

43.  BRIZA,  L.  QuAKiNa  Grass.  (Gr. /l^nVfiJ,  to  no<l,  as  in  sleep  ; 
alludiri;^^  to  th<'  p<'iidulous  spikelets.)  Spikelets  cordate,  G — O-flowcred  ; 
glumes  2.  shorter  than  the  lower  flowers ;  paleaa  ventricous,  lower  one 
oordate  at  Uiw,  iin bracing  the  upper  which  is  snborbicular  and  niuidi 
shorter  ;  caryopsis  beaked. — Paniculate  spikelets  large,  drooping  on 
slender  pedicels. 

1  B.  media  L.  Cuhr,  naked  aiiove,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth,  lance-linear;  atip. 
short,  obtuse;  pan.  eri^t.  few-flowered,  branches  wide -spreading,  capilliu*y,  pur- 
plish, bearing  the  ovate  ordaie,  tumid,  pendant  and  tremulous  spikelets  at  tiie 
ends,  these  are  abo^it  7-ytou;«r'-<i,  greenish-purple ;  paleuj  veinless. —  y  Meadown 
•nd  pastvires,  coastward,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.     May.     ^  Eur. 

2  B.  maxima  L.     Pan.  nedding  at  tb«  sunmit;  spik(>lets  oblong,  cordat», 
13  to  l7-dowered. —  {X  Uardens,  occauioDaily  cultivated  as  oruameutal.     f  Eur. 


900 


Order  156.— (JRAMINE^. 


44.  UNrOLA,  L.  Union  Grass.  (Diminutive  from  Lat. Mnu«,  one  •, 
many  floweis  in  one  spikelet.)  Spikelets  compressed,  2-edged,  3  to 
20-flowered  ;  lower  flower  or  fls.  neutral,  of  one  pale  ;  glumes  2,  cari- 
nate ;  lower  pale  flattened  and  wing-keeled,  the  upper  double  wing- 
keeled,  both  awiiless  ;  stam.  1  or  3  ;  caryopsis  free. —  21  Smooth,  erect, 
flat-leaved  grasses. 

5  Spikelets  on  slender  podicols.  liirge,  elliptic.    Pales  unequal.    Stamen  1 No.  1 

I  Spikelet!!  subsessile, — liir^je  (6  to  16"  long).     Pales  about  ecjual No.s.  2,  -l 

— small  (2  to  3"  long).     Pales  very  unequal No.  4 

1  U.  latifdlia  Mx.  Culm  2  to  4f,  smooth,  3ub.simple;  Ivs.  8  to  18'  bj  6  to  12' , 
lance-linear,  glabrous,  rough-edged ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  iutemodes ;  panicle 
loose,  8 — 12'  long,  nodding;  spikelets  all  on  long  peduncles,  about  10"  long 
ovate,  flat,  about  lO-flowered  ;  glumes  unequal,  near  twice  shorter  than  the  fls.— 
Dry  woods,  middle  and  Western  States.     Singularly  elegant  and  showy.     Aug. 

2  U.  paniculdta  L.  Sea-side  Oats.  Culm  4  to  8f;  Ivs.  narrow,  convolute, 
very  long ;  sheaths  fringed  at  the  throat ;  pan.  large  and  spreading ;  spikelets  ovate, 
short-pediceled,  12  to  20-Jlowered,  several  of  the  lower  fls.  neutral;  pales  about 
equal ;  the  lower  9-veined,  obtuse ;  stam.  3. — Sand  hills  along  the  coast,  Va.  to 
Fla.     A  tall  rank  grass.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3  U.  nitida  Baldw.  Culm  very  slender,  wiry,  branched  below,  2  to  5f;  Ivs. 
narrow,  2  to  4"  -wide;  pan.  slender  and  spike-like  or  with  several  spike- like 
spreading  branches ;  spikelets  subsessile,  broader  than  long,  about  1 -flowered,  the  2 
or  3  lower  and  the  1  highest  abortive ;  paies  about  equal,  long-pointed,  the  upper 
re-incurved  at  base  ,  stam.  1.  Ga.  to  La.  Whole  plant  very  smooth  and  shining. 
Jn.,  Jl. 

4  U.  grdcilis  Mx.  Culm  slender,  leafy,  3  to  4f;  Ivs.  broadly-linear,  tapering  to 
a  slender  point,  flat.  12  to  18'  long;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints;  pan.  long 
racemous,  branches  solitary,  short,  remote,  erect ;  spikelets  with  about  3  fertile 
fls.;  lower  pale  spreading,  ^longer  than  the  upper;  glumes  rigid,  acute. — Sea- 
coasts,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Aug. 

45.  PHR AG 'MITES  Trin.  Reed.  Spikelets  3  to  6-flowered,  the 
lowest  flower  sterile  and  monandrous;  rachis  beset  with  long,  silky 
hairs ;  glumes  2,  acute,  keeled,  very  unequal ;  lower  pale  subulate, 
silky-villous  at  base  (except  in  the  lowest  flower) ;  stam.  3  ;  style  2 ; 
caryopsis  free. —  2^  (brasses  tall,  with  broad,  flat  Ivs.  and  a  large,  diftuse 
panicle. 

P.  commiiniB  Trin.  Culm  smooth,  stout,  erect,  6— 12f  high,  often  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  base;  lv.s.  lanceolate,  1 — 2f  by  1 — 2',  rough-edged,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;  panicle  large  and  loosely  branched,  branches  in  half  whorls,  rather  erect, 
slender;  spikelets  3 — 5-tlowered,  very  slender,  erect;  glumes  shorter  than  the 
flowers  which  are  of  a  dark  hue,  with  tufts  of  white,  silky  hairs,  about  as  long  as 
the  paleaj. —  2^  Swaiups  and  about  ponds,  Mass.  to  111.  and  Con.  July.  (Arundo 
Phragmites  L.,  ^d.  2.) 

46.  ARUNDIIA'RIA  Rich.  Cane.  Spikelets  compressed,  5  to  12- 
flowered ;  flowers  imbricated,  distant;  glumes  2,  small,  awnless ;  lower 
pale  ovate,  acuminate-mucronate,  not  carinate ;  stamens  3  ;  stigmas  3  ; 
plumous;  scales  3,  entire ;  caryopsis  free,  deciduous. —  7i  Grasses  shrubby 
or  arborescent,  often  branched,  the  branches  verticiliate-fascicled.  Fls. 
both  perfect  and  staminate. 

A.  maoroBp^rma  Mx.  Culm  woody,  from  strong,  running  rhizomes;  Iva. 
Unear-lanceolate,  smooth,  glaucous,  all  dimensions  from  1'  b;  '  to  If  by  2'; 
sheaths  fringed  at  throat ;  flowering  branches  mostly  arising  from  the  rootstocks, 
6  to  12'  or  18'  high,  with  Hheathn  only,  bearing  1  to  several  large  (1  to  2^)  spike- 
lets; pales  herbaceous,  8"  lone. — In  swampy  soils,  thToughou'c  the  S.  States.  The 
fertile  plants  are  small  and  ....couBpicuous,  while  tlio  .^i-en  arise  16  to  25f  in  tli« 


1. 


II. 


III. 


iif 


ii 


IV. 


V. 


i,j,.*.«fc*  'fitfriaiit^wc^ 


/,/V^^     LIBRARY,       ^t>\ 

(t         JUL  2  2  1902        J 

^'  „DESCRimON   OF  PLATES 

ritUSTIlAfiNG    THE   GENERA    OF   GRAMINE^. 


I. 

Lbebsia.  a,  L.  orizoides,  a  raceme,  b,  spikelet,  an  open  flower,  e,  a  spikelet 
(flower)  of  L.  leuticularis.     d,  Flower  opeu.     e,  Ovary  and  stigma?. 

ZizANiA — a  Z.  aquutiea,  etamiaate  flowers,  natural  size  (u.  m.).  b  A  staminata 
flower,  enlarged  (m).  d  A  piiitillate  flower,  m.  with  one  stigma  visible  and  one 
k>iijj;-awned  pale. 

Aguostis. — {•  A.  vulgaris,  spikelet,  m.  with  glumes  and  pales.  6  The  flower 
with  its  2  pales,  3  stamens  and  2  styles.  «  A.  soabra,  2  glumes,  m.  d  Flower 
witb  1  pale,  8  stamens,  and  2  styles. 

Sporoboi.us.  a  S.  asper,  a  spikelet  m.  b  The  grain,  c  S.  loogifolius,  spikelet 
H).    d  Grain. 

C.NNA.     a  C.  pendula,  a  spikelet  m.  open,    b  C.  arundiuacea,  a  spikelet  m.  open. 

IfuHLKNBEROiA.  o  M.  MoxicHua,  Spikelet  m.  b  M.  soL>oIifera,  spikelet  m.  «  M. 
•ylvatica,  spikelet  m.  w  M.  Wildonowii,  spikelet  ni.  d  M.  diffudu,  spikelet  m. 
g  The  2  small  glumes 

PoLYPoooN.  a  P.  MoDspeliensis,  panicle,  diminished  (dim.),  b  A  spilrelet, 
with  glumes,  Ac.     e  Flower  with  pales,  stamens  and  styles. 

Calamaurostk.  a  C.  confinis,  spikelet  m.  b  A  flower — the  2  pales,  ovary  and 
2  styles.     «  C.  Canadensis,  spikelet  m.     d  Grain. 

Alopeciirus.  a  A.  aristulatus,  spikelet  m.  b  Lower  pale,  c  Ovary  and  2 
styles,     d  A.  pratensis,  spikelet  m.     e  Lower  pale.    /  A.  geuioulatus,  spikelet  m. 

Phleum.     a  P.  pratense,  spikelet  m.     b  The  2  pales  and  ovary. 

AmsTiPA.  a  A.  dichot«raii,  spikelets  n.  m.  6  A  sirigle  spikelet  m.  e  A.  pur- 
punisccns,  spikelet  va.  d  K.  tuberculosa,  pale  n.  m.  with  its  3  large  twisted  and 
bent  awn^. 

Stipa.  a  S.  avenacea,  spikelet.  b  pale  with  the  long  twisted  and  bent  awu, 
«.  m.     e  Flower,  m.  with  3  stjunens,  ovary,  2  styles. 

11 

Oryzopsis.  «  O.  asperifolie,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet,  ra.  -m  O.  melanocarpa,  spike- 
let m.  showing  the  black  fruit. 

Paspalum.  p  P.  laeve,  n.  ni.  a  Spiikelet,  m.  ft  Spikelet,  with  its  true  glume 
open,  d  Paspahun  sajiguinale,  n.  m.  a  spike.  «  A  spikelet,  showing  the  glum« 
ie  front     rf  A  pale. 


DIJbClUPTlUN   UF   ^LATKH.  U 

MiLLii'M.  a  M.  effueuni,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet  elt^ed.  e  Spikelet  opeu.  i  Ovarj 
and  pistils. 

Ahphicarpum.  /  A.  Purshii,  n.  in.  /  Leaf,  i  Staminate  fluwer,  uf  the  pa» 
icle.      $  Piatillatu  flower,  of  tlie  root. 

Panicx'M.  a  P.  agrostoides,  u.  in.  b  Spikdet.  e  P.  paucifloruin  u.  e  Spike* 
k*.     d  Fertile  pales,     x  Neutral  pales. 

Oplismenus.     o  O.  Crus-galli,  dim.     a  Spikelet  in.     b  Spikelet  of  ,i  inuticus. 

Setauia.  a  S.  viridis.  b  Spikelet  m,  with  its  bristly  iuvoluere.  e  Spikelet 
of  the  »>aine  in  flower,  showing  two  of  the  bristles. 

CEN'riiRis.  a  C.  tribuloidee,  the  burr-like  involuci'e.  6  Spikelet.  c  Pales  in 
fruit     d  Pales  iu  flower. 

Pha  LABIS,  a  P.  aruudinacea  m.  b  Flower,  and  the  2  hairy  rudiments  at  base. 
«  P.  Canarieueis,  spikelet. 

Antiioxanthum.  a  A.  odoratum,  spikelet  m.  6  The  2  awned  rudiments,  e 
The  perfect  flower,  2  pales,  2  stamens,  2  styles. 

HiERocHLOA.  a  H.  borealis,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet.  c  Same,  with  the  glumes  re> 
moved,  showing  the  3  flowers. 

II0LCT8.    a  H.  lauatus,  n.  m.    b  Spikelet  m.     c  llie  two  flowers  separated 

from  the  gliuues. 

III. 

AiRA.  c  A.  cnespitosa  n.  m.  a  Spikelet.  b  Flower,  d  A.  flezuose,  spikelet 
D.  m.     e  Part  of  the  same  magnified. 

Danthonia.     a  D.  spicata  n.  m.     6  Spikelet  m.     c  Lower  pale,     rf  Upper  pale. 

A  VENA,  a  A.  elatior,  spikelet  n.  m.  g  Gluoies.  f  Flowers,  p  A.  praecoz, 
t)>ikelet  n.  ni.     6  (xlumes.     «  Flowers. 

Tbisetum.  a  T.  palusti-e,  spikelet,  am.  6  Same  m.  e  Pales  of  the  lowest 
flower,    p  T.  pi'rpurascens,  spikelet,  u.  in.    g  Glumes,     d  A  flower,  closed, 

IIromus.  I  B.  secalinus.  spikelet,  b.  m.  a  A  flower,  b  B.  ciliatus,  spikelet 
bef  >re  flowering,  n.  m.     c  A  flower  opeu. 

Tricuspis.  s  T.  seslerioides,  n.  m.  a  Spikelet.  m  Lower  pale  of  flower. 
n  Upper  pale,     st  T.  stricto,  spikelet  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Uralepb.  a  U.  purpurea,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet  m,  e  Lower  pale,  d  Grain. 
*  Upper  pale. 

Dactylis.     a  D.  glomerata,  n.  m.     6  Spikelet  in  flower. 

Koeleria.     c  K.  cristata,  n.  n*.     a  Spikelet.     6  Flower. 

Diarbhena.     a  D.  diandra,  n.  m.     6  Spikelet.     e  Flower. 

Festuca.  a  F.  tenella,  spikelet,  n.  n.  b  Same  nx  <r  F.  nutans,  spikelet,  a. 
m.     d  Flower. 

FiAToNiA,  a  E.  obtusata.  spikelet  n.  m.  b  Same  m.  «  Lower  flower,  d  Upi>er 
flower,  with  an  empty  pedicel, 

Melioa.     e  M.  mutiea,  spikelet  n.  m.    /  Pales  of  a  fl*ver. 

IV. 


Eraorostts.     a  E.  poaeoides,  spikelet  n.  ra.     6  Same  m.    e  Pales  of  a  flowen 
d  Grain,     e  E.  hirsuta,  spikelet  n.  m.    /  Same  m. 


iif 


UHSCHIPTION   or  fLATtUt. 


PoA.     a  p.  (fiuautha,  n.  m.     6  Spikekt  tu.     c  Fluwer.     d  P.  deUlis,   a  in 

•  Spikelet  iii.    /  Flower. 

BaizopYutH.  a  B.  apicatum,  $ ,  n.  n.  6  Spikelet  $ ,  n.  m.  $  Spikelet  i  ,  u. 
III.     d  Fluwer  9  open,     e  A  stumen  of  ^  . 

Glycicria.  a  G.  aquatica,  n.  ni.  6  Spikelet  m.  «  Flower,  d  G.  CaiiadooHia 
M.  111.     *  8pikelet  in.    /  A  pale. 

buizA.     a  li.  media,  dim.     b  Spikelet  n.  m.     c  Flower. 

Uniola.  a  U.  latifolia,  spikelet  u.  m.  b  Flower.  «  Glames.  d  U.  gracilk 
B.  111.     «  Spikelet  iii. 

PHRAGMITE8.     o  P.  commuois,  spikelet  n.  ra.     b  A  flower  open. 

AiWNDiNAEiA.  a  A.  niacrosperma,  spikelet  n.  m.  b  Flower.  «  Same  with 
fruit. 

Lkpturi's.    a  L.  paniculatus,  dim.      b  Raceme  n.  m.    e  Spikelet  in  flower,  m. 
HoRUGUM.     a  II.  jubatuin,  half  size,     b  Spikelet  d.  m. 

Elymus.  a  E.  Virginicus  j3  arcuatus,  spikelet  n.  m.  6  E.  Canadensis,  spikelet 
n.  m.     c  Flowers,     d  E.  Hystrix,  spikelet  n.  m. 

LoLiuM.  a  L.  perenne.  n.  m.  6  L.  temulentum,  spikelet  n.  m.  c  Flowor 
upeii,  m. 

V. 

Tritioum.  a  T.  repen?  n.  m.  6  A  flower.  «  T.  vulgae,  spikelet  n.  m 
4  Ovary,  scales,  and  styles. 

Leptociiloa.  a  L.  fascicularis,  branch,  n.  ra.  b  Spikelet.  e  L.  filiformis,  n.  in. 
d  Spikelet. 

Gtmnopogon.  a  G.  raoemosum,  branch,  p.  m.  b  Glunaes.  t  Pales,  d  G.  fil- 
iformis,  branch,  n.  in.     e  Spikelet  m.     d  Spikelet  cloHed. 

Ctnodon.  a  C.  Dactylon,  dim.  e  Spikelet  in  flower,  b  Portion  of  spike. 
d  Glumes. 

Eleusike.     a  E.  Indica,  am.     6  Spikelet  m.     «  Spikelet  in  fruit 

Spartina.  «  S.  polystachia,  branch,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet.  «  Flower  without  the 
pales. 

Bouteloca.  c  B.  curtipendula,  n.  m.  a  Spikelet.  6  B.  hirsuta,  spikelet.  d  Tlw 
abortive  flower. 

Tripsacum.     a  T.  dactyloides,  n.  la,  S  pistillate  flowero.     $  staminate  flowers. 

RoTTBCELiA.  b.  R.  Tugosa,  n.  m.  «  A  joint  of  the  spike  with  one  sessile,  fer- 
tile spikelet,  and  one  pedicelled,  abortive  spikelet. 

Stenotaphrum.     e  S.  dimidiatum,  under  side  of  the  spike. 

Ctenium.     a  C.  aroniaticum,  n.  m.     b  Spikelet  in  fruit. 

•  Eriantitos.     m   E.  alopecuroides,  a  joint  of  the  raehis  and  spikelet,  n.  m. 
h  Spikelet  m.,  in  fruit,     c  E.  brevibarbis,  spikelet  and  joint  of  raehis,  n.  m. 

\ndropooon.  a  A.  scoparius,  several  spikelets,  n.  m.  b  One  spikelet,  m.. 
with  a  joint  of  raehis.  e  A.  Halei,  2  spikelets,  n.  m.  d  Spikelet,  m.,  with  a  juiiit 
of  raehis. 

Zea.  a  Spikelet,  staminate,  from  the  tassel,  b  Spikelet,  pistillate  and  fertile 
from  the  ear,  with  its  long  style. 


Orokb  156.— GRAMINtlifi. 


mt 


bmkcs  and  scarcely  over  flower.     The  firm,  jointed,  hollow,  straight  und  toll 
culma  are  Viiriously  useful. 

47.  LEPTU'RUS,  Br.  Spikclnt  1  on  each  joint  of  the  filiform  racliis, 
iininersi.'d  in  a  cavity,  I  or  2-flowered ;  gluuioa  coriaceous,  acutf,  the 
lower  often  wanting;  pales  membranous,  awnless*,  shorter  than  tho 
glumes ;  grain  free. — Lvs.  and  spikes  very  narrow. 

Zi.  panicul&tus  Nutt.  Culm  .scarcely  Ifj  compressed;  Iva.  short,  rig. u.  sheathing 
tho  base  of  the  paiiiclu;  pan.  or  naked  racliis  incurved,  acutely  triaugtjiar,  rigid, 
bearing  6 — 10  couifirossed,  subulate  spikes  on  one  side,  each  1 — 2  long;  spiko- 
k ts  renjote,  on  one  side  the  rachis ;  glumes  rigidly  lixed,  unequal,  parallel ;  palia 
2,  tlie  outer  of  tho  sam' >  texture  as  the  glumes,  iuner  membranaceous. — 111.  (Mead), 
Mo.  (Nuttall). 

48.  HOR'DEUM,  E.  Barlev.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.)  Spike- 
lets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  1-flowered,  the  lateral  ones  sometimes 
abortive  ;  glumes  2,  subulate,  nearly  equal,  awned  ;  palese  2,  lower 
iance-ovate,  long-awned,  upper  obtusely  acumitiate  ;  caryopsis  adhering 
to  the  paleae. 

1  H.  vulgire  L.  Four-rowkd  Barley.  Culm  smooth,  2 — 3f;  lvs.  lance-lin- 
ear, carinate,  nearly  smooth ;  sheaths  auriculate  at  the  throat ;  npike  thick,  about  3' 
long;  spikelets  all  fertile,  1-tiowered,  with  an  awn-like  rudiment  at  the  base  of 
the  upper  palea ;  glumes  collateral,  shorter  than  the  tlowers ;  fr.  arranged  in  4 
rows. — 11  Extensively  cultivated.     May. 

2  H.  distichum  L.  Two-rowed  Barley.  Culm  2 — 3f;  lvs.  lance-linear, 
scabrous  above ;  sheaths  auriculate  at  the  throat ;  spike  3 — 4'  long,  linear,  con.- 
jiressed;  lateral  spikelets  abortive,  awnless;  //•.  arranged  in  2  rows. —  ^  More 
common,  and  is  generally  preferred  for  malting  to  the  former  species.     June, 

3  H,  jubdtum  L.  Squirrel-tail  Grass.  Culm  slender,  round,  smooth,  simple, 
about  2f;  lvs.  broad-linear,  4 — 6'  long,  rough-edged,  otherwise  smooth,  as  well 
as  the  sheaths;  spikes  2 — 3'  long  spikelets  with  the  lateral  flowers  neuter; 
glumes  and  palese  produced  into  fine,  smooth  awn.t,  6  times  (W  Umg  (2')  as  the 
flowtfrs;  abortive  flowers  on  short  pedicels. —  (g)  Marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  Mo.,  N.  to 
Subarc.  Am.    June. 

4  H.  pusflluin  Nutt.  Culm  4 — 6',  decumbent  or  geniculate  at  the  base;  lvs. 
about  1^'  long,  rather  obtuse,  glaucous,  striate;  upper  sheath  tumid,  embracing 
the  spike;  spike  linear,  about  IJ'  long;  glumes  by  3.s,  collateral,  imbricated, 
lateral ;  aljortive  fls.  awnless ;  awn  of  the  central  sessile  5 ,  as  long  as  those  of  the 
involucre,  twice  the  length  (7")  of  the  pales,  glumes  all  awned,  the  inner  setaceoui 
from  the  base. — Ohio  to  111.  and  Mo. 

49.  EL'YMUS  L.  Lyme  Grass.  Wild  Rye.  (Gr.  cAvo),  to  en- 
velop ;  as  the  spike  iu  the  sheath.)  Spikelets  2  to  4  at  each  joint  of 
tlie  rachis,  2  to  6-llowered  ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  subulate,  both  placed 
on  the  outer  side  of  their  spikelet  forming  an  involucre  to  the  group, 
sometimes  minute  or  obsolete ;  pales  lanceolate,  coriaceous,  the  lower 
mostly  awned. 

(a) 


{  Eltmis  proper.    Involucre  present,  consisting  of  Mie  conspiciK-i.  £;1nmes 
a  ijpikelets  1  to  5-flowered,  bard,  rough,  with  con.spicuous  aw         (b) 

b  Spikelets  glabrous,  merely  rough,  2  or  B-flowcred No«.  1,  2 

b  Spikelets  hispid  with  hairs,  1  to  8,  or  2  to  5-ttowered Nog.  3,  4 


b  Spikelets  glabrous,  merely  rough,  2  or  B-flowcred. 
b  Spikelets  hispid  with  hairs,  1  to  8,  or  2  to  5-ttower 
a  Spikelets  5  to  8-ttowered,  soft-pubescent,  without  awns No.  5 


§  GvMNOSTACUUM.    IdvoI.  obsolete  or  the  gls.  luinute.    Awns  divaricate No.  6 

1  B.  Virglnicus  L.  Culm  smooth,  3  or  4f,  erect ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  flat,  scabrous, 
deep  green,  4"  broad;  sheaths  striate ;  lig.  very  short ;  spike  erect,  thick,  3  to  5' 
long ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  2  or  ^-/lowered,  the  collateral  glumes  in  front,  thickened 
and  subconnate  at  base,  striate,  and  with  the  pales,  produced  into  rather  short  (6 
to  10'),  scabrous  aums. — U  Banks  of  streams,  U.  S.  A  Southern  variety  has 
the  glumes  very  thick  an'l  arcuate  at  base  (like  E.  Caput-Meduase  L.).     Aug. 

51 


m% 


Ordbe  15G.— GliAMlKK^ 


2  B.  Buropieus  L.  Culm  t-rcct,  3  to  5f;  Ivs.  lance-linoar,  Poabroo!*,  with  mvnf" 
what  hairy  sheaths;  spike  suberect,  5  to  8',  very  scabrous  but  uearly  ^ittbrons; 
apikelets  temate,  2-flowored,  with  long  (15  to  26"),  Htout,  straight,  divrrgiiig  awui 
all  of  similar  length. — Along  rivers,  S.  States.  The  loug  parallel  uwna  give  it 
quite  a  diQ'erent  appearance  from  No.  3. 

3  B.  Canadensis  L.  Culm  erect,  3  to  5f-,  Ivs.  laneo-liuoar,  flat,  stnootli,  dark 
green,  or  often  glaucous;  spike  rather  loose  and  spreading,  4  to  8  long,  generally 
nodding,  rachis  hairy,  spikelets  more  or  k'ss  hairy,  in  23  and  '.in,  'A  to  6-flowore(i, 
awns  of  the  fls.  usually  curved,  longer  (7  to  17)  than  those  of  the  glumes. — ,\ 
tall  grass,  looking  like  Kyo,  with  long,  recurved,  waving  spikes.   Uivi  r  banks.  Aug. 

4  B.  strilitus  Willd.  St.  slender,  erect;  Iv.s.  and  shcallis  smooth,  the  former 
lance-linear,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  thi-  upper  surfai-o ;  spike  erect,  2  to  .T  lotiir; 
invol.  4-leave(l,  strongly  veined ;  spikvlels  in  pairs,  somewhat  spreading,  hispid, 
1  to  3-Jtowered;  awns  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  pale. — U  Ma.ss.  to  Pfiui..  W.  to 
Ohio,  rare.  A  small  and  slender  species.  July.  (K.  villosus  Muhl.  is  some  larger, 
with  very  hairy  glumes.) 

5  B.  m611is  Trin.  Culr.  velvety  pubescent  above,  stout,  2  to  4f ;  iv.s.  involute- 
compressed,  glabrous  as  well  aa  the  striate  sheaths;  spiko  thick,  erect,  Q  to  8'  ; 
ppikeleta  in  pairs,  about  7-tiowered,  awnlcss,  all  clothed  with  u  soil  pubc^vnco ; 
ghimes  shorter  than  the  fls. — Lake  shores,  Min.  and  Can.  \V. 

6  B.  H^striz  L.  Culm  round,  smooth,  2 — If;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  carinate,  scabrous, 
generally  glaucous  and  with  the  sheaths  striate;  spiko  4 — G  long,  ereet;  rachi.'i 
nearly  smooth,  floxuous;  spikelets  remotL-,  diverging;,  almost  horizontal,  2 — 3- 
flowered;  glumes  0,  rarely  1  or  2 ;  fls.  Hmoothisli;  lower  palcfc  terminating  in  a 
very  long  awn. —  If  An  odd-looking  grass,  in  moist  wood.s,  N.  States,  common.    Jl. 

50.  LO^LIUM,  L.  Darnel  Grass.  Spikelets  maiiy-flowered,  sessile, 
remote,  with  the  edge  to  the  raehi.s ;  glume  to  tlie  lower  spikelct  single, 
to  the  terminal  one  2  ;  palejc  herbaceous,  subequal,  lower  one  short- 
uwneJ  or  mucronate,  upper  bifid-toothed. 

1  L.  perdnne  L.  R.\t  Darnel.  Smooth  ;  culm  terete.  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  lanco-linoar, 
ehining-green,  on  striate  sheaths  with  truncate  stipules;  rachis  ilexuous  grooved, 
5 — 6' long;  spikelets  awnless,  about  IG,  hnger  than  the  glume,  7 — 9-floweroil, 
alternate,  in  two  opposite  rows ;  lower  paleae  5-veined,  upper  with  2,  prominent, 
rough  keels. —  y   Meadows,  cultivated  grounds,  etc.     May,  June.     J$  Kur. 

2  Ij.  temul^ntum  L.  Poisonous  Darnel.  Culm  terete,  smooth,  2f ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  rough-edged,  and  with  the  sheaths,  smooth  on  the  surface ;  stip.  truncate  ; 
rachis  flexuoua,  4 — 6'  long;  spikelets  much  compressed,  5 — 7 -flowered,  rw'<  longer 
than  the  glume  ;  louver  pale  5-veined,  produced  into  an  awn  twice  Us  length. — '  0 
Remarkably  distinguished  from  all  other  grasses  by  its  poisonous  seed.s.  N.  Eng. 
to  Penn.     July.    §  Eur. 

51.  TRIT'ICUM,  L.  Wheat.  (Lat.  tritum,  rubbed  or  ground  ;  al- 
luding to  the  manner  of  its  preparation  for  food.)  Spikelets  imbricated 
in  2  rows,  sessile  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  about  5-tiowered,  with  the 
upper  flowers  abortive  ;  glumes  2,  equal,  opposite,  ovate,  concave,  mu- 
cronate; paleae  2,  lower  awnedor  mucronate;  scales  2,  collateral. — Fls. 
arranged  in  spikes. 

I  Triticum  proper,     (i)  Ghimos  oblonir,  obtuse,  ventricous-concave.     Spike  4-si(letl N".  1 

I  AoRoi'YKON,  Kth.     ii  Glumes  lanceolate,  pointed.     Spikelets  mostly  2-runke(l Nob.  2,  i 

1  T.  vulglkre  Villars.  Common  Whbat.  Culm  terete,  smooth,  the  inter- 
nodes  somewhat  inflated,  3  to  6f ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  veined,  roughish  above ;  atip. 
truncate ;  spike  parallel,  somewhat  4-sided ;  spikelets  orowded,  broad-ovatu, 
about  4-flowered ;  glumes  ventricoua ;  awns  of  the  upper  paleae  generally  longer 
than  the  flowers. — (j)  and  ©  This  ia  without  doubt  the  most  valuable  plant  of  the 
Order.  Cultivated  from  the  earliest  historic  times.  Many  varieties  are  known  to 
fiumers,  classed  aa  Summer  Wheat,  and  Winter  Wheat  ;  Awned  or  Awnless. 
d.  COMPOSITUM.  Egyptian  Wheat.  Spike  compound.  Spikelets  awned. 
2  T   rdpens  L.     Couch-grass.    Quuh  Grass.     Culm  trailing  at  the  lower 


OftDM  1&6.— GKAmNEiB. 


SOS 


Joints ;  from  creeping  rhizomes,  1  to  2f ;  Its.  lance-litiear,  rough  above  and  somc- 
AvIiAt  hairy;  etip.  sliort  truncate;  epiku  compressed,  about  'X  in  length;  spikelets 
remote,  ulteruate,  lance-oblong,  5 — 6-flowered ;  awns  short  or  none  ;  glituiM 
lunceulate,  5-veiued,  acuminate. —  1i  A  vile  weed,  in  helds  uud  garUius,  extremely 
difficult  to  eradicate.     June— Aug.  § 

fi.  DASYSTACHlUll.     Glaucous,  Very  smooth  ;  spikelets  5  to  9-flowered,  wliitiah 
all  over  with  downy  liair.-'. — Luke  shores,  Wia.,  Mich.,  Can. 

8  T.  oanlnum  R.  &  S.  Dog's  CotcH  (iRASS.  St.  2 — 3f,  erect  or  oblique;  Ivs. 
flat,  smooth;  stip.  almost  wanting;  spikcletrt  about  5-tlowered;  jrlunies  iJ-veim-d, 
and  with  the  outer  palea,  terminating  in  a  strai^dit,  scabroas  bristle,  longer  tluui 
the  flowers. — Delaware  (Muhlenberg)  to  Mieli.^ 

52.  SECA^LE,  L.  Rye.  (Celtic  styal,  from  xcc/o,  a  sickle  )  Spike- 
lets solitary  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  2 — li-flowered,  tlie  2  lower  flow- 
ers fertile,  sessile,  opposite,  the  upjwr  one  abortive  ;  iifl nines  snbnlate, 
opposite,  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  lower  palea  with  a  very  long  awn, 
upper  often  bifid  at  apex  ;  scales  abortive,  hairy. 

8.  Cereile  Ii.  Culm  hairy  beneath  the  spike,  4 — Gf;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rouirh- 
edgo,  and  rough  above,  glaucous;  spike  about  5  long,  linear,  compressed  ;  pale« 
smooth,  lower  ciliate  on  the  keel  and  margin;  awns  scahrous-ciliate,  long,  straight, 
erect. — CT  or  (§t)  The  native  country  of  this  highly  valuable  grain  is  unknown. 
It  has  long  been  cultivated.     Jn.,  Jl. 

53.  LEPTOCHXOA,  Beanv.  ((Jr.  Af:7rror,  slender,  x/^6a,  grass.) 
Spikelets  2  to  QO-flowercd,  subsessile,  in  one-sided  spikes  forming  a  pani- 
cle raceme;  glumes  carinate,  awnless;  pales  membranous,  lower  JJ-veitn-d, 
carinate,  awnless  or  awned;  stamens  3;  stigmas  simply  plumous. — 
Lv8.  flat  and  soft.  Pan.  composed  of  many  slender  spikes.  (Oxydenia 
Niitt.) 

I  Spiki'lcts  scs.'iilo,  fewflowcroti,  lower  l>ftle  entire  at  tlie  .leiitish  apex Nim.  1,  2 

I  sjiikclets  pedicellate,  6  to  9-ttowcreil,  lower  piiK'  iiotciicit  hiiiI  inuuroiiute  at  i-inl .No.  S 

1  L.  mucron^lta  Kunth.  Culm  geniculate  at  the  lower  joints,  2  to  ^f,  ascend- 
ing; sheaths  hairy,  loose;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  tapering  to  a  long  acuniination;  paii. 
a  foot  or  more  long,  the  numerous  spikes  very  slender,  2  to  4',  flowering  their 
whole  length;  spikelets  green,  sessile,  minute,  2  to  4-flo\vered,  awnlfss,  .•,h<trler 
than  the 'inucronate-2^ointed  glumes. —  'V  Fields,  S.  States,  conmion.     JI. — Oct. 

2  L.  filiformis  R.  &  S.  Culm  geniculate  below,  upright  8  to  4f ;  sheaths  some 
hairy;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough-edged,  twice  larger  (If  by  9"  or  less)  tiian  in  the 
la.st ;  pan.  near  2f  long,  the  numerous  spikes  very  slender,  straight  and  subereet, 
6  to  8'  long ;  spikekii  purple,  sessile,  mimitc,  sub-3-fiowered,  a  little  exceeding 
the  merely  acute  glumes ;  ils.  obtuse. — Cl.'?  Fields,  S.  States.  (Oxydenia  attenu- 
ata  Nutt.) 

3  L.  fascicul^ris  Or.  Glabrous,  stout,  ascending  from  a  geniculate  base  2  to 
4f;  Ivs.  long  and  broad  (If  by  9",  more  or  less);  pan.  dense,  oblong,  9  to  15', 
with  very  many  sessile,  S(  cund  spikes  2  to  3  long;  spikelets  sliort-pediceled, 
lance-oblong  (;5  to  4  ),  Hat,  about  9-flowered;  lower  pale  oblong,  ciliate  below, 
mucronate-awned  in  tlie  notch  at  the  apex. — Marshy  soils,  N.  Y.  to  La.,  \V.  to 
111.     (Fegtuca,  Lam.  F.  niultiflora  Walt.     F.  poly.stachia  Mx.) 

54.  GYMNOPO^GON,  Jieauv.  (Gr.  yv/u-or,  naked,  7rc5)  ojv,  beard.) 
Spikes  setaceous,  corymbously  paniculate  :  spikelets  remote,  1 -flowered, 
■with  a  rudiment ;  glumes  2-keeled,  subetjual,  lance-linear ;  lower  pale 
with  a  straight  awn  from  a  little  below  the  tip  ;  rudiment  aristiform. — 
Low,  reed-like.     (Anthopogon,  Nutt.) 

1  O.  racemdsum  Beauv.  Culm  ascending  18  to  24',  with  short  intomodoa; 
Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  1  to  2'  by  4  to  8  ',  glabrous,  flat,  spreading,  in  2  rows; 
fiheaths  hairy  at  the  throat ;  lig.  obsolete ;  pan.  large,  pyramidal,  hrawhes  simple, 
rigid,  flowering  near  their  whole  length,  soon  spreading  or  refleied,  3  to  5    long; 


804 


Ordir  156.— GRAMINE^. 


glumm  linear,  pungent ;  awn  of  the  fl.  3  to  4  times  its  length,  that  of  the  rudi* 
ment  half  as  long. — 7i  Sandy  tields,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La. 
2  O.  brevifdlium  Trin.  Culm  slender,  decumbent  below,  ascending  8  to  16' ; 
interuodes  short  (1'),  sheaths  about  as  long,  smooth;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  1  to 
2',  very  auuto;  spikes  almost  hair-like,  somewhat  corymhed,  flowering  only  above 
the  middle ;  glumes  subulate ;  awn  of  the  flower  as  long  as  the  pale,  that  of  the  ru- 
dirnent  wanting. —  2f  Md.  to  La.  (liale). 

55.  MANISU^RUS,  L.  Lizard-tail  Grass.  (Gr. //avt?",  lizard,  ovpa, 
tail.)  Spkl.  in  pairs,  1-flowered,  the  lower  ^  ,  upper  abortive  ;  ^  gl.  2, 
the  lower  roundish,  saccate-concave,  coriaceous,  larger  than  the  flattish, 
membranous  upper  gl. ;  pales  2,  much  smaller  than  the  glumes,  thinly 
membranous ;  stam.  3  ;  styles  2  ;  abortive  spkl.  of  merely  2  empty, 
subequal,  subcoriaceous  glumes. — (I) 

Af .  granul^ria  Swtz.  Culm  2f  or  more,  erect,  branching,  with  hairy  sheaths ; 
leaves  flat,  1  to  4'  in  length;  spikes  solitary,  on  short,  lateral  branches,  partly 
involved  in  a  spath-form  leaf,  jointed,  unilateral,  ^  to  1'  long,  colored ;  5  fls. 
globular,  the  gl.  warty-tesselated. — About  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Bachmau  1).  §  E. 
Ind. 

56.  CYN'ODON,  Rich.  Beumuda  Grass.  (Gr.  «va)v,  a  dog,  odoc,  a 
tooth  ;  alluding  to  the  singular  one-sided  spikelets.)  Spikes  digitate  or 
fasciculate ;  spikes  unilateral,  in  a  single  row,  1-flowered,  with  a  rudi- 
ment, glumes  membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  persistent ;  5 
upper  palea  bifid-toothed  ;  rudiment  minute,  pedicellate,  in  a  groove  of 
the  upper  palea  ;  scales  truncate. 

C.  Ddctylon  Pers.  Culm  creeping  extensively;  stolonitferoua  at  base,  6'  to 
2f  long ;  Ivs.  hairy  on  the  margin  and  towards  the  base,  narrow-linear ;  sheatha 
hairy;  spikes  4 — 5,  digitate,  spreading,  2 — 3'  long,  1''  wide,  serrated  with  the 
uneven  spikelets ;  glumes  scabrous  on  the  keel,  lanceolate,  acute ;  palesB  subequal, 
the  lower  broader,  enfolding  the  upper. — %  A  vigorous  creeper,  in  sands  and  hard 
soils,  Penn.  to  the  Gulf 

57.  EU'STACHYS,  Desv.  Sea  side  Finger-grass.  (Gr.  ev,  well, 
ardxv^t  a  row.)  Spikes  digitate;  spkl.  sessile  on  one  side  of  the  rachis, 
2-flowered  ;  upper  fl.  sterile ;  upper  gl.  larger,  short-awned  at  the  2- 
lobed  apex  ;  lower  pale  thin,  keeled,  mucronate  below  the  tip. —  2f  Culm 
creeping,  compressed.     Lvs.  flat. 

E.  petraea  Desv.  Diffusely  branched ;  rooting  at  the  joints ;  Iva  linear,  ob- 
tuse, rough-edged,  2 — 4' ;  aheuths  compressed,  keeled,  serrulate  on  the  keel ; 
longer  than  the  joints ;  spikes  strict,  erect,  fascicled,  4  to  6 ;  lower  5  pale  coria- 
ceous, brown,  silky-ciliate  on  the  keel  below  and  margins  above,  the  midvein 
extended  into  a  short  subterminal  awn. — Brackish  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Bachman). 
Jn.— Aug.     (Chloris,  Ell.) 

58.  ELEUSrNE.  (From  Eleusis,  where  Ceres,  the  goddess  of  har- 
vests, was  worshipped.)  Spikes  digitate,  unilateral ;  spikelets  6 — 7- 
flowered ;  glumes  obtuse,  unequal,  lower  one  smaller ;  paleae  unequal, 
upper  one  bifid  toothed  ;  scale  truncate,  fimbriate ;  caryopsis  triangu- 
lar,  ovate,  enclosed  in  a  separate  membrane  or  perigynium. 

E.  Indica  L.  Culm  oblique,  compressed,  procumbent  and  branching  at  base,  12 — 
1 G'  lotig ;  lvs.  linear,  somewhat  hairy,  on  smooth,  loose  sheatha  hairy  at  the  throat ; 
spikes  2 — 4,  rarely  more  or  less,  linear,  straiglit  divaricate,  2— -4'  long;  2  '  wide  ; 
si)ikelets  closely  imbricitte,  smooth ;  upper  glume  5-veined ;  fr.  dark  brown. —  (X 
Common  about  houses,  foot-patiis,  &c.     Mid.  and  W.  States.     Aug. 

59.  DACTYLOCTrNIUM,  Willd.  Egyptian  Grass.  (Gr.  do'/crvAor, 
finger,  KTtviov^  a  small  comb  ;  bc.  spikes  digitate,  pectinate.)    Spikelets 


Order  15G.— GRAMTNE^.  806 

2  to  QB-flowered,  arranged  in  several  unilateral,  digitate  spikoR  ;  glumes 
cariniite-comprcssed,  the  upper  tiwned  ;  pales  iiieinhranous,  tlie  lower 
carinate-boat-shaped,  aeute-mucronate ;  stamens  3  ;  caryopsis  tree, 
glabrous. 

D.  Egypticum  Willd.  Culm  geniculate  and  rooting  below,  ascending  If  to 
18  ;  slieatlus  half  au  long  as  tli(3  internodes.  sniootiiish ;  Ivn.  ciliate  at  base,  G'  by 
3  ',  more  or  less;  spikes  usually  4  (cariiiaf'),  racliis  macronato  at  tiio  naked  ti[)'; 
spikelets  3-tlowered,  the  upper  sterile. —  (f  i  Fields,  coinnion,  Va.  to  Fla.    .11. — Oct. 

60.  SPARTTNA,  Schreb.  Marsh  Grass.  (Gr.  onapTtov,  a  rope  ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  creeping  rhizomes  ?)  Spikes  imbricated 
in  a  <louble  row  on  one  side  of  the  raehis,  strictly  1-flowered,  no  rudi- 
dimeut ;  gl.  laterally  compressed,  carinate,  coriaceous,  pointed  or  awiied, 
unequal ;  j)ales  sub(M]ual,  awnless  ;  style  or  styles  very  long. —  U  Rigid, 
chiefly  maritime.     Spikes  in  a  racente, 

§  Spikflcts  witli  tlio  u|)|)i'r  frluino   lecidcilly  awncil  nni\  liispii] No,  1 

R  Hpikelot  unu  "^ncil,  of  iiiordy  iniicriin;ili'. — Styles  imitiMl Nos.  2 

— Styles  distinct Nos.  ;i,  4 

1  L.  cynosuroides  Willd.  Culm  slonder,  smooth,  3  to  -If;  Ivs.  2  to  4f  long, 
sulilinear,  con\okitc  and  filiform  at  tlio  end;  sheaths  striate,  glabrous;  pan.  loose, 
Blender,  composed  of  ft  to  12  alternate,  one-sided,  peduneulato  spikes  2  to  3'  long; 
spkl.  subloosc-imbricated ;  gl.  acuminate,  one  of  them  with  an  awn  about  its  own 
length,  tlie  other  about  equaling  tlie  wliite  pales. — Marsiies,  Can.  to  Flu.  and  west- 
ward, about  salt  licks!      A  coarse,  sedgy  grass,  not  valuable. 

2  S.  polyst^chya  Willd.  Culm  stout,  thick,  4  to  8f,  erect,  smooth ;  Ivs.  smooth, 
long,  broadly  linear;  spikes  numerous  (20  to  ;")()),  still!  suberect,  subsessiie;  spike- 
lets  coriaceous;  U})per  gl.  ban^ly  nnicronaie,  little  longer  than  tiio  unecpial  pali's, 
twice  longer  than  the  .subulate  lower  glume. — Marshes,  cliielly  soutliward.  Tiio 
hollow  culm  is  often  8  or  9"  thick. 

3  S.  juncea  Willd.  lit.  creeping  extensively  ;  culm  slender,  smooth,  1  to  2f, 
erect,  rigid;  Ivs.  convolute,  setaceous  above,  rigid;  sheaths  very  long;  spikes 
few  (3  to  G)  r  or  more  long,  dense,  subsessiie;  (Is.  awidess;  gls.  very  unei(ual, 
the  upper  little  exceeding  the  pales,  thrico  longer  than  tiie  lower  glumo;  tlie  long 
styles  scarcely  united. — Marshes  along  tiio  coast. 

4  >.  alternifolia  Loisel.  Sort  M.vrsii  Grass.  Cuhn  succulent,  terete,  3  to  5f, 
erect  from  long  creeping  roots;  Ivs.  channeled,  very  sniootli,  continuous  with  the 
open  sheallis,  often  exceeding  tiio  culm;  si)ikes  G  to  12  or  more,  appres.sed,  ses- 
sile, the  racliis  .  f  each  produced  beyond  the  fls,  to  a  subulatts  point;  gls.  very 
unequal,  upjier  near  twice  longer,  acute;  sty.  nearly  tlistinet. — Salt  marshes,  it 
is  gree  iil}'-  eaten  by  cattle,  has  a  strong,  rancid  smell  and  all'octa  the  milk  niady 
of  it.  (Klliott).     (S.  glabra  Mulil.) 

61.  BOl'TELOU^A,  Lagasca.  Spikelets  sessile,  in  unilateral  short 
gpikea;  glumes  carinate,  the  upper  one  larger,  shorter  than  the  several 
flowers  ;  lower  flower  perfect,  upjier  oiu's  abortive ;  lowcir  pale  3-clcft. 
segments  subulate,  inucronate,  in  the  ^  tl.,  conspicuously  awned  in  the 
short-stalked  sterile  ones  ;  stamens  3.  (Atheropogon,  Muhi.  Eutriana, 
Trin.) 

§  Ppikes  20  to  40,  very  short,  In  one  lonp,  iiniluteriil  raceme Na  1 

§  Spikes  1  to  6,  lon^'or,  ihany-tlowerod,  bul)ternniiul Nos.  2,  8 

1  B.  curtipendula  Gray.  Cuhn  1  to  2f  high,  genii'ulate  at  base,  ascending, 
terete;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  smoothish  beii'.adi,  pilous  above;  lig.  short,  trun- 
cate; spikes  4  to  G"  long,  20  t(»  40,  on  sho't,  ttat  jied.,  thinly  arranged  in  2  lat- 
eral rows,  each  with  4  to  8  spikelets;  spki.  2-l!owered  arranged  in  2  rows  on  (he 
under  side  of  the  flat,  partial  raeliLs;  gls.  unequal,  the  lower  awn-like  and  slightly 
■•dhermg  to  the  raehis;  antli.  3.  bright  red;  fr.  oblong;  abortivo  (I.  with  its  mid- 
die  awn  conspicuous. — ?r  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Guilford  Conu.  (Kobbiua).  (A. 
apludioides  Muhl     Ohloris  i-^irtipendula  Mx.) 


806 


Order  156.— URAMINE^. 


2  B.  oligostdchya  Torr.  Culm  filiforinly  slender,  6  to  12',  erect,  nearly  naked; 
Ivs.  glabrous,  cetaceous;  tia.  condensed  in  2  or  ;^  (rarely  1  to  5)  short  spikf^s  vvhicli 
are  uejirly  terminal;  spikelets  numerous,  pubescent;  vnddlr  awn  of  the  villous 
pi.de  loiiyest,  equaling  the  glume. — Min.,  Iowa,  S.  to  Miss.     (Bacliman  I) 

3  B.  hirsCita  Lag.  Culms  cajspitous,  leafy  at  the  base ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  hispid 
on  till)  margin  and  midvein;  Ha.  condensed  in  2  or  3  (rarely  ]  to  4)  short  spikes 
which  are  nearly  terminal;  pale  pubescent,  its  3  awns  subequal,  exceeding  the 
glandular  bristly  lower  glume. — Sandy  soil,  111.  and  Wis. 

62.  CTE^NIUM,  Panzer.  Toothache  Grass.  {Gr.  ktevCov,  a  smaW 
comb ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  spike.)  Spikelets  4  or  S-flowerod, 
closely  imbricated  on  one  side  of  a  flat  rachis ;  middle  flower  ^  ,  the  2 
iower  and  1  or  2  upper  sterile ;  upper  glume  exterior,  with  an  awned 
ttiber  ;le  on  the  back ;  lower  ^  pale  awned  near  the  apex,  silky-fringed 
below, — Spike  solitary,  recurved.     (Monocera,  Ell.) 

C.  aromaticum.  Culm  3  to  5f  high,  rigidly  erect,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  much  shorter, 
involute-setaceous  above;  spike  4  to  C-,'  in  length,  curved  backwards,  very 
dense,  beset  with  3  rows  of  short,  stout  awns,  tiie  lateral  awns  obliquely  divari- 
cate.— U  Swamps,  in  pine  barrens,  S.  States.  The  appearance  of  the  spikes  is 
very  curious  and  striking.  Taste  of  the  fresh  herbage  pungent  (^gilops,  Walt. 
C.  Americanum  Spr.) 

63-  TRIP'SACUM  L.  Sesame  Grass.  (Gr.  Tpi(3o),  to  grind ;  ap- 
plication not  obvious.)  Spikes  staminate  above,  fertile  below  ;  glumes 
2,  coriaceous ;  pales  2,  membranous ;  $  spikelets  2-flowered,  outer 
iiower  staminate,  inner  neuter;  ?  spikelets  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower 
abortive  ;  outer  glume  enclosing  the  flowers  in  a  cavity  of  the  thick, 
jointed  rachis,  with  an  aperture  each  side  at  base,  the  joints  readily 
separating. 

T.  dactyloides  L.  St.  slightly  compressed,  smooth,  solid  with  pith,  brown  at 
the  nodes,  4  to  6f ;  Ivs.  near  an  inch  b,  oad,  long,  lance-linear,  Bmooth  beneath, 
roughish  above;  spikes  5  to  8'  long,  usually  2  to  3  together,  digitate,  terminal, 
evidently  unilatert-.l. —  U  River  banks  and  seashores,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States.  A 
large,  coarse  and  very  singular  grass,  of  little  value  as  food  for  cattle. 
^   itONOSTACHYON.     Spike  single. 

64.  ZE^A,  L.  Indian  Corn.  (Gr.  ^d(o,  to  live  ;  as  a  life  supporter 
of  animals  and  man.)  Flowers  8 ,  awnless ;  S  in  a  terminal  panicle 
of  racemes,  the  spikelets  2-flowered;  glumes  herbaceous,  subequal; 
pales  membranous,  upper  bifld  ;  anthers  3,  linear  ;  $  partly  imbedded 
ill  a  thick,  contimioiis  axillary  spike  (spadix)  which  is  enclosed  in  many 
spathaceous  bracts ;  lower  flower  of  each  spikelet  abortive ;  glume 
broad,  thick,  membranous,  obtuse  ;  style  filiform,  very  long,  exserted 
and  pendulous ;  abortive  flower  of  2  pales. — 'J)  Culm  solid. 

Z.  Maya  L.  Rt.  librous;  culm  erect,  stout,  5  to  15f,  grooved  on  one  side,  very 
smooth  and  leafy ;  Ivs.  ample,  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  3f  by  2  to  3',  channeled. — 
The  varieties  of  this  noble  plant,  produced  by  climuto  and  culture,  are  numerous. 
It  is  native  in  S.  Am.,  but  how  widely  cultivated  and  how  important  to  man  we 
need  not  write.  Every  part  is  known  by  tamiliar  names.  The  panicle  of  (5  fls. 
at  the  summit  is  the  tassel.  The  spiko  o?  the  ?  fls.  is  the  ear,  its  rachis  the  coh, 
its  pLstila  tho  silk,  and  the  bracts  of  its  spathe  the  Imaks.  The  kernels  are  in  8,  iO, 
12,  etc.,  rows,  always  some  even  number,  yellow,  white,  red  or  spendidly  purplo. 

65.  ROTTB(EL'LIA,  Brown.  (A  personal  name.)  Rat-tail  Grass. 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  terete,  jointed  spike,  one  sessile  in 
a  cavity  of  the  rachis,  2-flowered,  the  other  pediceled,  abortive  ;  sessile 
!![>ikl.  with  the  lower  flower  abortive  ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  outer  con- 


Order  15t5.— Gil  AMINES. 


807 


cave,  coriaceous,  inner  thin  or  hyaline,  like  the  (smaller)  pales ;  sta- 
mens 3. — Grass  erect,  tall. 

1  R.  camp^stris  Nutt.  ?  Glabrous ;  culm  simple,  slonder  (2  to  4f ),  with  black- 
isli,  somewhat  peuiculate  joiuta  ;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  involute-setaceous;  f^pike  soli- 
tary, tenainal,  little  thicker  than  the  culm,  2  or  3'  long ;  ped.  spikekt  obsolete ;  g 
gl.  ovate,  acute,  faintly  impressed-dotted. — La.     (Hale.) 

2  R.  rugdsa.  Glabrous ;  culms  rather  stout,  3  to  5f,  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  flat, 
linear;  spikes  solitary,  several,  terminal  and  axillary,  2  to  3',  less  thick  than  Ilia 
base  of  the  culm;  ped.  fl.  of  2  empty  glumes;  5  outer  gl.  ovate,  acute  strou^'ly 
reticulately  rugous. — Prairies,  La.     (Hale.)     (Apogonia,  Nutt.) 

66.  STENOTAPHRUM,  Trin.  Spike  compressed  ;  spikelets  2-flow- 
ered,  in  pairs  at  each  joint,  imbedded,  1  sessile  and  1  pedicellate  (or  iu 
4s  to  6s) ;  glumes  membranous,  the  outer  minute,  inner  large  ;  flowers 
each  of  2  coriaceous  pales,  similar,  but  the  lower  S  ;  styles  2,  slender; 
stamens  3  ;  grain  free. —  21  Culms  decumbent,  branched  joints  of  spikes 
not  separable. 

8.  dimidiatum.  Glabrous,  very  leafy ;  culm  2  to  4f ;  Ivs.  flat,  broadly  linear,  on 
broad,  open  sheaths ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  solitary,  much  compressed,  3' 
by  2  to  3",  the  rachis  flat  on  the  back,  spikelets  in  2  lateral  rows  in  front,  the  ses- 
sile embraced  by  the  pedicel  of  the  other. — Low  grounds,  coastward,  S.  States. 
Jn. — Sept.     (Rottboellia,  Thumb.     S.  Americanum  Schrank.) 

67.  ERIANTHUS,  Rich.  Plume  Grass.  Beard  Grabs.  (Or. 
tpiov,  wool,  dvdog.)  Spikelets  2-flowered,  all  fertile,  in  pairs  at  each 
joint  of  the  slendei  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicellate  ;  glumes 
membranous,  subequal,  longer  than  the  flowers ;  pales  hyaline,  the 
lower  flower  of  1  neutral,  the  upper  of  2,  perfect,  with  tlie  lower  pale 
iiwned  ;  spikelets  involucrate  at  base,  with  a  tuft  of  bristly  hairs. —  2^ 
Stout,  erect  grasses,  remarkable  for  their  large  woolly  or  silky,  tawny 
panicles. 

♦  Hairs  of  the  involucre  much  longer  than  tlie  spikclet Nos.  1,  9 

♦  Hairs  of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  or  nearly  none Nos.  8,4 

1  E.  alopecuroides  Ell.  Culm  5  to  8  or  lOf,  erect,  stout,  silky  bearded,  espe- 
cially at  the  joints;  Ivs.  broadly  linear;  flat,  silky  pubescent,  2  to  3f  by  1  to  2  ; 
pan.  dense,  cylindric-oblong,  very  large  (12'  to  20'  long);  hairs  of  the  invol.  twice 
longer  than  the  short  (2  to  2| ')  spikelets,  a  third  as  long  as  the  siraightish  awn 
which  is  terminal  on  its  pale. — Swampy  pools  iu  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
The  plume-Uko  panicles  are  magniliceut  I 

2  E.  cont6rtus  Ell.  Culm  4  to  GfJ  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  broadly  linear,  flat, 
smooth,  except  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs  at  base;  pan.  contracted,  oblong,  6  to  10' ; 
hairs  of  the  invol.  long,  silky,  thrice  longer  than  the  spikelet  (which  is  3"),  §  the 
length  of  the  spirally  contorted  awn  which  issues  from  near  the  base  of  it.«  deeply 
bifid  pale. — Wet  grounds,  about  Charleston,  S.  C.  to  N.  Orleans.  Pan.  of  a  lighter 
hue  than  the  last. 

3  E.  brevibdrbia  Mx.  Culm  stout,  3  to  If,  erect,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  broad-linear, 
smooth,  except  at  the  base;  pan.  largo  (1  to  2f),  contracted,  lance-oblong,  the 
rac.  more  distinct  from  the  fewer  hairs ;  fiairs  of  the  invol.  hardly  as  long  as  th« 
larger  (4'')  spikelet,  \  the  length  of  the  awn  which  is  some  twisted  and  its  palo 
bifld. — Low  grounds,  S.  States.     Sept.,  Oct 

*4  E.  Btrictua  Baldw.  Culm  4  to  7f,  strictly  erect  and  glabrous ;  Ivs.  very  long, 
narrower  (3  to  5'')  than  in  the  other  spocies,  rough-edged ;  pan.  very  strict,  I  to 
2f  lo-ng,  branches  erect,  appressod ;  invol.  of  hairs  minute ;  awn  straight,  ierminui 
on  its  deciduous  pale. — Ga.  to  La.  The  whole  panicle  is  reddish  brown.  Aug., 
Sept. 

68.  SACCHARUM,  L.     SuoAurA>fE.     (Gr.  aa^^ap,  Arabic,  sow^c/r, 
Eng.  sugar.)     Spikelets  all  fertile,  in  paiis,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedi- 


808  Ordkr  156.— GRAMINEiE. 

eel  late,  2-flowered,  lower  fl.  neuter  with  a  single  pale,  upper  fl.  perfect, 
of  2  {)ales  ;  gl.  subecjual,  awnless;  pales  thin  and  hyaline,  awnless  ; 
stani.  1  to  3. —  2f  Gigantic,  tropical  Grasses  with  branching  panicles. 
Spikelets  cinctured  at  base  with  long  silky  hairs. 

S.  ofBcin^rum  L.  '  Culm  solid  with  pith,  closely  jointed,  8 — 20f,  erect,  with 
mauy  broaii,  fiat,  liuear-kmeuohito  leaves;  panicle  1  to  2f  in  leugtli,  composed  of 
numerous  long,  filiform  ioosely  erect-spreading  racemes,  richly  clothed  with  tiie 
long  white  silky  involucrate  hairs. — Native  in  S.  Asia.  Among  sugar  plan's 
this  still  holds  the  preeminence.  lis  delicious  product,  now  the  indispensable 
hixury  of  tho  world,  was  unknown  to  the  ancients.  It  is  propagated  from  cut- 
tings of  the  rhizome,  and  seldom  permitted  to  waste  its  sweetness  in  flowering. 

69.  ANDROPO'GON,  L.    Beard  Grass.    (Gr.  avdpog,  a  man's,  Trwyow, 
beard.)     Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  slender  rachis,  one  on  a 

f)luinous-bearded  pedicel,  incomplete,  the  other  sessile,  2-flowered  ; 
ower  flower  of  1  empty  pale  ;  upper  ^  ;  pales  thin,  hyaline,  the  lower 
of  the  ^  tipped  with  an  awn  ;  glumes  subcoriaceous ;  stamens  1  to  3  ; 
grain  free. —  IX   Coarse  Grasses.     Inflor.  various. 

§  Inflorc^sconoo  in  a  naked  (leaflo.ss)  pniiicle.     Sterile  spikclet  a  mere  pedicel No.  1 

§  Inllorescciu'o  in  <listiiict  spikes e.vserted  tVoin  the  slieatlis.  (a) 

a  HtiTiie  spikelets  nothing:  but  barren  pedicels.     Spikes  sheathed  at  base Nos.  2,  3 

a  Sterile  sjiikelets  with  ghiines  on  the  pedicels,  (b) 

b  Spikes  silver/  white,  in  conjnpate  jiairs Nn.  4 

b  Spikes  digitate,  2  to  5,  brownisli Nos.  Ti,  (i 

b  S])ikes  single,  terininal,  otie  on  each  branch Nos.  7.  S 

I  Inflorescence  spicatc,  enclosed  in  the  sheaths Nos.  9,  10 

1  A.  nutans  L.  Indian  Grass.  Wood  Grass.  Culm  simple,  .3  to  Gf,  ercet, 
with  smooth  sheaths  and  glaucous  Iv.s. ;  pan.  rather  dense,  oblong,  slender,  at 
length  nodding;  spikelets  in  pairs  or  Hs,  apparently  pedicellate,  but  the  fertile  is, 
in  fact,  sessile  as  in  tho  other  species,  all  tawny,  the  sterile  reduced  to  more  pedi- 
cels in  contact  with  tho  ^,  clothed  with  short  bristles;  $  spikelet  bristly-ciliate, 
with  a  ring  of  bristles  at  base,  and  tipped  (tho  lower  pale)  with  a  contorted  awn. 
— Sandy  iields  or  woods.  Can.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  (A.  avenaceus  Mx.  A. 
ciliatua  Ell.     Sorghum,  Gray.) 

2  A.  niacrurus  Mx.  Culm  2  to  3f  erect,  much  branched  and  bushy  ;  Ivs.  long, 
linear,  uj^per  spathiform,  lance-linear;  racemes  small,  very  nuTOero^/.f,  fascicled  at 
tho  upper  joints  forming  o  large  leafy  and  silky  panicle;  spkl.  minute,  with  a 
straight  bristle-like  awn,  tho  neutral  only  a  fine  pedicel  merely,  with  white,  silky 
hairs  half  as  long  (3 — 4")  as  tho  awn;  stam.  1. — Damp  soils,  S.  States.  Sept., 
Oct. 

3  A.  virginicus  L.  Culm  tall  (3  to  6f )  compressed,  more  or  less  downy  with 
scattered  hairs  as  well  as  the  long  and  narrow,  carinato  Ivs. ;  upper  half  diffuaelij 
paniculate;  spikes  conjugate,  sort,  feather-like,  hardly  as  long  (8  to  12")  as  their 
bract;  abort,  fl.  a  mere  capillary  pedicel,  longer  than  the  ^  fl.  with  thin  silky 
white  hairs  half  as  long  as  the  straight  similar  awn. — Dry  soils,  S.  States,  common. 
Oct.     (A.  dissitiflorus  Mx.) 

p.  VAOiNATUS  difl'ers  oidy  in  its  fewer,  shorter  spikes  and  longer  bracts  whien 
often  much  exceed  them.     (A.  vagin.  Ell.) 

4  A.  arg^nteus  Ell.  Culm  purplish,  slender,  much  branched,  glabrous,  branches 
mostly  solitary,  spikes  conjugate,  1  to  1^'  long,  exserted  beyond  tho  sheath;  spkl. 
appressed  to  the  raehis ;  abortive  fl.  a  minute,  subulate  glume  on  a  thick  ped. 
appreaseii  to  tho  >? ,  its  fawn-white  hairs  eopious,  half  tho  length  of  the  roughish, 
brown  awn. — Dry  .soils,  S.  States.     The  silvery  hairs  conceal  the  fls. 

5  A.  furcatiis  Muhl.     Forkkd  Spike.     St.  semitereto  above,  4 — 7f  high ;   Ivs. 

lauce-linear,  rough-edged,  radical  ones  very  long;  spik      lijiuif^  or  fa.sciculate,  in 

28 — Ss,  3 — 5'  long,  purple ;  spikelets  appressed,  a'.oi'ti"  e  otioon  aid'ii.^ous  pedicel, 

S  with  2  palojE,  awnless,  perfect  one  with  2  unoqual  jrii^mcs;  Iovvxm-  palea  bifld, 

awnod  between  the  divisions.— 2i  Meadows  and  low  ('■n  \  i\dy,  Oaii,,  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
and  W.  States.     Aug.     (.\.  ternarius  Mx.) 

€  A.  tetrastychuB  Ell.     Culm  glabrous,  2  to  3f  croct,  v.ith  lotj,  keeled,  ver^ 


Orubb  156.— nU\MlNE^. 


809 


hairy  Ivs.  and  sheaths  ;  lu'iuiolu'S  solitary,  alternate,  forming  a  contracted  panicle ; 
spiUc'S  usually  in  4s,  conjugate,  terminal;  gla.  serrulate,  longer  than  the  liJiirs  of 
the  pedicel;  perf  spkl.  nionandrous,  and  witli  a  straight  awn. — Damp  pine  bar- 
rens about  (./harUston  (Kiliotl). 

7  A.  BCop^rhiB  Mlciix.  HltmiM  IIkass.  St.  slender,  paniculatf,  3f  liigh,  branched, 
one  Hide  lurruwed,  brancliLM  .suMtary  or  2  or  3-1'ascie'led,  erect;  Ivh.  lance-linear, 
somewhat  hairy  and  glaucous ;  spikes  simple  lateral  and  terminal,  on  long  pe- 
duncles, 2 — ."{  from  cLich  sheatli,  purple;  spikclets  remote,  ahortivi'  one  neuter^ 
mostly  subulate-awiied,  the  hairs  of  its  ped.  as  long  as  the  5  spikelet. — In  dry  fields, 
forming  tufts,  U.  S.  and  Can. 

8  A.  Hdlei.  Culm  rigid.  3  to  5f  high,  strict,  witii  long,  slender  branches  above, 
each  with  a  single  terminal  short  (12  to  15",)  spike;  Ivs.  long,  rigid,  roiigli-edgcd  ; 
sterile  spkl.  .?  both  gls.  short-awned,  ped.  broad  above,  witli  stiff  hairs  shorter  than 
i;he  lis. ;  awn  of  the  perfect  11.  twisted. — S.  W.  States.    A  coarser  plant  than  No.  7. 

9  A.  clandestina,  with  the  soft,  silky,  white  spikelets  always  concealed  in  a 
fascicle  of  sheaths,  and 

10  A.  Nedsii  Kunth,  with  very  .slender  glabrous  spiki  ,ts  almost  concealed,  are 
found  in  W.  La.,  and  possibly  E.  of  the  Miss. 

70.  SOR'GHUM,  L,  Broom  Corn,  &c.  Spikelets  diffusely  panicii- 
lato,  in  2s  or  38  on  the  slender,  sprciidintij  branches  ;  the  middle  spikelet 
complete,  2-flowercd,  the  lower  flower  abortive,  lateral  spikelets  sterile, 
awnless,  the  pedicels  smooth  or  merely  pubescent;  glumes  coriaceous; 
pales  membranous ;  stamens  3. — Stout  Grasses,  with  solid  culms. 

i  S.  aacchar^tum  L.  Broom  Corn.  Culm  thick,  solid  with  pith,  6  to 
lOf;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent  at  base;  pan.  large  diffuse,  with  long, 
verticillate,  at  lengtli  nodding  branches;  gls.  of  the  perfect  spikelet  hairy,  persist- 
ent.—  CX)'fho  uses  of  this  fine,  cultivated  plant  are  well  known.     X  E.  lud. 

2  S.  vulg^re  L.  Tndian  Millet.  Culm  erect,  round,  solid  with  pith,  6  to 
lOf;  Ivs.  carinate,  lanceolate;  pan.  compact,  ovn\  erect  until  mature;  gls.  and 
pales  caducous ;  fr.  naked. —  (i)  Rarely  cultivated  as  a  curiosity,  or  for  the  seed  as 
food  for  poultry.     I  E.  Ind. 

The  Chinese  Sugar  Cane,  recently  in  cultivation  here,  is  probably  a  variety  of 
this  species;  also  the  African  Millet,  Imf)lice.  Neither  variety  will  yield  a  crys- 
tallizablo  syrup,  and  cannot,  therefore,  rival  the  supremacy  of  the  Southern  Cane. 

71.  CO'IX,  L.  Jon's  Tears.  Spikelets  2-flowercd,  sessile,  several 
in  a  spike  which  is  involute  at  the  base,  the  involucre  closed  around 
the  lower  (fertile)  spikelet,  becoming  bony  and  poli.shed  ;  upper  (sterile) 
spikelets  several,  remote  froio  the  fertile,  all  awnless ;  grain  roundish, 
free. — Culm  branched ;  Ivs.  broad,  flat. 

C.  Ldcryma  L.  Culm  half  terete ;  sterile  fls.  naked ;  fr.  (ossified  involucre) 
ovoid. —  CD  ^^'''iGns.  Plant  1  to  '2f  high,  bushy,  with  lanceolate  Ivs.  Spikes 
pedunculate,  aggregated  at  the  end  of  the  sheathed  branch.  The  curious  fruit 
is  finally  very  hard,  perforated,  used  by  the  children  for  beads. 


'if 

(111 


SIO 


Oadsb  157.— MAKSlLEACfiifi. 


SuBKiNGDOM,  CRYPTOGAMIA, 

Or  Flowerless  Plants.  Vegetables  destitute  of  true  stamens 
and  pistils,  gradually  descending  to  a  mere  cellular  structure, 
with  reproductive  organs  of  1  or  2  kinds,  producing,  instead  of 
seeds,  minute,  dust-like  bodies  (spores)  having  neither  integu- 
ments nor  embryo. 

Province,  ACROGENS.  Flowerless  plants,  having  a  regular 
stem  or  axis  which  grows  by  the  extension  of  the  apex  only, 
without  increasing  in  diameter,  generally  with  leaves,  and 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalariform  ducts.  (Ferns, 
Mosses,  Club-mosses,  Horsetails,  etc.) 


Order  CLVII.     MARSILEACE.^.     Pepperworts. 

Heibs  creeping  or  fioatiug,  with  the  kaves  petiolate  or  sessile,  circinate  in  verna- 
tion. Fruit  (sporocarps)  situated  at  tlie  base  of  the  leaves  or  leafstalks,  containing 
Ibo  capsular  sporanges  of  one  kind  with  2  kinds  of  spores,  or  of  2  kinds  with  the 
ditlerent  spores  separated. 

(lenerd  6,  apeeies  20?  inlmbiting  ditches  and  inundated  places  in  nearly  all  conntries,  but 
oliii fly  in  toiiipeiate  latitudes. 

1.  MARSIL'EA,  L.  Sporocarps  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalks,  of  one 
kind,  2-celle(J,  cells  transversely  many-celled ;  spores  inserted  on  each 
horizontal  placenta. —  21  Stenif*  keeping,  rooting;  Ivs.  petiolate. 

1  M.  quadrifolia  L  ?  Glabrous ;  prostraLe  stems  slender,  wiry,  8  to  16'  long ; 
Ivs.  palmately  4-foliate,  on  fllitorra  petioles  1  to  3'  high,  ifts.  broadly  obovate  or 
fan-shaped,  obtuse;  fr.  (sporocarps)  rouud-oval,  borne  on  short,  axillary  stalks, 
and  as  large  as  a  pepper-corn. — Sent  from  La.  by  Dr.  Hale.  Perhaps  the  locality 
is  beyond  our  limits. 

2  M.  vestita,  a  very  delicate  species,  with  stems  and  petioles  as  fine  as  threads, 
with  tlie  quaternate  leaflets  and  the  very  small  sessile  sporocarps  clothed  with 
minute,  silky,  brown  hairs,  is  sent  from  Iowa,  near  the  Mississippi  R.  by  Dr. 
Couzens.     It  probably  grows  in  111.     Height  of  Ivs.  1  to  2'. 

2.  ISOETES,  L.  Quill- WORT.  (Gr.  laog,  equal,  erog,  year;  alike 
all  the  year  round  ?)  Sporocarps  oval,  membranous,  1-celled,  iinmersed 
ill  the  dilated  base  of  the  frond ;  spores  subglobous,  slightly  angular, 
attached  to  immerous  filiform  receptacles,  thoft*  in  the  outer  fruits  larger, 
angular,  triple  or  in  4s,  apparently  of  a  different  nature. 

I.  lacuBtris  L.  Lvs.  ca^spitous,  subulate,  somitorcte,  dilated  and  imbricated  at 
base. — A  curious  aquatic,  in  water  at  or  near  the  margin  of  ponds  and  rivers,  N. 
Kiig.  and  Mid.  States,  often  wholly  submersed.  Lvs.  radical,  numerous,  tufted, 
simple,  2  to  10'  long,  soinovvhat  spreading,  containing  numerous  cells  divided  by 
longitudinal  and  transverse  partitions.  Vr.  wliitiah,  rather  large,  in  the  excavate  J 
base  of  the  leaves  whioh  dilated  portion  is  ordinarily  as  long  as  wide;  in  var. 
BIPARIA,  broader  than  long;  in  var.  En'ORLMannt,  longer  than  broad. 

3.  AZOL'LA,    Lam.      (Gr.  dCw,   to  dry,  dXXt'iu,   to   kill ;    quickly 


Order  158.— LYC0P0DIACEJ5. 


8U 


killed  by  drought.)  Fruit  sessile  on  the  under  side  of  the  branches,  of 
2  kinds ;  the  sterile  smaller,  opening  all  around,  containing  a  thick 
body  bearing  3  angular  lobes  (antheridia)  above;  the  fertile  a  thin 
pericarp  bursting  irregularly,  containing  many  globular,  stalked  sporangia 
each  with  a  few  spores. — Minute,  floating,  resembling  a  Jungerniannia, 
with  filitbrni  stems  and  lobed  fronds. 

A.  CaroliniSna  Willd.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  imbricated,  fleshy,  floating; 
reddisli  beneath,  scarcely  more  than  ^''  in  length ;  sterile  fruits  in  pairs  or  soli- 
tary, at  the  base  of  the  fertile,  many  tiipea  smaller  than  it. — Lakes  and  mar.-lica 
N.  Y.  to  111.  and  S.  States. 

4.  SALVIN'IA  natans  L,  inserted    in  previous  editions  on  the  au- 
thority of  Pursh,  has  not  been  observed  since. 


Order  CLVIII.     LYCOPODIACE^.     Club  Mosses. 

Plants  creeping  or  erect,  branching,  rarely      J\^ 

simple,  abounding  in  ducts,   with   the   leaves  fflffi^\ 

small,  numerous,  crowded,  entire,  lanceolate  tJ^.k^  '"' 

or  subulate,  1-nerved.     Fruits  sessile,  axillary  -^hfw/^^    p^       ^  || 
or  crowded  into  a  spike,  2-valvcd,  containing 
few  rather  large  spores,  or  numerous  minute       '^Q^ 
ones  appearing  like  powder.  ^ 

Geneva  S,  species 200  ?  Like  tho  Equisetacose,  those  wju.       '^a^i^msi 

plants  appear  to  have  been  very  abundant  in  the  first  '*'"       .»  «li«/*.l 

ages  of  tho  world,  and  to  havo  attained  a  giirantic 
size,  although  at  i)resent  but  a  few  feet  in  lengtli. 
Properties  unimportant.  Some  are  emetic.  The 
powder  contained  in  tho  sporangia  is  hiffhly  inflam- 
mable, and  is  used  in  tho  manufacture  of  fireworks. 

LYCOPO  DIUM,  L.   Club  Moss.    (Gr. 
Xviiog,  a  wolf,  irovg,  a  foot.)    Spore  cases 

all  of  one  kind,  l-cclled,  rcniform,  open.  '^  M       190 

ing   transversely,  2-valveu ;  spores  nu- 
merous,   minutJ,    sulphur-yellow.— Lvs.       reO.Lycopo.liumdendroideu.n.     7.S1,A 
in  4,  8  or  16  ranks.  single  spike.     732,  a  scale  with  lt»  axillary 

sporange  bursting.     738,  Spores. 

§  Fruit  in  pedunculated  spikes  (the  fertile  branches  nearly  leafless),    (a) 

a  Spikes  several  (2  to  6)  on  each  jieduncle Nos.  1,  2 

a  Spike  solitary  on  each  peduncle Nos.  8,  I 

S  Fruit  in  sessile  spikes  (tho  branches  leafy  throughout),    (b) 

b  Leaves  of  tho  spiko  bract-like,  discolored Nos.  .•).  8 

b  Leaves  of  tlie  sjiikes  and  stems  all  alike Nos.  7,8 

§  Fruit  scattered,  axillary,  forming  no  distinct  spiko Nos.  9,  10 

1  L.  clavatum  L.  Common  Cluij  Moss.  St.  creeping;  branches  ascending; 
lvs.  scattered,  incurved,  capillaceous-uciiminate ;  spikes  in  pairs,  rarely  in  39,  cylin- 
drical, pedunculate ;  bracts  of  the  spiko  ovate,  acuminate,  erosely  denticulate. — A 
well  known  evergreen,  trailing  upon  tho  ground  in  shady  pastures  and  woods, 
common.  Stem  and  branches  clothed  with  numerous  linear-lanceolato  leaves 
wliioh  are  entire  or  serrulate,  and  end  in  a  pellucid,  curved  bristle.  Spikes  per- 
fectly straight,  parallel,  erect,  and  upon  an  erect  peduncle.     July. 

2  L.  complan^tum  L.  Fkstoon  Ground  Pine.  St.  trailing;  branches dicliot- 
oinous;  lvs.  'i-ranked,  unequal,  tho  marginal  ones  connate,  diverging  at  apex,  llio 
supei  licial  ones  solitary,  appressed ;  ped.  elongated,  supporting  4 — fi  cyliridric 
spikes. — A  trailing  evergreen,  common  In  woods  and  shady  grounds.  Stem  round, 
creeping  among  tho  moss  and  leaves,  ofton  lOf  in  length.  Branches  numerously 
subdivided,  compreased,  somewhat  resembling  tho  briuichleta  of  the  cedar.  Lvs. 
minute,  very  acute.     July. 


812 


Ordkr  168.— LYCOPODIACE^. 


3  L.  sabinaefdlium  Willd.  Ground  Fir.  St.  elongnted,  creeping;  brancfut 
erect,  short,  dichotomoug,  with  faatigiato  divisions;  Ivs.  imlyricated  and  branches 
erect,  torate-subulate,  spikes  peduncled  by  thu  attenuated  and  8li<;htly  leafy  sum- 
uiits  of  tlie  branches,  cyiindric,  solitary,  with  cordate,  acuminate  bracts. — White 
Mts.  and  Brit.  Am.,  creeping  among  rocks,  with  erect,  numerously  divided  branches, 
a  few  of  the  divisions  terminating  iu  spikes  an  inch  in  length.  July.  (L.  chamse- 
cyparisaus  Braun.) 

4  L.  CaroliniSnum  L.  Southern  Ground-Pinb.  St.  and  hraitches  creeping  ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  appearing  2-ranked,  the  lateral  rows  spreading  with 
the  2  intermediate  rows  appressed ;  peduncle  erect,  solitary,  elongated,  bearing  a 
single  spike ;  bracts  sublanceolato,  entire. — In  muddy  grounds,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  Both 
I  lie  stem  and  its  branches  are  prostrate,  with  erect,  slender  peduncles  3 — 6'  high. 
July. 

5  L.  dendroideum  Michx.  Tree  Club  Moss,  Ground  Pine.  St.  erect; 
branches  alternate,  crowded,  dichotomous,  erect;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  in  6  equai 
roius,  spreading ;  spikes  several  or  many,  I  on  each  branchlet. — An  elegant  little 
plant,  common  iif  woods,  readily  distinguished  by  its  upright,  tree-like  form.  Plant 
about  8'  high,  with  branches  more  or  less  diverging.  Tiiese  are  subdivided  into 
numerous,  forked  branchlets,  radiant,  so  as  together  to  represent  a  spiral  arrange- 
ment.    Spikes  2 — 6,  an  inch  long.     July. 

l3.  OBSCUKUM.     (L.  obscurura  L.)     Branches  spreading ;  spike  one. 

6  L.  annotinum  L.  Interrupted  Club  Moss.  <Si/.  ci-eeping;  branches  twice 
dichotomous,  ascending;  Ivs.  in  5  rotus,  linear-lanceolate,  raucronate,  spreading 
and  serrulate  near  tiie  tip;  spike  oblong,  solitary. — In  mountain  woods,  N.  Eng., 
Can.  Branches  subdivided  near  their  base,  branchlets  simple,  4  or  more,  6 — 8' 
high.  Leaves  at  length  reflexed  at  end.  Spike  rather  cylindric,  an  inch  in 
length,  distinct  from  the  branch,     July. 

7  L.  alopecuroides  L.  Fox-tail  Club  Moss.  St.  creeping,  subramous; 
branches  simple,  long,  ascending,  bearing  a  single  sessile  spike  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear- 
subulate,  ciliate-dentaie  at  base,  spy'eadnng ;  spike  leafy.— Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and 
La.  Stem  extensively  creeping.  Branches  6 — 16'  high,  rarely  subdivided,  densely 
clothed  with  a  line,  soft  foliage.     Spike  1 — 2'  long,  very  leaty.     Aug. 

8  L.  inund^tum  L,  Marsh  Club  Moss.  St.  creeping,  often  submersed; 
branches  aimpk,  solitary,  erect,  with  a  single  leafy  spike  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear,  scat- 
tered, acute,  entire,  curved  upwards. — In  swamps,  Can.  to  Car.  Spikes  -h — 1'  long, 
at  'he  summit  of  branches  which  are  5 — 7'  long,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  stem. 
Bracts  of  the  spikes  loaf-like,  dilated  at  base,  spreading  at  the  end,  larger  than 
the  stem  loaves  which  are  I — 2"  long.     July. 

9  L.  lucfdulum  Mx.  Siiinino  Club  Moss.  St.  ascending,  dichotcrnously 
divided ;  Ivs.  in  8  row-s,  linear-lanceolate,  denticulate,  shining,  spreading,  or  a  little 
rejiexed  ;  sporangcs  in  the  axils  of  loaves  not  changed  nor  crowded  into  a  spike. — 
In  wet  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  The  foliage  of  tliis  species  is  dark  green  and 
shining,  more  ample  than  is  common  to  tlie  genus.  Stems  8 — 1(5'  long,  nearly 
erect.  Loaves  iJ — 5  "  long,  distinctly  serrate.  Thecfe  hemispherical  or  reniform, 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  near  the  top  of  the  stem.     Jl. 

10  L.  Sel^go  L.  Fir  Club  Moss.  St.  erect,  dichotomously  and  fastigiately 
branched;  Ivs.  scattered,  imbricate,  lance-linear,  entire,  rigid  and  pungent,  but 
awnless. — A  smaller  species  than  the  last,  found  on  the  summits  of  the  White 
Mts.  Sterna  2  to  6',  branches  compact,  densely  clothed  with  stiff,  shining,  spread- 
ing loaves  arranged  somewhat  in  8  rows  and  2 — 3''  in  length.  Sporanges  axil- 
lary.    Aug, 

2.  SELAGINEL'LA,  Spr.  Dwarf  Club  Moss.  Fruits  of  two  kinds, 
viz.,  antlieridia,  which  are  I-coIKmI,  opening  at  apex;  an«.  oophi)ridia 
containing  1  to  4  (rarely  6)  globoiis  angular  grains. —  Habit  various. 
Spikes  quadrangular.     Bracts  in  4  rows,     (Lycopoiiinni  lj.) 

§  Leaves  all  alike,  many  rimked,  surrounding?  tho  stem Nos. 

§  Leaves  4-rankeil,  those  of  the  lateral  rows  much  l.irger Nos. 

1  S.  rup^Btre  Spr.     Stems  in  dense,  branched  tufts,  ascending,   subdivided; 


3,  4 

Im- 


scatUTod,  imbricaU',  liuear-laiicoolate,  capiliaceous-acuminate,  ciliate;  spike  soli- 


Ordbb  159.— EQULSErACBiB. 


813 


tary,  quadrangular. — A  very  small  species,  creepiiig  on  rocks,  moss-like.  Stem  a 
few  inches  in  length,  with  numerous  branches,  whicli  are  J — 1'  long,  clothed  with 
grayish-green  leaves.  Spike  ^'  long,  4-rowed,  seeming  a  mere  continuation  ol'  the 
branch.     Jl.     (S.  rupestre  L.) 

2  S.  selaginoides  Gray.  St.  filiform,  creeping;  branches  nearly  erect,  the  flow- 
ering,'ones  simple ;  Ivs.  scattered,  lanceolate,  a  little  spreading,  ciliate-dcnticulatf ; 
spike  solitary,  leafy. — In  moist  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.  Spikes  yellowish- 
green,  about  j"  long,  the  bracts  foliaceous  and  twice  larger  than  the  true  loaves, 
which  are  about  a  line  in  length.  Branches  3 — 6'  high,  the  sterile  ones  much 
divided.     Jl.     (L.  selag.  L.     S.  spinosa  Beauv.) 

8  S.  kpuB  Spring.  St.  branching,  prostrate  and  rooting  near  the  base;  Ivs.  or- 
bicular-ovate, acute,  membranaceous,  alicrnate,  amplexicaul,  in  2  row.s,  with 
minute,  acuminate,  superficial  ones  in  a  third  row  on  the  upper  side ;  spikes  sub- 
solitary. — A  small,  creeping,  moss-like  species,  in  wet,  'ocky  shades.  Can.  to  (In., 
not  common.  Stem  2 — 5'  incl)es  long,  filiform.  Leaves  less  tlian  a  line  in  length. 
Spikes  leafy,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  branches.  July,  Aug.  (L.  apo- 
dum  L.) 

4  S.  ornithopodioides  Spr.  Bird-claw  Moss.  Lvs.  semicordate,  ovate, 
obtuaish,  entire,  in  4  rows,  the  lateral  spreading,  distant  below,  crowded  above, 
the  superficial  much  smaller,  appresscd  ;  spikes  lateral,  axillary,  sessile ;  stums  and 
branches  prostrate. — Greenhouse  and  gardens.  A  pretty  moss-like  creeper,  with 
light  green  foliage,     f  Eur. 

3.  PSILOTUM,  R.  Br.     (Gr.  xpi/log,  Tiakod.)     Sporangia  sessile,  3- 

celled,  imperfectly  3-valved  by  terminal  chinks,  filled  with  farinaceous 

spores. — Stem  fork -branched,  with  alternate,  minute  leaves,  as  if  leafless. 

(Bernhardia,  Wilid.) 

P.  triquetnim  Swtz.  Stem  erect,  many  times  forked,  and  branches  three-angled, 
8  to  10'  high ;  lvs.  remote,  subulate,  less  tlian  I''  long,  and  the  3-lobed  fruit  ses- 
sile along  the  branches. — Rocky  cliffs,  on  the  sea-coast  of  E.  Fla,  (Michx.  in 
herb.  Bach  man.) 

Order  CLIX.     EQUISETACEtE.     Horsetails. 

Plants  leafless,  simple  stems,  or  with  whorled  branches.     Steins  striate-sulcate, 

jointed,  fistular  between,  and  separable  at,  the  joints.     Shtaths  dentate,  crowning 

each  internode.     Fructification  a  dense,  oblong-cylindric,  terminal   and  cone-Uke 

spike,  composed  of  6-sided,  peltato-scalea  arranged  spirally,  bearing  beneath  4  to  7 

spore-cases  which  open  laterally.     HpiiriH   globular,  each  with  4  elaters  attached, 

involving  thorn  spirally,  or  open  when  discharged.     (See  Figures.) 

An  Order  consisting  at  j)n'sent  nf  a  single  geiiun,  growing  in  wet  grounds,  on  rivor  banks,  and 
boniiMS  of  woods,  tlirimglunit  most  countries.  _  Tlic  E()uisL'tacea>  alionnil  in  tlio  fossil  rcinahn  of 


coal  measures  with   other   C'ry|)togami/i,  a-*  Ly 
plants   were   once   of  gigantic  dimensions, 
ami  formed  a  large  jiart  of  tlio  original  Horn 
of  our  globe.    Species  iibout  10. 

l'riij)ertien.—  r\u'y  ahound  in  silex,  and 
hence  arc  used  by  cabinet-makers,  comb- 
niakcrs,  <fec.,  in  polishing  their  work. 


EQUISE  TUM,  L.  Scouring 
Rush.  (Lat.  eqnus,  a  horee,  svta^ 
hair.)  Character  tiie  same  as  that 
of  the  order. — The  sheaths  may 
be  regarded  as  a  whorl  of  united 
leaves.     The  ridges  of  the  stem 


jioiliacoffi   and   Filices,  Imlicating  that   ilioa* 

7 


aro    air-tnbos     and     the  p-rooves      7f?4,  Equisetum  arvense.    7:?.%  K,.sylvaticum.  T.Sp, 

arc     air-UlUGS,    auu     Uie  S'""^^''  gectlon  of  the  spike,  enlarged.   737,  a  peltate  scale 

ah>ne    are    pierced    with  the    StO-  with  7  sporanstes  benemh  (or  one  eonipoun<l  spo- 

.  range),  inagniliod.     788,  A  sporo  witli  its  elators, 

m^ta.  highly  magnified. 


su 


Obdbb  159.— EQUISETACE^. 


S  3peoie8  fl-uiting  in  spring  and  decitying  befor*  tbo  following  winter,    (a) 

a  Fertile  steins  never  brunching,  the  sterile  with  simple,  whorled  branches.... Nos.  1,  3 
a  Fertile  stoins  at  length,  like  the  bterile,  with  compound,  whorled  brancbea No.  8 

I  Hp«cies  fruiting  in  summer  and  lasting  through  the  roUowing  winter. 

b  Stoma  with  whorls  of  simple  brunches  froin  the  middle  Joints No.  4 

b  Stems  mo.stly  simple,  lar^i.',  'i<i  to  40-furr<)we(l Noa.  fi,  6,  7 

b  Stems  always  simpiu,  very  slouder,  3  to  9-furrowed Nos.  8,  t 

1  E.  arv^nao  L.  Field  Horsetail.  Fertile  sts.  erect,  simplo ;  sterile,  12  to  l^ 
furrowed,  with  simple,  ascending,  quadrangular  branches,  and  decumbent  at  base. 
— Low  grounds,  Can.  to  Va.  and  Ky.  Fertile  stems  first  appearing,  6 — 8'  high, 
with  3 — 5  joints  surmounted  by  largo,  inflated  sheaths  cut  into  long,  dark  brown 
toetii.  Spiico  oblong,  \ — 2'  long.  Sterile  stems  rather  taller  than  the  fertile, 
remaining  through  the  season,  after  theso  have  decayed.  At  each  joint  is  a  whorl 
of  simple,  rough  branches,  issuing  from  the  base  of  tho  abeaths,  their  joints  also 
ahealhod.     April. 

2  E.  ebilrneum  Schreb.  Ivory  Horsetail.  Fertile,  st.  simple,  its  sheaths 
numerous,  of  3  Ivs.  with  subulate  teetii ;  sterile  at.  very  smooth,  ivory-white,  about 
'^Q'jurrowed ;  branches  simple,  sheaths  4  or  5-loaved,  with  erect,  subulate  teeth.—. 
Shores  of  the  Great  Lakes.     Barren  stems  2  to  6f  high.     May. 

3  E.  aylvdticum  L.  Wood  Horsetail.  Sterile  and  fertile  sts.  12  or  13-fur- 
rowed,  with  compound,  rough,  defiexed,  angular  branches. — Grows  in  woods  and 
low  grounds,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Stems  9 — 16'  high;  the  fertile  with  4 — 5 
wliorls  of  branches  from  tlio  base  of  the  sheaths  which  are  2 — 3'  apart,  and  cleft 
into  several  large,  tawny  red  teeth  or  segments;  tho  sterile  taller  and  more  slen- 
der, with  more  numerous  whorls  of  branches.  The  branches  are  all  subdivided 
and  curved  downwards.     Spike  oval-cylindric,  pedicellate.     May. 

4  E.  limdaum  L.  Pipes.  Sts.  somewhat  branched,  erect,  etriate-sulcato ; 
brandies  from  tho  middle  joints,  simple,  short,  5-sidcd,  smooth ;  spike  oblong- 
ovoid  ;  sheaths  appressed. — Borders  of  ponds  and  swamps,  frequent.  Stems  2— 
3f  liiyh,  slender,  rarely  simple,  generally  with  2 — 6  whorls  of  branches  about  the 
middle.  Branches  very  irregular  in  length  and  position.  Sheaths  3 — 4"  long, 
white  at  the  sunnnit,  tipped  with  as  many  black,  subulate  teeth  as  there  are  fur- 
rows (15 — 20).     This  species  is  greedily  devoured  by  cattle.     July. 

5  E.  laevigktum  Braun.  Tall,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat  branched;  sheaths 
elongated,  appressed,  green,  with  a  black  border,  of  about  22  Ivs.,  sheaths  of  the 
branches  about  8-leaved,  with  subulate,  persistent  points. — Dry  soils,  Wis.  and 
South,  along  the  Miss.  River.     Stems  18'  to  2  or  3f.     Apparently  distinct. 

€  E.  robuBtum  Braun.  Very  tall  and  stout,  simple  or  somewhat  branched 
above ;  sheaths  short,  appressed,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  rarely  with  a 
black  border,  consisting  of  4:0  (in  tho  branches  11)  leaves,  tho  ovate-subulate  points 
deciduous,  leaving  an  exact  truncate  margin. — Banks  of  the  Western  rivers,  Terro 
Haute,  to  St.  Louis  and  South.  Forma  with  fewer  Ivs.  in  the  sheaths  seem  to 
connect  this  with  the  next. 

T  E.  hy^male  L.  Scouring  Rush.  Sts.  aU  simple,  erect,  very  rough,  each 
bearing  a  terminal,  ovoid  spike  ;  sheatheinereous  white,  black  at  the  base  and  sum- 
unit,  short,  with  about  20  subulate,  awned  and  deciduous  teeth. — Very  noticeable 
in  wet,  shady  grounds,  and  by  brooksides.  Stems  about  2f  high,  often  2  or  more 
imited  at  base  from  the  same  root.  Sheaths  2 — 3  "  long,  1 — 2  J'  apart,  the  white 
ring  much  broader  than  tho  black,  at  length  entire  from  the  falling  oflF  of  the  teeth. 
The  roughness  of  the  cuticle  is  owing  to  tho  silex  in  its  composition.     June. 

8  E.  varieg^tum  Schleicher.  St.  branching  only  at  base,  6  to  12',  simple^ 
straight  and  very  slender,  roughish,  5  to  d-furrowt^j;  t-heaths  very  short,  brown, 
teeth  5  to  9  ovate  wilh  broad,  ecarioua  margins  and  tipped  with  deciduous  seta- 
ceous points. — Banks  of  streams,  N.  Ens-,  to  Wise,  and  Can.,  not  common.  Inter- 
nodes  about  1'.     July. 

9  E.  Bcorpoides  Mx.  Stems  growing  in  tufts,  thread-like,  4  to  8',  JUxuous  and 
recurved,  3  or  4-furrowed ;  f-lieaths  black,  3  or  4-tootbcd,  teeth  short-ovate,  sc* 
riouB,  bristle-pointed.— Hilly  woodsy  Pean.  to  N.  Eng.,  Wise,  and  Can.    Juiy. 


UBD£B    160. — 


Order  CLX.    FILICES.    Ferns. 

Stem  a  perennial,  creeping,  horizontal 
riiiznrae,  or  sometimes  erect  and  ariiorea- 
cont.  Fronds  (fruit-bearing  It  ^u'ofii  vu- 
riouwly  divided,  rarely  entire,  with  furliod 
Vtina,  and  mostly  circinate  vernation. 
Fructification  occupying  the  back  or  mar- 
gin of  the  fronds,  arising  from  the  veins. 
Sporangia  (spore-cases)  of  one  kind,  scat- 
tered or  clustered  in  sori,  1-celled,  con- 
tiining  numerous,  mimitf  spores,  ^l?i- 
thiridia  and  pistiUidia  fori.i.-d  after  ger- 
mination, on  tho  young  plant.  (See  llt's. 
491—501.) 

Gfiiera  200,  »j)rcitx  2<l0(i.— A  l;irco  and  In- 
tcrobting  oidor  of  flowv^rk'ss  pliiirs,  distin- 
giii.shed  for  their  elegant,  plimic-lil-  ■  foliiiije. 
Thoy  are  usually  A  few  inciies  to  ..  few  fert 
high,  but  soiuo  of  tlie  tropical  specie.-*,  as  the 
Cyntlieie  of  both  Indies,  arc  1'— 25  feet  high, 
vieing  with  the  palms  In  size  und  beauty. 

Properties.  —  Genernlly  nuicilaginous  and 
mildly  astringent,  henco  considered  jiectoral. 
Aspidiuni  and  I'teris  are  antlielniiniic.  Os- 
mii.nda  regalis  has  been  successfully  adiiiinis- 
tered  for  the  rickets. 

Oh.<<ervation. — The  fructification  of  the  ferns 
with  its  various  appenditires,  ia  too  minute  to 
be  well  observed  by  the  naked  eye  ;  but  iin 
examination  of  it  with  the  aid  of  ;i  good  lens 
eannot  foil  to  be  interesting  and  satisfactory. 


815 


739  Polypodinm  vulgaro.  740  Frond.  741 
Lobe  of  the  frond  enlarged,  showing  the  eoii. 
742  One  of  the  sori  enlarged,  showing  the  spor- 
angia. 748  One  sjiorango  further  magnitled, 
bursting  mid  discliarging  tlie  spores.  744  Soriis 
of  Aspidiuiti  marginale  covered  with  tho  indu* 
slum.  745  Same,  side  view. 


SUBORDERS   AND   GENERA. 

{  Frond  canline,  solitary,  straight  in  vernation.    Stem  erect,    (a) 
S  Fronds  cauline,  several,  palmate  (or  radical  and  filiform),    (b) 
.   f  Fronds  all  radical,  clustered  (never  filiform),  circinate  in  vernation,    (2) 

2  Sporangia  spiked  or  panlclcd,  naked  {not  inrolve<l  In  revolute  fronds),    (b) 

2  Sporangia  on  the  back  of  the  fronds,— but  involved  in  the  revolute  segm Nos.  S|  10 

— not  involved  ;  segments  flat,    (c) 
9CB0RDF.R  I.    0PIII0GL0SSEJ5.    (Sporangia  naked,  smooth,  cartilaginous,  2-valvcd ;  no  ring.) 

a  Fructification  spicate.     Frond  entire,  reticulate- veined Opiiioglossum.  1 

a  Fructification  paniculate.    Frond  divided,  fork-veined Botktchium.  2 

BiTBOBDER  II.    OSMUNDE.<E.    (Sporangia  reticulate-roughened,  papery,  2-valved, 

with  no  ring,  spicate  or  p.nniculate.) — b  Fronds  palmate.    Climbing. Lygodium.  H 

— b  Fronds  filiform.    Erect Sniiz.K.  4 

— b  Fronds  1 — 2-pinnate Osmunda.  5 

UuBORDRR  III,    POLYPODINE^E.    (Sporangia  minute,  on  the  Ixick  of  the  frond, 
valveless,  torn  open  by  the  elastic  ring  which  encircles  it  vertically.) 

C  Sporangia  scattered  singly  all  over  the  surface  (not  in  sori),  naked Acrosttcum.  V 

C  Sporangia  collected  In  dots  (sori)  springing  from  the  veins,    (d) 
d  Fruit-dots  naked,  having  no  indusium  (speci.il  covering),    (e) 

e  Fronds  all  alike,  flat.    Fruit-dots  orbicular Polypouivm.  7 

e  Fronds  sterile  and  fertile  very  different;  the  fertile  spike-like Stbutiiioptkkis.  S 

d  Fruit-dots  Invested  witli  special  coverings  (indusia).    (g) 

g  Fruit-dots  marginal ;  indusium  a  narrow,  reflected  edge  of  frond,    (h) 

h  Indusium  contiauous  all  around  the  segment Pteiiik.  9 

h  Indusium  from  the  apex  of  the  segm. — Midvein  central Ciibilanthes.  \-% 

— Midvein  lateral  or  0 AniANxr^r.  It 

h  Indusium  a  reflected  *.(nA\\  at  tbe  siniu  between  the  segments. . .  .DiCKfiOHiA.  1> 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

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916  Ordbr  160.— FILICEa 

g  Frnit-(lot9  dorsal,  oblong  or  linear,  parallel  with  the  midvein 'Woodwardia.  1)J 

g  Fruil-dota  dorsal,  oblong  or  linear,  transverse  to  the  midvein.    (k) 

k  Indusia  single,  regularly  arranged  in  2  rows Ashlknium.  14 

k  Indusia  single,  scattered  irregularly,  placed  angularly A.ntkikam.ma.  'i!i 

k  Indusia  double,  regularly  arranged.    Frond  simple Sgolupendkil'ii.  16 

g  Fruit-dots  dorsal,  orbicular,    (o) 

o  Indusium  cup-shaped,  Sxed  beneath  all  around  the  sorus Woodsia.  IT 

O  Indusium  liood-shaped,  fixed  at  the  base  and  2  sides CiSToPTKitif.  IS 

O  Indusium  peltate  or  reniTni, — :ill  involved  in  the  berry-l'lite  segm.ONocLKA.  19 

— all  superficial  on  the  flat  segm Aspiuil'm.  20 

1.  OPHIOGLOS'SUM,  L.  Adder's  Tongue.  (Gr.  o<pic,  a  serpent, 
yXCdana,  tongue.)  Sporangia  roundish,  depressed,  opening  transversely, 
arranged  in  two  rows  along  the  margins  of  the  fertile  frond  which  is 
contracted  into  a  linear  spike ;  indusium  none,  veins  reticulated. 

1  O.  vulg^tum  L.  Frond  simple,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  reticulations  elimgated ; 
spike  cauiiue,  root  of  thick  up  reading  Jihres. — A  curious  little  plant  in  low  prouiids. 
Fronds  solitary,  2 — 3'  long,  §  as  wide,  aniploxicaul,  entire,  smooth,  without  a 
midvein,  situated  upon  the  stem  or  stipe  a  little  below  the  middle.  Stipe  6 — 10' 
iiigh,  terminating  in  a  lance-linear,  compressed  spike,  1 — 2'  long,  with  the  fruit 
arranged  in  2,  close,  marginal  ranks.  Sporangia  opening  outwards  and  horizontally, 
becoming  lunate,  distinct,  straw-colored.    Vernation  straight,  not  circinate.    June. 

2  O.  bulbosum  L.  Frond  simple,  ovate  or  orbiculate,  or  reniform,  .=ubcoidate. 
nearly  or  quite  radical,  obtuse ;  reticulations  shoH,  spike  cauline  ;  root  a  suhglolous 
bulb. — ^Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  (Pursli)  to  Ga.  and  La.  Sts.  about  3'  higli,  otlen 
2  from  the  same  br.lb,  spike  short,  oblong  (4  to  8  ").  Lvs.  2  or  3,  one  of  Ihcm 
cauline.     Bulbs,  3  to  6"  diani. 

2.  BOTRYCHIUM,  Swartz.  Moonwort,  Grape  Fern.  (Gr.  ftorpv^,  a 
uluster  of  grapes ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  fructification.)  Sporangia 
subglobous,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  distinct,  coriaceous,  smooth,  Jidnate  to 
the  compound  rachis  of  a  racemous  panicle  ;  valves  opening  transversely. 

I  Frond  ternatoly  divided,  situated  near  the  base  of  the  stipe  or  stem Nos.   1.  i 

I  Frond  pinnately  divided,  situated  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  stem Nos.   8,  4 

1  B.  lunarioides  Swartz.  Scape  bearing  tlie  frond  near  the  base;  frond  in  3 
hijnnnatijid  divisions ;  segments  obliquely  lanceolate,  creuulate;  spikes  bipinnatf. 
— Native  cf  shadj'  woods  and  pastures.  Prond  almost  radical,  of  a  triangular 
outline,  3 — 5'  long  and  wide,  of  a  stouter  texture  than  No.  4,  distinctly  petiolate. 
Scape  thick,  8 — 12'  high,  bearing  a  tawny,  compound  panicle  2 — i-'  in  lengtli, 
composed  of  numerous  iittlo  2-ranked  spikes.  Aug.  (B.  obliquum  Muhl.  B. 
fumarioides  Willd.) 

(i.  DissECTUM.     Frond  near  the  base  of  the  scape,  more  numerously  dissected, 
almost  tripinnatilid.     (B.  dissectum  W-.ld.) 

2  B.  simplex  Hitchcock.  Frond  ternate,  borne  near  half  way  up  the  stalk;  Ifis. 
cuneate-obocate,  subentirf.  or  incised,  tmequal;  spike  compound,  interrupted,  uni- 
lateral; capsules  sessile,  yellow. — Dry  hilly  pastures,  Vt.  and  Mass.  Stipe  or 
scape  3  to  6'  high.  Closely  resembles  B.  lunaria  of  Eur.  Frond  varies  from 
simply  ternate  to  ternate-pinnatifid.     .In. 

3  B,  matricariaefolium  Braun,  1843.  Frond  simpli/  pinnate,  with  oblong, 
ovato  or  oval,  incised  leaflets,  and  borne  near  the  summit  of  the  scape  ;  capsules 
pedicollate,  subaolitary,  in  an  oblong  panicle. — Rocky  woods  N.  FI.,  Vt .  to  Pa. 
Allied  rather  to  the  next  than  to  No.  1.  St.  5  to  8'  high.  Frond  9  to  20"  long. 
half  as  wide.  Lfts.  3  or  4  pairs.  Pan.  often  larger  thau  the  fronds.  Caps, 
brctwnisli,  on  very  short,  thick  stipes.     July.    (B.  neglectura  Wood,  1846.) 

4  B.  Virgfnicum  L.  Rattlesnake  Fern.  Stipe  with  a  single  frond  in  the  mid 
<llo;  frond  twire  and  thrice  pinnate,  tlie  lowest  pair  of  pinnse  springing  from  the 
bnse;  ultimate  segments  obtuse,  somewhat  3-toothed ;  spikes  decompound ;  plant 
Bubpilous. — A  beautiful  fern,  the  largest  of  its  genus,  in  low  woods.  Stipe  or 
Bcape  1 — 2f  high,  bearing  the  frond  about  half-way  up.  This  is  apparently  ter- 
nate, the  lower  pair  of  divisioDS  arising  from  the  base.     It  is  almost  tripinnate^ 


Order  160.— FILICE3. 


817 


the  ultimate  segments  being  decurrcnt  and  more  or  loss  confluent  at  base,  witli 
3 — 6  cut  serratures.     Panicle  terminal,  3 — 6  long,  reddish-tawny.     June,  July. 

3.  LYGO^DIUM  Swartz.  Climuino  Fekn.  (Gr.  XvyioSrig,  flexible, 
■ieiuler ;  from  the  habit.)  Sporangia  sessile,  arranged  in  2-ranke  j 
spikelets  issuing  from  the  margin  of  the  contracted  frond,  opening  on 
the  inner  side  from  the  base  t>o  the  summit ;  indusium  ;;  scale-like  veil 
covering  each  .sporange.     (tig.  lO'J  ) 

Zi.  palm^tum  Sw.  S*«^ in  floxuoug,  climbing;  fronds  conjugate,  palmate,  S-lobod, 
lobes  entire,  ol>tu  i'  ;  spikelets  oblong-linear,  liom  the  upper  Ironds,  which  aro 
divided  and  contrtAited  into  a  compound  spiko. — This  is  one  of  the  few  ferns  wiiii 
climbing  stems,  and  the  only  one  Ibund  in  the  U.  S.,  Mass.  to  Ky.  and  S.  States, 
rare.  Plant  of  a  slender  and  delicate  sti  ucture,  smooth.  Stem  3— 4f  long,  Stipes 
alternate  on  the  stem,  forked,  supporting  a  pjiir  of  fronds  which  are  palmately 
divided  into  5 — 9  segments.  Fertile  fronds  terminal,  numerously  subdivided  into 
linear-oblong  segments  or  spikelets,  with  the  fruit  in  2  rows  on  the  back.     July. 

4.  SCHIZ^^A  Smith.  (Gr.  oxi^(>),  to  cut,  cleave ;  alluding  to  the 
many-cleft  spikes.)  Sporangia  oval,  radiate  at  top,  sessile,  bursting  later- 
ally ;  indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  inflexed  margins  of  tlie  leaf- 
lets which  are  contracted,  spike-like,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  fertile 
frond. 

S.  pusilla  Pursh.  Frond  simple,  linear,  tortuous ;  spikes  few,  crowded  at  the 
top  of  a  long,  slender  stipe  or  scape. — A  very  delicate  fern,  found  in  the  pin» 
barrens,  Quaker  Bridge,  N.  J.  (This  is  the  only  locality  clearly  known.)  Fronds 
numerous,  caespitous,  2 — 3'  long,  i — 1"  wide.  Fertile  stipes  several,  3 — 6'  high, 
filiform,  with  a  few  short  unilateral  spikelets  at  top  arranged  in  2  rows.  Capsules 
somewhat  turbinate,  in  2  rows  on  the  inner  side  of  each  spikelet.     August. 

5.  OSMUN'DA,  L.  Flowering  Fern.  Sporangia  globular,  half  2- 
valved,  roughened  on  the  surface  somewhat  in  lines,  pedicellate  and 
clustered  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond  or  a  portion  of  it,  which  is 
more  or  less  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle  ;  spores  gre^u. — Tall, 
handsome  Ferns.     Veins  forked,  straight. 

§  Frond  blpinnate  with  distinct  pinnip ;  tlio  upper  part  conti acted  nnd  fertile, ..... .  .No.  1 

§  Frond  pinnate  with  pinnatitid  i)innii',  partially  or  !ie|iarateiy  fertile Mcis.  2,  8 

1  O.  reg^lis  Mx.  Fronds  bipinnate,  fructiferous  at  tlu  summit;  segments  of  tho 
leaHets  lanoo-oblong,  distinct,  serrulate,  8ub.ses.«ile ;  ro  •,  largo,  termmal,  decoiU' 
pound. — A  large  and  beautiful  fern,  in  swamps  p'  ^  meadows.  The  fronds  are 
3— -4f  high,  smooth  in  all  their  parts.  Leaflets  or  pinnai  opposite,  remote,  eacli 
with  G — 9  pairs  of  leaves  with  an  oad  one.  These  are  an  inch  or  more  long,  \  as 
wide,  obtuse,  the  petioles  0 — J-"  long.  Above,  the  frond  is  crowned  with  an  ample 
blpinnate  panicle  of  a  deep  fulvous  hue,  with  inimmcrable,  small,  globular,  2- 
valved  spore-cases  covering  the  segments.     Jn.     (0.  spectabilis  Willd.) 

2  O.  cinnamdmea  L.  Cin'n.amon  Fkrn.  Sterile  frond  pinnate,  leaflets  clongatod, 
piunatilld,  segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  very  entire;  fertile  frond  InpinAatc, 
leaflets  all  contnicted,  paniculate,  subopposite,  lanuginous  as  well  as  the  stipe. — This 
is  among  the  largest  of  our  ferns,  growing  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  F.-onds 
numerous,  growing  in  clumps,  3 — 5f  high,  most  of  them  barren,  the  stipe  and 
racliis  invested  with  a  loose,  cinnamon-colored  wool.  The  fertile  fronds  resemble 
spikes,  1 — 2f  long,  an  inch  wide.  Leaflets  all  fertile,  erect,  with  the  segments 
covered  with  fruit  in  the  form  of  small,  roundish  capsules,  appearing,  under  a 
microscope,  half-2-cleft.     June. 

3  O,  Claytonillna  L.  Interrupted  Fuowering  Fern.  Frond  smooth  through- 
out, pinnate  with  lance-linear  pinnatitid  Ills. ;  lobes  obtuse,  entire,  the  veiniets  all 
once  forked,  some  (2  to  7)  of  the  intermediate  leaflets  fertile. — Common  in  low 
grounds.  Fronds  ample,  2  to  3f  high,  light  green,  interrupted  near  the  middle 
by  2  to  4  pairs  of  fertile  leaflets,  which  are  so  miich  metamorphosed  as  to  rcsomblo 
deaae,  compound   racemes,  densely  covered  with  small  reddish-brovvu  sporuugui. 

J)  2 


818 


Okdek  KJO.— FILICES. 


Jii.     (0.  interrupta  Mx.)     As  the  sterile  Ifts.  unfold  latest,  early  specimena  shoU 
tlio  upper  Ills,  fertile.     Rarely  the  bwent  Ifta.  are  all  fertile. 

6.  ACROSTICHUM,  L.  Golukn  Fern.  (Gr.  awpo^",  apoint,  <TT/;^of, 
a  line  or  row ;  from  the  fruit  dots  und  lines.)  Sporanges  scattered  (not 
in  sori),  occupying  the  under  surf".ce  of  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  frond. 
— Fronds  of  various  habit. 

A.  aureum  L.  Frond  pinnate,  pinnae  alternat'\  oblong-lanceolato,  entire,  equi- 
lateral, cuneate  at  base,  the  upper  bearing  the  fructilication. — lu  deep  swamps 
near  tjie  sea  coast,  Fla.  (Pursh).  Cultivated  occasionally  in  the  greenhouse.  It 
is  a  noble  Fern  3  to  5f  high.     Common  in  the  W.  Indies. 

7.  POLYPO^DIUM,  L.  Polypod.  (Gr.  TTO?^vg,  many,  noSa,  feet; 
from  the  multitude  of  creeping  rootstocks.)  Sori  roundish,  scattered  on 
various  parts  of  the  under  surface  of  the  froad,  with  no  indusium  (cover 
or  involucre). — Ferns  of  various  habit. 

§  Maroinaria  (simply  plnnntc)  reticulate-reined,  clothed  with  scales No.  1 

§  PoLYPOuiuM.     Frond  with  the  veins  forlied,  distinct,— .simply  pinnate No   3 

— bipinnatiild Kos.  2  4 

— ternate,  bipinnatiild No.  & 

1  P.  inc^nuin  Ph.  Fronds  deeply  pinnatifid;  segments  alternate,  linear,  very 
entire,  obtuse,  scaly  beneath,  the  upper  ones  gradually  smaller;  stipe  scaly,  bear- 
ing the  fertile  segments  near  the  apex;  sori  solitary  and  distinct. — A  parasitic 
fern,  3 — 6'  high,  growing  on  the  inclined,  moss-clad  trunks  of  living  trees,  parti- 
cularly of  the  huge  Sycamore,  and  the  Magnolias,  in  the  damp  forests  along  rivers, 
"VV.  States  1  and  also  Southern.  The  scaled  resemble  the  indusia  of  other  Ferua, 
but  have  no  fruit  under  them.     The  veins  are  invisible. 

2  P.  vulg^re  L.  Common  Polypod.  Frond  deeply  pinnatifid,  smooth;  segm. 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  crenulate,  the  upper  ones  gradually  smaller;  sori  large, 
distinct. — Rather  common  on  shady  rocks  and  in  wooda,  forming  tangled  patches 
with  their  roots  which  are  clothed  with  membranous  scales.  Fronds  6  to  12', 
divided  into  alternate  segments  nearly  to  the  raidvein.  Stipe  naked  and  smooth. 
Segments  parallel,  a  little  curved,  about  J'  wide.  Fruit  in  large,  golden  dots  in  a 
double  row,  at  length  brownish.     July.     (P.  Virginianum  Willd.) 

3  P.  Fheg6pteria  L.  Beech  Polypod.  Frond  bipinnatifid,  triangular  in  out- 
line, veins  hairy,  the  lower  pinnae  deflexed  but  curving  forward  toward  the  apex ; 
segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  ciliate,  the  lower  adnate  and  decurrent; 
niipe  retrorsely  pubescent,  rachis  chaffy. — Shady  woods.  Can.  to  "Wis.  and  N.  States. 
Frond  longer  then  wide  (3  to  6'  by  2^  to  5).  Sori  small,  about  4  on  each  seg- 
ment.    July, 

4  P.  hezagon6ptnrum  Mx.  Triangular  Polypod.  Frond  bipinnatifid,  pinnct 
rather  distant,  the  lowest  deflexed ;  segments  lanceolate,  obtuse,  ciliate,  crenate  or 
dentate,  glandvlarly  puherulent  beneath,  the  lowest  decurrent  and  forming  a  con- 
spicuous wing  to  the  rachis;  stipe  smooth. — Moist  open  woods,  U.  S.  commuu 
South.  Frond  wide  as  long  (5  to  8 )  triangular.  Sori  many  on  each  segment, 
n.     (P.  Phegopteria  (i.  ed.  2.) 

6  f.  Dryopteria  L.  Ternate  Polypod.  Frond  ternate,  bipinnate;  branches 
of  tii9  frond  spreading,  deflexed,  segments  obtuse,  subcrenate;  sori  marginal; 
root  filiform,  creeping. — This  beautiful  fern  grows  in  shady  places  and  mountJiiu- 
ous  woods,  common  North.  Root  black  and  very  slender.  Stipe  slender  ar.d 
delicate,  smooth,  nearly  a  foot  high,  dividing  into  3  light  green,  drooping,  com- 
pound leaflets  of  a  very  delicate  texture.  Jl. 
p.  caloareum.     Branches  of  the  frond  erect,  rather  rigid.     (P.  calcareum  Sm.) 

8.  STRUTHIOPTERIS,  Willd.     Ostrich  Fern.     (Gr.  aTpovOoq,  an 
ostrich,  TTTepig^  a  fern.)     Fertile  fronds  contracted,  the  margins  rolled 
backwards  and  coveri*5g  the  round,  confluent  sori,  which  are  otherwise 
^without  an  indusium. — Fronds  bipinnatifid,  the  fertile  pinnee  mouiliform 
linear. 


Ordeb  160.— FlLlCEa 


819 


8.  Genndnica  "Willd.  A  Fern  of  noble  port,  in  low  woods  aad  swamps,  N. 
States  and  Can.,  common.  The  sterile  fronds  are  often  5  or  6f  higii,  commonly 
about  Ht|  numerous,  in  a  bircular  clump.  Stipes  smooth,  chanuelod.  Piunaa  nu- 
merous, crowded,  long,  linear,  each  with  numerous  oblong  segments  of  wliich  the 
lowest  is  longer  and  acute,  all  more  or  less  connected  at  base.  Fertile  fionds  few 
in  tiie  midst  of  the  sterile,  much  smaller,  the  pinn;e  subtercte,  I  to  2  long,  crowded. 
Sori  about  5  in  each  segment,  on  the  raised  ends  of  as  many  veinlets.     Aug. 

9.  PTE^RIS,  L.  Brake.  Rock  Brake.  (Gr.  rrrepov,  a  winp.) 
Bori  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins  forming  a  marginal  line,  covererl 
with  the  membranous,  reflected  edge  of  the  frond. — Fronds  once  to 
thrice  pinnate  or  decompound. 

§  Frond  pcdate,  or  terniite  and  bipinnatlfld.    Sori  in  a  continuous  line Nos.  1,  % 

S  Froud  partly  bipinnatc.    Sori  at  first  distinct  but  soon  continuous Nos.  3,  4 

1  P.  aquilina  L.  Common-  Brake.  Frond  3-parted ;  branches  bipinnate ;  Ifls. 
oblong-lanceolate,  lower  ones  piuuatifld,  upper  ones  entire;  segments  oblong, 
obtuse. — Abundant  in  woods,  pastures  and  waste  grounds.  Fern  2 — 5f  in  height, 
upon  a  smooth,  dark  purple,  erect  stipe.  Frond  broad- triangular  m  outline,  con- 
sisting of  3  primary  divisions,  which  are  again  subdivided  into  obtusely  pointed, 
sessile  leaflets.  These  are  entire  above,  becoming  gradually  indented  towards 
the  base  of  each  subdivision.  Sori  covered  by  the  folding  back  of  the  very  mar- 
gins of  the  segments. 

0.  CAUDATA.     Segm.  of  the  pinnae  linear  oblong,  the  terminal  one  much  elon- 
gated.— ^The  common  Southern  form. 

2  P.  pedaia  "Willd.  Frond  temately  parted,  the  lateral  divisions  2-parted,  all 
pinnatifid;  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  the  lowest  segment  of  the  terminal 
uivision  pinnatifid;  terminal  division  long-cuneiform  at  base,  recesses  acute. — On 
rocks,  Va.  (Pursh).     Fern  about  6'  high. 

3  P.  atropurpClrea  L.  Rock  Brake.  Frond  pinnate;  rachia  hairy;  lower 
Ifts  ternate  or  pinnate,  segments  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  obliquely  truncate  or  .sub- 
cordate  at  the  petiolato  base. — Fern  G — 10'  high,  growing  on  rocks.  Can.,  Wis., 
Yt.  to  Tenn.  I  and  Ala.  I  Frond  twice  as  long  as  wide,  of  a  grayish  hue,  the  two 
lower  divisions  consisting  of  1 — 3  pairs  of  leaflets  with  a  long,  terminal  segment. 
All  the  segments  distinct,  with  margins  conspicuously  revolute.  Some  of  the 
larger  have  1  or  2  auricles  at  base.  Stipe  and  mchis  dark  purple,  with  dense, 
paleaceous  hairs  at  base.  June — Aug.  (AUosorus,  Gr.  P.  Alabamensis  Buckley, 
when  the  upper  segments  are  generally  auricled.) 

4  P.  gracilis  Michx.  Frond  slender,  lanceolate,  sterile  ones  pinnate,  leaflets 
pinnatifld,  segments  broad-ovate,  obtuse ;  fertile  bipinnate,  leaflets  linear-oblong, 
crenate. — A  delicate  species,  growing  on  rocks.  Fern  4 — 6'  high,  smooth  and 
shining  throughout.  Both  this  and  No.  3  are  homogeneous  in  habit  with  the 
others.    Their  separation  to  a  new  genus  is  an  over-refinement.    ( A.llosorus,  Presl.) 

iO.  CHEILAN'THES,  Swartz.  Lip  Fern.  (Gr.  x^lXog,  a  lip,  avOog  ; 
from  the  form  of  the  indusia.)  Sori  roundish,  distinct,  situated  at  the 
margin  or  apex  of  the  segments ;  indusia  distinct,  formed  from  the 
reflected  margin  and  opening  inwards. — Segments  of  the  frond  with  the 
midvein  central. 

1  C.  vestita  Swartz.  Stipe  and  rachis  hairy;  frond  bipinnate,  oblong-ovate  in 
outline,  hairy  on  both  sides;  leaflets  alternate;  segments  oblong,  alternate,  ses- 
sile, distinct,  crenately  pinnatifld,  the  ultimate  segment  very  entire ;  sori  distinct, 
their  indusia  unchanged. — Rocky  banks,  Penn.  to  Mo.  and  South.  Stipe  slender, 
rigid,  2 — 3'  long,  dark  brown.  Fronds  3 — 6'  by  1 — 2'.  Leaflets  lance-ovate  in 
outline,  6 — 12"  long.     A  small  and  delicate,  hairy  Fern.     Jl. 

2  C.  tomentdsa  Link.  Stipe  stout,  and  with  the  rachis  and  frond  clothed  with 
a  dense  ferruginous  wool;  frond  tripinnate,  ultimate  segments  rounded  or  oblong, 
obtuse  (upper  ones  confluent),  fruit-bearing  around  the  whole  margin. — N.  Csii'. 
(Curtis)  and  Tenn.  Fero  If  to  18'  high,  much  larger  and  more  hairy  than  the 
preceding.     Both  species  are  loss  hairy  on  the  upper  tUau  the  under  surtace. 


820 


Ohukk  IGO.— PIL1CJJ6. 


11.  ADIAN'TUM  L.  Maiden-hair.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  diaivo),  to 
moisten  ;  as  tho  rain  slides  oft'  without  wetting  it.)  Sori  oblong  or 
rounfjish,  marginal ;  indusia  membranaceous,  formed  from  the  reflexed 
margins  of  distinct  portions  of  the  frond  and  opening  inwardly. — Stipo 
polished.  Ultimate  segments  dimidiate,  the  midvein  on  the  lower 
margin. 

1  A.  peditum  L.  Frond  pedate ;  divisions  pinuate ;  Bogments  oblong-riiomboid, 
iiicisely  lobed  on  tlie  \ipper  side,  obtuse  at  apex ;  aori  oblong,  subulate. —  This  is, 
doubtless,  tlio  most  beauiiful  of  all  our  ferns,  abounding  in  damp,  rocky  woods. 
Stipe  8 — 14'  higli,  slender,  of  a  deep,  glossy  purple  approaching  to  a  jet-black. 
At  top  it  divides  equally  into  2  compound  bninclies.  each  of  which  gives  oil",  at 
regular  intervals,  6 — 8  simply  pinnate  leaflets  from  tho  outer  side,  giving  tlie 
whole  frond  tho  form  of  the  crescent.     July. 

2  A.  Oapillus-Veneris  L.  Delicate,  bright  green,  (\ — 18',  smooth,  thrice  pinnate 
at  base;  segments  round-cuneate,  lobcd.orthe  sterile  toothed  ;  sori  reniforni.one 
on  each  lobe;  stipe  and  branches  ca/wWrm/.  Lime-rocks,  S. :  rare  Eur.  Cultivated. 

12.  DICKSO^NIA  L'ller.  (In  honor  of  James  Dickson,  a  distinguished 
English  cryptogamist.)  Sori  marginal,  roundish,  distinct,  terminating 
a  vein  ;  indusium  double,  the  proper  one  cup-shaped,  opening  outwards, 
the  other  formed  of  a  reflected  lobule  of  the  margin  and  opening  inwards. 

D.  pilosiuBCula  Willd.  Fine-haired  Mountain  Fern.  Frond  bipinnate ;  leaf- 
lets lanceolate,  sessile;  segments  pinnatitid,  decurreut,  oblotig-ovate,  ultimate 
segments  toothed ;  stipe  a  little  hairy. — A  large  and  delicate  fern,  in  pastures, 
roadsides,  amcmg  rocks  and  stones.  Fronds  2 — 3f  high,  in  tufts,  and  remarkable 
for  their  numerous  divisions  and  subdivisions.  Stipe  and  rachis  smooth,  with  tiio 
exception  of  a  few,  soft,  scattered  iiairs.  Leaflets  alternate,  approximate;  seg- 
ments deeply  divided  into  4-tocitlied,  ultimate  segments.  Sori  minute,  solitary,  ou 
the  upper  margin  of  the  segments.     July.     (D.  punctilobula,  Hook.) 

13.  WOODWAR'DIA,  Sm.  (To  Thomas  J.  Woodimrd,  an  English 
bota'iist.)  Sori  oblong,  straight,  parallel  with,  and  close  to  the  midvein, 
on  transverse,  anastamosing  veinlets;  indusia  arising  from  the  same 
veinlet  on  the  outer  side,  free  and  opening  on  the  inner  side  towards 
the  midvein. — Fronds  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

1  "W.  onocleoides  Willd.  Fronds  of  two  kinds;  the  sterile  simply  pinnatifid 
piniiai,  lanceolate,  repand,  slightly  serrulate;  fertile  fronds  pinnate,  the  pinnaj 
entire,  linear,  acute. — In  swamps,  not  common.  Fern  about  a  foot  high,  growing 
in  tufts.  Barren  fronds  numerous,  of  a  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate  outline. 
Leaflets  with  decurrent  or  confluent  bases.  Fertile  fronds  fewer,  with  linear 
segments  nearly  covered  on  the  back  with  the  fruit  iu  oblong,  longitudinal  sori  ^' 
in  length.     Aug.     (W.  angustifblia  Sm.) 

2  W.  Virginica  "Willd.  Fronds  all  similar,  pinnate,  very  smooth,  tho  leaflets  pin- 
natifld,  lanceolate,  sessile;  sori  in  interrupted  lines  near  tlie  midvein  of  the  leaflets 
and  oblonij,  obtiisish  segments. — In  low  woods  and  swamps.  Frond  about  2f  high, 
on  a  smooth  stipe,  lanceolate  in  outline,  and  pale  green.  Leaflets  alternate,  deeply 
pimiatifid,  with  numerous,  spreading,  obtuse  and  slightly  crenate  lobes.  Fruit 
arranged  in  lines  along  each  side  of  the  midveins,  both  of  the  segments  and  leaf- 
lets.   July,  Aug.     (Doodia,  R.  Br.) 

3  W.  thelypteroides  Ph.  trends  nearly  similar,  pinnate,  the  pinnce  sessile,  vilhnis 
at  base,  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;  the  segments  in  tho  sterile  fronds  oblong,  obtus- 

,  iah,  in  the  fertile  short-triangular,  acute,  all  entire ;  stipe  pubescent,  angular. — Sandy 
swamps,  near  Charleston,  S.  Car.  Resembles  the  preceding  but  is  not  half  ita 
size.     Jl.     (Pursh.) 

14.  ASPLE^NIUM,  L.  Spleenwort.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  ottAtJv,  the 
tjpleen  ;  from  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.)  Sori  linear,  or  lincar- 
oDlong,  separate,  oblique  to  the  midvein,  arising  with  its  indusium,  from 


Order  IGO  -FILICE& 


821 


tile  upper  or  forward  side  of  the  lateral  veins  and  opening  towards  the 
midvein. — Ferns  of  various  habit.     Veins  forked  or  pinnate. 

$  Atiiykiitm.     Indiisiuin  oblong:,  subreniform,  opening  balf  aronnd.     Frond  bipinnata...No.  7 
§  AsPLBNiuM  proper.     Indusiuin  narrow,  stralglitish,  opening  only  on  one  edge,    (a) 

a  Frond  bipinnatifld,  with  numerous  pinnas  (luanets).    Stalks  green No.  S 

a  Frond  bipinnatifld,  with  few  divisions.     Stalks  greeiiisb Nos.  4,  5 

a  Frond  simply  pinnate,— thin,  large,  with  green  stalks No.  8 

—subcoriaoeous,  with  dark  purple  stalks Xos.  1,  3 

1  A.  Trich6inaneB  L.  Dwarf  Spleenwort.  Froud  pinnate ;  Ifts.  roundish,  sub- 
sessile,  small,  roundish-obovate,  obtusely  cuneato  and  entire  at  base,  crenate  above : 
stipe  black  and  polished. — A  small  and  delicate  fern,  forming  tufts  on  shady  rocks. 
Frond  3 — 6'  high,  lance- linear  in  outline,  with  8 — 12  pairs  of  roundish,  sessile 
leaflets,  3 — 4"  long.  Fruit  in  several  linear-oblong,  finally  rouncMsh  sori  on  each 
leaflet,  placed  oblique  to  tli»  midvein.     July.     (A.  melanocaulon  Muhl.) 

2  A.,  eb^neum  Willd.  Ebony  Spleekwort.  Frond  pinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  svJb 
falcate,  serrate,  auriculate  at  base  on  the  upper  side ;  stipe  smooth  and  polishud. — 
A  beautiful  fern,  in  dry  woods,  hills.  Fronds  8 — 14'  high,  on  a  slender  stipe  of 
a  shining  brown  or  black  color.  Foliage  5 — 9'  long,  1 — 1^'  wide,  linear-lanccolato 
in  outline.  Leaflets  near  an  inch  in  length,  rather  acuminate  and  curved  at  apex, 
dilated  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  and  sometimes  on  the  lower.  Fruit  arranged 
in  short  lines  on  each  side  the  midrib.     July. 

3  A.  angustifdlium  Michx.  Froud  pinnate;  Ifts.  alternate,  upper  ones  sub- 
opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  towards  the  apex,  somewhat  repand,  iho  base 
truncate  on  the  upper  side  and  rounded  on  the  lower. — In  low  woods,  frequent, 
Vt.  to  Ga.  Fronds  thin,  fragile,  1 — 2f  high,  in  tufts,  the  outer  ones  barren,  inner 
fertile.  Sori  large,  diverging  from  the  midrib,  parallel  with  the  veins,  at  length 
confluent.     July. 

4  A.  Ruta-murkria  L.  Frond  bipinnate  at  base,  simply  pinnate  above;  l/ts. 
small,  petiolate,  cuneate  at  hase,  erose-dentate  at  the  blunt  apex. — An  extremely 
small  and  delicate  fern,  in  dry,  rocky  places.  Frond  2 — 3'  high,  ^  as  wide,  smooth, 
growing  in  tufts,  somewhat  coriaceous.  Segments  usually  3  on  each  leaflet,  lesH 
tiian  ^'  long.  Stipe  fiat  and  smooth.  Sori  linear-oblonp,  slightly  oblique,  of  a 
rusty-brown  color,  finally  confluent.     July. 

5  A.  montanum  Willd.  (A.  Adiantum-nigrum.  Michx.)  Frond  glabrous, 
bipinnate ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovcte,  parted  into  a  few  (5  or  6)  2  or  3-toothed  segments  ;  sori 
linear,  finally  confluent. — Mountain  rocks,  Penn.  to  Car.  (Curtis),  W.  to  Ky. 
Fronds  growing  in  tufts,  4 — 8'  high,  rhombic  or  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline, 
mostly  bipmnate,  but  more  or  less  divided  according  to  the  size.  Segments  mora 
obtuse  than  in  the  foreign  A.  Adiantum-nigrum,    July. 

6  A.  thelypteroideo  Michx.  Silvery  Spleenwort.  Frond  bipinnatifld ;  Ifts. 
pinnatifid,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate-crenate ; 
sori  in  parallel,  oblique  lines. — A  fine,  large  fern,  on  shady  banks  of  streams. 
Fronds  \\ — 3f  high,  of  an  ovate-acuminate  outline,  on  a  slightly  chaffy,  pale  stipe. 
Leaflets  distinct  and  rather  remote,  narrow,  4 — 6'  long.  Segments  rounded  at  the 
end,  near  ^'  long.  Sori  arranged  in  2  rows  on  each  segment,  one  on  each  sido 
the  midvein,  convergent  below,  with  shining,  silvery  indusia  wlien  young.     July. 

7  A.  Filiz-fcemina  Bemh.  Frond  bipinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  seg. 
oblong-lanceolate,  deeply  cut-pinnatifld  ;  ultimate  seg.  2 — 3-toothed ;  sori  reniforra 
or  lunate,  arranged  near  the  veins ;  stipe  smooth. — A  delicate,  finely-divided  fern 
in  moist  woods.  Fronds  1 — 2f  high,  with  subopposite  divisions.  These  are  sub- 
divided into  distinct,  obtuse  segments,  which  are  themselves  cut  into  oblong,  deep 
serratures,  and  lastly,  the  serratures  are  mostly  with  2 — 3  teeth  at  the  summit. 
Sori  large,  at  first  in  linear  curves,  finally  confluent,  giving  the  whole  frond  a  dark 
brown  hue.     July.     (Aspidium,  Swtz.) 

15.  ANTIGRAM'mA,  Presl.  Walking  Ferv.  (Gr.  avri,  like, 
ypdi^ij-ia,  writing;  said  of  the  fruit  dots.)  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  scat- 
tered withoiit  order  on  the  transverse  veins,  oblique  at  various  angles, 
often  in  pairs  and  facing  each  other;  indusium  simple,  linear. — Frond 
simple,  veins  reticulated  in  the  midst,  foiked  and  free  only  in  the  margin. 


622 


Ordeu  160.— FILICJBS. 


1  A.  rhlzoph^lla  J.  Smith.  Frond  mostlj  undivided,  lanceolate,  stipttato,  sub* 
crenate,  cordato-auriculate  at  base,  the  apox  attenuated  into  a  long,  slender  acu- 
mination,  rooting  at  the  point. — This  singular  fern  grows  in  rocky  woods,  not  very 
nommon.  The  frond  is  4 — 8'  long;  the  long,  slendei,  linear  point  bending  over 
backwards,  reaches  the  earth,  and  there  strikes  root,  giving  rise  to  a  new  plant, 
Thus  the  plant  may  ttfct^/s  by  yearly  steps.  July.  (Asplenium,  ed.  2.  Camptosorus. 
Link.) 

8  A.  pinnatifida.  Frond  pinnatifid,  lanceolate,  abrupt  at  base,  the  apex  atten* 
uated  into  a  long  acumiiiatioii  and  sometimes  striking  root;  segments  or  lobes 
roundish-ovate ;  sori  irregularly  scattered,  at  length  large  and  oonHuent,  covering 
the  lobes,  and  oven  the  slender  summit.  Crevices  of  rocks,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Schuylkill  (Nuttall),  Ky.  and  Tenn.  (Curtis)  rare.  Fronds  tufted  and  spreading, 
4  to  8'  long.     (Asplenium,  Nutt.) 

16.  SCOLOPEN'DRIUM,  Smith.  IIart's-tonoue.  {Gr.aKoXunEvdpa^ 
the  centipede ;  suggested  by  the  appearance  of  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf.)  Sori  linear,  transverse,  scattered  ;  indusium  double  (arising  from 
3  contiguous  parallel  veins),  occupying  both  sides  of  the  sorus,  along 
the  middle,  finally  opening  lengthwise. 

8.  officinarum  Willd.  Frond  simple,  ligulate,  acute,  entire,  cordato  at  base. — 
Shady  rocks,  Chittens.ngo,  N.  Y.,  (Sartwell.)  Stipe  rather  short  (3 — f  -v^ng),  chaflfy', 
bearing  the  frond  subercct,  8 — 15'  high,  2 — 3'  wide,  bright  green,  paler  beneath. 
Sori  oblique  to  the  midvein,  6 — 9  '  in  length.  Rhizoma  large,  creeping,  July. — 
This  curious  fern  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  vicinity  above  mentioned,  where 
it  was  first  detected  by  Pursh.  It  is  there  abundant.  (Asplenium  Scolopen- 
drium  L.) 

17.  WOOD'SIA,  Brown.  Rock  Polypod.  (In  honor  of  Joseph 
Woods,  an  excellent  English  botanist.)  Sori  roundish,  scattered ;  indu- 
sium beneath  the  sorus,  early  opening  above  it,  with  a  multifid  or  fringed 
margin,  including  the  pedicellate  spore  cases,  like  a  calyx. — Small,  caes- 
pitous,  ferns  with  pinnated  fronds. 

I  IItpopf.ltks,  Torr.     Indusium  closed  over  the  sorus  at  first,  toothed  when  open No.  1 

I  WoouBiA  proper.     Indusium  concealed  under  the  sorus,  fringed  witli  long  huirs. .  Nos.  2,  S 

1  W.  ilv^nsls  Br.  Rusty  Polypod.  Frond  pinnate,  leaflets  piunatifld,  lan- 
ceolate ;  segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  sori  near  the  margin,  at  length  confluent ; 
stipe,  rachis  and  mid  veins  cliaSy. — Growing  in  tufts,  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods 
North  and  South.  Fronds  5  or  6'  high,  on  brown  stipes  which  are  more  or  less 
c])affy.  Foliage  3  or  4'  long,  J  as  wide,  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  with  rust- 
colored  chaS"  beneath,  with  opposite  and  alternate  leaflets  hardly  an  inch  in 
length.  The  lower  leaflets  are  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  wavy  on  the  margin  or  en- 
tire.    (W.  rufidula  Beck.) 

2  "W.  obtClsa  Torr.  Frond  subbipinnate,  or  nearly  tripinnate,  minutely  glandu- 
lar-pilous ;  Ifts.  distant ;  segments  of  the  leaflets  pinnatifid ;  ultimate  segments 
roundish-oblong,  obtuse,  bidentate;  sori  round,  one  at  each  cleft  between  the 
lobelets,  at  length  crowded ;  stipe  somewhat  chaft'y. — About  a  foot  high,  among 
and  on  rocks,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  Tenn.  Fronds  lance-oblong  in  outline,  3  times  as 
long  as  wide.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  crenate-serrate,  the  lower  ones  distinct, 
mpper  confluent.  Sori  orbicular,  becoming  nearly  confluent,  each  at  first  inclosed 
in  the  silvery  indusium  which  when  open  is  notched  into  little  teeth  on  the  mar- 
gin.    July.     (W.  Perriniana,  ed.  2.) 

3  W.  glabella  R.  Br.  Fern  smooth  and  glabrouS,  pinnate,  lance-linear  in  out- 
line, 2  to  5'  high ;  Ifts.  distant  below,  subopposite,  ovate,  very  obtuse,  a  few  linos 
lonjr,  the  upper  with  the  .margins  only  crenate,  tlv  lower  deeply  cleft  into  3  to  7 
lobelets;  indusium  fringed,  open. — Rocks,  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.  (Vaaey!  in  herbt 
Curtis),  Willoughby  Mt.,  Vt.  and.Can. 

18.  CISTOP'TERIS,  Bernh.  Bladder  Frrn.  (Gr.  Kvari^,  a  blad, 
(ler,  Trrept?,  fern.)     Sori  roundish;   indusium  hood  shaped,   vaulted. 


Order  100.— FILICES. 


823 


closed  and  subtending  the  sorus  on  lluve  sides,  opening  on  the  fourth 
which  looks  towards  the  apex  of  the  segment ;  veins  forked,  free. 

1  C.  bulbifera  Berab.  Frond  bipiiiuate,  niirrowly  lauceolate,  set^ments  of  the 
Ifts.  opposite,  oblong,  serrate,  tlie  lower  one  pinnatifid ;  rachis  bulbi/erous,  whig- 
lii8.s ;  sori  roundish,  placed  singly  at  the  clefts  between  the  lobelets. — In  damp 
woi)>l3,  frequent.  Frond  12  to  18  high,  remarkable  for  the  little  bulbs  prodiieed 
in  the  axils  of  the  rachis,  which,  falling  to  the  ground,  take  root.  Foliage  iiar 
row,  tapering  to  an  acute  summit.     Stipe  smooth.     Jl.     (As[>idium,  Swtz.) 

2  C.  frdgilia  Bernh.  Frond  bipinuate,  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  delicate  in  tex- 
ture; Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  8eg?n.  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute  (3  to  5')  incisely  lolit-d 
or  pinnatifid,  its  lobes  subentire;  rnchh  winged  bt/  the  decurrrcnt  Ifts.;  sori  i-inglc 
at  the  base  of  each  tooth ;  stipe  slender,  longer  tlian  frond. — A  delicate  Fei-n  on 
moist  rocks,  frequent.  Fronds  6  to  12'  high,  dark  green,  its  divisions  ralhei 
remote,  and  with  the  subdivisions,  considerably  variable  in  form.  Sori  smali, 
about  I  at  the  base  of  each  lobe,  soon  naked.    Ju.,  Jl.    (Aspidium  tenue  Swtz.) 

19.  ONOC'LEA,  L.  Sensitive  Fern.  (Gr.  ovog,  a  kind  of  ves- 
sel, KXeib),  to  close.)  Fronds  sterile  and  fertile ;  sori  clustered,  con- 
fluent; proper  indusium  very  thin,  lateral:  common  indusium 
formed  of  the  segments  of  the  frond,  whose  margins  are  revolute 
and  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  berry,  opening,  but  not  expand- 
ing.— Sterile  fronds  deeply  pinnatifid,  ample ;  fertile  hlpinnate,  with 
recurved  and  globular,  contracted  segments. 

O.  aenslbilia  L.  Common  in  low  grounds.  Fronds  about  a  foot  high,  the  barren 
ones  broad  and  somewhat  triangular  in  outline,  composed  of  broad,  oblong,  sitmat* 
divisions,  the  upper  ones  smaller,  nearly  entire,  becoming  united  at  base.  The 
fei'tile  frond  is  very  dissimilar  in  its  form  to  the  others,  resembling  a  compound 
spike  enclosing  the  fruit  in  the  globular  segments  of  its  short  divisions.  Color 
dark  brown.     Jl. — Very  sensitive  to  frost. 

(3.  OBTUsiLOBATA  Torr     Fertile  frond  segments  leaf-like,  only  partially  revohite, 
not  concealing  the  sori. — Mass.,  N.  Y.,  very  rare.     (0.  obl.usiloba  Sclik.) 

20.  ASPID'IUM,  L.  Shield  Fern.  (Gr.  aanig,  a  small  shield; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  indusium.)  Sori  orbicular,  scattered, 
terminal  or  lateral  on  the  pinnate  veins ;  indusium  orbicular,  peltate 
or  reniform  with  a  deep  sinus,  covering  the  sorus,  opening  all  around. 

S  Upper  half  of  the  frond  fruitful,  cnntracted,  unliko  tlio  lower  sterile  half Nos.  1,  2 

§  Upper  lialf  of  the  frond  like  the  lower,  not  contracted,    (a) 

a  Frond  simply  i)innate,  Ifts.  ovate,  seniiauriculate No.  8 

a  Trond  bipinnate,  segments  semiauriculate,  sharp-toothed Nos.  4,  5 

a  Fionil  bipinnate,  segments  equilateral,  deeply  i)innatilid No.  6 

a  Frond  pinnate  with  pinnatifid  leaflets,    (b) 

b  Segments  subcoriaceous,  with  the  sori  near  the  midvein Nos.  7,  8 

b  iJegments  subcoriaceous,  with  the  sori  at  the  margin No.  9 

b  Segments  soft  and  thin, — stnoothish.    Sori  in  2  rows Nos.  ID,  1 1 

— hairy.    Sori  without  order No.  12 

1  A.  acrostichoides  Willd.  Leaflets  of  the  frond  undivided,  subsessile,  falcate- 
lanceolate,  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  ciliate-serrulate,  only  the  upper 
ones  fertile ;  Bori  at  length  confluent ;  stipe  chaffy. — Common  in  rocky  shades. 
Frond  15 — 18'  high,  of  a  narrow-lanceolate  outline.  Stipe  with  loose,  chafty 
scales.  Leaflets  numerous,  slightly  curving  upwards,  1 — 2'  in  length,  (incised  in  A. 
Schweinitzii  Beck),  the  terminal  ones,  which  alone  are  fruitful,  are  contracted  in 
size,  the  under  side  becoming  overspread  with  the  sori.     June — Aug. 

2  A.  Ludovicikntun  lliddell.  Frond  tall  (2  to  4f ),  rigidly  erect,  narrowly  oblong- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnate  and  bafren  below,  bipinnate,  fruitful  and  contracted 
above;  lower  Ifts.  incisely  pinnatifid  with  very  obtuse,  snbentire  lobes,  upper  with 
distinct,  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate  segments;  indusia  peltate,  in  2  intra- 
marginal  rows. — Swamps,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  I^a.     The  shore  stipe  and  long  rachis  chaffy. 

3  A.  lonchitiA  Wmd.     Frond  pinnate,  linear-lanceolate  in  outlitie,  rigidly  erect 


824 


Obdeb  160.— FILICES. 


(8  to  12');  Ifls.  obliquely  triatigular-ovatc,  auricled  on  tho  nppor  side  at  baae, 
lar^^t'st  (1'  luug)  in  the  middle,  gradually  reduced  above  and  below  to  the  base,  all 
beset  with  close,  spiny  teeth,  and  covered  with  fruit  beneath. — N.  Mich.  Br.  Am. 

4  A.  acule^tum  Swtz.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  ovate,  subfalcate,  acute,  acu- 
leate-serrate, truncate  and  auricled  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  upper  leaflets  fer- 
tile; stipe  aud  rachia  chafTTy. — Mansfield  Mt.,  Vt.,  and  Mts.  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y., 
(Maerie).  Fronds  dark  green,  in  tufts  1 — 2f  high.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  on 
very  siiort  petioles,  somewhat  dilated  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  aerrato, 
eacli  sorrature  tipped  with  a  short  spinous  bristle.     Sori  in  rows,  distinct.     Aug. 

6  A.  fr^grans  Swtz.  Frond  coriaceous,  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnatifid  or  pinnate 
Ifls.,  lance-ovate  in  outline,  glandular  and  fragrant;  Ifts.  narrow-pointed,  with  a 
dozen  pairs  of  small,  obtuse,  bristly  serrate  segments  which  are  unequal  at  base  ; 
indusia  large,  orbicular,  peltate,  covering  segments. — Rocks,  Penokoe  Iron  Range, 
L.  Sup.  (Lapham)  and  northwest.     Frond  6  to  12'  high.     Stipe  and  rachia  chafly. 

6  A.  spinuldaum  Willd.  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolpte,  distinct ;  ciegments  distinct, 
oblong,  obtuse,  incisely  pinnatifid;  ultimate  segments  mucronate-serrate ;  stipe 
chaffy ;  indusium  umbilicate. — Woods  aud  shady  pastures.  Fronds  1 — 2f  high, 
nearly  tripinnate,  the  foliage  about  twice  as  long  as  wide,  acuminate  at  apes, 
abrupt  at  base.  Leaflets  also  acuminate,  but  the  segments  rather  obtuse,  all  dis- 
tinct at  base,  except  those  near  the  summit,  serratures  with  short,  soft  bristles. 
Stipe  with  large,  tawny  scales.    Sori  large.     Jl.    (A.  dilatatum  Swtz.)    Variable. 

7  A.  Goldi^num  Hook.  Goluie's  Ferm.  Frond  ample,  oval  or  ovate,  in  out- 
line (10  to  16'  long,  two-thirds  as  wide)  pinnate,  as  long  as  the  smooth  stipe;  Ifts. 
broad-linear,  alternate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  crenate-appressed-sorrate,  acutiah,  with 
2  rows  of  distinct  fruit-dots  near  the  midvein ;  indusium  reniform-poltate. — A  large 
Fern  in  rocky  woods,  N.  and  W.  States  and  Can.  Lfts.  close  together,  about  30 
pairs,  with  about  20  pairs  of  segments.     Stipe  chaffy  at  base,  scarcely  so  above. 

6  A.  criatdtum  Swtz.  Stipe  with  a  few  large,  oblong,  torn  scales,  chiefly  at 
base ;  frond  narrowly  lanceolate ;  leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid,  remote,  short-petiolu- 
late,  broadest  at  base,  the  lower  triangular-ovate ;  sori  largo,  in  a  single  row  each 
side  the  midvein  of  each  dentate  segment;  indusium  fixed  near  one  side. — Woods, 
Can.,  N.  U.  (Rickard)  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  A  beautiful  Fern,  20  to  30'  high.  Frond 
dark  green,  15 — 18'  by  5 — 8'.  Leaflets  gradually  narrowing  from  base  to  apex. 
Segments  nearly  distinct,  more  or  less  distinctly  serrate-dentate,  each  with  1 — 25 
dark-brown  sori  (lower  leaflets  fruitless).     July.     (A.  Lancastriense  Spr.) 

9  A.  margin^le  Swtz.  Mabgixal  Shield-Fern.  Segments  of  the  leaflets 
oblong,  obtuse,  decurrent,  crenate-sinuate,  repand  at  base,  lower  ones  almost  pin- 
natifid ;  sori  marginal ;  stipe  chaffy. — A  large,  handsome  Fern,  in  rocky  woods, 
common.  Frond  12 — 18'  high,  very  smooth  (rachis  a  little  chaffy),  its  divisions 
nearly  opposite.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  distinct,  near  an  inch  long,  J  as  wide, 
contracted  at  base,  then  decurrent,  forming  a  narrow  margin  along  the  rachis. 
Fruit  in  round  dots,  in  regular  rows  along  the  margins  of  the  segments.  Indusium 
large,  orbicular,  with  a  lateral  sinus.     July. 

10  A.  Tbel^ptera  Swtz.  Lady  Fern.  Frond  smoothish,  lance-ovate;  ^ts. 
slender,  distant,  deeply  pinnatifid,  gradually  shorter  from  near  the  hose  upwards ; 
Begm.  acute,  margins  reflexed  in  fruit;  sori  in  2  lines,  as  near  the  midvein  as  the 
margin. — A  delicate  Fern,  in  damp  shades,  frequent,  about  If  high,  hulf  as  wide. 
Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  about  20  pairs,  lowest  pair  as  long  as  any.    Segm.  25  paira    JL 

11  A.  Novaborac^nae  Willd.  New- York  Fern.  Frond  smoothiah,  elliptic' 
lanceolate;  Ifts.  slender,  near  or  distant,  deeply  pinnatifid,  gradually  shorter  bo:h 
ways  to  a  point  from  the  middle,  the  lower  reflexed;  segin.  obtuse,  oblong,  flat; 
sori  in  2  rows  close  to  the  margin,  at  length  confluent. — Fein  as  thin  and  delicate 
as  the  last,  12  to  18'  high,  3  to  4'  wide,  with  about  the  same  number  of  divisions. 

12  A.  patens  Swz.  Frond  sofl  and  thin,  pubescent  with  rusty  hairs  all  over, 
lanceolate,  pinnate;  Ifls.  linear,  pointed,  pinnatifid,  lobes  short-oblong,  very  obtuse 
entire,  with  simply  pinnate  veins ;  indusia  round-reniform,  small,  scattered  without, 
order  near  the  midvein. — Dry  woods,  Fla.  (Cli.ipman).  Fern  12  to  18'  high,  ti-e 
stipes  a  third  of  this  length.     Lfls.  about  25  pairs,  segm.  18.  (Amolle  KunzeV 


ADDENDA. 


NYMPHiEA.    Page  220.     Add— 

N.  Piavfc  Leitner.  Yellow  NvMPHiKA.  Root-stock  erect ;  leaves  ovate> 
orbicular,  spotted,  lobes  sharp-pointed ;  flowers  yellow.  Grows  in  the  St 
Johns  River,  Fla.,  where  it  was  recently  rediscovered  by  Mrs.  Mary  Treat. 
Figured  in  Audvbon's  Birds  of  America,  1843.     It  propagates  by  runners. 


Add— 


SISYMBRIUM.    Page  233. 

4  S.  Allionia  Kotcli.  Hedoe  Garlic.  Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  repandly 
toothed,  petiolate  ;  pods  prismatic,  erect-spreading,  much  longer  than  their 
pedicels.  2^  Near  Brooklyn,  L.  I.  {W.  H.  Leggett).  Plant  3— 8f,  fls.  white, 
pods,  i'  long.     The  lvs.  smell  like  Garlic,  hence  the  specific  name.     §  Eur. 

ALYSSUM.     Page  236.     Add— 

3  A.  Oalycinum  L.  Calyx  persistent ;  lvs.  linearspatulate,  caruscent ; 
pods  orbicular,  lens-shaped,  with  a  thin  border,  4-seeded ;  fls.  yellowish. 
®  Infields,  sparingly  naturalized,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  etc.  Height  nearly  If. 
Petals  little  longer  than  the  sepals. 

VESICARIA.     Page  237.     Add— 

2  V.  Lescurtt  Gray.  Pubescent ;  stems  many,  ascending  6 — 10' ;  lvs.  ob- 
long, clasping  with  a  sagittate  base ;  fls  yellow,  in  lengthening  terminal 
racemes;  silicle  roundisli,  hispid,  twice  longer  than  its  stylo;  seeds  1—4 
in  each  cell.  Meadows  and  hills,  Edgefield  Junction,  Tenn  (Hamlin) ;  and 
Nashville  {Lesquirieux).    Fls.  4"  broad. 

CLEOME.     Page  240.  Add— 

2  O.  Integritblia  N.  Glabrous,  glaucous,  1 — 2f ;  lvs.  3-foliolate,  Ifts.  lance- 
oblong,  entire,  mucronate  ;  raceme  dense ,  clyx  5-toothed  ;  petals  rose-color, 
subsessile,  4"  long  ;  stara.  6.  equal ;  pod  much  longer  than  its  stipe.  Banks 
of  the  Mississippi,  in  N.  111.  (F.  Friese)  and  West. 

PARNASSIA.     Page  252.    Add— 

Tills  genus  has  been  transferred  to  Order  LXI.,  Saxifraoacils.  Under  it 
insert — 

4  P.  Parviflora,  DC.  Scapes  very  slender;  lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  at 
base,  the  cauline  one  linear-lanceolate,  sessile;  fls  small,  petels  sessile, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals  ;  sterUe  filaments  about  5  in  each  bundle.  Lake 
shores  in  N.  Mich,  and  islands  of  L.  Sup.  {Wheder).  3—6'.  Fls.  5— «" 
broad. 

ELATINE.     Page  253.     Add— 

2  E.  Olintoniana  Peck.  Stems  erect  about  4",  in  very  dense  tufts  from  mat- 
ted roots  ;  lvs.  spatulate,  i"  ;  fls.  3-i)arted  ;  seeds  slightly  curved.  Shores 
of  Sand  Lake,  N.  Y.  {G.  H.  Peck).    One  of  the  smallest  of  the  Phaenogama 

ALSINE.    Page  259. 
This  genus  should  be  stricken  out,  and  the  species  restored  to  Abbnabia. 


826 


ADDENDA. 


SESUVIUM.     Page  264. 

This  genus  has  beon  transferred  to  the  Order  MeskmrrtacB/S,  and  the  species 
changed  as  follows  (see  Hot.  and  Ftor.,  p.  183) : 

8.  Pentandrum  Ell.  Lvs.  spatulate-obovate ;  fls.  sessile ;  stamens  6.  ®  ? 
Sea-coast,  Long  Isl.  to  Fia.    Hitherto  mistaken  for  S.  portulacastrum. 

GERANIUW.     Page  '^76.     Add— 

6  O.  Diss^ctum  L.  Diffuse,  pul)e8cent ;  leaf-lobes  and  segments  nnrrower 
than  in  (J.  Carot.inianum  ;  sepals  acuminate,  mucronate,  as  long  as  the 
emargiiiattj,  purple  petals  ;  carpels  hairy  ,  seed  ovo\CLg\o\^\x»,dixti)tctly  and 
finely  reticulated,  (i)  Waste  grounds,  rare.  Internodes  and  petioles  elon- 
gated,    g  Eur. 

6  G.  columbinum  D.  Decumbent,  puberulent,  with  long,  filiform  flower- 
stalks  ;  lvs.  and  seeds  nearly  as  in  No.  5  ;  sepals  awned,  enlarging  after  flow- 
ering ,  carpels  glabrous,     j^  Dry  places,  L.  I.  to  Va.     Very  rare.     §  Eur, 

Order  XL,  The  Mapleworts,  page  285,  are  now  included  under  Order  XLI, 
Sapimdack.£.    See  Botanist  and  Florist,  p.  73. 

ACER.     Page  285.    Add— 

8  A.  Platanoides  L.  Norway  Maple.  Lvs.  bright  green  both  sides,  as 
broad  as  long,  5-lobed,  lobes  toothed  and  short-acuminate  ;  corymbs  nearly 
erect;  fruit  smooth;  3' long,  wings  very  diverging;  juice  milky.  A  fine 
compact  tree. 

Order  XLII.     CELASTRACE/E.     Here  insert— 

3.  Pachystima  Raf.  Petals  and  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  4- 
lobed  calyx  ;  style  very  short,  expanded  at  base  into  the  disk  which  covers 
the  ovary  and  lines  the  calyx  tube  ;  caps,  oval,  2-celled,  seeds  3 — 4  inclosed 
in  a  white  dissected  aril.  Low  shrubs  with  opposite,  crowded,  subsessile, 
evergreen  leaves  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

P.  myrsinites  Raf.  3.  Canbyi  (Gray).  Stems  and  branches  creeping, 
ascending,  bark  blackish  ;  lvs.  oblong  and  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with  a  few 
minute  teeth  ;  caps,  obtuse.  Mountain  bogs,  Wytheville,  Va.  {H.  Shriver). 
Stems  8 — 15'.     Lvs.  6—9",  edges  revolute. 

POLYGALA.    Page  294.    Add- 

4  P.  Alba  Nutt.  Stems  clustered,  angular,  branched  above ;  lvs.  Jincai*.. 
spikes  lance-linear,  pointed,  on  long  stalks;  seed  very  hairy,  longer  than  its 
2-lobed  caruncle.  Ala.  to  Tex.  (Buckley)  6 — 13'.  Spikes  1 — 3',  with 
•white  corollas.    Calyx  wings  oval.    (P.  bicolor  Kth). 

BAPTIS'IA.    Page  303.     Add— 

12  B.  Serenae  Curtis.  Glabrous,  diffusely  branched  ;  lvs.  petioled,  Ifts.  oblong- 
obovate,  cuneate ;  fls.  in  terminal  racemes,  the  pedicels  longer  than  the 
calyx  in  fruit ;  sep.  villous  within,  shorter  than  the  stipe  of  the  turgid  pod. 
— S.  Car.  {M.  A.  Curtis).    Plant  1— 3f.    Lfts.  1'.    Pod  8"  long. 

DESMO^DIUM.    Page  308.    Insert— 

2  D.  ochroleucum  Curtis.  Plant  decumbent,  smoothish  ;  lfts.  ovate,  the 
lateral  smaller  or  sometimes  wanting;  racemes  much  elongated;  cor.  whitish; 
lomeut  twisted,  downy-edged,  3 — 4-jointed. — In  woods,  Delaware  and  south- 
w&rd 

TRIFOXIUM.    Page  313.    Add— 

6a  T.  hybridum  L.  Stems  ascending,  glabrous ;  lfts.  rhombic-oval  or  obo- 
vate,  denticulate,  stipules  long  and  narrowly  pointed ;  heads  globous,  on 


ADDENDA. 


837 


lon^  peduncles  ;  fls.  stalked  and  deflexed  after  flowering  ;  calyx  subequal, 
longer  than  the  tube,  ascending,  sliorter  than  the  corolla  ;  legumes  2 — 4- 
seeded. — Fields  and  meadows,  Mass.  to  Pa.  (C'wW>,  Porter).  Fls.  pink-color. 
§  9.  Eur.    T.  ELEOAN8  Savi. 

PETALOSTE'MON.     Page  316.    Add— 

6  P.  foliosuB  Gray.  Glabrous  ;  stems  sulcate,  leafy  to  the  top ;  Ifts.  17 — 25, 
narrowly  oblong  r  spike  solitary,  dense,  on  a  short  penduncle  ;  bracts  subu- 
late, long-pointotl,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  purple  banner  and  alee. — Otta- 
wa, 111.  (//.  L.  BoUicood),  and  northwestward.  Leaves  and  spike  1 — 2'  long. 

ASTRAG'ALUS.     Page  317.    Insert. 

2  A.  alpinus  L.  Diffuse ;  Ifts.  13 — 21,  ovate  ;  cor.  blue  above,  thrice  longer 
than  the  calyx  (5^6');  pod  pubescent  with  black  hairs,  2-celled,  deeply 
grooved  on  the  back. — Mts.  Vt.,  Me.,  and  Can. 

7  A.  plattensis  N.  Villous,  diffuse;  Ifts.  8 — 12  pairs,  oblong ;  stip.  lance- 
olati- ;  racemes  capitate,  shorter  than  tJie  leaoea  ;  cor.  pale,  tipped  with  pur- 
ple ;  "pod  ovoid,  mUou8. — Gravel,  III.  to  Tenn.  and  West. 

DRY'AS.     Page  337.    Insert— 

1  D.  octopetala  L.  Lvs.  elliptical,  coriaceous,  clothed  with  a  white,  silky 
tomentum,  especially  beneatli,  the  margin  tootht;d  and  revolute*  peduncle 
Bcapi'-like,  erect,  whito-tomentous  ;  calyx  with  black  hairs ;  tails  of  carpels 
1'  long,  plumous,  forming  a  large  showy  tuft. — A  plant  of  striking  aspect, 
Michipicoten  Isl.,  L.  Sup.  (0.  B.  Wheeler),  and  North.  Caudex  woody, 
prostrate,  leafy.     Ped.  6 — 8'  erect.     Fls.  1'  diam. 

Order  XLVII.    ROSACEiE.     Page  345      Insert— 

29.  Neviusia  Gray.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  leafy,  cut-«errate,  persistent ; 
cor.  0 ;  stam.  numerous,  filiform ;  ov.  2 — 4,  each  1-ovuled  ;  achenia  drupe- 
like. Shrub  with  alternate,  simple,  ovate,  petiolate  leaves,  and  free,  subu- 
late, stipules.    Flowers  terminal,  numerous,  showy. 


N.  Alabam6nsis  Gr. 
Shrub  2— 3f.  high. 


Shady  cliflfe,  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.  {Rev.  B.  D.  Nevins). 


DIDIPLIS  Raf.    Page  350. 

This  being  the  earlier  name,  should  be  substituted  for  "  HtfoBBICHIA  Cur- 
tis": and  D.  diandra  (N.)  for  "  H.  Nuttallii  Curt." 

OENOTHE'RA.    Page  353.    Add- 

4  OS.  huniifiisum  N.  Hoary  and  silky-tomentous ;  stem  rigid,  spreading  or 
l)rocumbent ;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  sinuate-dentate  or  entire ;  cal.  tube  little 
longer  than  the  ovary  ;  petals  little  exceeding  the  sepals  ;  caps,  prismatic. 
Sands  of  the  sea-beach,  Del.  {Canhy)  to  Fla.  Stems  If  long.  Fls.  1'  broad. 
Pod  sessile.    Jn. ,  Jl. 

6  Oj.  triloba  N.    Stems  very  short,  caespitous,  glabrous ;  lvs.  runcinate-pin 
natifid,  segm.  lance-linear,  often  toothed;  cal.  tube  very  long,  filiform,  the 
lance-linearsepals  rather  longer  than  the  somewhat  .S-lobed,  3- veined  petals; 
caps,  sessile,  ovoid,  4-winged.     2^  Dry  banks,  Memphis,  Tenn.  {Mrs.  J.  M. 
Highee)  to  Ark.     Fls.  nearly  radical,  cor.  pale  yellow,  1'  or  more  broad. 

Order  Qii088mjACEi!E(Page  360)  has  been  annexed  to  Saxifbaoace^.  Under 
5  B.  RUBRUM  belongs  variety  y,  cbrasoidbs,  the  Cherry -currant,  with  fruit 
twice  the  ordinary  size. 


8S8 


ADDENDA. 


SE^DUM.     Page  3G7.     Insert— 

2a.  S.  rhodiola  DC.  Steins  clustered,  5 — 10'  erect ;  Ivs.  crowded,  obovate, 
often  toothed  above  ;  flowers  4-parted,  in  a  small  cyme  at  top,  yellowish, 
dmcious. — Red  sandstone  cliffs  on  the  Delaware  K.  near  Easton  {Porter) ; 
also  Me.  and  Can. 

SAXIF'RAGA  Pennsylvanica.     Page  371.     Add— 

/9.  Forberii  (Vasey).  Scape  slender  and  weak,  with  a  loose,  thin  panicle ; 
petals  white.— Rocky  bluffs,  S.  Ill   {8.  A.  Forbes). 

HYDROCOT'YLE  umbellata.     Page  377.    Add— 

/8  ambigua  •  umbels  proliferous,  3  or  4  on  each  peduncle  ;  fls.  pedicellate,  ped. 
as  long  as  the  fruii,  which  is  truncate  at  base. — Waters  Del.  to  Ga.  Ap- 
proacMng  H.  vulgabis  of  Eur. 

PASTINA  CA.     Page  379. 

Archemora,  Tiedmannia,  and  Anethnm.  For  various  changes  in  nomencla- 
ture, see  Botanist  and  Florist,  p.  136,  under  Pencedanum. 

THAS'PIUM.     Page  382. 

See  Botanist  and  Florist,  p.  138,  under  Carum,  for  changes  in  nomenclature 
in  TiiASPiUM,  ZiziA,  and  Afium,  made  in  accordance  with  Bentham  & 
Hooker's  Genera. 

Neuzophyllum  longifolium  T.  &  G.  (p.  387)  is  the  same  plant  as  that  de- 
scribed in  Hblosciadium  leptophyllum  DC,  p.  386.  It  is  now  Apium 
LEPTOPHYLLUM  (Benth.  and  Hook.). 

ATIUM.     Page  388.     Add— 

3  A.  ang^stifolium  Wood.  Weakly  erect,  18 — 20' ;  Ivs.  pinnate,  elongated ; 
Ifts.  toothed,  cut,  or  pinnatifid,  Milong  in  outline  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  rays  ; 
involucre  and  involucels  5 — 7-bracted,  fruit  round-oval,  ribs  and  vittsB 
obscured  by  the  thick  pericarp. — Wet  places,  Peoria,  111.  {Dr.  Stewart),  und 
W.    Used  as  celery  (Berulc,  Kotch,  Siesm,  L.). 

COR'NUS.     Pago  390. 

O.  striata,  i3.  aspbrifolia.  We  now  regard  this  plant  as  an  independent  spe- 
cies, viz. :  COBNDS  ASPERIFOLIA  Mx. 

DIERVIL'LA.     Page  396.    Add- 

3  D.  Japonica  Fortune.  Wiegelia.  Shrub  6 — 8f  high,  with  long  branches  ; 
Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  ;  cor.  rose  colored,  limb  abruptly  spreading ; 
ovary  slender,  stalk-like,  abortive  here.  A  hardy  shrub  from  Japan,  covered 
in  spring  with  innumerable  flowers. 

GALLIUM.     Page  400.     Insert— 

6  G.  Mollugo  L.  Stems  weak,  elongated,  very  smooth  ;  Ivs.  in  whorls  of  8 
(often  of  7's  and  6'si,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  or  oblong,  rough-edged  above, 
mucronate-pointed  ;  fls.  minute,  in  terminal  panicles;  fruit  smooth. —  U 
Waste  places  in  and  around  N.  Y.  City  {Ruger,  Denslow).  Stems  1 — 3f. 
Leaves  6".    §  Eur. 

ASTER  MCTABiLis.    Page  424.    Add— 

6.  gracill6ntuB  (T.  &  G.)  Very  smooth  and  slender  ;  lower  leaves  cut-serrate, 
above  the  middle  ;  achenia  quite  glabrous.    N.  Car.  (Gurtio). 

y.  bellidiflbruB  has  very  numerous  and  smaller  beads  {2^''  long).  West. 


ADDENDA. 


829 


ASTER.    Page  426.     Insert— 

42  A.  augustus  (Lindl.)  Erect,  with  erect  branches;  Ivs.  linear,  acute, 
ciliate-serrulate ;  scales  linear,  in  about  3  series,  nearly  equal ;  rayc  very 
short  or  0;  pappus  copious,  white;  ach.  hairy. — ®  Streets  of  Milwaukie, 
Wise.  {Dr.  Sherman),  and  northwestward.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  racemous- 
panicled  above.     Lvs.  S^J — 3''. 

SOLIDA'GO  LATiFOLiA.    Page  431.    Add— 

y.  ciliata.  Upper  racemes  elongated  and  spreading,  resembling  in  this  respect 
S.  ulmifolia.     111.  (J.  Wolf.    Q.  ciliata,  DC.) 

SOLIDA'GO  Canadensis.    Page  434.    Add— • 
y.  scabra.     Stem  and  lvs.  scabrous ;  lvs   lance-oblong,  subentire,  pubescent 


beneath. 


Order  COMPOSITE.    Page  442.    Add— 


Silphium  scaberrimum.     (3.  sessile, 
to  ovate.— 111.  (S.  Radula  N.). 


Leaves  nearly  all  sessile,  lance-oblong 


41a.  Acanthospermum  Schrank.     Heads  radiate,  rays  small,  $  fertile,  disk 

§  sterile  ;  invol.  herbaceous,  inner  scales  closely  investing  the  ray  achenia; 

recept.  chalFy  ;  ach.   few,  oblong,   without  pappus,  each   inclosed   in  the 

hardened  prickly  scale. — ®  Diffusely  branching.     Lvs.  opposite,  toothed  or 

incised.     Fls.  yellow. 

A.  xanthoides  DC,  Stems  creeping,  rooting  at  base,  scabrous-pubescent ; 
lvs.  ovate  or  obovate,  the  lower  petiolate  ;  heads  stalked ;  rays  about  5 ; 
ach  5,  spreading,  6 '  long,  the  sack  muricate. — Atlanta,  (ia.  {T.  B.  Oould- 
ing).     §  S.  Am.    July,  Aug. 

Rudbeckia.  (Page  445.)  To  this  genus  are  now  restored,  in  Bentham  & 
Hooker's  Genera,  Echinacea,  Lepachys,  and  Dracopsis.    Here  belongs — 

10  R.  Porteri  Gr  Scabrous  and  hispid;  stem  paniculate-branched;  lvs. 
lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  cilJate  at  base,  entire,  the  lower  opposite ;  invol- 
scales  linear,  bristly-ciliate,  as  long  as  the  convex-disk  ;  chaff  concave, 
spinescent ;  rays  7 — 9,  yellow,  longer  than  the  yellow  disk. — Stone  Mt.  Ga. 
{prof.  Porter).     Stem  2 — 3f.    Rays  spreading  1'.    Ach.  crownless. 

BI^DENS  CONNATA.     Page  453.     Add— 
p.  petiolata.    Lvs.  more  or  less  petiolate. — 111.  («7.  Wolf).    (B.  petiolata  N.) 

SENE'CIO.     Page  464.    Add— 

9  S.  scandens.  German  Ivy.  Stem  climbing  and  twining;  lvs.  «<jp!^fe<«/ 
smooth,  broad,  cordate,  5 — 7-angled  or  lobed  ;  corymbs  axillary,  of  small, 
yellow,  rayless  heads. — A  popular  house-plant,  from  S.  Afr.  Remarkable 
among  the  Compositse  for  its  well-defined  stipules. 

NAB'ALUS.    Page  471. 

It  now  appears  that  Pbenanthes  should  be  substituted  for  Nabalub,  being  a 
prior  as  well  as  a  better  name. 

Order  PLANTAGINACE^E.    Page  507.    Add— 

fl.  liittorella  L.  (Lat.  litt^is,  a  shore.)  Moneecious ;  i  fls.  solitary,  termi* 
Dal ;  calyx 4-parted  ;  cor.  tubular ,4  lobed,  scarious  ;  stam.  4, long  exserted ; 
?  fls.  below,  sessile ;  calyx  of  3  unequal  bracts :  cor.  urceolate.  scarious, 
8-toothed ;  stam.  0 ;  style  long  exserted  ;  fruit  1-seeded. — Little  aquatlo 
herbs,  acaulescent,  from  creeping  rhizomes.     Lvs.  linear-subulate. 


830 


ADDENDA. 


L.  lacustris  L.— Sandy  shore  of  L.  Champlain,  Alburgh,  Vt.  (C.  O.  Pringle), 
and  Nova  Scotia  (Miss  E.  O.  Knight).  Lvs.  semiterete.equalir  jr  (1 — 3)  the 
sterile  scapes,  which  are  1 — 2-bracted  above.  Fertile  flower  enveloped  L* 
bractlets.    Sept.     Eur. 

Order  ERICACEAE.    Suborder  V.    Page  495.    Insert — 

26a.  Shortia,  T.  &  Q.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  C.  W.  Short,  an  early  botanist  of 
Kentucky.)  Calyx  bracteolate,  5-parted,  segments  unequal ;  corolla  bell- 
form,  5-lobed,  lobes  crenulate ;  filaments  5,  adnate  to  the  cor.  tube,  anthers 
2-celled ;  starainodia  5,  on  the  base  of  the  tube;  style  slender;  capsule 
globous,  3-celled,  oo-seeded. — li  Glabrous.  Lvs.  radical,  jjersistent  on  'ong 
petioles,  round-oval,  toothed.  Flower  large,  white  or  roseate,  terminal  and 
nodding  on  the  scape.    Apr. 

S.  galacifblia  T.  &  G.— High  Mts.  of  N.  Car.  (Michaux).  Re-discovered  in 
McDowell  Co.  by  if.  E.  Hyams,  1879.  (ScnizocoDON  UNiPLORns  Maxim.,  of 
Japan,  is  the  same  plant.)    Scape  3 — 4'  high,  with  several  bracts  above. 

LYSIMACH'IA.    Page  504.    Insert- 

4a.  L.  vulgaris  L.  Erect,  jmbescent,  paniculately  branched ;  lvs.  opposite 
and  in  38  and  48,  lanceolate,  short-pointed,  ciliate,  subsessile ;  panicle  leafy, 
with  bracts  and  bractlets ;  petals  ovate,  obtuse. — U  Naturalized  about  New 
York,  from  Flatbush  to  Peekskill  (M.  Ruger).  Plant  2 — 3f  high.  I-eaves 
8 — 5',  varjring  to  ovate.     Filaments  united  half  their  length.     Eur. 

PLANTA  GO.    Page  507.     Insert— 

7a.  P.  gnaphaloides  N.  Lvs.  white-woolly  both  sides,  3-veined,  oblong  to 
linear ;  spikes  exceeding  the  leaves,  dense,  cylindric,  on  hairy  scapes  ;  bracts 
deltoid,  densely  woolly,  not  exceeding  the  obtuse  calyx  lobes  ;  cor.  lobes 
roundish.—®  Wise,  to  Tex.  Spikes  1—3'  long,  4—10'  high.  (P.  lagopus  Ph.) 

LOBE^LIA.     Page  476.    Add— 

9a  L.  Feayana  Gr.  Glabrous ;  stems  very  slender,  clustered,  If  high, 
mostly  simple,  naked  above ;  radical  lvs.  orbicular,  petiolate,  the  cauline 
obovate  to  oblong,  serrulate  ;  racemes  elongated,  lax  ;  bracts  minute  ;  pedi- 
cels as  long  as  the  blue  flower. — Ga.  and  Fla.    Dr.  Feay. 

LINA^RIA.    Page  518.    Insert- 
la  L.  Oymbalaria  Mill.     Trailing,  with  leaves  cordate-reniform,  5 — 7-lobed, 
pedicles  in  flower  as  long  as  the  leaves,  sepals  shorter  than  the  capsule,  and 
spur  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — In  conservatories,  and  naturalized 
in  Iowa  (Colman).     Eur. 

DASYSIS'TOMA.    Page  529.    Insert- 
la.  D.  grandiflbra  (Benth.).    Minutely  pubescent,  much  branched  ;  lvs.  peti 
elate,  lance-ovate,  pinnatifid,  toothed,  or  entire  :  ped.  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
the  corolla  4  times  longer. — Prairies  and  barrens.  Wise.   {Lapham),   111. 
( Wdf)  to  Tex.  {Hale).    3— 4f  high.     Corolla  3'  long. 

Oerardia  Mettaneri,  y1  nuda.    Page  580.     Add  synonym,  (G.  aphylla,  8. 
FiLiCAnLis  Benth.    G.  filicaulis  Chapm.) 


GERAR'DIA. 

11  O.  setacea  Walt,  (not  Benth.), 


Page  531.     Add— 


Glabrous,  widely  branched  ;  lvs.  bristle- 
form,  1'  and  less ;  fls.  mostly  terminal  on  the  filiform-bracted  branchlets, 
large  (8 — 10");  pedicel  2 — 4'',  calyx  1 "  long,  teeth  very  acute,  short ;  cor. 
densely  fringed. — Barrens,  Penn.,  S.  and  W. 


ADDENDA. 


DIPTERACAN'THUS.     Page  534.     ' 

The  species  are  now  restored  by  Benth.  and  Hook,  to  Rubllia.  (See  Botanist 
and  Florist,  p.  234.)    Under  D.  strepens,  insert — 

fl.  clandestinus  (Nees.)  Smooth,  erect ;  fls.  crowded  in  the  axils  with  the 
corollas  reduced  to  a  slender  tube  (3' )  and  an  obsolete  lip-shaped  border,  or 
quite  cpetalous,  fertilized  in  the  bud. — Borders  of  ponds,  Mt.  Carmel,  111. 
{Dr.  Schneck). 

Page  543,  under  LYC'OPUS,  add— 

4  L.  sessilifblius  Gr.  Glabrous,  low,  ascending,  Ivs.  lanceolate-ovate  or 
oblong,  sharply  and  remotely  toothed,  all  closely  sessile  or  clasping  ;  calyx- 
teeth  subulate,  rigid. — T^ .  3 .  {Porter  ;  Canhy).  Produces  filiform  stolons 
with  small  remote  leaves  like  L.  rubellus.  Sterile  filaments  minute, 
flattened.     Aug.,  Sep. 

Page  551,  under  LOPHANTHUS,  add— 

3  L.  anisatus  Benth.  I/es.  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  pointed,  petiolate,  crenato- 
serrate,  white  beneath  ;  spikes  dense,  interrupted  below,  3 — 6'  ;  calyx  teeth 
subequal,  blue,  cor.  \  longer  ;  stem-exserted. — Wise,  to  Dak.  (Matthews) 
and  Ark.  Plant  3 — 4f  high,  with  anise-like  fragrance  very  attractive  to 
beee.    Lvs.  2 — 3',  gradually  reduced  to  bracts.    Cor.  6',  pale  blue.  Jl.,  Aug. 

Page  568,  after  "Phlox  pilosa,"  instead  of  "(3.  Floridana,"  etc.,  read — 
5a  P.  AM(ENA  Sims. 

Page  571.  In  Bentham  &  Hooker's  Genera,  these  four  genera— QUAMOCLrr, 
Batatas,  Pharbitis,  and  Ipom(ea,  are  reduced  to  mere  subgenera  under 
the  one  genus  Ipomcela  ;  a  change,  but  no  improvement. 

Page  573.    Under  IPOMffi  A. 

9  I.  MichaiTxii  SWeet.  Pubescent  and  tomentous  in  parts  ;  lvs.  deltoid, 
cordate  but  decurrent  on  the  petiole,  obtuse,  wavy  ;  pedunr'^s  1 — 5-flow- 
ered ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  thick  ;  cor.  pubescent,  rose-white,  purple  in 
the  tube ;  caps,  partly  4-celled  ;  seeds  clothed  with  silky,  brown  wool. — 
Sandy  soils  coastwurd,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  The  root  becomes  immensely  large, 
weighing  40  to  50  lbs.  (Elliott).    Cor.  3 — 4'  long.    Jn.— Oct. 

Page  592.    Under  ASCLETIAS.    Add— 

5a  A.  tomentosa  Ell.  Woolly,  stout,  leafy  ;  lvs.  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  short- 
petioled  ;  umbels  lateral,  with  many  large  flowers,  subsessile  ;  hoods  obovate, 
truncate,  shorter  than  the  ei'ect  broad  horn  ;  cor.  greenish,  ^  as  long  as 
the  pedicels. — Pine  barrens,  S.  States.  Stems  2 — 4f  nigh.  Lvs.  2 — 3',  peti- 
oles 3—6". 

6b  A.  obovata  Ell.  Tomentous,  stout,  leafy  ;  lvs.  obovate,  obtuse,  mucro- 
nate  ;  umbels  crowded  above,  subsessile,  with  12 — 14  large  yellowisii -green 
flowers  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  crown  purplish,  horn  incurved. — Ga., 
Fla.  to  Tex.     Height  1— 2f.    Lvs.  thick,  2—3',  petiole  2—3". 

Anan'theriz  (page  594),  should  be  annexed  to  Acerates  ;  both  have  been 
subjoined  (by  Bentham  &  Hooker)  to  the  African  genus,  Gomphocarpub. 

Page  604.     Add— 

la.  Brunnichia,  Banks.  (Dedicated  to  F.  Bruunich,  a  Danish  botanist.)  Calyx 
colored,  5-parted,  lobes  oblong,  at  length  augmented  and  closed  on  the  ob- 
scurely 3-angled  achenium  ;  filaments  8,  capillary,  stylfs  3,  slender,  stigmas 
entire. — A  smooth  perennial  vine  climbing  by  terminal  tendrils. 

B.  oirrhbaa  Banks. — River  banks,  Car.  to  Fla.  and  W.  Climbing  10 — 201 
Leaves  cordate  to  ovate,  entire ;  sheaths  obsolete.    May. 


832 


ADDENDA. 


RU^MEX.    Page  605.     Next  before  R.  crispus,  insert — 

1  R.  patientia  L.  Patience  Dock.  Stem  3— 5f,  stout ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong, 
6' — 2f  long;  valves  large  (2 — 3'),  broad-cordate,  one  of  them  bearing  a 
small  grain  or  all  naked. — Grows  at  New  Baltimore,  N.  Y.  {Dr.  Howe). 
§£ur. 

POLYG'ONUM.    Page  609.    Add— 

lOa  P.  persicarioides  K.  GHabrous,  3— 4f  long  ;  stipules  ciliate  ;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  subsessile,  ppotted,  not  acrid  ;  spikes  linear,  erect,  pale  purple  ; 
stamens  H — 8  ;  style  3-cleft,  achenia  3-angled,  shining. — Low  grounds, 
111.  {Mr.  Wolf)  and  Mexico. 

Page  631,  imder  the  LOR  A  NTH  S.  add— 

2.  Arceuthobium,  Bieb.  Differs  from  Phorodendron  in  having  the  anthers 
1-ce  led,  the  $  perianth  2-toothed,  the  herbage  yellowish  and  leafless.  The 
species  grow  only  on  trees  of  the  order  Conifers. 

A.  abigenium  Wood.  Stems  3 — 9  '  long,  jointed,  each  joint  terminating  in  a 
truncated  sheath  ;  fls.  terminal  and  opposite  ;  berry  somewhat  3-angled. — 
Found  growing  on  the  branches  of  small  starved  spruce  trees  (Abies  nigra) 
in  marshy  grounds,  Sandlake,  N.  Y.  (6*.  //.  Peck).  The  other  sjjecies,  A. 
OXYCEDRI,  on  pines  and  cedars  in  Cal. !  is  5 — 8'  tall,  and  much  branched. 

CASTA^NEA.    Page  646.    After  C.  vesca  L.,  add— 

p.  denuda,  Burrless  Chestnut.  Involucre  reduced  to  a  mere  rudiment 
at  the  base  of  the  naked  mature  nuts !  Otherwise  complete  as  in  var.  a. 
— In  a  mountainous  district,  N.  Y. ,  near  the  Hudson,  such  a  tree  has  been 
known  for  many  years,  and  recently  specimens  are  distributed  by  Messrs. 
P.  V.  Le  Roy  and  Geo.  W.  Wright. 

Sa^lix.  Page  654.  S,  myricoides  and  angustata  rank  as  varieties  of  S.  COR- 
DATA  Mubl.  according  to  Andersson.  Another  variety  grows  in  Iowa,  called 
Red  Willow,  attains  the  sise  of  a  tree  with  trunk  0—8'  diam.  marked  by 
diamond-shaped  cavities  (Mr.  R.  Burgiss). 

POTAMOGETON      Page  675.    Add— 

9a  P.  crispus  L.  Stem  compressed ;  Ivs.  linp>r-oblong,  half-clasping,  obtuse, 
serrulate,  crisp-wavy,  3-nerved  ;  fruit  acuminate-beaked. — In  quiet  waters, 
Del.,  Penn.  and  N.  J.  (Porter).    Jn.  and  Jl. 

Platan' thera  (page  685,)  No.  19?  This  plant  is  Qoodyera  quercifolia 
Lindl.,  and  should  be  removed  to  that  genus. 

SPIRAN'THES.    Page  689.    Add- 

6  S,  Romanzoviana  Cham.  Lvs.  lance-oblong  to  linear  ;  spikes  dense,  1 — 3'  ; 
lip  much  recurved,  ovate-oblong,  crenulate-wavy  ;  sepals  and  petals  all 
connivent  above  into  a  galea. — Bogs,  Maine  to  L.  Sup. 

6  S.  simplex  Gr.  Leaves  all  radical,  fugacious  ;  scape  5 — 9'  high,  the  flowers 
very  small  (1 — 3'  long),  in  a  thin  one-sided  spike  ;  lip  obovate-oblong,  thin, 
white,  the  apex  eroded  and  crisped. — N.  J.  (Porter),  Mass.  (Robbins)  to  Del. 

Izia.  Page  700.  I.  ccblestina  Bartram,  is  apparently  the  same  plant  as  Nb- 
MAfc,TYiii8  GEMMiFLORA,  which  should  therefore  be  changed  to  N.  C(ET.bs- 
TINA  (Bart.) 

TRILLIUM.    Page  705.    After  T.  cernuum,  add— 

^.  atrorubens.  Petals  brownish  purple,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate. — Hano* 
ver,  Ind.  {A.  H.  Young). 


ADDENDA. 


833 


Uvula'tia.  Page  716.  Watam,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Vol.  XIV,  June,  1879, 
assigns  our  species  3  and  4  to  a  new  genus,  Oakesia,  in  commemoration  of 
the  late  Mr.  William  Oakes. 

Oarex.  Page  747.  For  additional  species,  see  Nos.  38,  39,  49,  54,  62,  73, 
78,  82, 102,  127,  and  132,  in  Botanist  and  Florist,  pp.  368-380. 

CYPE^RUS.     Page  733.    Add— 

26a  O.  cylindricus  N.  L.  Britton.  Umbel  of  about  7  rays,  6"  to  2|'  long, 
each  bearing  a  cylindrical  or  sometimes  oblong  head  ;  spikes  numerous, 
somewhat  reflexed,  mostly  2-flowered.  Otherwise  much  like  C.  Ovularis, 
with  which  it  has  been  confounded. — L.  I.,  N.  J.,  and  South.  (Mariscus 

CYLINDRICUS  Ell.) 

22a  O.  Wolfii  Wood.  Glabrous,  slender,  erect  2 — 3f  ;  Ivs.  at  base,  narrowly 
linear,  3f,  those  of  the  invol.  2f  long  ;  rays  about  5.  very  unequal,  eiich  bear- 
ing a  dense  globular  head  ;  spikes  numerous,  4 — 5-flowered,  oblong  ;  scciki 
ir^rkated,  obtuse,  9 — 11-veined,  rachis  broadly  winged. — Anna,  111.  {J.  Wolf). 

SCIR'PUS.     Page  738.    Add- 

1  S.  panciflorus  Lightfoot.  Culm  filiform  or  capillary,  erect  3 — 8',  leafless  ; 
involucre  0;  spike  oval,  1 — ^2'';  glumes  5 — 9,  brown  ,  ach.  3-angled,  re- 
ticulate, beaked,  but  not  tubercled.  Otherwise  an  Eleocharis. — Western 
N.  Y.  (Hankenson)  to  111.  {Porter). 

3a  S.  Clintonii  Gr.  Culm  acutely  3-angled,  very  slendei,  If  high,  sheathed 
at  base  with  short  bristle-shaped  leaves ;  bract  subulate,  shorter  than  the 
ovate,  chestnut-brown  spike  (3 — 5') ;  glumes  pointless.— N.  Y.  {Clinton, 
Porter). 

4a  S.  Smithii  Gr.  Culm  slender,  3—12'  high ;  sheaths  often  with  a  short 
blade  ;  spikes  1 — 3  ovoid,  greenish,  2 — 3",  sessile  about  half  way  up  ;  setae 
0 — 1  ;  ach.  smooth,  lens-shaped ;  culm-leaf  always  erect. — Shores,  Penn. 
(Porter),  Sodus  Bay  (Ilnnkenson). 

TRICHELOS  TYLIS.     Page  742.     Add— 

3a  T.  borealis  Wood.  Culm  filiform,  angular,  2 — 4'  high  ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat, 
i — 2' ;  bracts  similar,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  spikes  capitate  and  in  cymes, 
1 — 5  together,  ovoid,  green,  1"  ;  glumes  pointed  ;  stamen  1 ;  ach.  white, 
3-angled  ;  stylo  bulbous  at  base. — ®  Banks  of  the  Miss.  R.,  111.  {Wo^). 
Shores  of  L.  Sup  ,  Mich.  {Perkins). 

SPOROB'ULUS.     Page  775.     Add— 

2a  S.  cuspidatus  (Torr.).  Glumes  very  acute,  the  lower  pale  cvspidate ; 
panicle  terminal,  slender,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  nearly  2'  long. — U 
Maine  and  Canada  {Ooodale). 

MUHLENBER'GIA.     Page  777.    After  M.  sylvatica,  add— 

/3. ?  vnlpina.  Very  glaucous;  panicle  very  dense  raceme-like;  glumes  ab- 
ruptly short-awned  ;  pale  about  as  long  as  its  awn — N.  Y.  {H.  B.  Lord). 

CALAMAGROS'TIS.     Page  778. 

4a  O.  Porteri  Gr.  Slender,  2 — 4f  high  ;  Ivs.  flat ;  panicle  very  narrow,  4 — 
6'  ;  glumes  fully  2",  exceeding  the  pales  ;  hairs  few,  short,  almost  none  at 
the  base  of  the  lower  pale  ;  awn  contorted.  Huntingdon  Co.,  Penn.  {Por- 
ter). 

DANTHO  NIA.     Page  790.     Add— 

2  D.  sericea  Nutt.  Taller  (2 — 21f);  Ivs.  and  sheaths  silky-hirsute  ;  spike- 
lets  9 — 17,  evidently  panitulate  ;   glumes  8 — 9"  ;  fls.  about  7,  densely 


884 


ADDENDA. 


clothed  with  silvery-silky  hairs ;  awns  brown  at  base  (as  in  No.  1),  very  long: 
—  U  Rare  North,  common  South.    June. 

AVE^NA.    Page  790.     Add— 

2a  A.  caryophyriea  L.  Culm  5 — 10' ;  Ivs.  very  narrow  ;  pan.  loose,  open  ; 
glumes  silve-y-purple,  scarcely  1"  pales  shorter,  awns  exserted.— Dry  fields, 
N.  Y.  and  S.    g  Eur. 

TRIT'ICUM.     Page  802.    Add— 

4  T.  violaceum  Horum.  Erect  2-3f  from  Jibroua  roots;  spike  slender, 
dense,  2—4'  long,  usually  purplish  ;  spikelets  closely  imbricated,  3— 5-flow- 
ered;  awns  straight,  1—3'  glumes  5- veined.— Mountains,  Penn.  {Po7'ter) 
and  N, 


Page  810. 
413. 


For  other  species  of  this  genus,  see  Botanist  and  Flo- 


Add— 


Isoe^tes. 
rist,  p 

OPHIOGLOS'SUM.    Page  816. 

3  O.  palmatum  N.  Frond  palmately  lobed,  lobes  3 — 5,  much  longer  than 
the  several  (1 — 6)  spikes  which  arise  from  its  base ;  spikes  about  1'  long 
— S.  Fla.  {LeRoy,  Atistin). 

BOTRICHIUM.    Page  816.     Add- 

3a  B.  lanceolatum  Augst.  Frond  bipinnatifid,  closely  sessile,  triangular  in 
outline,  with  lanceolate  incised  segments ,  panicle  2 — 3-pinnate. — N.  J., 
Penn.,  to  L.  Sup.  (0.  B.  Wheeler).  Frond  3—8'  high.  In  bud.  the  sterile 
frond  is  recurved  its  whole  length,  covering  the  fertile  which  is  also  reclined 
{Davenport).  (See  Bulletin  Torr.  Bot,  Club,  Jan.,  1878,  for  a  diagnosis  of 
onr  species  by  their  different  modes  of  vernation.) 

Schizae'^a.  Page  817.  S.  pusilla  Ph.  has  recently  been  found  in  Nova 
Scotia  on  the  shores  of  Grand  Lake,  by  Miss  E.  O.  Knight. 

Ceratopteris  Brogn.  (Kepag,  a  horn,  TrTE'uq,  fern.)  Sporangia  very  thin,  sur- 
rounded by  a  broad,  articulated,  complete  ring,  with  longitudinal  veins ; 
spores  globous,  striate  with  angles.  Aquatic  ferns,  with  sterile  and  fertile 
fronds  different,  the  latter  covering  the  large  fruit  with  its  re  volute  edges. 
(May  be  added  to  page  823.) 

O.  thalictroides  Brogn.  Stems  in  tufts,  thick,  inflated  with  air-cells  ;  fronds 
succulent  in  texture,  the  barren  floating,  simple  or  slightly  divided  when 
young,  bi-  or  tripinnate,  with  linear  segments  when  mature,  the  fertile  bi- 
or  tripinnate,  ultimate  segm.  linear-subulate. — Along  the  St.  John's  R.,  Fla. 
[Le  Roy). 

POLYPO  DIUM.     Page  818.     Add— 

1  p.  Phyllitidis  L.  Fronds  lance-linear,  1 — ii  long,  thin  and  papery,  with 
the  fruit  dots  arranged  in  a  double  row  between  the  veinlets.^ — Grows  in 
Fla.  and  the  W.  Indies.    Cult. 

PTE^RIS.    Page  819.    Add— 

6  P.  Oretica  L.  Frond  pale-bright-green,  1—1  if  long,  smooth  ;  pinnate  ; 
pinna)  lance-linear,  the  lower  2  or  3-parted,  petiolulate,  the  fertile  longer 
and  linear. — Fla.  and  cult,  in  baskets. 

CHEILAN'THES.    Page  819.    Add— 

8  O.  microphyl'la  Swtz.  Rhizome  creeping  ;  stipe  2 — 6',  wiry,  flexuous, 
polished,  dark-brown,  frond  lanceolate,  bi-  or  tripinnate,  pinnae  many  oppo- 


ADDENDA. 


88S 


Bive?'?!."'"/'*^:  '"""  ««*«i;  «,,!  „.„di.h.  eo«a„eB..-St.  John', 
apei  i  stipe  polished  tajwn  H  .  "hl.-i,    ™"  «P'?'><'"ig,  often  rooling  at 

to  b«o,  o.Vb^noSi's.'sids'ran^i^u.srtrKi.TB^i^^^^^ 

ASPID'IUM.    Page  823.    Add- 
BRASE'HIA.    Page  219.     Add- 


LATIN   INDEX. 


#  » 


Th«  names  of  the  Natural  Orders,  and  of  the  hiffher  divisions,  are  in  Capitals, 
Synoiiyma  iind  Subgtnera  are  in  ItulicH.  Tlie  nunibera  inclosed  in  parentheses  refer 
also  to  Synonyms. 


Abelmosehui 270 

Abifs. CvJl 

Abuiilon 268 

Acacia 299 

ACHlyplm 629 

AOANTIlAOKiE....   KW 

Acaiitliolomon 5lK) 

Acer (287)  28.-) 

ACKrtAOEiE 285 

Aoenites   S9i 

Arff^a 60j 

AcUfllea 457 

Achyrantheae 616 

AcmeOtt 453 

Aciiiila 61S 

Acoiiitiira 211 

AcoriiB 6r0 

AJROlJKN.B 81t) 

Acrostichiim 818 

Actaaa   211,  212 

AutiiioinerU 450 

Acliiinipf.r mum 457 

M-Hii  600 

Aiteiiiti  iuin 261 

Ail3Mocaiilon 419 

Adiaiitiirn 8J0 

Alice 6.i7 

Ailtiimia 225 

Ailoiiis 205 

JE'iilopi      806 

if!^o|>o(liiim 388 

iKscliynomene 306 

^sLMilus 287 

vBthiisii 386 

A^apaiithus 712 

Ai/tith// 1  !<uii 474 

A({ave 694 

At;eratiiin 412 

Agriiuoiiia 337 

Ai^rosteinma 256 

A^'rostis a75-778)  774 

Ailauthiis 283 

Aira  .   .(79i),  791,  795)  790 

Airo/mH 790 

Aiax  693 

Alcea 266 

Ali'lieinilla .325 

Aletiis   697 

Alisma (677)  676 

AlilSMAOEiE 676 

Allium 711 

Allononm 819 

Alum 649 

AlopeciiniR 778 

AlDysia.... 5.39 

Al.<ine 259 

Althea  266 

Alyssiim 236  , 

AM  VRkNTAOK^..   616 

Amarintus (618)   617 

AM  ARYI.MD  ACK^  692 

AiiKiryllia 693 

Arabsrboa 466 

Ambroiia 443 


Amelanchier 329 

Amelliu 438 

Arainnthium 719 

Aramaiinia 349 

Ammi 387 

Ammophila 778 

Amor)>ha 315 

Aiiipt-lupsis 293 

Aiiiphiauthus 625 

Ampbicarpa^a 322 

Amphicarpum 784 

Arasoiiia  589 

AinyKdalese 325 

Amygdalug 329 

ANACARUIACEiE.   28;< 

Aiiacbaiig 679 

AiiaKallia SO.i 

Anautherix 694 

Andromeda 486 

AndropoKon 808 

Androface 503 

Anemone 202 

Anetbum 382 

AnKelica .WO 

AN(HU.SPEK.MjB...   199 

Anona 215 

AN()>fACEiE 215 

Annnymm 6.34 

Antennaria 461 

Antbemis 457 

A  nihopof/on 803 

Antboxantbum 789 

Anti^ramma 821 

Antirrbiniim 519 

Aiiyrhid...   (263)  262 

Apnrifia 470 

APETALiE 601 

Aphyllon 512 

Apios 320 

Apium 388 

Aplectrum 687 

APOUYNACE^....   588 

Apocynum 688 

ApoKOii 469 

Apogonia 807 

Apteria 680 

AQUIKOLIACEiE  ..  496 

Aqiiilegia 209 

Arabii 231 

ARAOEiE 667 

Aracbis .306 

Aralia    389 

ARAUACEiB :m 

Arbutwi 486 

Arc:<nngelica ,380 

A  rcbemora .380 

Arctium 468 

.\  rctostaphy ill* 485 

Arcyphj/Uum, 321 

Arenarirt....(260,  2i>l)  2,59 

Aretbuna 690 

.\rgemone 22.3 

Arisaama  668 

AWhUcU 719 


Aristoloehia 601 

ARISTOLOCHIACEiE, 
601 

Armeria il)8 

Armoracia 237 

Arnica 464 

Arrhenatherum 790 

Artemisia 459 

ARTOUARPACEiE.  634 

Arum 668,  669 

Anindinaria 800 

Arundo 778,  800 

Asarum 601 

AS(;i,EPIADACEiE.  690 

Ascleplas (594)  591 

Ascyrum 247 

Asimina 215 

AspHrngns 715 

AKphodelns 713 

Aspidium 823 

Asplenliim 820 

Anteraiitliimiim 716 

Aster (420-429)  420 

ASTEKOlDEiE 419 

Astilbe 371 

AKtrafcaluB 3i7 

Atfieropoi/on 805 

Alrni/ene 201 

Atiiplex (615)  614 

Atropa f)79 

Aiilajrtinthiis 786 

AUUANTIA(;RiE...  274 

A  vena (790,  791)  790 

Azalea,  (489).  Azolla. .  810 

Baccharis 439 

Haldwinia 456 

Hallota 555 

lialsamiflnae 375 

BAI.SAMINACEiE  .  2N) 

Uaptisia .301 

Barbarea 2.33 

Bartouia (368)  586 

Bnrtiia 532 

BASELLACK^E 611 

Batatus 671 

hattchia 561 

Befaria 491 

Begonia 366 

BEGUNIADEJi W6 

Bfjaria 491 

Bellis 429 

Benzoin 621 

BKRHKRlADAt'E^2l7 

j  Bcrlieiis 21" 

I  Berobcmla 291 

Herlniidiera 442 

I  lifriihurdia 813 

i  Beta 612 

1  Betula 618 

BKTUI.ACEiB 648 

I  Bidens 453 

BiKelovia 436 

'  BiRnoniii 513 

BIUXUNIACB.A...  6U 


Biotia 421 

Blepbilia 551 

Bletia 686 

Blitum 614 

Boobmeria 63T 

Boerbavia 603 

Boltonia 429 

Bonttia 343 

Borkhaufia 473 

BORRAOINACEiE.  658 

Borrago 659 

Borricbia 440 

Borya 600 

Botrychium 816 

Bonteloiia 805 

Boykinia .371 

Bracbycba'ta 4.'i0 

Bruchyelytrum 777 

Braeenia 219 

Brussicn 2.36 

Brickellia 415 

Briza 799 

BROMELIACEiE  ...  696 

Bromus 791 

Broiissiiigaiiltia 611 

Broiis.sor.jtiu 636 

Browallia 517 

Briii/niaiisia 581 

Bruiiellu 552 

Bryonia .364 

Bryopliyllnm 367 

Bryzoiiyrnm 798 

Bucbnuia !)'2& 

Bnckleya 622 

Bumt'lia 600 

Jiiiphlhnhiium 440 

Bupluiirniii .382 

Biiiniiinnia G80 

BUK-MANNIACKiE.  680 

Buxus 632 

Cabomlia 219 

CABOMBACEiE....  219 

Cacalla 462 

CMTACEiK 359 

Cactus 3.''9 

Cakile 239 

('alumaprobtiN 777 

Calatninlba 647 

(-alccolaria 517 

Calendula 465 

(.•alia 6<>9 

('ulliaftrvm 421 

C'alUcarpa 538 

( (iHiopsis 451,  452 

Cillirrhnii 267,  268 

Ciillislepbiis 429 

('AUJTRI(;HACEiE657 

Callitricbe 657 

(Talnplianes 534 

(?alopogon 690 

I'altha 208 

CAI,Y(".\NTHACK>E3J5 

Calycanthus 346 

Calycocarpum 217 


INDEX. 


887 


Cilymtnitt. 003 

Ciklyuy  ctioa bVA 

CmI  *  psio 0^ 

CftlynteKia 67H 

CbiN'Wtia 710 

Cninelina 2i; 

Camellia 2^3 

OAMBLiaA(;tt'.iB....  273 

Campanula (479)  478 

CAMPANUI.Aty'KvE.   478 

Camptonriu 822 

Canna 691 

Cannabis   KM 

CAPl'ARlDACKifi.    240 

Ciipraria 623 

CAPRIPOLIAC;^^.  393 

Capiella 238 

Capsicum 678 

Citrdamine (233)  230 

Oar(lio!«permiiia 2K8 

Cbrci'tiM 468 

Carex 747 

Carya 640 

Carphepliorus 412 

CarpinuM 648 

Carthamu      460 

Carum ;i89 

CABYOPHYLliACKifi. 
253 

OouKaniim 487 

OasNia »I0 

O.issiope 186 

Caitanea ; . . . ,  (J46 

Castileja Ml 

Catalpa ....  613 

Catananche 471 

Ciiulinin 673 

Caiilophyllum 218 

Ce^notliiis 291 

Ce:lronella 552 

CBI.ASrRAOICrB....   289 

Cel«,struii 2«a 

Celoxia 6lii 

Celtig 6;U 

Cenchrns '88 

Centaurea (466)  465 

Centiiitrrlln 68) 

Centro.sema 324 

Ceiituiiciilus 505 

Cephalantlius 401 

Ceranthertt 647 

Cerastium 267 

Cerasus (328)  326 

Oeratiola 639 

CBRATOPHYl.  LA- 
CK^    658 

Ceratoschoenus 745 

Cercis 301 

Ctruiit 782 

Ueieus 359 

ChaBiophylluiu 384 

Chmtoi-yper u»  ........  736 

ChamiBliriuiu 720 

Chaiuaerops 667 

Cliaptalia 475 

Cheilaiithes 819 

Cheininthiis 2;i2 

Cbelidonium 22.3 

Chelone 620 

Chtinopodina 616 

Clieio'xidium (614)  612 

CHK.VOPDDIAOKiB  611 

Chim»phila 494 

ChlogeneH 484 

Chiouiintluii 699 

Chironia 58,3,  684 

Chlorit 805 

Chrysanthemum 458 

Chrj/aeis 224 

Chry  sobalaneo) 326 

Chrysobalanus 326 

Ch  rydogonum 440 

(Thrysopsis  437 

Chrysosplenium 369 

Ohrusotfemma 452 

Chthiamia 696 

Cicer 303 

Ciclioracea 407 

Cichorium 469 

Civuta 386 

Otmieiruga (206)  211 

Oinchonea 399 

Cineraria 463 

Oinua ...  776 


Clreiea 366 

Ciritium 467 

Cimuii 29.1 

CISTACKiB 246 

ClHlopteris 822 

(;itiulluR 365 

Citrus 274 

Cladastrig 3UI 

Ciadium 746 

Clarkia 354 

(Maytoiiia 264 

ClemaliM 200 

CItfonie 240 

(/'lerodeudrum Ki9 

Cletlaa 492 

Clintonia 714 

Clitoria 324 

Cnicns (468)  466 

CnidoscoluH fSO 

Coccnius 217 

Cochlearia 237 

Coi.x 809 

Collinsia 621 

Collineonia 644 

(^olutea 319 

(^omandra 622 

Oomarum 342 

Commelyna 726 

COMMKIiYNACKiE.  726 

CO.MPOSITjE 400 

Comptouia 651 

CONIKKB.E 659 

Cunioxelinum 384 

Coniura 386 

Conobea 623 

Conoclinium 418 

Conopholis 612 

Conontylia 697 

CIoiivHllHria (715)  714 

(JONVULVUI..\(;KiE670 
Convolvulus..  (571,  4)  673 

(onyza (420,  440)  438 

Copionmatithua 701 

Coptis 208 

Corallorhiza 686 

(^orchorus 272 

Coreraa 6;19 

(Joreopsis (450,  4)  450 

Corirtiidrum 388 

CORNACEiB 390 

(^ornus 390 

(^oronilla 306 

(Jorydttlis (228)  226 

C'oiylug 647 

Coiythinm 092 

(!osmaiithus 666 

(y'ranicliis 688 

t/'rantziii 378 

CRASSULACEifi  ...  366 

Crateegus 330 

Crocus 7(X) 

Croomla 703 

Crotalaria 310 

Croton 630 

("rotonopsis 631 

CRUCIKKR^ 226 

CryphiiiCHuthus 635 

Ciypnu 775 

Crupta 263 

0RYPTO(}A.MIA....  810 

Cryptottenia 'tUti 

Cteninm 806 

t'ucumis 365 

Cucurbita 3t>5 

CUCURUITACEiE..  363 

Cunila 64;{ 

Cuphea 348 

CupresBus 663 

CUPULIFERiE 642 

Cuscuta 674 

CYCADACE.fi  665 

(;yca8 665 

Cyclamen 603 

l^ycloloma 612 

Cydonia 333 

Cymbidiuin 690 

(^ynara 465 

Cynarea: 465 

Cyiiodon 804 

(^yDOgloBsum 663 

Cly nonciadium 389 

Cynthia 470 

cVPERACE.(B 731 

Cyperus 732 


Cypi  ipediam 681  ' 

Cyrllirt 49;l 

(^yrilleie 492 

('yrtanlbera &:i6 

t;ytlgu8 312 

Dactylis 793 

Dacty  locteniura 804 

Dahlia 429 

I)iilea 316 

Dalibarda 841 

Dunthonia 790 

Daphne 623 

Daibya 623 

Varliiiytonia 299 

Dasyutoraa 629 

Datura 681 

Daucus 381 

Decumnria  374 

Delphinium 210 

Dentariii 230 

1  )(;gnianthns 299 

Desmudium 307 

Deutzia 374 

Diamorpha 368 

Viaitlhera 636 

Diantbus 264 

Diapensia 670 

Dinrihena 793 

Dicentra 225 

Dicerandra 646 

Dichondra 674 

Dichromena 742 

Dickisonia 820 

Dicliptera 635 

Dictamnus 282 

Vieh/t!  a 225 

Diervilla 396 

Digitalis 526 

Viaituria 781 

mlutris 696 

Diodia 402 

Diunaea 262 

Dioscorea 701 

DIOSl'OKEACEiE..  700 

Diogpy  1 08 6(X) 

Diphylleia 218 

Diploclinium 366 

l)iplopiippuH 427 

DlP.SAt'E.^ 406 

Dipsacus 405 

Dipicracunthus 534 

Dirca 62;j 

Discopleura 387 

Dodei-Htheon 60.3 

Dolichos (310)  323 

Doodia 820 

Draba 236 

DrHcocephalum 652 

Drosera 251 

DROSERACEiE 251 

Dryas 337 

Vuchemia 342 

Duiichium 732 

Dyeodia 464 

Eatonia 794 

EBENACEiE 600 

Echinacea 446 

Echinocyulis 363 

Echinodorus 676 

Kchiiiospermum 66.3 

Echiuni 659 

Echeveria 368 

Eclipta 440 

ELATINACEiB 263 

ElHtine 253 

KI,^A(iNACEiE  ...  623 

Kleagnus 624 

Kleocharis 73o 

Elephaiitopus 411 

Kleiisine 804 

Klliottia 492 

Ellisia 665 

Elodea 260 

Klymus 801 

Klvtiaria 61U 

Emilia 403 

K.MPETRACEiE....  638 

Empetrum 639 

ENDOUENiB 666 

Enxlenia 696 

EpidendrniB 691 

Epigaea 486 

Epilobium 350 

Epipbegue 611 


EQl'ISKTACEJl....  813 

K^lli^elum 813 

KrHgro.itis 796 

Krechtites 402 

Erianthus 807 

Erica 484 

ERICACEiE 479 

Kricineae 480,  484 

Erigciiia 384 

Erigeron 427 

Kriobotrya 329 

Eriocanlon (7.30)  729 

ERIOCAULONACE.t:, 
729 

Eriogonnm 6(14 

Eriophorum 'iO 

Erodium 277 

Ertum 3U5 

Eryngium 378 

Erysimum 2:i3 

Ery'.hrtpa 684 

Erythriiia 322 

Eryibronium "07 

FyKCallonia 373 

ENchscholtzia 224 

Euehronia 5."il 

Eulophus ;->5 

Euonynius Ifc9 

Enpatoriiiccic 412 

Eupato.'iiim 416 

Euphorbia 61:6 

EUPIIOKHIACEiE  .  624 

Euphrauia 633 

Eiiryhia 421 

Eustiichys 804 

Eutocha 6(^6 

Eutriana 805 

Euxoliis 618 

Euiiniiii 584 

EXOGENiK 199 

Falm ;-,03 

Kngoiiyrum 010 

KngiiH 646 

Fesiuca (798,  7'J9)  "193 

Kicn.s t);;5 

Kiliigo 401 

FIl.lCES 815 

Finibri.stjhs 741 

Firmiana 27 1 

Floerkea 281 

FLORlDEiE 676 

Fixdia 405 

Fwiiiculum .'.82 

Forestieni (MO 

Forsteronia 6h9 

For.sythia 609 

Folhergilla 375 

Fragaria 341 

Franhlinta 271 

Frasei  a 686 

Fraxinus 597 

Fritillaiia 709 

Fra'lichia 620 

FucbHia 354 

Fuirenit 736 

Funiarin 226 

FUMARIACi;.*:....  224 

Funkia 713 

Uaillardia 454 

(ialaciiiea; 4H),  496 

Ualactia c'23 

UalanthuH 694 

(Jalatella 419 

Oalax 496 

(iaieopsis 566 

Ualium b99 

GAMOPETALjE....  393 

(iaultheria 486 

Uaura 863 

GayluKKHcia 481 

Ueli-eminuin 616 

Genihta 310 

Gentiana 684 

(iENTIANACEiE...  682 
GEUANlACEiE....  276 

(ieraninm 276 

Gerardia 629,  6c0 

Geum 337 

(iilia 669 

Gillenia 346 

Gladiolus 700 

Glaucium 223 

Glaux 503 

UlMUUchiu 300 


biiti 


INDEX. 


(Hottldiura SIS 

ULUMIFKB/K 731 

<ilycorift 79rt 

Glyrin)! 'A'M 

Onaplmliiim 460 

Gomi'lireiitt 019 

Qsniolnmon BHU 

Goiir'iobiii 699 

C.odyera «89 

(iordunia 273 

<io«sypium 271 

OKAMINKyK 770 

(IRAMINOlDKiti...  731 

(irutioU !>Zi 

(!KOSSUI,ACKyK...  300 

Oymnaileiiin 6H2 

Uyninooliidiis 3Uj> 

Oymiiopojfoii W)3 

<JYMN().sPI'.KM.«:..   659 

(JyniiidropsiH 210 

HifiMODURACKyE.  09<i 

Hiileiiia AMi 

Hiile!(ia 499 

HAMAMKLAC'KiB..   37-« 

lliiniiinifli.s 375 

Uiimilloiiia 622 

Iledeuiiia 644 

Hedfia 390 

IleUyiith 403,  404 

Ilcdynrtriira 307 

Helfiiium (456)  455 

Helianthellii 450 

Heliaiitlieraum 246 

Uuliaiithiis 447 

Ilelichrysiim 462 

Ili'Iiopli^-tiim 659 

Ileliopsis 445 

llelioscindiiiin 3M6 

Heliotropium 559 

llulleboius 209 

Heloiiias 719 

Humerocnilis 713 

Bemitmthus 625 

Hcniiciiipliii 740 

Ilepaiica 204 

Hei acleiim 379 

Jlermiime 69,  i 

Herniariit 26.S 

Heipestis (525)  62:5 

Hespeiis 23l 

Iletcranthera 721 

H'-tiromeris 246 

llcterotheca 437 

H^-  iolicra 3(2 

Uibiscii8....(270,  271)  269 

Hicraciiim 410 

liierochlon 789 

HippocastaneK 287 

Hippopha; 624 

Hippiiris 358 

Holous 789 

Uoiikcnya 261 

Hordeiira 801 

Hottuiiia 501 

Hoii8tunia 402 

Hoya 69iJ 

Ilndsonia 246 

Hnmnliis 638 

Hyaeiii.hus 712 

HydrniiKea 373 

Hydrastis 212 

liyOKOCHARIDACEiB 
679 

Bydroeharis C79 

IlydrorMoa 774 

HydrofOtyle 377 

HyUolea 666 

HudropeUU 219 

HVUROPHYLLAOEjE, 
663 

Hydrophyllnm 664 

Ilygiophila 535 

UlimtiiornUis 693 

Uvmeiinpappiis 455 

Hyosc-yamu!: G80 

UurfiriK 470 

HYPKRKJACEiE..  .  246 

HypeiiciMn 247 

Hypobiieliia 350 

Uypoporum 747,  774 

Hypoxlb 695 

Bypti» Ml 

Hysdopus (551)  645 

tlMriii 238 


Iclodm 669 

IleJi 496 

I  llecelii'ineie 253 

Illklum 213 

llynanthiit 524 

Inipatiens 280 

IndlKorera 319 

Inula 438 

lodaiitlms 229 

Ipomii-a (571)  672 

Iftomoimi 670 

Ireslne 619 

IRIDACKie 697 

Ms 697 

iNanthiig 612 

Uatis 23C 

Imivdia 365,  356 

iHoetcB 810 

IsolepU 741 

If'.opiippug 4'i7 

Isopyrum 208 

Ilea 273 

Iva 443 

Ixia 700 

JASMINACE^ 696 

Jasmiiiiini 696 

Jiitrnphu 630 

.leffersoiiia 218 

JUC.LANDAOEiE  ..  640 

JiiKlnns 640 

JL'NlJACKiE 722 

Jiiiicagineie 676 

Jiiiicua 723 

tluiiiperug 663 

Jii.sHiH-a 351 

Jiisiicin 636 

Kiillsticemia 2H) 

Iviiimla 484 

Kenirt 345 

K«>Ieila (795)  793 

lvo>teletzkya 269 

KiiKia (470)  469 

Kuhiila (417)  415 

ICylllnKla (741)  735 

I,AUlATiE 639 

I.al)ialiflor» 475 

Ltibrcta 259 

Ijiibiirnum 311 

liachnocatilon 730 

Laria 658 

liacimmheg 696 

Iiiictiica 473 

I.ii^enaria 364 

i.iiM:>''rstr(Bm!a 348 

I.iiiiiium 655 

Lainpsaua 469 

Liintiina 638 

Liipaihum 605 

Lapilhaa 683 

Lapoi'tea 637 

liKppa 468 

litirix 662 

F.iilhvnis  Wi 

LAURACE^ 6:!0 

LauruK 620,  621 

Lavandula 641 

Lavatera 2(57 

lieavenworthia 232 

liecliica 245 

Lfcontia 669 

Ledum 491 

Leersia 773 

LK(;UMlNOSiE 296 

Leiophylhira 492 

Leipocarplio. 7-tl 

Lemiia 670 

Lenmacea; 670 

LENTIUULAOEiE..  609 

Leonotig 668 

Leonlice 218 

Leontodon . , . , .   .(473)  470 

Leonui'ui 657 

Lepacliyg 447 

Lepidlniu 238 

Lrptnndra 627 

LeptatilhuK 722 

Leptocanlig 386 

Leptocliloa 803 

Leptopoda 456 

Leptiinig 801 

I<ep(iropetalon S73 

Leipedcita S09 

Lenciinthemnm 468 

Leneiui M7 


Leuoiijiin) 695 

Lfiirothoe 48H 

LiatriH (4.2)  413 

.iKiiHticnni :i8'> 

IjiK'istrnm SAO 

LlLIAt'KiB 7>6 

liilinm 707 

LIMNANTUACE/J..  281 

Lininanthemum 687 

Litn  nobiiim 679 

LimnocMoa il^ 

liimogella 525 

UNACE^ 275 

tnaria Slri 

lAnilnrniu 524 

Liniiwa,  (393).LIniim,  276 

LIpaHs 688 

Llpocarpha 741 

Lippia   (539)  f^ 

liiqnidanibar 375 

iiirlodendroii 216 

Listera 688 

Lilhugperraiim. ..(662)  661 

LOASAUEiE 368 

Iiobelia 476 

L(>liELIA(;Kifi; 476 

LOOAMACE^ 614 

lioi.-ii-leuria  489 

Loliiim 802 

Iionicera 394 

Lo))bantliu8 651 

Lopliiola 696 

Lopospliermiim 619 

LoRANTllACEiB  ..    ;21 

Liidwigia 354 

Lunaria 2''<6 

Liipinng 311 

Luziila 722 

LyclinJB 257 

Lyclum 581 

LYv'Ol'ODlACEiE,.  Ml 

Lycopodium 811 

Lycopsis 5t)0 

Lycopin 643 

Lycospersicnni 676 

Lygodesmia 473 

Lygodlum 817 

Lyonia 695 

Lysimachia 604 

lA'THRACEiB 348 

Lythrum 349 

Macbridea 654 

MacUiiB 635 

Maoranlhera 528 

Marroli/a 21 1 

.MAli>OLlA 21.) 

Magnoliacese 1^13 

iliihnnia 218 

Mnjantliemum 715 

3l(iltixis 68; 

Mnlva (269)  266 

Jlal  vaceac 265 

MalvavisciiB 2()8 

Mamroillaria .S60 

Manisnins 804 

MAKANTAOEiE. ...  691 

Maiiscns (734,  735)  732 

Minrnbiiim 557 

MnriibHllia 457 

Maihilea 810 

MARSILEACEiE  ...  MO 

Marlynia 614 

Maiiita 457 

Mati'icnria 458 

Matlliiola 2:9 

Manrandia 519 

.Mayaca 7i8 

MeconopgJR 22:{ 

.Medeola 705 

.Medicago 313 

Melainpyrnm 633 

MELANTIIACE^..  717 

Mplaiitbera 444 

Melantbliim 717 

MELASTOHACK.£..  347 

Mulia 275 

MELIAOEiB 275 

Melica 795 

Melilotiis 314 

UeliHga 548 

MeloractuB .160 

Mrlothria 964 

MEMSPRKMACBiB  216 
Mviiispermnin 216 


Mentha 542 

Meiitlelia 35fl 

Mcnyantliet 587 

MenzleHia ....  4^9 

.Moi'tennia 562 

.ME.SKMHRVA<:Ei«.  265 
Mehenibiyanthemtitn..  269 

MfupHui XM 

.Miriantliemum 629 

JUirronirria 644 

MioioHtylJg 6^7 

.Mikanla 418 

.Mllliiira (784)  783 

.Mimosa 2U8 

Mimiiliig 522 

.MiiablllR 602 

.Mitchella 401 

.Mitella 369 

Mitieola 615 

.Modiola 2»i7 

Mipiirli  ill y,  I 

Mtrrini/in 259 

.Mollngo 263 

Muliivcclla 655 

Momnrdica 3ii4 

.M  onarda . .    e.'iO 

JUoiiaidtlla 646 

.M  oneseg 494 

ilonocera 806 

Moiiotiopa .(496)  ■•'J5 

Mionotropeo! (495)  itO 

.Montelia 619 

.Moius 6.54 

Mnlilenbergia 776 

.Muti.siacea) 407 

.Mnlgedium 474 

.Miisciiri 712 

Mylocarium 493 

.Myosotis 6l>2 

•Myosinug 208 

Myrica 058 

.MYKKJACEA" 0,^0 

Myrlophylluni 357 

.MYRTACEiB 346 

.Myitns 346 

Niibulug 471 

NAIADACE^ 672 

Nnjag 672 

Napuja 267 

Narcissus 693 

NHi'dosraia 419 

Narthecium 722 

Nasturtiimi i'Ji 

Naumbiirgia 604 

Nt'Kiindo i.H7 

nelu.mi!Ia(;e^...  219 

Nelumbium 220 

Nemastylis 699 

Neinopanlhes 497 

Nemopliila 565 

Xepcta 651 

Nerium 690 

Nesa>a 349 

Nenrophyllum 387 

Nieandia 578 

Nicoliana 681 

Nierembergia 680 

Nigella 209 

Nolina 710 

Nuphar 220 

Niitlallia 267 

NYCTACJINACEiE..  602 

NY.Ml'HyEA 220 

NY.MPU^ACEiE...  i2(» 

Nyssa  392 

(kikenia 6:)9 

Ubione 619 

Obolai'ia 687 

Oboliscaria 44? 

Uciraum 641 

CEnanIhe 380 

(Knollifia 362 

Oldeulundiu 403 

Olea (600)  699 

()LEACE.(E 697 

ONAORACEiE a.W 

Onoclea t23 

Onopordon 467 

Oiiosmodium 660 

Opliioglossum 816 

Ophiorhiaa 616 

Ophry$ 687 

Oplismeuus 787 

Upuntia 359 


INDEX. 


Sb'J 


nlt(;iIIDACR.« 680 

Oicliiii (683-«8S)  6t»2 

OriKHnum M7 

OiiiiiliuK>il»n> 7IU 

OltOltANCUACUifi.  611 

Oiit'iimcht 612 

Oiontium 6iU 

C)i  yzt 77:J 

Ory/.i)|miK 'M 

Osiii'iiitliiis &')9 

Osiniiiliiut .HK) 

OHmiiiiila 81' 

Osliya 6»7 

OXVI.IDACKiE 279 

<>xit\i» 271J 

Oxylmphiis 6aT 

Oxycoeciis 4KJ 

Oxydemlrura 488 

Orydnnia 8(« 

Oxyrin 604 

PiiL-liyiaiidra 6.'12 

PiBDiiia 212 

fstipalHiitlius 729 

}'iiliii'it.iia 465 

r.VLMAUK^ 666 

Paimx 390 

Pniicratium 692 

Pttiiicum (787)  784 

Papa  vet-  224 

PAPAVERACEiB...  222 

Piiriliinthua 700 

Parietaria 638 

Purnusiiia 262 

I'lirnasHieie 262 

Paronychia 262 

Pai'theiiiuoi 442 

Paspaliim 7HI 

Passifloift 36:1 

PASSIKI.ORACEiE.  362 

Pa.stiimca 379 

Paulo wnia 622 

Pavia 288 

Pavoni-i 269 

PEDALIACEiE 614 

Pediculari ^2 

Pelargonium 277 

Peltaiidra 668 

Ptiitalophu$ 661 

I'enthoriim 368 

Pentaiemon 620 

Pfplis 360 

Periploca 691 

PeristyUu 684 

Persea 620 

PerBica 328 

FBTALIKER^ 666 

Petalostemon 316 

Peliliiim 709 

Pftiuseliiium 388 

Petunia 680 

Phaca 317 

Phacelia 666 

Phalangiain 710 

Phalaris (786)  789 

Pharbitii 671 

Phaseolus 321 

Philadelphiu 374 

Philipaa 612 

Phleiim 779 

Phlomis 655 

Phlox 66" 

PhoradendroD 621 

Photinia 329 

Phragmites 800 

Phrynia 638 

Phyllanthus 631 

Physnlis 678 

Pbysostegia 664 

Phytolacca 610 

PUYTOLACCACEiE  610 

Pilea 637 

Pimpinella 388 

Pinckneya 401 

Pinguicula 609 

Finns (661,662)  659 

PiptiUhenim 781 

Pisnm (304)  303 

Pistia 671 

Pilrheria 321 

PITTOSPORACEiE.  285 

Pittosporum 286 

Planera 633 

PLANT AGINACEiB  fiOfi 
Plwitago soa 


PliATANAORiR....  tao 

Platanlhera b8:i 

PlatanuH 640 

rieea 7-0 

Pluchea i.VJ 

PI.t'MliAUINACEJi:  607 

I'luinUagu 608 

Poa (796,  799)  796 

Podophyllum 218 

PODOSiKMIACEiE.  65; 

I'oiloRtemiiin 667 

Pudohtignia 694 

I'oKonia 69() 

I'olaniHia 2-.I 

Pol.E.MONIACEifi..  667 

I'olenioniiiin 669 

PolyanthfH 694 

I'olycarpon 262 

Polygala iOl 

Pol.yOAI.ACEie..,  29:< 

p»):,Y(i(>NAi;Ei*:...  603 

KolyKoiiatnm 714 

Polygonella 606 

Polygonum 607 

Polymnia 440 

Polypodium 8U! 

I'olypoKon 777 

Polypremum 616 

Poiyplciis 455 

I'olyla-nia 379 

Pontederia 721 

pontederiacea;  721 

Pnpniiis 655 

rortnlaca 264 

PORTULACACEiE..  2t)3 

Potamoitelon 673 

i'otentilla 342 

Poterium 326 

I'lithot 669 

I'rtiianthet (471)  473 

Primula 602 

I'UIML'LACE^ 601 

Prinos 497 

Prioncpsis 437 

Prosartes 716 

I'roserp'iiaca 367 

Prunella 652 

Prunus (326)  327 

I'xnmma 778 

Psilocarya 742 

Psilontemon 860 

Psilotum 813 

Psoralea 314 

Ptelea 28,) 

Pteris 819 

Pterocaulon 439 

Pterospora 496 

Piilmouaria 562 

Fithadlla 202 

Pnnica 346 

Pycnantbemum 645 

I'l/i'ieus 732 

P'yrelhrum 469 

I'yrola 493 

Pyroleae 493,  480 

Pyrrhopappus 473 

I'yrularia 622 

Pyrus 332 

Pi/xidanthera 670 

Qiiumoclit 671 

Qufltia 693 

Uuercus 642 

RANUNCULACEiE.  200 

Ranunculus 206 

Raphanui 240 

Hehniilem 795 

Kcseda 241 

KESKDACEiE 241 

KHAMNACEiB 290 

Rlianiims 290 

Kheum 604 

Rhexia 347 

KhinanthuB 632 

Rhododeudroii...(489)  490 

lihedora 491 

Rhus 2Xi 

Rhynchosia 320 

Rhynchospora...(746)  743 

RhynchosporeK 731 

Rhytiglossa 636 

Ribes 360 

RIchardia 669 

Ricinus 630 

Riviiitt     610 


Rnbinia 319 

liwhtlia 663 

Rosa 333 

ROSACBiE 324 

Rosmarinui 660 

RottbcEltIa (807)  806 

Ronlileva 614 

RUXUL'KUHIACE,^. 

703 

Rubia 401 

RUHIACEiC 398 

Rubiis 339 

Kndlieekia (447)  445 

liutlliii 531,  536 

Rumex (604)  606 

Ruppia 673 

Rula 282 

RlTACEiE 281 

Sabal 64)6 

Sabbatia 58:i 

Saccharum 807 

Sugeretia 292 

Sagina 260 

Sagittaria 677 

SAI.IOA(JEi£ 651 

Salicornia 615 

Salisburia 664 

Salix 661 

Salsola 616 

Salvia 648 

Salvinia 811 

Sambiicus 396 

Siimolus 606 

Sangiiiiiaria 222 

Sanguisorba 326 

Saiiiciila 378 

SANTA  LACE  a; 622 

sAPlNDAUEiE 287 

Sapinlus 288 

Sapor  aria 264 

SAPOTACEiE 600 

Sariucenia 221 

SARRACENIACEjE  221 

Sast^Hfras 620 

iSatureJa 546 

HAURURACEiE....  656 

Saururus 657 

.Saxifraga 370 

SAXII'RAGACEiE..  369 

Scubiosa 406 

Scandix (384)  383 

Scariosi 426 

Schenchzeria 678 

richizandra 216 

SCHIZANDRACE^  216 

Schizaea 817 

Schizanthus 517 

Sclia>nocauloD 719 

Sehueuun 744,  746 

Suliollera 722 

Schrankia 299 

Schwalbea 632 

Schweinitziu 496 

Scilla.  710 

Scirpeae 731 

Scirpus (742,  7U)  738 

Scleranthus 263 

Scleria 746 

Sclerolepis 412 

Scolopendrium 822 

Scropbularia 520 

SOROPHUIiARIACE^, 

616 

Scutellaria 652 

Secale 803 

Sedum 367 

Seliiginella 812 

Sempervivum 368 

Senebiera  239 

Senecio (462)  463 

Senecionide 439 

Sentera 595 

Sericocarpus 419 

Sesamnm 514 

Sesbaiiia 316 

Sesnvium 264 

Setaria 788 

Sey meria 529 

Sliepherdia 624 

Sibbaldia 343 

Sicyos 364 

Sida 268 

Silene 256 

iUlphlum '442)  441 


RInapli 234 

.Si»«ii 386 

Sisjmbrium (228)  2Xi 

Sisy  rinchium t;>/J 

■"<i"m (3B6)  ;!87 

SMILAIE/E 701 

SmilHcina 71a 

Smilax 701 

SOl.ANAl  E/E 676 

Solniinm 6(6 

><ole» 245 

Solidligo 4r.O 

Sollva 460 

Soiichus 474 

Sorghum ^08,  H/J 

SPADICIKI.OK.'E...  616 

Spargaiinfthoruf 412 

Sparganum 672 

Sparlina, HI5 

Sperularia 4'i9 

Speigtila 261 

Spergularia 261 

Spetmacuce 402 

Spigelia 515 

Spilan(lie$ 454 

Spinacia 616 

Spirsa 343 

Spiranthes 689 

Sporobtilus 776 

Sprekelia 691 

StachvH 656 

StHpelia 696 

^taphylea 289 

Statice 608 

Stellaria (269)  258 

Stenanlhiuni 719 

Stenotaphrum 807 

Sterculia 271 

STKKUt'LIACEiE  ..  271 

Stillingia 6^9 

Stipa (781)  780 

Stipaces 771 

Stipulicida 262 

Stokcaia 411 

Streptopns 715 

Strophioi'ti/iiii 322 

Struthiopteris 818 

Stuartia 273 

StylipuB 338 

Stylinma 574 

Slylophorum 224 

Stylosanthes  306 

SiYRACACEiE 498 

Styrax 499 

Subularia 2:8 

Sullivantitt 372 

Siceitiu 687 

Hyena 728 

Symphoricarpus c94 

Symphytum 560 

Symplocarpus 669 

Symplocob 499 

8y  nandra 554 

Synthyria 526 

Syplionicliia i63 

Syrinpa ^..  098 

Tagetcs (454)  466 

Talinum 264 

Tanacetum 459 

Taraxacum 473 

TAXACKiE 664 

Taxodium 603 

Taxus 664 

Tecoma ;i3 

Telauthera (JI9 

Tephrosiu sig 

TetragonoUuca 445 

Tetrauthera 62I 

Teucrium 541 

Thalia (;91 

Tbalictrum (103)  204 

Thapida £83 

Thnspium £82 

Thuja 662 

Thiniburgia 534 

TUYMl-a.ACEiE....  623 

Thymus 647 

ThyonaiithiiK 320 

TUyrsanella 6(l« 

Tiarella 370 

Tiedmamiia 380 

Tigridia 69» 

Tilin 278 

TIUACK^iE 271 


840 


INDEX. 


niltea 367 

rillitndHia 695 

'ripiilitriu 686 

TuUvldU 72U 

T'Tieya 664 

'r<)iii'iiefortia &58 

Tinilt'scnntiit 727 

Trm.'i'» 629 

TiiitfopnKoii 470 

Trniitvetlei'ia 2(M 

Trupooiirpus :)89 

Trihiilan 2M0 

Trli'hfloBtyliH 741 

Trirhorhloii 777 

'rt  irhophorutn 740 

TriolioKtumma 542 

Trictispis 7'J2 

TrieiitalU 6U3 

Trifolium 312 

TiiKlooliin 678 

TUII.MACKiB 704 

Trillium 704 

Triusieiim 393 

Trtplioru 690 

Triplasis 793 

Tripiiitcum 806 

Trisetura 791 


Trltioum 802 

Trolliu» '.Oe 

THOVMOLACKM...  280 

Trupa-olum 281 

Troximoii 473 

TiihulinoriD 410 

Tiilipn  707 

Tiirneru 362 

Tl  KNKRA(;Kit:....  362 

Turrllin 229 

TiiKNiliiKu 419 

Typlm   671 

TYl'HACEi*: 671 

L'dorn 679 

LI.MACE^ 632 

L'Iniim 632 

U.MHKI.IFEKiE 376 

L'nloln 800 

Vrachne 781 

I'rnlepiN 792 

Liiicrt (637)  6^"6 

LKTICACE^ 63() 

Utricularitt fi09 

Uvaria 216 

UvulRritt 716 

Vttcviutice 480 


VHCcininm (484)  481 

VHchellia 299 

Valeriana 404 

VAI.KKIANACKiG.   404 

Valeriaiiella 409 

Valliiiieria 679 

Veratrum 718 

Vui'baBciim 618 

Verbena 637 

VKUUENACKiK....  63«) 

VerboHiiia (460)  464 

Vernoiiia 410 

Veronica 6:6 

VeHicaria ZVt 

Vicia 304 

Victoria 221 

ViKiia 320 

Villa 776,  776 

Vilfartia 687 

Vinca 689 

Viola 242 

VI<)I,A(;E^ 241 

ViKiBiiia 600 

VlTACKiK 292 

Vitex..(639)..Vllis...  292 
Waldstttiuia 341 


WarM 234 

Windtoria ;Vi 

WiBtaria 320 

Woodiiia 822 

Woodwardia 8U) 

Xaiilliium 444 

XHiilhoxyluin 1>2 

Xeriiiillitniiim 462 

Xeiupliylliiin 719 

Xyloeteoii 394 

XYHlDAt  Kit VJi 

XyriH ^28 

Yucca 709 

Xaiinichellia 673 

XHiitliorriza 209 

Xupun  ia 638 

/ea ^06 

XeiiiMii 487 

ZepliyrHiilliUH 193 

ZiKH(tenii8 717 

Ziiiiiiii 444 

Zizaiiia 773 

Zizia (382)  ;i83 

Zoriiia :',06 

ZoBiera 673 

ZYUUFUYLLACE.f!  2)9 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  POPULAR  NAMES. 


Abele 656 

Acacia 299 

Acaiithads   KU 

Adam-iind  Eva 687 

Adder's-tongue 816 

AKrimoiiy 337 

Albany  Beechdrops . .  496 

Aider 649 

Allseed 262 

Almond 329 

Aloe 694 

Alpine  Bistort 609 

Alum-root 372 

Alyssum 2:«,  236 

Amaranths 616,  617 

Amiiryllids 692 

Amarylliil 693 

Ameiican  Centaury..  M3 

American  Laurel iSl 

Anemone 20i,  20i 

Ancelica 3SJ,  ;«1 

An','elicaTree 389 

Ani?alico 381 

Anise. 38S 

Anonads 215 

Apet  ilous  Plants 601 

Apple 3;12 

Apple  Haw 3U 

Appleof-Peru 578 

AppluofSodom  578 

Apricot 3ir,  3-8 

Aralirtds :589 

Arbor-vitiB 6  52 

.\roiil3 6J7 

Arroworts 691 

Arrow-grass 678 

Arrowhead 677 

Arrow- wood    3i)7 

Articlioke 418,  465 

Artocarps 6U 

Asdepiads 51tJ 

Ash   .W 

Ash-maple 287 

Asparagus 7 15 

Aspen    653 

Asphodsl 713 

Aster I2)-Ii; 

Ai  terwort* 41)3 

Atamasco  Lily ((93 

Auricula ,102 

Aven-i  ...    ;B7 

Awlwort 238 

A&ile'i   489 

■iichelor's-button,  465,466 
Balloon  Vine 288 


Balm S48, 655 

Balmof-Oilead 666 

Balsaniine 280 

Baneberry 212 

Banyan 636 

Barley 801 

Barn-yard  Grass 787 

Basil 645,  648 

Bass-  wood 272 

Bastard  LoosuNtrit'e.. .    364 

Bastaril  Toadtlax 622 

Matli-llower  705 

Bayberry 650 

Bay  (ialls 620 

Beach  Pea 304 

Beach  Plum 327 

Bean  Caper .-..    279 

Bearberry 485 

Beard  Urass 779,  808 

lieard  -tongue  620 

Bear's  Orass 709 

Bear's- Thread 709 

Beaver  Tree 214 

lioistraw   399 

Beech 646 

Beech -drops 496,  511 

Beet 612 

Beetle- weed  495 

Beggar-ticlts   im 

Begoniads .366 

Bellwort 716 

Bell  worts  478 

Bengal  Urass...    788 

Bent  Urass 774 

Berberlds 217 

Berberry 217 

Bermuda  Urass 804 

Big  Laurel 214 

Bilbe iry 482 

Bina-weed....670,  673,  609 

Birch   648 

Birchworts 648 

Hird-clawMoBS 813 

Bird's-nest 495 

Birth  wort.... 601 

Bishop's-cap .370 

Bishop-weed 387 

Bitter  Cress..., 2;iO 

Bitter-nut 641 

Bitter-sweet .'577 

Bizarre    254 

Black  Alder 498 

Mliickherry ,3.39 

Blaokhaw .398 

Black  Hoarhound....  555 


Black  Mom 696 

Black  Nightshade. ..   577 

Black  Oat  Urass 780 

Black -root 439 

Black  Saltwort 603 

Black  Snake-root....   211 

Black  Thorn 328,    330 

Bladder  Kern 822 

Bladder  Ketmia 269 

Bladdernui 289 

Bladder  pod 237 

Bladder  SenuB 319 

Bladder  wort 609 

Blazing-star 413,  'i.O 

Blessed  Thistle 466 

Blite 614 

Blood-root 222 

Bloodworts 696 

Blueberry 481,  48;^ 

Blue-curls 642,  652 

Blue-dangles 461 

Blue-eyed  Urass 699 

Blue  Flag 69.- 

Bine  (rrass 797 

Blue-hearts 528 

Blue-joint  Urass 778 

Blue  Palmetto 667 

Bluets 402 

Bog  Rush 746 

itoneset 416,  417 

Bonnet  Urass 774 

Borrage 569 

Borrageworts 558 

BottleUracs 788 

Bouncing  Bet 266 

Bowman's    root 345 

Box-berry  486 

Box  Klder 28; 

Boxwood 632 

Brake 819 

Bramble 239 

Bridal  Rose ,340 

Broccoli 2.35 

Bromeliads 69.i 

Brooklime ,5;.'7 

Broom  Corn 809 

Broom  Grass 791,  809 

Broom-rape 612 

Bryony .364 

Kuck-Bean 587 

Buckeye 287,  2H8 

Buckthorn TOO 

Bnck wheat 610 

Buckwheat  Tree 493 

Biigl)ane Dll 


Bugle-weed 643 

lingloss 669,560 

Bull  rush 722,  7:8 

Burr  Dock 4ti8 

Burnet, 328,  X<y 

Burning  Bush.. . . 289,  ^90 

Burr -flower 664 

Burr  Urass 788 

Burr  Marigold 463 

Burr  Reed 672 

Burr-seed 668 

Bush  trover 309 

Bush  Trefoil 307 

Button  Bush 40I 

Bnltoiiwood 640 

Bnttei  cups 206,  i07 

Butterfly  weed 693 

Butternut 640 

Butterweed 404 

Butterwort J(;9 

(Rbbiige i;<5 

("Hctus ,«tio 

CalnbHsh SM 

Cale 235 

t'alaminth 647 

(Calico  Bush 465 

t.'aiifornia  Poppy 224 

(Hniellias 1:73 

Calypso 686 

Campion 266,  257 

*/'antida  Thistle 4(J8 

Canary  Crei  per 18I 

I'nnary  (Jrai-s 789 

(Jaiidluberry tso 

Candytuft ^03 

Cane 8(jo 

Canterbury  Bells 479 

(.'aper  Spurge 626 

Cappnrids 240 

Ca|)(i('hin rg| 

(Jaraway 289 

Cardinal  flower 476 

Ciirdoon 466 

('arnatioii 264 

Cat  pet  Cress £39 

(■:arpet  Weed i63 

Carrion -flower 703 

Carrot ?.81 

CassenaTea  ..   497 

Castor  oil  Plant 6.30 

Catalpa 613 

Catch  fly ?i56 

Catoh-fly  Grass 773 

Catgut .'"8 

Catnep £61 


INDEX. 


HI 


Cut-tall 871 

Cnuliiiowar 23S 

*  ^Hy ctin«  Kappar fi7H 

reclur 863 

('-oUnUine 223 

«;«lery 3«8 

4;eiittiry  Plant 694 

(^liiiffMi-tt S:S2 

4'liitniomile 4S7 

Cliiute  Tree 539 

VhtM 791 

«;heekerl)erry 48(> 

4'heM()podH 611 

♦niBiry 326,  ;cr7 

<;iierry  LHurel 326 

<;ii»-H« 791 

(^liestiiut 6»ti 

Cliick  l'e» sat,  301 

Chick  wted 257,  25« 

(.'liii'k  Wlntergreeii. ..  803 

<'liinn  Atiter 429 

<Milni|Uiipin 640 

Cliokeberiy 333 

(Jhoke-clierry 3-6 

('iiiiiAmnn  r'urn 817 

<;inqiief.>ll 342 

Oitruii  'I'roe 275 

Oiveo 712 

Oliiiy 549 

CluHveiH 399,  4(KI 

<MlrabiiiK  lioiieset. . . .  418 

<7litiibiiii;  Fern ^^17 

l/'liiitoiiiii 714 

Clot  (iriiBS 7''^ 

Clot-wecJ 444 

4:loiiil-burry 340 

Clover 312 

Club  Moss 811,  812 

ClubKiish 738 

Cock'acorab 322,  616 

Cocksjitir  Urass 787 

Cocoa  Plum 326 

4;oflee  Heiin 303 

Coffee  Tree 300 

Coliosh 218 

Colic-root 697 

Colocynth 366 

Colls-foot 419 

t-'oliimbiiie 209 

Coltimbo 686 

Conifrcy 660 

Cone-Hower 445 

Conifers 659 

Coral-root 686 

Corn-cockle. 256 

4;oriander 388 

4.'ornels 390 

Corn  Flag 700 

4;ornel 391 

Cotton  (irass 740 

Cotton  Plant 271 

Cotton  Rose 461 

4/oiton  Thistle 467 

i-'otton  Tree 655,  656 

4;on  1  Grass 802,  K03 

4'ow  'dine 380 

4/"ow  -wheat 533 

Crab  (irass 783 

4;rabTree XVi 

4;runberry 48! 

l^raiie's-bill 270 

Ciape  Myrtle 348 

Cieepiug  Qreenheud. .  403 

Cress 228,  232,233 

t-'rest-flower ,  690 

4;roc»s 700 

4,'ross  Vine 613 

Crowberry 638,  639 

Crowfoots 200,  205 

Crowubeard 454 

Crown  Imperial 709 

Oucifers 220 

4;uckoo-flower 2;^! 

tyiicumber 364-360 

Cucumber  Tree 214 

Cucurbits 363 

Cudweed 460,401 

(Jul  ver'H  Physic 627 

Clip-plant 442 

Cupseed 217 

(/urrants 360 

Cut  (irass 773 

4'ycHdes   66") 

Cypress 663 


Cyprtss  Vine 671 

Daffodil 693 

Dablia 429 

Dahoon 49i' 

Daisy 419 

Dandelion 469,  4; 3 

Daplinads 62.< 

Darnel  (irasi 8ii: 

Day  l.ily 713 

Deadly  Nightshade..  579 

Deerberry ixi 

Deer-Kruss 347,  774 

Deer's-toiigue 413 

Devil's  bit 4(W 

Dewberry 339,  .340 

Dew  Urass 774 

Dill :482 

Ditch  (irass 673 

Dllch  Moss 679 

Dittany 643 

Dock 605 

Dockraackie 397 

Dodder 674 

Dogbam 688 

Dogwood....  284,  390,  391 

Dragoiihead K)'2 

Dragonroot (kW 

Drop-flower 471 

Dropseed  (irass., .776,  776 

Dry  Strawberry .341 

l>ucknieat 670 

Dutch  Myrtle 650 

Diitchman'M-breeches.  225 

Dtitchman'B  Pipe 602 

Dwarf  Dandelion 469 

Dwarrpiiik 402 

Dyer's-broora 310 

Dycr'sweed 241 

Kardrop 225,  354 

Kbonads 600 

Kel  Crass 679 

Kixg  Plant 678 

Kglaiitine 335,  'XVt 

Kgyptian  (;alla 6<)9 

Kgyptian  Urass 804 

KUier 3116 

Klecampane 4'AS 

KIcphant'H-ears 36ti 

Klephaiit's-lbot 411 

Klin,  Klmworts..  632,  633 
Enchanter's       Night- 
shade    ."iSO 

Endive 400 

Riidogens OOii 

English  Uent 774 

English  Mint 438 

English  Moss 36s 

Eternal  Flower  462 

Evening  Primrose  . . .  362 

Everlasting 460,  461 

Everlasting  Pea 304 

Eyebrlght 5.13 

False  Aloe 694 

False  Hiiiiiweed 672 

False  Dandelion 473 

False  Doglennel 454 

Falsa  Flax 237 

False  Hellebore 718 

False  Mermaid 281 

False  Nettle 6.37 

False  Pennyroyal  ....  642 

False  Redtop 79J 

False  Rico 773 

False  Rocket 229 

False  Scabish 457 

False  holidago 430 

False  Syringa 374 

False  Violet 341 

Felwort 68I) 

Fennel 382 

Fennel-flower 209 

Ferns 815 

Fescue  Grass. . .   .  793,  794 

Fetter  Bush 487 

Feverfew 468 

Feverwort 3;  3 

Fig 6.36 

Figwort 5'JO 

FIgworts 616 

Filbert 647 

Finger  Grass 78 1,  804 

Fireweed 462 

Fir,  Fir  lialsam 661 

Flakes   254 


Flaming  Plnxter 490 

Flax.  Klaxworts !(76 

Flealwne 427 

Klixwred Za 

FloatitiK-huart 687 

Floiiii  Grass 774 

Fluw«i-de-l<uce 698 

FlowMTing  Fern 817 

Flower  nt  an-hour....  269 

Fly-poison 719 

Fog-frnlt 5:« 

Fool's  Parsley iVii 

Fnrget-me  not 5ti2 

Forked  spike  WW 

Foiil-nieadow 'iW 

Four-o'clock 402 

Foxglove 62l> 

Foxtail 7T9 

Foxtail  Grass.  778,  779, 7W 

Fiaxitiella 282 

French  Mulberry 6:<8 

Fringe  (iiass 7Hti 

Fringe  Tree 6'.W 

Frogbits 679 

Frost  Plant 246 

Funieworts 224 

Fumitory 226 

Gale,  (iale worts dM 

Galingale 632 

(iarget-weed 610 

(iarlic 711 

(iay  feather 414 

Gentian 684,  585 

(ientianworts 682 

Geranium 276-278 

(iermander 641 

(Jilia  669 

(iill-over-the-ground  .  662 

(iinseng 390 

Glasswort 616 

Globe  Amaranth 619 

Globe  Flower 208 

(inatbane 4.'<8 

Goai'H-beard 345 

(ioat's-foot ;iC8 

(ioat'sKue 318 

(i  olden  A  lexanders  ,382,.' 8.) 

Golden  llartonia i168 

(ioldencliain 312 

GoUlen-club 670 

(iolden  Fern 818 

(ioldenrod i'M) 

Gold-thread 208 

Good-king-Henry....  614 

Gooseberry 361,  362 

(ioose-f'oot...(Gen.  3),  612 

(ioose-grass 343,400 

(iourd 364 

Gout-weed SUm 

(irammell 561 

Grape  Fern 816 

Grape  Hyacinth 712 

(irnpe  Vine 292,  293 

(irasses 770 

Grr.3S  of  Parnassus. . .  252 

( i  rass  I'ink 690 

Grass-poly 349 

(ircek  Valerian 669 

Green  llrier 701 

Green  Dragon 668 

Green  Violet 245 

Gromwell 661 

Ground  (Uierry 678 

(ironnd  Fir 812 

Ground  Hemlock 664 

(ironnd  Ivy 651 

Oiound-nnt 320,390 

Ground  Pine 811,812 

Groundsel 463 

(Jroundsel  Tree 439 

(iuelder  Roke 397 

GimiTree 392 

Gymnospermi iVtl 

Hair  (Jrass 774 

Hardback 344 

Harc-bcll 478 

Hart's  tongue 822 

Haw 331,3:^2 

Hawthorn 3:^0 

Hawkbit 470 

Hawk  weed 470 

Hazelnut 047 

Heartsease. 244 

Heart-seed 288 


Heath,  Ht-atbar 4iM 

Heathwi-irw 470 

Hedgehog 313 

U0'\kv  Hyssop..     6;3,  561 

HeiiKu  Mustard  1'33 

Hodge  Nettle  ...  Afi6 

Heliotrope ibts,  !!M 

Hellebore ifciJ 

Hemlock  (;61 

Hemp e3« 

Hemp  Nettle. t5tf 

llenbHiie &tlO 

Henbit 666 

Herb  Robert 177 

Herd's  (irass ',',4,  ",9 

ileion'S'bill 177 

Hibiscus.. Kill,  Sit 

Hickory ....  640 

High  I  ranbtriy ;i97 

High-water  .ohnib 443 

Hoarhouiid 417,  .W7 

Hobble  Kiish oW 

llogweed 443 

Holly,  Hollyworls.4<i(i,  497 

Hollyhock lt.6 

Honesty  236 

Hoiiewort 3>6 

Honey  Locust ?.tlO 

Honeysuckle 394-396 

Honeysuckles ;<93 

Hop 6.8 

Hop  Hornbeam 647 

Hornbeam  648 

Horn  Pondweed 673 

Horn  Poppy 2:3 

Hornwort 658 

Horse  Kalm 644 

Horse  liean 303 

Horse  Chestnut  .  287.  28» 

Horse  Devils 303 

Horsemint £43,  6.W 

Horse  Nettle 578 

Horse  Radish '237 

Horse-tail 813,814 

Horse-weed. 443 

Hoiind's-tongue fi63 

Houseleek ;;68 

Hoiiseleeks 3(i6 

Huckleberry 481 

Hyacintli 712 

Hydrangea 373 

Hydniphylls 563 

Hyssop 546 

Ice  Plants 265 

Indiana  Veratrum  ...  718 

Indian  (.'orn 8I16 

Indian  (^ress 'J8l 

Indian  Cucumber  ....  70.'> 

Indian  Figs 359 

Indian  Grass ^08 

Indian  Mallow 268 

Indian  Millett ^09 

Indian  Physic 345 

Indian  Pipe 495 

Indian  Rice 773 

Indian  Shot 691 

Indian  Soapworts  ....  287 

Indian  Tol)ac<  ■) 477 

Indian  Turnip 668 

Indigo  Plant 319 

Inkberry 498 

Innocence 402,  621 

Irids 097 

Iron  weed 410 

Iroiiwodd 647 

Italian  May 344 

Ivy 284,  390 

Jack-in-the-Pulpit  ...  668 

Jacobea 464 

Jacobea  Lily 694 

Japan  (ilobetlower  .. .  346 

Japan  Rose 273 

Jasmine 696 

Jasmineworts 596 

Jersey  Tea 291 

Jerusalem  Artichoke.  448 
Jerusalem  Cherry. . . .  577 

Jerusalem  Sage 655 

Jessamine 696 

Jewel-weed 280 

Jimson-weed t'>81 

Jingko 664 

Job's-tears 809 

Jonquil 693 


842 


INDEX. 


JiiiM'Trt* 901 

July-Hower., 229 

JiiiiH  Grais 798 

ffimiper 663 

Kidney  liean 321 

Kiiiip  weeil 463 

Kimwel ■  263 

Knot  DiiKlweud 609 

Kuct-Kf"*"* W 

Labrador  Tea 491 

Ladies  Kardrop 851 

Ladies'  Man.le 323 

I,adios'  Slippef.681,682,517 

Ladies'  Tressoa 6H9 

L-idy  Fern 824 

Lamb  Lettuce 41)3 

Laruh Ct<2 

Liirl<8pur 210 

Laurel 620 

Liiiirestine 398 

Lavender 641 

Lead  l*lant 315 

Lead  wort  ...   ....607,  508 

Leaf-cnp 440 

r<eatl>er-flower 201 

Leather-leiif 487 

Leather  wood 623 

Leek 711 

Leguminous  Plants  ..  296 

L^inon 274 

Lettuce    473 

Leverwond 647 

Lilac 598 

Lily 707-7<J9 

Lilyworts 706 

Lily-of-tlie-valley  ....  714 

Lime  Tree ,  272,274 

Limnantlis 281 

Linden 272 

Liiidenblooms 271 

Llou'i-ears 558 

Lion's  foot 472 

Lion'g-heart 554 

Lip  Fern 819 

Ijiveforever 368 

Liverwort 204 

Lizard-tail 657 

liizardtail  Grass 804 

Lo)i8ads 358 

Lobc'iiads 475 

Loblolly  bay 273 

Locust 319 

Lout;  .Mnss 695 

LAOsestrife 349,  504 

Lopseed..... ...  538 

Loquat 329 

Loranths 621 

Louse  wort 532 

itovago 384 

Love-lies-bleeding  ...  618 

Lucerne 313 

Lungwort Mi 

Lupine 311 

Lychiiidia 66^ 

LycUnis 267 

Lyme  Ciraiis 801 

Madder 401 

Madder  worts 398 

Madwort 233 

.Magnoliads 213 

MaMenhair 820 

Miillow ...266-268 

Miillows 265 

Miiijjel  Wuitiel 612 

Mitniia  <Jrass 798 

.Maii-of  the  Ka.'th b'i'S 

•Miple 285,  286 

Mara'8-tail 358 

Mari»;oId 463 

.M^irjiirara 647 

.Marsli  KIder 443 

.Marsh  Kleabane 439 

Marsh  (IriMS 805 

.Marsh  Mallow 266 

•Marsh  .MarJKold 208 

Marsh  Rosemary 808 

Marvel-of.Peru 602 

.Marvel worts 602 

Mastworts 642 

•Mati.mony  Vine 88! 

Mat  Grass 77H 

•May  Apple 218 

M»y-flowei  488 

Mayweed 4S7 


Meadow-beauty 347 

.Meadow  Urass  . . .'%,  798 
Meadow  Kedtop  ..   ..  798 

Meadow  line 204 

.Meadow  Sweet 344 

.Medick 313 

.Melanths 716 

.Meliialonies  347 

.Melic  CiraBS 795 

.Melilot 314 

.Melon  Thistle 360 

Menispermads 216 

Mermaidweed 367 

.Mexican  Tea 613 

.Mexican  Vine 611 

.Miami-mist 566 

Mignonette 241 

-Millt  weeds 591 

Milkworts 293,  294 

Milk  Vetch 317 

Millet 787,  788 

Millet  Grass 783 

.Milllbil 357.  457 

.Mint 642 

.Mistletoe 621 

.Mitrewort .369 

•Mockcrnnt 641 

.Mock  Orange 374 

.Modesty 382 

.Mole-tree 626 

.Molucca  lialm 555 

.Moneywort 505 

Monkey  flower 522 

-Monk's-hood 211 

Moonseed 216 

.Moonwort 816 

Morning  Glory 571 

Moss  Pink 669 

•Moss  Plant 486 

Motherwort 557 

.Mountain  Ash .333 

.Mou'itHMi  Fern 820 

.Mountain  Fringe 225 

.Mountain  Heath 489 

Mountain  Mint 550 

.Mountain  Rice 780 

Mountain  Sorrel 604 

Mourning  Hride 406 

.Mouse-ear 461 

Mousetail 2i)8 

.M  ud  Purslane 233 

Mudwort 626 

Mugwort 459 

Mulberry....  340,  634,  6;« 

.Mullein 618 

Mullein  Pink 257 

Musk  Mallow 267 

.Muskmelon 365 

Musk  Plant 52;i 

.Mustard 2J3-23:-> 

Myrtle 346,  492 

My  rlleblooras 346 

.Naiads 672 

.'Vailwort 262 

Narcissus    693 

Nasturtion 281 

Neckweed 627 

Nectarine 328 

Nelumbo 220 

Nettle,  Nettle  worts...  636 

.Nettle  Tree 634 

New  York  Fern 824 

Nightshades 676,  677 

Ninebark 344 

Nipplewort 469 

.Nonesuch 313 

Nut  Grass IX^ 

Nu'meg-flower 209 

.Nut  .Sedge 746 

Oak 642-616 

Oak -of' Jerusalem... .  613 

Oat 790 

Ogeechie  Lime .392 

Okra 270 

Oil-nut 622 

Oilseed 614 

Old-man's-beard 699 

Oleander 690 

Oleaster 623,  624 

Olive 699 

Olives 597 

Onagrads .350 

Onion 711,  712 

Opiinn  Poppy 224 


Orache 615 

Oran;.{ewort8 274 

Orchard  Ornss 7^3 

Orchids 680 

Orchis 682,683,685 

Orpine .368 

<  >8age  Orange 636 

Osier 661 

Ostrich  Fern 818 

Oxeye 445 

Pwony 212,213 

Painted  cup  '>3I 

Palmetto 666 

Palms 666 

Panic  Grass "84 

Pansy 242,  244 

Papaw 215 

Paper  Mulberry 6i;5 

Pappoose  Koot 213 

Parf  ley 388 

Parsley  Piert 325 

Parsnip 379 

Pnrtridgeberry 401 

Pasque-flowe  • 202 

Passion-flower 3 

Passion  worts 362 

Pea 303 

Peach 328 

Peanut 306 

Pear 332 

Pearlwort 260 

Pea  Vine 322 

Pecan-nut 641 

Pedaliads 614 

Pellitory 638 

Pencil-flower 306 

Pennyroyal  644 

Pennywort 377,687 

I'epper 578 

Peppcr-andSalt 384 

Pepper-grass 238,239 

Peppermint 643 

Pepper-root 230 

Pepperworta 810 

Periwinkle 589 

Persimmon  600 

Pettymorrel     389 

Petuniii S80 

Pheasant's  eye 203,  234 

Phlox 667 

Phloxworts 567 

Pickerel- weed 721 

Picotees 264 

Pie  Plant 604 

Pigmy-weed 367 

Pignut 642 

Pigweed 61.3,  617 

Pimpernel 603,  606 

Pine     669-661 

Pine-sap 495 

Pink 254 

Pink -root  616 

Pinkworts 253 

Pinweed 245 

Pinxter-bloom 490 

Pipes 814 

Pipewood 488 

Pipewort "29 

Pipsissiwa 494 

Pitcher  Plant 221 

Plane  Tree 640 

Plantain 606 

Plum 327,328 

Plume  Grass 807 

Poison  Haw 398 

Poison  Hemlock 386 

Poison  Ivv 284 

Poison  Oak 284 

Poke,  Pokeworts 610 

Polar  Plant 441 

Polypod M8 

Polypog  Grass 777 

Pomegranate 346 

Pond  I-lly 220 

Pond  Spice 621 

Pond  weed 673-676 

I'oorman's    Weather- 
glass    805 

Poplar 215.655 

Poppy 223,  224 

Poppy  worts 222 

Potato 576 

Poverty  Grass 779 

Prairie  Burdock 441 


Prickly  Ash 282 

Prickly  Pear 369 

Prickly  Poppy 223 

Pride  o(  India 276 

Pride  of  (Jhio 5U3 

Pride  of  the  .Meudow  .  345 

Prim 69l> 

Primrose 502 

Primworts 601 

Prince's-leather. .  .009,  6I7 

Prince's  Pine 494 

Privet 699 

Puccooii  S6I 

Pumpkin ;-;ti5 

Purslanes 2G.'i,  V()4 

Pntly-root Ci^l 

Quaking  Grass ',99 

Quamash 710 

Queen-of-ilie-Pruiiie. .  344 

(Juich  (irasB 802 

Quillwort 810 

Quince 333 

Kadish 240 

Ragged  Robin 257 

Ham's-heiid 682 

Raspberry K-l» 

Ra»-tail  Grass S06 

Ratile-pod 310 

Rattle  snake  Fern 816 

Rattlesnake  Plantain.  689 

Red  Hav 62t> 

Red  Hud 301 

Red  Osier 391 

Red  root 291,  696 

Red-top 774 

Reed 800 

Reed  Grass 776,  778 

Reed  .Mace 071 

Rescue  Grass 791 

Rhubarb 604 

Ribworts 606 

Rice 773 

Richweed 637 

River-weed 657 

Robin's  Plantain 428 

Rock  Cress 231 

Rocket 234 

P.ook  Poiypod 822 

Rock  Rose 245,  246 

Rose 333,  ;«7 

Rose  Acacia 319 

Rose  t'ampion 267 

Rose  Ray 3,50,  490 

Rosemary 650,  639 

Roseworts 324 

Rosin  weed 441 

Rue £82 

Rue  Anemone 203 

Rueworts 281 

Rush 722-727 

Rutland  lieauty 673 

Rye l!J03 

SaHron 466,  700 

Sage 648 

Si'ltwort 615,  616 

Samphire 616 

Sandalworts 622 

Sand  Grass 792 

Sand  .Myrtle 492 

Sand  Reed 778 

Sandwort 269 

Sanicle  378 

Sttr8apariUa..ab9,  701,  702 

Sassafras 6^0 

Satin -flower S?,6 

Saururads 666 

Saw  Grass 746 

Saxifrage  3;;6,  369,  ;i70,  S'l 

Sea;     h 406 

Scarcity 612 

Scorpion  Senna 306 

Scouring  Rush  . .  813,  814 

Scratch  Grass 610 

Screw-stem 6H> 

Scullcap 654 

Scuppernong ^^} 

Scurvy  Grass 2.').'< 

Sea  Ox-eye *^^ 

Sea  Rocket 239 

Sea  Sandwort 261 

Seaside  Oats 80O 

Sea  Wormwood 4fiO 

Sea-wrack  . .  673 

Sedge T82,  747 


INDEX. 


I 


848 


.'JlO, 


Sedjtes 

See(J-l)OX 

:Suli'tiual 

Setieca  Urass  

JSceoa  Snake  lool  . . . 

Senna aoi), 

Sensitive  Uiier 

Sensitive  Kern 

Sensitive  Pea 

Sensitive  Piant..  .2fM, 
Surpent  ('nciiraber  .  . . 

SBsiime  Urass 

Sl-.aidoelt  Tree 

Sliiid-flower  . . 
Slia<;l>itrl{  .... 

Sliiiiiirocic 

Slu!(!|)  poison 

Sliett|)  sorrol 

SiK'lilijwer 

SliepliBrii's-piirsj  .... 

Sliield  Fern 

Shrnt)  Trefoil  

Sicklepod 

Sidt)saiidle-flo wer  ... 

Silk-L'ottoii8 

•Silk  weed 

.Silver-weed  

•Sinsiesedd  Cucnraber 

Skull  o.ip 527, 

■Skiinkcabbiige 

«!'>« 328, 

Wimils.... 

Siiike  lieiid  

Simp-draKon  

Sneeze  wort 455, 

8.I0W  l)rtll 

Snow-berry 

Snow-drop 

Snowdrop  Tree 

Siiow-flake 

Sotipberry 

.Soiipwort 

Soft  Orass 

Soloraon's-seal .  ..7U, 

Sorrel 035, 

Sorrel  Tree 

Serrelworls 

.S<>nthernwood 

S)v>  Thistle 

.Spanisli-diiRKer* 

Spaiiisli-moHS 

Spanish  needles  .  .45:>, 

Spear  (Jruss TUti, 

Si)earmint 

Hpaiirwort 

Speedwell bai, 

Spico-wood 

•Spider-llower  

.S|iidurwort 7-IJ, 

Spiked  Rush 

Spikenard 

Spinach,  SpinajjC 

Spindle  Tree 

Spleen  wort..  350,  »^(), 

Sponge  Tree 

SpooMwood 

.Springbeanty 

Sprnce 

Spurge 

Spurge  N'Mtle 

SpurKeworis 


7S1 

355 
!)bi 
7S9 
295 
3U1 
299 
8J3 
•M) 
.•<J0 
.'i'jj 
»lo 
271 
;i2i' 

(i41 

;U2 

48-1 
tiOli 
555 
238 
823 
283 

21 : 
2-1 
5U2 
315 
3  i4 
552 
Hiii) 
39  S 
313 


520 
519 
458 
397 
394 
(594 
499 
1)95 
288 
254 
789 
715 
6Jt5 
488 
603 
40U 
474 
709 
69ti 
709 
798 
542 
20i> 
527 
621 
240 
727 
736 
389 
615 
289 
821 
299 
485 
264 
661 
625 
63U 
624 


Spurry 

.Squash 

Squaw-root  

Squill 

Squirrel-corn 

Squirrel-tail  UrasN  . . . 

Staff  Tree 

Stagger  Hush 

Standing  (^'ypress  .... 
St.  Andiew'scross. .. 

Star  Anise 

Star-of-Uetlileheni 

Star  (irass 695, 

Star  Thistle  

Starwort 

St.  Jolm's-wort   .  .246, 

Stock 

Stone-crop 367, 

St.  Peter's-wort 

St.  Peter's-wrealh  . . . 

Strawberry 

.Strawberry  Toiniito  . . 

Succory  

.Sugar  llerry 

Sugar  ('ane 807. 

Sugar  Tree 

Sumac 283, 

Summer  Savory 

Sundews 

Sunflower 447, 

Supple  .lack 

Swamp  l.anrel 

.Swamp  Pink 

Sweet  Uasil 

Sweet  Hrier 

.■^weet  ('icely 

Sweet  Fern  

Sweet  Flag 

.Sweet  dale  

Sweet  Gnin  Tree 

Sweet  Pea 

Sweet  Pepperbush  . . . 

Sweet  Potato 

Sweet  Ree<lgrass 

Swcel-bcented  (Mover. 
Sweet-scented  Shrub  . 

.Sweet-sultan 

Sweet  Vernal  (Irass  .. 

Sweet  Viburnum 

Sweet-william 254, 

Swiue-cress 

Sycamore 287. 

Sycamores 

Tacamehac  

Tallow  Tree 

Tamarac 

Tansy 

Tansy  Mustard 

Tares 

Tassel-flower 462, 

Tea  Rose,  Teaworts  . . 

Teasel 

Thimble  Uerry 

Thin  (trass 

Thistle 

Thorn 3,30, 

Thorn  apple 

Thoronghwax 

Thoroughwort  

Threadlbot 

Threv-birds 519, 


261 
365 
512 
'.10 
225 
801 
289 
488 
61)0 
2t7 
213 
710 
697 
466 
0.57 
247 
2J9 
3I>8 
247 
344 
.341 
.J79 
469 
634 
808 
281) 
285 
516 
251 
448 
2<>l 
485 
489 
541 
3'« 

651 
670 
6.50 
.375 
301 
492 
.Vl 
771) 
314 
345 
4i)t) 
789 
398 
257 
239 
•)40 
639 
li.iti 
629 
662 
459 
234 
305 
463 
273 
40:> 
340 
77.5 
467 
331 
.581 
•Ml 
417 
6.-)7 
690 


Three-seed  Mercury.. 

Thr;  t 

Thyme  

Tick-seed 

Tiger-Uower 

Timothy  (irass 

Toad  Flax 618, 

Tobacco  

Toiualo 

Tongue  gra.ss 

Tooih-aclie  (irass 

Touch  meiiot 

Tower  Mustard 

Trailing  Arbutns 

Tree  Aaialea 

Tree-of  Heaven 

Tree  Orchis 

Trilliads 

Trophyworts 

Trnmp<;tMower. .    512, 

Trnmpel  leaf 

Trnmpet-wee! 416, 

Tuberose 

Tnlepo 

Tulip 

Tnlip  Tree 

Turmeric    .ot 

Turk's  (' 1 360, 

Turnip 

Turtle-head 

Twayblade 

Twin-Hower 

Twin-leaf 

Twist-foot 

Typhads  

L'ml>elworts 

Umbrella  leaf 

Umbrella  Tree 

Unicorn  Plant 

Union  Urass 

Valerian 

Vanilla  Plant 

Vegetable  Oyster 

Vonus'-comb 

Veuus'-fly-trap 

Venus'  Looking-glass. 

Vervain 5.'t(i, 

Vetch 304, 

Victoria  Lily 

Violet 241, 

Virginia  (Jreeper.  . . . 
Virginia  Snakeront. .. 
Virginia  Stone-crop  . . 

Virgin's-bower 

Wake-robin 

Walking  Fern 

Wall-Mower 2152, 

Wall  Pepper 

Walnut 

Water  Ueans 

Water-carpet 

Water-CresB 

Water  Dropwort 

Water-feather 

Water  Hemlock 

Water  Hemp 

Water  lloarhound. . . . 

Water-leaf 

Water  Lily 

Water  Melon 

Water  Millfoil 


629 
508 
647 
460 
699 

r.9 

.519 

581 
f.76 
238 
806 
280 
229 

48: 

49(1 

283 

691 

704 

180 

613 

2221 

474 

694 

392 

7i  ' 

215 

212 

708 

2;« 

52U 

688 

393 

218 

715 

671 

37o 

218 

214 

514 

800 

4U4 

413 

470  I 

383 

252 

479 

637 

305 

221 

212 

293 

602 

;3«8 

200 

704 

821 

368 
610 
219 
369 
228 
.380 
501 
385 
018 
543 
664 
220 
305 
357 


Water  Nymph 072 

Water  Pai  snip ;  jij 

Water  Pepper jj^nj 

Water  Peppers 153 

Water  Pitchers 221 

Water  Plantain  ......  hi^e 

Water  Purslane ;-£(; 

Water  Shield  j)|9 

Water  '1  arget 219 

Wax  Myrtle C'.O 

Wax  Plant ,'96 

Weather  (irass ;^{) 

Wheat Hi2 

Wheat-thief !.til 

Whip  (irnsK 746 

Whistle-wood LHJ 

White  Hav 214 

White  Hent ;74 

White  (iriiss 773 

White  Lettuce 472 

White-weed 4!s7,  486 

White-wood 216 

Whitlow  grass Z'6 

Wild  JU'rganidt 6.50 

Wild  Hullace 328 

Wild  (faraway  462 

Wild  Klder .'^t-g 

Wild  (iinger COl 

Wild  Indigo ;ol 

Wild  Lettuce 474 

Wild  Mandrake 219 

Wild  Oats 717 

Wild  Pink 264 

Vyild  Potato 673 

Wild  Kosemaiy 4H7 

Wild  Rye H)l 

Wild  Sarsaparilla....   389 

Wild  Service 3:9 

Willow 6.51-6.55 

Willow-herb V.tM 

Willoworts 661 

Wind-tlower i'(l3 

Winter-berry.  .         -t"'? 

VVintergrecii 486,  493 

Witch  Hazel 378 

Woad 2,39 

Woad-waxen  310 

WolPsbane 211 

W^olfberry 394 

Woodbir.e ;  94 

Wood  (irass 808 

Wood  Nettle 6.37 

WoodSoirel 279 

Worinseed  013 

Wormwood 4.59 

Xyrids 728 

Yam  root 701 

Yarrow 4.57 

Yew 664 

Vellow-eyed  (IrHL  ;    ..  728 

Yi'l  low  Foxglove 629 

Yellow  .Jessamine 51,5 

Yellow  Phlox 2;« 

Yellow  Pond-Illy 2::0 

Yellow  Poppy 223 

Yellow  Rattle 6:52 

Y'ellow-root 209 

Yellow-seed 239 

Yellow-wood 301 

Ynlan  214 

ZiKudeno 717 


\ 


